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Slowing Down of a Particle Beam in the Dusty Plasmas with Kappa
arXiv:1708.04525 Slowing Down of Charged Particles in Dusty Plasmas with Power-law Kappa-distributions Jiulin Du 1*, Ran Guo 2, Zhipeng Liu3 and Songtao Du4 1 Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China 2 School of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China 3 School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China 4 College of Electronic Information and Automation, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China Keywords: Slowing down, Kappa-distributions, Dusty plasma, Fokker-Planck collision theory Abstract We study slowing down of a particle beam passing through the dusty plasma with power-law κ-distributions. Three plasma components, electrons, ions and dust particles, can have a different κ-parameter. The deceleration factor and slowing down time are derived and expressed by a hyper-geometric κ-function. Numerically we study slowing down property of an electron beam in the κ-distributed dusty plasma. We show that the slowing down in the plasma depends strongly on the κ-parameters of plasma components, and dust particles play a dominant role in the deceleration effects. We also show dependence of the slowing down on mass and charge of a dust particle in the plasma. 1 Introduction Dusty plasmas are ubiquitous in astrophysical, space and terrestrial environments, such as the interstellar clouds, the circumstellar clouds, the interplanetary space, the comets, the planetary rings, the Earth’s atmosphere, and the lower ionosphere etc. They can also exist in laboratory plasma environments. Dusty plasma consists of three components: electrons, ions and dust particles of micron- or/and submicron-sized particulates. -
Upgrading the CMS Detector on the Large Hadron Collider
Upgrading the CMS Detector on the Large Hadron Collider Stefan Spanier Professor, Department of Physics CURRENT RESEARCH AFFILIATION Putting a diamond on the largest ring in the world The University of Tennessee, Knoxville July 4, 2012 is one of the most exciting dates to remember in modern science. On this day, EDUCATION scientists working with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland discovered a particle consistent with the Ph.D., Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany characteristics of the Higgs boson particle. This particle is predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics. The model is very successful in linking measurements made with previous RESEARCH AREAS particle accelerators, but still leaves unanswered questions about how the universe works. The model does ignores dark matter and dark energy, and while it describes the behavior of Technology, Materials Science / Physics the Higgs particle it does not predict its own mass. These mysteries indicate there must be a larger picture that includes new forces and particles, and the Standard Model is only part of FUNDING REQUEST it. Spanier is seeking $70,000 annually to fund this project. This will cover a graduate student This is where the LHC, the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator comes in. for one year, travel expenses to the particle beam physics laboratory, acquisition and The LHC was first conceived in 1984, and brought online in 2008. It consists of a 27-kilometer preparation of a new detector substrate from a diamond growth process batch and one ring of superconducting magnets with accelerating structures that boost protons to neutron irradiation in a nuclear reactor. -
Particle Beam Diagnostics and Control
Particle beam diagnostics and control G. Kube Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany Summary. | Beam diagnostics and instrumentation are an essential part of any kind of accelerator. There is a large variety of parameters to be measured for obser- vation of particle beams with the precision required to tune, operate and improve the machine. Depending on the type of accelerator, for the same parameter the working principle of a monitor may strongly differ, and related to it also the requirements for accuracy. This report will mainly focus on electron beam diagnostic monitors presently in use at 4th generation light sources (single-pass Free Electron Lasers), and present the state-of-the-art diagnostic systems and concepts. 1. { Introduction Nowadays particle accelerators play an important role in a wide number of fields where a primary or secondary beam from an accelerator can be used for industrial or medical applications or for basic and applied research. The interaction of such beam with matter is exploited in order to analyze physical, chemical or biological samples, for a modification of physical, chemical or biological sample properties, or for fundamental research in basic subatomic physics. In order to cover such a wide range of applications different accelerator types are required. Cyclotrons are often used to produce medical isotopes for positron emission to- ⃝c Societ`aItaliana di Fisica 1 2 G. Kube mography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). For elec- tron radiotherapy mainly linear accelerators (linacs) are in operation, while cyclotrons or synchrotrons are additionally used for proton therapy. Third generation synchrotron light sources are electron synchrotrons, while the new fourth generation light sources (free electron lasers) operating at short wavelengths are electron linac based accelera- tors. -
4. Particle Generators/Accelerators
Joint innovative training and teaching/ learning program in enhancing development and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing 4. Particle Generators/Accelerators Diana Adlienė Department of Physics Kaunas University of Technolog y Joint innovative training and teaching/ learning program in enhancing development and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author. Polish National Agency and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Date: Oct. 2017 DISCLAIMER This presentation contains some information addapted from open access education and training materials provided by IAEA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. X-ray machines 3. Particle generators/accelerators 4. Types of industrial irradiators The best accelerator in the universe… INTRODUCTION • Naturally occurring radioactive sources: – Up to 5 MeV Alpha’s (helium nuclei) – Up to 3 MeV Beta particles (electrons) • Natural sources are difficult to maintain, their applications are limited: – Chemical processing: purity, messy, and expensive; – Low intensity; – Poor geometry; – Uncontrolled energies, usually very broad Artificial sources (beams) are requested! INTRODUCTION • Beams of accelerated particles can be used to produce beams of secondary particles: Photons (x-rays, gamma-rays, visible light) are generated from beams -
Beam-Transport Systems for Particle Therapy
Beam-Transport Systems for Particle Therapy J.M. Schippers Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland Abstract The beam transport system between accelerator and patient treatment location in a particle therapy facility is described. After some general layout aspects the major beam handling tasks of this system are discussed. These are energy selection, an optimal transport of the particle beam to the beam delivery device and the gantry, a device that is able to rotate a beam delivery system around the patient, so that the tumour can be irradiated from almost any direction. Also the method of pencil beam scanning is described and how this is implemented within a gantry. Using this method the particle dose is spread over the tumour volume to the prescribed dose distribution. Keywords Beam transport; beam optics; degrader; beam analysis; gantry; pencil beam scanning. 1 Introduction The main purpose of the beam-transport system is to aim the proton beam, with the correct diameter and intensity, at the tumour in the patient and to apply the correct dose distribution. The beam transport from the accelerator to the tumour in the patient consists of the following major sections (see Fig. 1): – energy setting and energy selection (only for cyclotrons); – transport system to the treatment room(s), including beam-emittance matching; – per treatment room—a gantry or a fixed beam line aiming the beam from the correct direction; – beam-delivery system in the treatment room, by which the dose distribution is actually being applied. These devices are combined in the so called ‘nozzle’ at the exit of the fixed beam line or of the gantry. -
FROM KEK-PS to J-PARC Yoshishige Yamazaki, J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Japan
FROM KEK-PS TO J-PARC Yoshishige Yamazaki, J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Japan Abstract target are located in series. Every 3 s or so, depending The user experiments at J-PARC have just started. upon the usage of the main ring (MR), the beam is JPARC, which stands for Japan Proton Accelerator extracted from the RCS to be injected to the MR. Here, it Research Complex, comprises a 400-MeV linac (at is ramped up to 30 GeV at present and slowly extracted to present: 180 MeV, being upgraded), a 3-GeV rapid- Hadron Experimental Hall, where the kaon-production cycling synchrotron (RCS), and a 50-GeV main ring target is located. The experiments using the kaons are (MR) synchrotron, which is now in operation at 30 GeV. conducted there. Sometimes, it is fast extracted to The RCS will provide the muon-production target and the produce the neutrinos, which are sent to the Super spallation-neutron-production target with a beam power Kamiokande detector, which is located 295-km west of of 1 MW (at present: 120 kW) at a repetition rate of 25 the J-PARC site. In the future, we are conceiving the Hz. The muons and neutrons thus generated will be used possibility of constructing a test facility for an in materials science, life science, and others, including accelerator-driven nuclear waste transmutation system, industrial applications. The beams that are fast extracted which was shifted to Phase II. We are trying every effort from the MR generate neutrinos to be sent to the Super to get funding for this facility. -
Beam–Material Interactions
Beam–Material Interactions N.V. Mokhov1 and F. Cerutti2 1Fermilab, Batavia, IL 60510, USA 2CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract This paper is motivated by the growing importance of better understanding of the phenomena and consequences of high-intensity energetic particle beam interactions with accelerator, generic target, and detector components. It reviews the principal physical processes of fast-particle interactions with matter, effects in materials under irradiation, materials response, related to component lifetime and performance, simulation techniques, and methods of mitigating the impact of radiation on the components and environment in challenging current and future applications. Keywords Particle physics simulation; material irradiation effects; accelerator design. 1 Introduction The next generation of medium- and high-energy accelerators for megawatt proton, electron, and heavy- ion beams moves us into a completely new domain of extreme energy deposition density up to 0.1 MJ/g and power density up to 1 TW/g in beam interactions with matter [1, 2]. The consequences of controlled and uncontrolled impacts of such high-intensity beams on components of accelerators, beamlines, target stations, beam collimators and absorbers, detectors, shielding, and the environment can range from minor to catastrophic. Challenges also arise from the increasing complexity of accelerators and experimental set-ups, as well as from design, engineering, and performance constraints. All these factors put unprecedented requirements on the accuracy of particle production predictions, the capability and reliability of the codes used in planning new accelerator facilities and experiments, the design of machine, target, and collimation systems, new materials and technologies, detectors, and radiation shielding and the minimization of radiation impact on the environment. -
Synchrotron Light Source
Synchrotron Light Source The evolution of light sources echoes the progress of civilization in technology, and carries with it mankind's hopes to make life's dreams come true. The synchrotron light source is one of the most influential light sources in scientific research in our times. Bright light generated by ultra-rapidly orbiting electrons leads human beings to explore the microscopic world. Located in Hsinchu Science Park, the NSRRC operates a high-performance synchrotron, providing X-rays of great brightness that is unattainable in conventional laboratories and that draws NSRRC users from academic and technological communities worldwide. Each year, scientists and students have been paying over ten thousand visits to the NSRRC to perform experiments day and night in various scientific fields, using cutting-edge technologies and apparatus. These endeavors aim to explore the vast universe, scrutinize the complicated structures of life, discover novel nanomaterials, create a sustainable environment of green energy, unveil living things in the distant past, and deliver better and richer material and spiritual lives to mankind. Synchrotron Light Source Light, also known as electromagnetic waves, has always been an important means for humans to observe and study the natural world. The electromagnetic spectrum includes not only visible light, which can be seen with a naked human eye, but also radiowaves, microwaves, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays, classified according to their wave lengths. Light of Trajectory of the electron beam varied kind, based on its varied energetic characteristics, plays varied roles in the daily lives of human beings. The synchrotron light source, accidentally discovered at the synchrotron accelerator of General Electric Company in the U.S. -
Scaling Behavior of Circular Colliders Dominated by Synchrotron Radiation
SCALING BEHAVIOR OF CIRCULAR COLLIDERS DOMINATED BY SYNCHROTRON RADIATION Richard Talman Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics Cornell University White Paper at the 2015 IAS Program on the Future of High Energy Physics Abstract time scales measured in minutes, for example causing the The scaling formulas in this paper—many of which in- beams to be flattened, wider than they are high [1] [2] [3]. volve approximation—apply primarily to electron colliders In this regime scaling relations previously valid only for like CEPC or FCC-ee. The more abstract “radiation dom- electrons will be applicable also to protons. inated” phrase in the title is intended to encourage use of This paper concentrates primarily on establishing scaling the formulas—though admittedly less precisely—to proton laws that are fully accurate for a Higgs factory such as CepC. colliders like SPPC, for which synchrotron radiation begins Dominating everything is the synchrotron radiation formula to dominate the design in spite of the large proton mass. E4 Optimizing a facility having an electron-positron Higgs ∆E / ; (1) R factory, followed decades later by a p,p collider in the same tunnel, is a formidable task. The CepC design study con- stitutes an initial “constrained parameter” collider design. relating energy loss per turn ∆E, particle energy E and bend 1 Here the constrained parameters include tunnel circumfer- radius R. This is the main formula governing tunnel ence, cell lengths, phase advance per cell, etc. This approach circumference for CepC because increasing R decreases is valuable, if the constrained parameters are self-consistent ∆E. and close to optimal. -
Electrostatic Particle Accelerators the Cyclotron Linear Particle Accelerators the Synchrotron +
Uses: Mass Spectrometry Uses Overview Uses: Hadron Therapy This is a technique in analytical chemistry. Ionising particles such as protons are fired into the It allows the identification of chemicals by ionising them body. They are aimed at cancerous tissue. and measuring the mass to charge ratio of each ion type Most methods like this irradiate the surrounding tissue too, against relative abundance. but protons release most of their energy at the end of their It also allows the relative atomic mass of different elements travel. (see graphs) be measured by comparing the relative abundance of the This allows the cancer cells to be targeted more precisely, with ions of different isotopes of the element. less damage to surrounding tissue. An example mass spectrum is shown below: Linear Particle Accelerators Electrostatic Particle Accelerators These are still in a straight line, but now the voltage is no longer static - it is oscillating. An electrostatic voltageis provided at one end of a vacuum tube. This means the voltage is changing - so if it were a magnet, it would be first positive, then This is like the charge on a magnet. negative. At the other end of the tube, there are particles Like the electrostatic accelerator, a charged particle is attracted to it as the charges are opposite, but just with the opposite charge. as the particle goes past the voltage changes, and the charge of the plate swaps (so it is now the same charge Like north and south poles on a magnet, the opposite charges as the particle). attract and the particle is pulled towards the voltage. -
Conceptual Design of Advanced Steady-State Tokamak Reactor -Compact and Safety Commercial Power Plant (A-SSTR2)
Conceptual Design of Advanced Steady-State Tokamak Reactor -Compact and Safety Commercial Power Plant (A-SSTR2)- S. NISHIO 1), K. USHIGUSA 1), S. UEDA 1), A. POLEVOI 2), K. TOBITA 1), R. KURIHARA 1), I. AOKI 1), H. OKADA 1), G. HU 3), S. KONISHI 1), I. SENDA 1), Y. MURAKAMI 1), T. ANDO 1), Y. OHARA 1), M. NISHI 1), S. JITSUKAWA 1), R. YAMADA 1), H. KAWAMURA 1), S. ISHIYAMA 1), K. OKANO 4), T. SASAKI 5), G. KURITA 1), M. KURIYAMA 1), Y. SEKI 1), M. KIKUCHI 1) 1) Naka Fusion Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Naka-machi, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken, 311-0193 Japan 2) STA fellow, Kurchatov Institute, RF, 3)STA scientist exchange program, SWIP, P.R.China, 4)Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan, 5)Mitsubishi Fusion Center, Japan e-mail contact of main author : [email protected] Abstract. Based on the last decade JAERI reactor design studies, the advanced commercial reactor concept (A- SSTR2) which meets both economical and environmental requirements has been proposed. The A-SSTR2 is a compact power reactor (Rp=6.2m, ap=1.5m, Ip=12MA) with a high fusion power (Pf =4GW) and a net thermal efficiency of 51%. The machine configuration is simplified by eliminating a center solenoid (CS) coil system. SiC/SiC composite for blanket structure material, helium gas cooling with pressure of 10MPa and outlet temperature of 900˚C, and TiH2 for bulk shield material are introduced. For the toroidal field (TF) coil, a high temperature (T C) superconducting wire made of bismuth with the maximum field of 23Tand the critical current density of 1000A/mm2 at a temperature of 20K is applied. -
High Aspect Ratio Electron Beam Generation in KEK-STF
Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of Particle Accelerator Society of Japan (August 3-5, 2013, Nagoya, Japan) High Aspect Ratio Electron Beam Generation in KEK-STF M. Kuriki∗, ADSM/Hiroshima U., 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Hgshiroshima,Hiroshima, 739-8530 H. Hayano, KEK, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801 S. Kashiwagi, REPS, Tohoku U., 1-2-1 Mikamine, Taihakuku, Sendai, 982-0826 Abstract of the beam energy and rapidly increased as a function of the beam energy. For example, in LEP accelerator[3] which Phase-space manipulation on the beam gives a way to is the last e+ and e- collider based on storage rings at this optimize the beam phase space distribution for a specific moment, the energy loss per turn was 2.1 GeV at 100 GeV purpose. It is realized by beam optics components which beam energy. If the energy is increased up to 250 GeV have couplings between degree of freedoms. In this article, which is required to measure Higgs self-coupling, the en- a high aspect ratio beam generation with a photo-cathode ergy loss becomes 72 GeV which can not be maintained at in a solenoid field is described. In International Linear Col- all. lider (ILC) project, a high aspect ratio electron beam is em- Linear collider concept has been proposed to break this ployed for high luminosity up to several 1034cm−2s−1 by difficulty. There is no fundamental limit on the energy for keeping “beam-beam effects” reasonably low. In the cur- linear colliders [7][8]. The acceleration is done by linear rent design of ILC, a high aspect ratio beam which corre- accelerators instead of Synchrotron.