Physics of Incoherent Synchrotron Radiation Kent Wootton SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
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X-Ray and Optical Diagnostic Beamlines at the Australian Synchrotron Storage Ring
Proceedings of EPAC 2006, Edinburgh, Scotland THPLS002 X-RAY AND OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC BEAMLINES AT THE AUSTRALIAN SYNCHROTRON STORAGE RING M. J. Boland, A. C. Walsh, G. S. LeBlanc, Y.-R. E. Tan, R. Dowd and M. J. Spencer, Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. Abstract powerful diagnostic tool which will deliver data to the Two diagnostic beamlines have been designed and machine group as well as information to the machine constructed for the Australian Synchrotron Storage Ring status display for the users. [1]. One diagnostic beamline is a simple x-ray pinhole General Layout camera system, with a BESSY II style pinhole array [2], designed to measure the beam divergence, size and Fig. 1. shows the schematic layout of the XDB with a stability. The second diagnostic beamline uses an optical sketch of the expected beam profile measurement. Both chicane to extract the visible light from the photon beam diagnostic beamlines have dipole source points. The and transports it to various instruments. The end-station electron beam parameters for the source points are shown of the optical diagnostic beamline is equipped with a Table 1. for storage ring with the nominal lattice of zero streak camera, a fast ICCD camera, a CCD camera and a dispersion in the straights and assuming 1% coupling. Fill Pattern Monitor to analyse and optimise the electron Table 1: Electron beam parameters at the source points. beam using the visible synchrotron light. Parameter ODB XDB β x (m) 0.386 0.386 MOTIVATION β y (m) 32.507 32.464 The Storage Ring diagnostic beamlines were desiged to σx (μm) 99 98 serve two essential functions: σx′ (μrad) 240 241 1. -
Proposed Linac Upgrade with a SLED Cavity at the Australian Synchrotron, SLSA
WEPMA001 Proceedings of IPAC2015, Richmond, VA, USA PROPESED LINAC UPGRRADE WITH A SLED CAVITY AT THE AUSTRALIAN SYNCHROTRON, SLSA Karl Zingre, Greg LeBlanc, Mark Atkinson, Brad Mountford, Rohan Dowd, SLSA, Clayton, Australia Christoph Hollwich, SPINNER, Westerham, Germany Abstract LINAC OVERVIEW The Australian Synchrotron Light Source has been operating successfully since 2007 and in top-up mode General Specifications since 2012, while additionally being gradually upgraded The 100 MeV 3 GHz linac structure is made of a to reach a beam availability exceeding 99 %. Considering 90 keV thermionic electron gun (GUN), a 500 MHz the ageing of the equipment, effort is required in order to subharmonic prebuncher unit (SPB), preliminimary maintain the reliability at this level. The proposed buncher (PBU), final buncher (FBU), and two 5 m upgrade of the linac with a SLED cavity has been chosen accelerating structures. The structures are powered by to mitigate the risks of single point of failure and lack of two 35 MW pulsed klystrons supplied from a pulse spare parts. The linac is normally fed from two forming network (PFN). The low level electronics independent klystrons to reach 100 MeV beam energy, include two pulsed 400W S band amplifiers to drive the and can be operated in single (SBM) or multi-bunch mode klystrons, and two 500W UHF amplifiers for the GUN (MBM). The SLED cavity upgrade will allow remote and SPB. The linac is based on the SLS/DLS design and selection of single klystron operation in SBM and was delivered by Research Instruments, formerly possibly limited MBM without degradation of beam ACCEL, the modulators subcontracted to PPT-Ampegon, energy and reduce down time in case of a klystron failure. -
X-Ray Phase-Contrast Computed Tomography for Soft Tissue Imaging at the Imaging and Medical Beamline (IMBL) of the Australian Synchrotron
applied sciences Article X-ray Phase-Contrast Computed Tomography for Soft Tissue Imaging at the Imaging and Medical Beamline (IMBL) of the Australian Synchrotron Benedicta D. Arhatari 1,2,3,* , Andrew W. Stevenson 1,4 , Brian Abbey 3 , Yakov I. Nesterets 4,5, Anton Maksimenko 1, Christopher J. Hall 1, Darren Thompson 4,5 , Sheridan C. Mayo 4, Tom Fiala 1, Harry M. Quiney 2, Seyedamir T. Taba 6, Sarah J. Lewis 6, Patrick C. Brennan 6, Matthew Dimmock 7 , Daniel Häusermann 1 and Timur E. Gureyev 2,5,6,7 1 Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; [email protected] (A.W.S.); [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (C.J.H.); [email protected] (T.F.); [email protected] (D.H.) 2 School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; [email protected] (H.M.Q.); [email protected] (T.E.G.) 3 Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; [email protected] 4 CSIRO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; [email protected] (Y.I.N.); [email protected] (D.T.); [email protected] (S.C.M.) 5 School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia 6 Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; [email protected] (S.T.T.); [email protected] (S.J.L.); [email protected] (P.C.B.) 7 Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Citation: Arhatari, B.D.; Stevenson, [email protected] A.W.; Abbey, B.; Nesterets, Y.I.; * Correspondence: [email protected] Maksimenko, A.; Hall, C.J.; Thompson, D.; Mayo, S.C.; Fiala, T.; Abstract: The Imaging and Medical Beamline (IMBL) is a superconducting multipole wiggler-based Quiney, H.M.; et al. -
Particle Accelerator Projects and Upgrades
PARTICLE ACCELERATOR PROJECTS AND UPGRADES For Industry Collaboration in the Field of Particle Accelerators 13th Edition Compiled by Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais – CNPEM INTRODUCTION “For many years, the European Physical Society Accelerator Group (EPSAG) that organizes the IPAC series in Europe has contacted major laboratories around the world to invite them to provide information on future accelerator projects and upgrades to exhibitors present at IPAC commercial exhibitions. This initiative has resulted in a series of booklets that is available to industry at the conferences or online. This current edition builds on previous editions with updated information provided by the laboratories and research institutes. We would also like to acknowledge and thank everyone for contributing to this booklet in an effort to foster a closer collaboration between research and industry.”* All of the information contained in this booklet is subject to confirmation by the laboratory and/or contact persons for each project. The past 2020 booklet still containing relevant information. We could update just part of it. Visit the site https://www.ipac20.org/particle-accelerator-projects-and-upgrades/ to access this material. Inquiries for this edition may be directed to: Regis Terenzi Neuenschwander [email protected] Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais – CNPEM *IPAC20 Particle Accelerator Projects and upgrades CONTENTS Introduction PROJECT REGION: AMERICAS 1 BELLA 2nd Beamline and iP2 2 Status of the Advanced Photon -
Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Experiments of Monodisperse Samples Close to the Solubility Limit
Small angle x-ray scattering experiments of monodisperse samples close to the solubility limit Erik W. Martina, Jesse B. Hopkinsb, Tanja Mittaga1 a Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN b The Biophysics Collaborative Access Team (BioCAT), Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 1Corresponding author: email address: [email protected] Abstract The condensation of biomolecules into biomolecular condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a ubiquitous mechanism that drives cellular organization. To enable these functions, biomolecules have evolved to drive LLPS and facilitate partitioning into biomolecular condensates. Determining the molecular features of proteins that encode LLPS will provide critical insights into a plethora of biological processes. Problematically, probing biomolecular dense phases directly is often technologically difficult or impossible. By capitalizing on the symmetry between the conformational behavior of biomolecules in dilute solution and dense phases, it is possible to infer details critical to phase separation by precise measurements of the dilute phase thus circumventing complicated characterization of dense phases. The symmetry between dilute and dense phases is found in the size and shape of the conformational ensemble of a biomolecule – parameters that small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) is ideally suited to probe. Recent technological advances have made it possible to accurately characterize samples of intrinsically disordered protein regions at low enough concentration to avoid interference from intermolecular attraction, oligomerization or aggregation, all of which were previously roadblocks to characterizing self-assembling proteins. Herein, we describe the pitfalls inherent to measuring such samples, the details required for circumventing these issues and analysis methods that place the results of SAXS measurements into the theoretical framework of LLPS. -
Synchrotron Radiation R.P
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION R.P. Walker Sincrotrone Trieste, Italy Abstract The basic properties of synchrotron radiation are described, and their relevance to the design of electron and proton rings is discussed. The development of specialized sources of synchrotron radiation is also considered. 1 . INTRODUCTION The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a charged particle beam in a circular accelerator is termed "synchrotron radiation" (SR) after its first visual observation nearly 50 years ago in the General Electric (G.E.) 70 MeV Synchrotron. The theoretical basis for understanding synchrotron radiation however goes back much further. Maxwell's equations (1873) made it clear that changing charge densities would radiate electromagnetic waves, and Hertz demonstrated these waves in 1887. The first more directly relevant development was the publication of Liénard's paper entitled "The electric and magnetic field produced by an electric charge concentrated at a point and in arbitrary motion" [1]. This work includes the energy loss formula for particles travelling on a circular path with relativistic velocities. Later, Schott published a detailed essay that included also the angular and frequency distribution of the radiation, as well as the polarization properties [2]. No further interest appears to have been taken in the topic until the early 1940's, when theoretical work in the Soviet Union showed that the energy loss may pose a limit on the maximum energy obtainable in the betatron [3]. Then in 1946 Blewett measured the energy loss due to SR in the G.E. 100 MeV betatron and found agreement with theory, but failed to detect the radiation after searching in the microwave region of the spectrum [4]. -
Operational Experience with a Sled and Multibunch Injection at the Australian Synchrotron M
10th Int. Partile Accelerator Conf. IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia JACoW Publishing ISBN: 978-3-95450-208-0 doi:10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPTS001 OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH A SLED AND MULTIBUNCH INJECTION AT THE AUSTRALIAN SYNCHROTRON M. P. Atkinson, K. Zingre, G. LeBlanc SLSA, [3201] Clayton, Australia Abstract and post installation requiring 6 hours of tuning to get The Australian Synchrotron Light Source has been capture in the booster Tuning the LINAC for optimum using multibunch injection successfully with a Stanford booster capture was relatively simple using a fast current Linear Energy Doubler (SLED) powered LINAC since transformer (FCT) to monitor the captured charge, if the 2017, considerable experience has been gained since then. energy was too low the bucket train was rounded if was The SLED has proven to be stable beyond expectations too high the bucket train had a dip in the middle. The and has greatly simplified LINAC tuning by providing a optimum energy point is in the middle of the bunch train single high power Radio Frequency (RF) source. Despite giving this the highest energy. the energy variation over the 140ns injection period it was possible to capture the entire bunch train. INTRODUCTION The Australian Synchrotron uses an S band Linear Accelerator (LINAC) comprising of 2 main accelerating structures each supplied by a Thales TH2100 37MW pulsed klystron, to achieve 100MeV total acceleration. Over time the LINAC was tuned to require 14.5 MW RF power per structure. Single point of failure reduction imperatives led to an investigation into operating on one klystron leaving the other klystron as a redundant spare. -
2 Radiation Safety and Shielding
ESH&Q Chapter 2: Radiation Safety and Shielding 2-21 2 RADIATION SAFETY AND SHIELDING 2.1 SHIELDING OBJECTIVES NSLS-II is subject to DOE radiation protection standards. The primary document that defines the DOE radiation protection standard is the Code of Federal Regulations, 10 CFR 835. In addition, the accelerator- specific safety requirements are set by DOE Order 420.2b, Safety of Accelerator Facilities. All radiation protection policies and guidelines at NSLS-II must be in compliance with these regulations along with the BNL Radiation Control Manual and other pertinent documents in the BNL Standards Based Management System. The maximum annual exposure limits to radiation workers and members of the public are limited in 10 CFR Part 835 to 5,000 mrem and 100 mrem, respectively. To keep radiation exposures well below regulatory limits, BNL maintains an annual administrative control level of 1,250 mrem for its workers and 5 mrem per year from any single facility to the public off-site. An additional control level of 25 mrem/year from NSLS-II operations is established for personnel working in non-NSLS-II facilities on site and for visitors and minors within the NSLS-II building. The dose to workers and beamline scientists from NSLS-II operations will be kept well below federal limits and within BNL administrative levels through shielding, operational procedures, and administrative controls. Shielding will be provided to reduce radiation levels during normal operation to less than 0.5 mrem/h and as low as reasonably achievable. Assuming an occupancy of 2,000 hours per year, this will reduce annual exposure to 1,000 mrem or less, in accordance with 10 CFR 835.1001. -
The Australian Synchrotron - a Progress Report
AU0524251 The Australian Synchrotron - A Progress Report J BOLDEMAN1, A JACKSON", G SEABORNE", R. HOBBS' and R GARRETTb "Australian Synchrotron Project, Level 17, 80 Collins St, Melbourne "Ansto, PMB1, Menai, NSW Abstract. This paper summarises progress with the development of the Australian Synchrotron. The potential suite of beamline and instrument stations is discussed and some examples are given. 1. The Australian Synchrotron Project and completed in 1998 [2] recommended that a Synchrotron radiation is emitted when electrons, compact mid energy facility similar to that for example, travelling with velocities close to the proposed for Canada [3] and one in the planning speed of light are bent in a magnetic or electrostatic stage for the Stanford Linear Accelerator field. The electromagnetic radiation so released, Laboratory [4] would be an ideal choice. Thus the tangential to the electron path, is enormously more recommended energy for the facility was 3 GeV. intense than that from laboratory X-ray sources, the The facility would also need to be equipped with at radiation is emitted in a broad energy spectrum and least 9 different beamlines in Phase I to satisfy the specific energies or wavelengths can be selected for design objectives. experimental applications. The radiation is also emitted with a very small divergence with respect 2. The Boomerang Storage Ring to the plane of the electron beam. Synchrotron The Australian Synchrotron is being constructed by radiation has become a key analytical tool with the Victorian Government on a site adjacent to wide scale applications in the materials and Monash University in Melbourne. The facility is chemical sciences, molecular environmental based on the Boomerang Storage Ring which has a science, the geosciences, nascent technology and DBA structure (Figure 1) with 14 superperiods. -
Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation
Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation Frederico Alves Lima International School on Laser-Beam Interactions Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - CNPEM UFRN - Natal, Brazil Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron - LNLS September 2016 Outline ✓ Tools for structural analysis ✓ History of X-rays ✓ Synchrotron Radiation ✓ LNLS & SIRIUS: Synchrotron Radiation in Brazil Why do we need to study “structure” Structure Dynamics - X-ray crystallography - Laser spectroscopy - electron microscopy - NMR - atomic force microscopy - Time-resolved diffraction & XAS - electron diffraction - Time-resolved PES - X-ray absorption spectroscopy - NMR Manganite: atomic motion coupled by charge and orbital order Graphene Fullerene Layer-selective spin dynamics in Nanotube magnetic multilayers Photosystem II Rotating hydrated Mb molecule What are the length scales involved ? http://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/525347 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic wave ➟ Light! Orthogonal and alternating electric and magnetic fields that propagate into space. Set of equations describing how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents. Maxwell’s equation of electromagnetism James Clerk Maxwell The Electromagnetic Spectrum 700 nm 400 nm X-ray ➟ proper tool to investigate atoms. History of X-rays In the evening of Nov. 8th 1895 Wilhem Röntgen first detected x-rays He found that when running a high-voltage discharge tube enclosed in thick black cardboard which excluded all visible light, in his darkened room, a paper plate covered on one side with barium platinocyanide would fluoresce, even when it was as far as 2 m from the discharge tube. ➟ X-rays! He soon discovered that these ‘x-rays’ also stained photographic plates and latter demonstrated that objects of different thicknesses showed different degrees of transparency. -
X-Ray Optics for Synchrotron Radiation Beamlines
ESI2013: 3rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation Ray BARRETT X-ray Optics Group European Synchrotron Radiation Facility e-mail : [email protected] Outline Part I Part II Introduction SR Research to synchrotron radiation (SR) Mostly Illustrated by examples from the ESRF 27 May 2013 ESI 2013: Synchrotron Radiation 2 Outline PART I Introduction to synchrotron radiation 1. Origin and physics 2. Historical evolution 3. Synchrotron radiation facilities 4. Three forms of synchrotron radiation 5. Sources and their operation 27 May 2013 ESI 2013: Synchrotron Radiation 3 What’s a synchrotron radiation source? • An extremely intense source of X-rays (also IR & EUV) • Typically produced by highly energetic electrons (or positrons) moving in a large circle in the synchrotron (or more usually Storage Ring). •Highly collimated X-rays are emitted tangentially to the storage ring and simultaneously serve multiple beamlines for scientific applications spanning physical, chemical and life sciences 27 May 2013 ESI 2013: Synchrotron Radiation 4 Origin of synchrotron radiation L. Shklovsky (1953) • Synchrotron radiation is electromagnetic energy emitted by charged particles (e.g., electrons and ions) that are moving at speeds close to that of light when their paths are altered, e.g. by a magnetic field. • It is thus termed because particles moving at such speeds in particle accelerators known as a synchrotrons produce electromagnetic radiation of this type. The Crab Nebula – a natural SR source CHANDRA (2001) 27 May 2013 ESI 2013: Synchrotron Radiation 5 Basic Principles Classical case Relativistic case v << c v ~ c orbit orbit Centripetal acceleration =1/ Isotropic emission Emission concentrated within a narrow forward cone E e mc2 Ee = 6 GeV (ESRF) mc2 = 511keV = 10-4 rad = a few 10-3 deg 27 May 2013 ESI 2013: Synchrotron Radiation 6 Man-made synchrotron radiation 1947 EVOLUTION 1930 First observation First particle of synchrotron accelerators radiation at General Electric First observation (USA). -
Translational Research in FLASH Radiotherapy—From Radiobiological Mechanisms to in Vivo Results
biomedicines Review Translational Research in FLASH Radiotherapy—From Radiobiological Mechanisms to In Vivo Results Loredana G. Marcu 1,2,* , Eva Bezak 2,3 , Dylan D. Peukert 4,5 and Puthenparampil Wilson 5,6 1 Faculty of Informatics & Science, Department of Physics, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania 2 Cancer Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; [email protected] 3 School of Physical Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia 4 School of Civil, Environmental & Mining Engineering, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; [email protected] 5 STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; [email protected] 6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: FLASH radiotherapy, or the administration of ultra-high dose rate radiotherapy, is a new radiation delivery method that aims to widen the therapeutic window in radiotherapy. Thus far, most in vitro and in vivo results show a real potential of FLASH to offer superior normal tissue sparing compared to conventionally delivered radiation. While there are several postulations behind the differential behaviour among normal and cancer cells under FLASH, the full spectra of radiobiological mechanisms are yet to be clarified. Currently the number of devices delivering FLASH dose rate is few and is mainly limited to experimental and modified linear accelerators. Nevertheless, FLASH research Citation: Marcu, L.G.; Bezak, E.; is increasing with new developments in all the main areas: radiobiology, technology and clinical Peukert, D.D.; Wilson, P.