DOCSLIB.ORG

Demand Response with Micro-CHP Systems

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Demand Response with Micro-CHP Systems Technical report Demand response with micro-CHP systems M. Houwing, R.R. Negenborn, B. De Schutter If you want to cite this report, please use the following reference instead: M. Houwing, R.R. Negenborn, B. De Schutter. Demand response with micro-CHP systems. Proceedings of the IEEE , vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 200-213, January 2011. Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands 1 Demand Response with Micro-CHP Systems Michiel Houwing, Rudy R. Negenborn, and Bart De Schutter Member, IEEE Abstract—With the increasing application of distributed energy B. Micro combined heat and power systems as novel heating resources and novel information technologies in the electricity technology infrastructure, innovative possibilities to incorporate the demand side more actively in power system operation are enabled. A The domestic sector is responsible for a large share of promising, controllable, residential distributed generation tech- a country’s energy consumption and carbon emissions. In nology is a micro combined heat and power system (micro-CHP). the Netherlands, for example, in 2007 the domestic sector Micro-CHP is an energy efficient technology that simultaneously represented a share of 24 % in the total electricity consumption provides heat and electricity to households. In this paper we investigate to what extent domestic energy costs could be reduced and 20 % in the gas consumption [8], [9]. Further, Dutch with intelligent, price-based control concepts (demand response). households are responsible for about 18 % of the total CO2 Hereby, first the performance of a standard, so-called heat-led emissions (excluding transport) in the Netherlands [8], [9]. micro-CHP system is analyzed. Then, a model predictive control One of the options for households to reduce electricity strategy aimed at demand response is proposed for more intelli- gent control of micro-CHP systems. Simulation studies illustrate consumption from the grid is the installation of DG. Be- the added value of the proposed intelligent control approach sides small wind turbines and photovoltaic systems, specific over the standard approach in terms of reduced variable energy potential for applying DG at the residential level lies in costs. Demand response with micro-CHP lowers variable costs utilizing electricity and heat from so-called micro combined for households by about 1–14 %. The cost reductions are highest heat and power systems (micro-CHP), also known as micro with the most strongly fluctuating real-time pricing scheme. cogeneration systems. Based on [10] a micro-CHP system is Index Terms—micro combined heat and power systems, de- defined as follows: mand response, model predictive control. Micro-CHP: energy conversion unit with an electric capacity below 15 kW that simultaneously generates heat and power. I. INTRODUCTION Micro-CHP systems can be relatively small and are expected to be of the same size as current heating systems. Compared to A. Distributed generation current heating systems micro-CHP is a step forward in terms of energy efficiency [10]. By generating electricity locally OWER generation is responsible for a large share of the and utilizing the co-produced heat, the efficiency of domestic P anthropogenic CO2 emissions [1]. Many new sustainable energy use is substantially improved. In Figure 1 the basic technologies for electricity provision are therefore currently principle of micro-CHP is shown. Assuming that a household under development [2]. Many of these technologies are de- needs 20 units of electrical energy and 80 units of heat, and signed for application at the distribution level of the electricity assuming a boiler efficiency of 100 % (based on the lower infrastructure. Such small-scale electricity generation systems heating value of the primary fuel) and an efficiency of large are referred to as distributed generation (DG). Examples of power generation of 45 %, a household consumes 124 units DG technologies are photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, and of primary energy in the case of separate heat and power combined heat and power plants (CHP). The use of DG has generation. With a micro-CHP system of 20 % electric and several advantages. When DG systems use renewable primary 80 % thermal efficiency, 100 units of primary energy are energy as input, they can provide significant environmental required, leading to primary energy savings of around 20 %. benefits. Due to reduced losses from electricity transport and During the last years there has been significant progress due to cogeneration options, DG can also lead to increases in toward developing kW-scale CHP applications. Micro-CHP energy efficiency. Moreover, besides their environmental ben- systems are on the verge of becoming mass marketed as a efits, DG systems can reduce investment risks, they stimulate next generation domestic heating system [10], [11]. Several fuel diversification and energy autonomy, and the presence of manufacturers are preparing market introduction and retail generation close to demand can increase the power quality companies have started selling micro-CHP systems [12], [13]. and reliability of delivered electricity [3]–[5]. Currently, the The likely primary fuel for these systems is natural gas. Hence, penetration of DG at medium and low voltages, both in micro-CHP is envisaged as a promising next generation heat- distribution networks and inside customers’ households, is ing system for countries and regions with extensive natural gas increasing in developed countries worldwide [3]–[7]. infrastructures. Potential markets for micro-CHP are European countries such as the Netherlands, Germany, and Italy, as well M. Houwing is with Eneco in the Netherlands. E-mail: as Japan and parts of the United States and Canada [10], [14]– [email protected]. [16]. In those areas, space heating and domestic hot water are R.R. Negenborn and B. De Schutter are with the Delft Center for Sys- tems and Control, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. E-mail: mainly produced inside the house via the conversion of natural {r.r.negenborn,b.deschutter}@tudelft.nl. gas in boilers. District heating networks, heat pumps, and solar 2 added value for investors of intelligently using the control Separate capabilities of micro-CHP units for the objective of demand generation response. Conclusions and directions for further research are given in Section IV. primary power plants energy 44 20 η = 45% e electricity 124 II. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF MICRO-CHP UNDER boiler 80 80 HEAT-LED CONTROL ηth = 100% heat In order to analyze economic savings with intelligent micro- CHP control, it is important to have a reference case, both in terms of control strategy as well as economic feasibility of the application of micro-CHP. This section describes such a reference case, where micro-CHP units are controlled in a Cogeneration heat-led way. Heat-led control means that the control is fo- cused on following domestic heat demand. This type of control is envisaged as the most likely standard control strategy for micro−CHP 20 micro-CHP [10]. In the heat-led case micro-CHPs are placed η 100 e = 20% in houses, they operate under heat-led control, and electricity η = 80% th 80 is traded both ways between the retailer and households. A. Literature on standard control of micro-CHP Fig. 1. Energy efficiency with micro-CHP. There is a substantial body of literature on standard control strategies for micro-CHP systems and the associated perfor- boilers are only marginally used there. mance. A good overview of the literature on control strategy design and cost performance is presented in [21]. In [21] it is noted that there is a multitude of possible operating strategies C. Objective of the paper that can be generally classified as heat-led or electricity-led. It Compared to wind turbines and photovoltaic systems, is concluded that the control strategy for the first generations of micro-CHP is a special type of DG technology in the sense that micro-CHPs will be heat-led or electricity-led and that future the power output can be easily controlled. This characteristic, generations may incorporate cost and/or emission minimizing together with the fact that micro-CHP units are mostly coupled control. to heat storage systems [17], creates flexibility in power gen- More work on the design of standard control strategies eration. This paper analyzes the potential value of flexibility and on the impact of control strategies on variable costs for in micro-CHP operation. households can be found in [15], [22]–[25]. These sources Besides the standard control strategies envisaged for micro- report annual energy cost savings, relative to conventional CHP, which are aimed at following either heat or electricity households, in the range of 8–40 %. Savings depend on the demand, there are many other control objectives for which adopted control strategy, domestic energy demand and pricing micro-CHP systems can be deployed. Examples from [18]– regime. Throughout this paper we refer to ‘conventional house- [20] are the provision of intra-day balancing services, the holds’ as being households that take all electricity demand provision of black start services and improving power quality. from the grid (i.e., sold to households by retailers) and that Another objective for which to control micro-CHP is demand fulfill their heat demand with a conventional, gas-fired boiler. response, which is the ability of domestic net-consumption of Looking at the existing literature in relation to the work electricity to respond to real-time prices (net-consumption = presented in this section of this paper, we make the following consumption - production). This paper investigates the extent contributions: to which demand response with micro-CHP leads to reduced • Even though much work has been done on standard energy costs for households when compared to standard heat- control, a reference will need to be developed here to led control. serve as a basis against which more intelligent control schemes can be compared. The existing literature helps D.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2019 Clean Energy Plan
    2019 Clean Energy Plan A Brighter Energy Future for Michigan Solar Gardens power plant at This Clean Energy Plan charts Grand Valley State University. a course for Consumers Energy to embrace the opportunities and meet the challenges of a new era, while safely serving Michigan with affordable, reliable energy for decades to come. Executive Summary A New Energy Future for Michigan Consumers Energy is seizing a once-in-a-generation opportunity to redefine our company and to help reshape Michigan’s energy future. We’re viewing the world through a wider lens — considering how our decisions impact people, the planet and our state’s prosperity. At a time of unprecedented change in the energy industry, we’re uniquely positioned to act as a driving force for good and take the lead on what it means to run a clean and lean energy company. This Clean Energy Plan, filed under Michigan’s Integrated Resource Plan law, details our proposed strategy to meet customers’ long-term energy needs for years to come. We developed our plan by gathering input from a diverse group of key stakeholders to build a deeper understanding of our shared goals and modeling a variety of future scenarios. Our Clean Energy Plan aligns with our Triple Bottom Line strategy (people, planet, prosperity). By 2040, we plan to: • End coal use to generate electricity. • Reduce carbon emissions by 90 percent from 2005 levels. • Meet customers’ needs with 90 percent clean energy resources. Consumers Energy 2019 Clean Energy Plan • Executive Summary • 2 The Process Integrated Resource Planning Process We developed the Clean Energy Plan for 2019–2040 considering people, the planet and Identify Goals Load Forecast Existing Resources Michigan’s prosperity by modeling a variety of assumptions, such as market prices, energy Determine Need for New Resources demand and levels of clean energy resources (wind, solar, batteries and energy waste Supply Transmission and Distribution Demand reduction).
    [Show full text]
  • 2019/2020 Residential Energy Storage Demand Response Demonstration Evaluation – Winter Season
    2019/20 Residential Energy Storage Demand Response Demonstration Evaluation Winter Season Prepared for National Grid and Unitil Submitted by Guidehouse Inc. 77 South Bedford Street Suite No. 400 Burlington, MA 01803 guidehouse.com Reference No.: 148414 September 23, 2020 Study Overview Demonstration Summary The two residential storage demonstrations evaluated in this study are part of the Program Administrators’ broader active demand response initiatives. National Grid’s demonstration targets residential customers that already installed or are considering installing a battery storage system as part of a “Bring Your Own Battery” or “BYOB” demonstration. Prior to the final event of the winter season, 148 devices were enrolled in National Grid’s demonstration in Massachusetts. Of these, data indicated that 102 successfully participated in at least one event called during the winter season. National Grid called two events, on December 19, 2019 and February 14, 2020. Both events lasted 2 hours, from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. Unitil’s demonstration paid for and installed a battery storage system for each of four participants. There is no additional participant incentive. Until called events every day from January 1, 2020 through February 29, 2020 from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. Evaluation Objectives The goal of this evaluation was to assess the technical feasibility and scalability of battery storage as a resource for lowering the system peak demand (National Grid) and flattening the solar PV output curve (Unitil) for residential customers. The impact analysis assessed whether the battery storage system lowered demand during the Winter Peak Periods and measured demand and energy impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Benefits of Demand Response in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving Them
    BENEFITS OF DEMAND RESPONSE IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACHIEVING THEM A REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS PURSUANT TO SECTION 1252 OF THE ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005 Price of Demand Electricity Supply Supply DemandDR P PDR QDR Q Quantity of Electricity February 2006 . U.S. Department of Energy ii U.S. Department of Energy Benefits of Demand Response and Recommendations The Secretary [of Energy] shall be responsible for… not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, providing Congress with a report that identifies and quantifies the national benefits of demand response and makes a recommendation on achieving specific levels of such benefits by January 1, 2007. --Sec. 1252(d), the Energy Policy Act of 2005, August 8, 2005 U.S. Department of Energy Benefits of Demand Response and Recommendations iii iv U.S. Department of Energy Benefits of Demand Response and Recommendations EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sections 1252(e) and (f) of the U.S. Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT)1 state that it is the policy of the United States to encourage “time-based pricing and other forms of demand response” and encourage States to coordinate, on a regional basis, State energy policies to provide reliable and affordable demand response services to the public. The law also requires the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to provide a report to Congress, not later than 180 days after its enactment, which “identifies and quantifies the national benefits of demand response and makes a recommendation on achieving specific levels of such benefits by January 1, 2007” (EPACT, Sec.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimal Placement of the Demand Response Program for Voltage
    Optimal Placement of the Demand Response Program for Voltage Static Stability using TLBO Algorithm Abolfazl Akrami*1, Mohammad Hossein Adel2, Hossein Abolfathi3 1Electrical Distribution Company, Yazd, Iran. [email protected] 2Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sharif, Abarkooh Branch, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Yazd, Iran. [email protected] 3Electrical Distribution Company, Yazd, Iran. [email protected] Abstract - According to the definition of Energy Department, demand response is the ability of domestic, industrial, and commercial consumers to use electrical energy to modify their consumption patterns at peak time to affect the price and reliability of the grid. The power grid voltage static stability could be improved to a satisfactory level using the demand response. For this reason, in this research, this device was used to improve the static stability of the grid voltage. In order to improve the objective functions, the normal state of the grid is considered. Normal mode is considered as the normal state of the grid, which provides the grid in its stable state without any failures in equipment. The optimization algorithm in this study is the TLBO algorithm. The problem of optimal allocation of demand response programs is solved to achieve the best value of the objective function of the grid voltage static stability. The location, the active and reactive power for which the best static voltage stability is achieved in the grid, is presented as an optimal response. The simulation results showed that the best place for this program to improve the static stability of the grid is bus No. 8. Keywords: Demand Response Program, Voltage Static Stability, TLBO Algorithm, Electrical energy consumption Introduction With the evolution of the power industry and the formation of the electricity market, the electricity management programs faced serious challenges and threats.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of On-Site PV Generation and Residential Demand Response On
    applied sciences Article Effects of On-Site PV Generation and Residential Demand Response on Distribution System Reliability Sıtkı Güner 1 , Ay¸seKübra Ereno˘glu 2, Ibrahim˙ ¸Sengör 3 , Ozan Erdinç 2 and João P. S. Catalão 4,* 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Istanbul Arel University, Tepekent-Buyukcekmece, 34537 Istanbul, Turkey; [email protected] 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electric-Electronics, Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey; [email protected] (A.K.E.); [email protected] (O.E.) 3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Çi˘gli,35620 Izmir, Turkey; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto and INESC TEC, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 23 August 2020; Accepted: 3 October 2020; Published: 12 October 2020 Abstract: In the last few decades, there has been a strong trend towards integrating renewable-based distributed generation systems into the power grid, and advanced management strategies have been developed in order to provide a reliable, resilient, economic, and sustainable operation. Moreover, demand response (DR) programs, by taking the advantage of flexible loads’ energy reduction capabilities, have presented as a promising solution considering reliability issues. Therefore, the impacts of combined system architecture with on-site photovoltaic (PV) generation units and residential demand reduction strategies were taken into consideration on distribution system reliability indices in this study. The load model of this study was created by using load data of the distribution feeder provided by Bosphorus Electric Distribution Corporation (BEDAS).
    [Show full text]
  • Maximizing Hydropower Use in the Cordova Electric Cooperative Grid
    Fostering development of innovative solutions to Alaska’s energy challenges. Project Snapshot: Maximizing Hydropower Use in the Cordova Electric Cooperative Grid This ongoing 2014 project is exploring the potential for fish processing industry has exceeded the capacity of the optimizing the generation mix in Cordova, Alaska. It will hydropower plants, forcing CEC to supplement with diesel assess the technical and economic feasibility of adding an generation. energy storage solution and demand response to reduce the use of diesel generation. Currently, when hydropower is the sole generation source, one 3 MW hydropower turbine is used, and because of the need for frequency regulation, there is a reduction of Project Background 500 kW of available capacity. While hydropower capacity is not sufficient to meet daytime demand, the hydropower Cordova is a small city located near the mouth of the plants do not operate at full capacity during off-peak hours. Copper River on the southeast edge of the Prince William Since these hydropower systems do not include dams that Sound. There is no road system connecting it to any other provide water storage, the water that is normally diverted Alaska city, and the community relies on power generated for power generation is simply spilled down the creeks. The from two run-of-the-river hydropower stations and several result is significant loss of potential power production and, diesel generators. The Cordova Electric Cooperative (CEC) provides electricity to the City of Cordova and to several fish processing plants. Hydropower provides 24% of the total statewide electrical power in Alaska and more than 60% in Cordova.
    [Show full text]
  • New York Energy Storage Services Fact Sheet Summer 2018 – NYSERDA Energy Storage Soft Costs Program
    New York Energy Storage Services Fact Sheet Summer 2018 – NYSERDA Energy Storage Soft Costs Program Background This document summarizes value streams currently available for energy storage systems installed in New York State. Additionally, information on service classifications and demand response programs for each New York utility is provided in the appendices. The information in the following tables is up to date as of: August 17th, 2018. As the electric grid modernizes, value streams will evolve. In his 2018 State of the State Address, Governor Cuomo announced a 1,500 MW energy storage target for the State by 2025, to serve as an aggressive near-term waypoint for the state’s 2030 energy storage target that will be established by the Public Service Commission in 2018. To implement the Governor’s directive, NYSERDA and the Department of Public Service worked with stakeholders to develop the Energy Storage Roadmap that identifies market backed policy, regulatory and programmatic actions that can be taken to build this market. The Roadmap is now available for public input and written comments may be submitted until September 10, 2018 with reply comments due by September 24, 2018. The Roadmap includes immediate and near-term actions as well as short-term solutions that can bridge the longer time horizons that some of these market changes require. This roadmap will form the foundation of a Public Service Commission order later this year that establishes a 2030 storage target and deployment mechanisms. Developers are encouraged to actively engage with DPS and NYSERDA in this process as this will play a major role in bringing additional market opportunities to energy storage deployment.
    [Show full text]
  • Model Predictive Control Home Energy Management and Optimization Strategy with Demand Response
    applied sciences Article Model Predictive Control Home Energy Management and Optimization Strategy with Demand Response Radu Godina 1,* ID , Eduardo M. G. Rodrigues 1,*, Edris Pouresmaeil 2, João C. O. Matias 1,3 ID and João P. S. Catalão 1,4,5 1 Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST), University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; [email protected] (J.C.O.M.) [email protected] (J.P.S.C.) 2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland; [email protected] 3 The Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal 4 Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC) and the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal 5 Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Investigação e Desenvolvimento (INESC-ID), Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.G.); [email protected] (E.M.G.R.) Received: 9 February 2018; Accepted: 27 February 2018; Published: 9 March 2018 Abstract: The growing demand for electricity is a challenge for the electricity sector as it not only involves the search for new sources of energy, but also the increase of generation capacity of the existing electrical infrastructure and the need to upgrade the existing grid. Therefore, new ways to reduce the consumption of energy are necessary to be implemented. When comparing an average house with an energy efficient house, it is possible to reduce annual energy bills up to 40%.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Transmission Losses in Planning Studies
    DOCKET STAFF PAPER 11-IEP-1C DATE RECD. SEP 01 2011 A Review of Transmission Losses in Planning Studies Lana Wong Electricity Analysis Office Electricity Supply Analysis Division California Energy Commission DISCLAIMER This paper was prepared by a member of the staff of the California Energy Commission. As such, it does not necessarily represent the views of the AUGUST 2011 Energy Commission or the State of California. The Energy Commission, the CEC‐200‐2011‐009 State of California, its employees, contractors, and subcontractors make no warrant, express or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information in this paper; nor does any party represent that the uses of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. This paper has not been approved or disapproved by the California Energy Commission nor has the Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this paper. This paper has not been approved or disapproved by the full Commission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Staff would like to acknowledge the following individuals for providing their insight into transmission and distribution losses and for answering numerous questions: Tom Gorin, Lynn Marshall, Michael Nyberg, and Jim Woodward of the California Energy Commission; Donald Brooks, Jennifer Kalafut, Scott Murtishaw, and Nat Skinner of the California Public Utilities Commission; Larry Hunsaker of the California Air Resources Board; Richard Sobonya of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; John Carruthers, Ron Helgens, Daniel Patry, and Thomas Troup of Pacific Gas and Electric; and Gilbert Aldous and Michael Cockayne of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. Staff also would like to acknowledge Al Alvarado for providing guidance on the report, Karen Griffin for providing technical review, and Steven Fosnaugh of the California Energy Commission for formatting the report.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Natural Gas and Renewables in ERCOT, Part III
    Exploring Natural Gas and Renewables in ERCOT, Part III: The Role of Demand Response, Energy Efficiency, and Combined Heat & Power PREPARED FOR The Texas Clean Energy Coalition PREPARED BY Ira Shavel Peter Fox-Penner Jurgen Weiss Ryan Hledik Pablo Ruiz Yingxia Yang Rebecca Carroll Jake Zahniser-Word May 29, 2014 This report was prepared for the Texas Clean Energy Coalition with the support of the Cynthia and George Mitchell Foundation. All results and any errors are the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the opinion of the project’s sponsors, The Brattle Group, Inc. or its clients. Acknowledgement: We would like to thank the following individuals for their assistance. Comverge: Colin Meehan Connections Consulting: Lyda Molanphy Cynthia and George Mitchell Foundation: Marilu Hastings ERCOT: Paul Wattles, Calvin Oppenheim, Warren Lasher, Julia Matevosyan, Doug Murray, Julie Jin Frontier Associates: Jay Zarnikau GE Energy Management: Mark Schroder and Elizabeth LaRose Mandell and Associates: Missy Mandell NEG: Alex Rudkevich, Evgeniy Goldis, and Matthew Kagan PSO: Russ Philbrick, and Garret LaBove SPEER: Doug Lewin TCEC and Vianovo: Blaine Bull, Elizabeth Lippincott, Julie Hillrich, and Kip Averitt Texas CHP Initiative: Tommy John, and Paul Cauduro The Lantau Group: Michael Thomas, Tom Parkinson, and Xinmin Hu Xcel Energy: Drake Bartlett The Brattle Group: Ahmad Faruqui, Wade Davis, Lauren Regan, Frank Graves, Sam Newell, Kathleen Spees, Johannes Pfeifenberger, Heidi Bishop, Brendan McVeigh, Marianne Gray, and Metin Celebi.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Vehicles As Distributed Energy Resources
    ELECTRIC VEHICLES AS DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES BY GARRETT FITZGERALD, CHRIS NELDER, AND JAMES NEWCOMB O Y M UN ARBON K T C C A I O N R I W N E A M STIT U T R R O O AUTHORS & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AUTHORS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Garrett Fitzgerald, Chris Nelder, and James Newcomb The authors thank the following individuals and e-Lab * Authors listed alphabetically. All authors are from member organizations for offering their insights and Rocky Mountain Institute unless otherwise noted. perspectives on this work, which does not necessarily reflect their views. ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTORS Jim Lazar, Regulatory Assistance Project Rich Sedano, Regulatory Assistance Project Riley Allen, Regulatory Assistance Project Sarah Keay-Bright, Regulatory Assistance Project Jim Avery, San Diego Gas & Electric CONTACTS Greg Haddow, San Diego Gas & Electric Chris Nelder ([email protected]) San Diego Gas & Electric Load Analysis Group James Newcomb ([email protected]) Noel Crisostomo, California Public Utilities Commission Jonathan Walker, Rocky Mountain Institute SUGGESTED CITATION Chris Nelder, James Newcomb, and Garrett Fitzgerald, The authors also thank the following additional Electric Vehicles as Distributed Energy Resources individuals and organizations for offering their insights (Rocky Mountain Institute, 2016), and perspectives on this work: http://www.rmi.org/pdf_evs_as_DERs. Joel R. Pointon, JRP Charge Joyce McLaren, National Renewable Energy Laboratory DISCLAIMER e-Lab is a joint collaboration, convened by RMI, with participationfrom stakeholders across the electricity Editorial Director: Cindie Baker industry. e-Lab is not a consensus organization, and Editor: David Labrador the views expressed in this document are not intended Art Director: Romy Purshouse to represent those of any individual e-Lab member or Images courtesy of iStock unless otherwise noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Building a Community of Users for Open Market Energy
    energies Article Building a Community of Users for Open Market Energy Joao C. Ferreira 1,* ID and Ana Lucia Martins 2 1 ISTAR-IUL, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa 1649-026, Portugal 2 Business Research Unit (BRU-IUL), Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa 1649-026, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-210-464-277 Received: 20 July 2018; Accepted: 28 August 2018; Published: 4 September 2018 Abstract: Energy markets are based on energy transactions with a central control entity, where the players are companies. In this research work, we propose an IoT (Internet of Things) system for the accounting of energy flows, as well as a blockchain approach to overcome the need for a central control entity. This allows for the creation of local energy markets to handle distributed energy transactions without needing central control. In parallel, the system aggregates users into communities with target goals and creates new markets for players. These two approaches (blockchain and IoT) are brought together using a gamification approach, allowing for the creation and maintenance of a community for electricity market participation based on pre-defined goals. This community approach increases the number of market players and creates the possibility of traditional end users earning money through small coordinated efforts. We apply this approach to the aggregation of batteries from electrical vehicles so that they become a player in the spinning reserve market. It is also possible to apply this approach to local demand flexibility, associated with the demand response (DR) concept. DR is aggregated to allow greater flexibility in the regulation market based on an OpenADR approach that allows the turning on and off of predefined equipment to handle local microgeneration.
    [Show full text]