DOCSLIB.ORG

International Comparisons of Entrance and Exit Examinations: Japan, United Kingdom, France, and Germany

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
International Comparisons of Entrance and Exit Examinations: Japan, United Kingdom, France, and Germany DOCUMENT RESUME ED 412 289 TM 027 787 AUTHOR Stevenson, Harold W.; Lee, Shin-ying TITLE International Comparisons of Entrance and Exit Examinations: Japan, United Kingdom, France, and Germany. INSTITUTION Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED), Washington, DC. Media and Information Services. REPORT NO ORAD-97-1110 PUB DATE 1997-09-00 NOTE 58p.; "In collaboration with Solange Carton, Margaret Evans, Samia Meziane, Naoko Moriyoshi, Ian Schmidt." PUB TYPE Reports Evaluative (142) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Academic Achievement; Admission (School); College Bound Students; *College Entrance Examinations; Comparative Analysis; Cross Cultural Studies; Developed Nations; Educational Attainment; Foreign Countries; *High School Students; High Schools; Higher Education; *International Education; *Student Educational Objectives; Test Construction; *Test Use; Vocational Education IDENTIFIERS *Exit Examinations; France; Germany; Japan; United Kingdom ABSTRACT The roles of exit examinations (high school exit) and college entrance examinations in four industrialized countries are described. Information was obtained from reviews of educational systems and interviews with small samples of students (at least seven or eight students), parents, and teachers during 1993. All four countries studied, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, are experiencing a common problem in that their universities, built to educate a moderate percentage of the population, are being asked to accommodate increasing numbers of students. They are left with the alternatives of restricting enrollments to make the universities more elitist or expanding enrollments and watering down the value of the university degree. In all of these countries, entrance and exit examinations are based on a curriculum established by ministries of education. These examinations are closely tied to what students have studied in school. Parents and students expressed satisfaction with the examinations overall, although they noted problems with strong reliance on examinations. They were unable, however, to suggest more desirable procedures. Regardless of the approach taken by governments in these four countries, it seems likely that the number of students selecting a vocational track will continue to lag as long as economic and social advantages of a university degree persist. (Contains 25 references.) (SLD) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made .* from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Asir""Nt F,.1 -gd JN&a.md F, d U S DEPARTMENT Office of Educational OF EDUCATION Research and EDUCATIONAL Improvement RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This documenthas been received from the reproduced as originating it person or organization Minor changes have been made improve reproduction to quality Points of view document do notor opinions statedin this official OERI necessar ly represent position or policy U.S. Office of Department ofEducation EducationalResearch andImprovement EST COPYAVAILABLE International Comparisonsof entranceandwrit examinations Japan, UnitedKingdom, France, and Germany Harold W. Stevenson and Shin-ying Lee in collaboration with Solange Carton Margaret Evans Samia Meziane Naoko Moriyoshi Ian Schmidt University of Michigan U.S. Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement 3 U.S. Department of Education Richard W. Riley Secretary Office of Educational Research and Improvement Ramon C. Cortines Acting Assistant Secretary Office of Reform Assistance and Dissemination Ron Cartwright Acting Director Media and Information Services Cynthia Hearn Dorfman Director September 1997 4 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Japan 3 Elementary and Secondary Education 3 Junior Colleges and Universities 4 Applying for University Entrance 4 Public and National Universities 5 Private Universities 5 Alternative Methods 6 Juku 6 University Expenses 6 Ronin 7 Reaction to the College Entrance System Need for Entering College 7 General Satisfaction Fairness 9 Factors Associated With Success 10 Stressfulness of the examinations 11 Role of Schools and Teachers 11 Role of Parents 12 Conclusion 12 The United Kingdom 13 The British Educational System 13 Primary and Secondary Education 13 Universities 15 Applying for Entrance 15 Reactions to the Entrance Examination System 16 Desire for Entering the University 16 General Satisfaction 16 Curriculum 17 iii Fairness 18 Difficulty 18 Limited Choices 18 Factors Associated With Success 18 Early Preparation 19 Choice of University and Degree 19 Personal Attributes and Work Experience 19 Stress 20 Role of Parents, Teachers, and Schools 20 Conclusion 20 France 23 Elementary and Primary Systems 23 The Academic Baccalaureat 24 Higher Education 25 Universities 25 Grandes Ecoles 26 Changes in the College Admission Process 26 Reactions to the System 26 Lack of Information 26 General Satisfaction 27 Curriculum 27 Fairness 28 Factors Associated With Success 28 Stress 29 Role of Parents 29 Role of Teachers and Students 30 Conclusion 30 Germany 33 Elementary and Secondary Education 33 Primary School 33 Types of Schools 34 Hauptschule 34 Realschule 34 6 iv Vocational School 35 Gymnasium 36 Gesamtschule 36 Forderstufe 37 University Education 37 Exit Examination 37 The Abitur 37 Preparation for the Examination 39 Reactions to the University Entrance System 39 Need for Entering College 39 General Satisfaction 39 Fairness 41 Factors Associated with Success 42 Stress 43 Role of Parents 44 Conclusion 44 Summary 47 Entrance and Exit Examinations 47 Reactions to Examinations 48 Criticisms of the Examinations 48 Conclusions 49 Endnote 51 References 53 Introduction One of the most difficult questionsfacing students to pursue advanced levels of many contemporary societies is education. Even in these societies, however, deciding how to allocate their expenditures some institutions offer moredemanding for education. Should emphasis be placed on curricula than others. As a result, admission primary and secondary schools, or should to different institutions requiresdifferent colleges and universities receive higher levels qualifications. Other societies, allocating less of support? In a rapidly developing world, funding to higher education, are able to where technology and science play admit only a small percentage of the students increasingly important roles, will a society be seeking admission each year. As a result, in a better competitive position by entrance to colleges and universitiesin these emphasizing the basic primary and secondary societies is extremely competitive. school years, or by expanding the number of The United States is among the societies that students who attain degrees from post are examining the ways inwhich higher secondary institutions? education can yield the greatest benefit, both These decisions occupy a great deal of for the individual and for society in general. attention, but even more formidable One approach that may be helpful in this questions are raised once a decision is self-scrutiny is to find out how other highly reached: How should students be selected for industrialized societies handle these admission to successively more demanding problems. What is the structure of higher levels of education? If access to colleges is education in these societies and on what readily available, how can the quality of basis are students admitted to colleges and education be maintained or improved? On universities? Specifically, what roles do high the other hand, entrance to colleges and school exit examinations or college entrance universities becomes highly competitive if the examinations play in determining college society concentrates its expenditures on admissions? What do students, parents, and education at the elementary and early teachers think about the usefulness and secondary levels. Because the level of fairness of these examinations? Are the education attained by individuals is a critical results of the tests considered to be a variable in determining social and financial reasonable index of the students' knowledge status in all industrialized societies,these and potential for future success? How could questions take on important political, social, the examinations be improved? Do the tests and economic implications. strongly influence the high school curriculum? Information relevant to these The resources provided for education within and other questions is provided in this paper, a society are obviously an importantfactor which describes the role of exit and entrance influencing the ways in which education is examinations in four of the industrialized supported. Some societies are rich enough to countries with leading economies: Japan,the develop a wide array of institutions for the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. pursuit of higher learning, thereby making it possible for large percentages of their 1 The information presented in thispaper was not be indicative of the reaction of the obtained from reviews of the educational general population to the procedures used for systems in the four countries and from college entrance. interviews held with small samples of students, parents, and teachers during the The paper is organized accordingto each country. A general description of the last three months of 1993. Interviewswere educational system is followed by held in two locations in eachcountry and the an outline of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Holding Students to Account by Paul E. Peterson
    CHAPTER 7 Holding Students to Account Paul E. Peterson The American high school is troubled. Not only do US high school students’ performances trail those of students in most other indus- trialized nations, but there are few signs of improvement within the United States. While pupils in fourth grade have made striking gains over the past couple of decades, the gains attenuate by eighth grade and disappear altogether in high school. Even the most tal- ented high school students don’t always do well. Only 7 percent of US students score at or above the advanced level in mathematics, as compared to twice that percentage on the part of Canadians, Germans, Finns, Dutch, Belgians, and Japanese. Students in high- flying places such as Korea, Switzerland, and Singapore do even better.1 Many students graduate from high school without the req- uisite skills needed to perform successfully in a modern, industrial- ized society. Approximately 1.7 million college students must take remedial courses, a clear indication that high school graduates have not acquired a minimum set of cognitive skills. The causes are multiple, and no one fix will address them all. But flaws in the country’s student accountability system are a Copyright © 2014 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. FinnSousa_WhatLiesAhead.indb 119 12/19/13 8:15 AM 120 Holding Students to Account likely contributing factor. Unlike most countries that have high- performing students, the United States lacks, as do most states within the United States, a set of exit exams, that is, subject- specific examinations students are expected to take as their careers in secondary schools are concluding.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends in Test Programs, Alternate Pathways, and Pass Rates November 2009 Credits and Acknowledgments
    State High School Exit Exams: ® Trends in Test Programs, Alternate Pathways, and Pass Rates November 2009 Credits and Acknowledgments This report was researched and written by Ying Zhang, CEP research associate. Jack Jennings, CEP’s president and CEO, co-authored the recommendations and provided advice and guidance. Diane Stark Rentner, CEP’s national program director, and NancyKoberand NaomiChudowsky,CEPconsultants, gave helpful comments to the report. Jennifer McMurrer,CEP research associate, assisted in verifying and editing the report and state pro- files. Rebecca Barns, CEP consultant, edited the report and the state profiles. Laura Sobchik, CEP intern, assist- ed in data entry and verification. Jody Peltason, CEP intern, provided general assistance on the report. The Center on Education Policy extends its deepest gratitude to the officials in the 26 states who responded to our state survey on exit exams, verified the information in the state profiles, and answered other questions about exit exam policies. Without their assistance, this report would not have been possible. We would also like to thank Keith Gayler, CEP consultant, who helped with the development of the state survey, andthreeexternalreviewerswhoprovidedinsightfulcommentsandsuggestions:Dr.DavidConley,professorand director,Center for Education Policy Research, University of Oregon; Dr. John Robert Warren, professor, University of Minnesota; and Dr. Lauress Wise, principal scientist, the Human Resources Research Organization (HumRRO). The Center draws on general support resources from the George Gund Foundation and the Phi Delta Kappa International Foundation. The statements made and the views expressed in this report are solely the respon- sibility of the Center. www.cep-dc.org Table of Contents Summary ...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Policy Context of High School Exit Exams: a Review of the Literature from 2006 to 2018
    UNDERSTANDING THE POLICY CONTEXT OF HIGH SCHOOL EXIT EXAMS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE FROM 2006 TO 2018 Hannah Poquette Aaron Butler Working Paper November, 2018 KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 300 Sower Boulevard, Fifth Floor Frankfort, KY 40601 Executive Summary The Kentucky Board of Education is currently considering changes to Kentucky’s high school graduation requirement policy to address concerns that Kentucky students are not graduating with the skills necessary to ensure their success after high school. A key component of this policy change would require students to pass a high school exit exam before receiving a diploma. The most recent data on high exit exam policies show that approximately one out of four states require students to pass an exit exam (Center on Education Policy, 2012). These exit exam policies have varied widely in their implementation and characteristics. Empirical evidence from studies examining exit exams demonstrates that choices made when crafting the policy and establishing the exam may greatly affect the success of the policy and should be carefully considered. This literature review synthesizes evidence addressing characteristics of the Kentucky exit exam policy. These characteristics include (a) student outcomes of underperforming and underserved populations, (b) level of exit exam difficulty, (c) inclusion of multiple subject areas in exit exams, and (d) inclusion of alternative pathways to graduation. Exit Exams and Outcomes for Underperforming and Underserved Students Research evidence suggests that students at the lower end of the achievement distribution, racial/ethnic minority students, or low income students may not see distinct improvements in their outcomes due to the implementation of an exit exam.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematical Competencies in High School Exit
    Mathematical Competencies in High School Exit Examinations and in TIMSS/III Kahnert, Eickelmann, Bos & Endberg – Validation of High Stakes-Testing Through an International Large Scale Assessment Instrument MATHEMATICAL COMPETENCIES IN HIGH SCHOOL EXIT EXAMINATIONS AND IN TIMSS/III – VALIDATION OF HIGH STAKES- TESTING THROUGH AN INTERNATIONAL LARGE SCALE ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT Julia Kahnert, Birgit Eickelmann, Wilfried Bos & Manuela Endberg Institute for School Development Research, TU Dortmund University, Germany Abstract In Germany students gain access to universities by passing the high school exit examination (Abitur). By using probabilistic scaling methods, this study examines whether central high school exit examinations as a form of high- stakes testing allow for valid information in measuring competencies. For this approach a cohort of students simultaneously took their high school exit examinations in mathematics and the TIMSS/III-test (Mullis et al., 1998). Both instruments entail information about students’ mathematical competencies. The presented study establishes in how far both results are comparable and which consequences for high-stakes testing as well as for TIMSS/III can be deduced. Introduction, Background, and Objectives of Study The presented research project is conducted as a sub-project for the project “Quality management of central examinations” organized by the Institute of School Development Research at Dortmund University. The project is funded by the school ministry in North Rhine-Westphalia. Data was collected in the survey period during February and March 2011. This paper deals with the topic of high school exit examinations as a certain form of high-stakes testing in Germany. Exemplarily for the subject mathematics, students’ performance data was collected and analysed.
    [Show full text]
  • High School Exit Examinations and State-Level Completion and GED Rates, 1973-2000*
    High School Exit Examinations and State-Level Completion and GED Rates, 1973-2000* Version: October 2004 John Robert Warren Department of Sociology University of Minnesota Krista N. Jenkins Department of Sociology University of Pennsylvania Rachael B. Kulick Department of Sociology University of Minnesota Working Paper No. 2005-08 https://doi.org/10.18128/MPC2005-08 WORKING DRAFT: PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE WITHOUT PERMISSION *Paper prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Boston, April 2004. Support for this project has been provided by the Spencer Foundation’s Major Grants Program and by the University of Minnesota’s Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program. We are also very grateful to Christopher Uggen, Dean Lillard, Jennifer C. Lee, Daniel Koretz, Robert Hauser, and several anonymous reviewers for their helpful advice and feedback. However, errors and omissions are the responsibility of the authors. Please direct correspondence to John Robert Warren, Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, 909 Social Sciences, 267 ~ 19th Ave. South, Minneapolis, MN 55455 or email [email protected]. High School Exit Examinations and State-Level Completion and GED Rates, 1973-2000 ABSTRACT We investigate the extent to which high school exit examinations are associated with state-level high school completion rates in the United States. To do so, we estimate a series of state and year fixed effects models using a new measure of state-level high school completion rates and archival information about states’ high school exit examinations between 1973 and 2000. We find that high school exit examinations --- particularly more difficult examinations that have recently been implemented in some states --- are associated with lower high school completion rates and higher rates of General Educational Development (GED) test taking.
    [Show full text]
  • PB-Exit Exams.Id
    M AY 2003 making sure graduation tests exit exams g e t a PA S S I N G G R A D E The trend is clear: By 2008, half the states are likely to have adopted high school exit exams.1 These exams, which students must pass to graduate, are part of state accountability systems, above and beyond the requirements of the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The main intent is to boost the value and credibility of a high school diploma and, in the process, motivate students to work harder. In some states, the exit exam is designed to guarantee that those who pass are prepared for college entrance; in others, it is intended to guarantee that graduates have mastered agreed-upon basic skills. Often, however, exit exams are implemented without have the most to gain from efforts to hold schools ac- adequate commitment to ensuring student success or countable. Graduation and other high-stakes tests can sufficient attention to the costs of student failure. In such focus attention on how a system is failing to serve all cases, one unplanned outcome may be high failure rates, students.3 However, critics say that a high-stakes exit exam especially for poor and minority students. Another risk places the onus, wrongly, on students, whose schools may is increased dropout rates, fueled by the frustration of not have offered them sufficient opportunities to learn what is needed to pass the exam. The worry is that poor students who have failed or who simply expect to fail.
    [Show full text]
  • 2009-10 Academic Year
    Accreditation Lindsey Wilson College is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, Georgia 30033-4097; Telephone number 404- 679-4501) to award the Associate of Arts, Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts, and Master of Education Degrees. The College is also accredited by the University Senate of The United Methodist Church. The Master of Education in Counseling and Human Development is accredited through the Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). The Bachelor of Arts in Education and the Master of Education for Rank II Change is accredited by the Kentucky Educational Professional Standards Board (EPSB) and the Council on Postsecondary Education (CPE). The Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration is accredited by the International Assembly of College Business Education (IACBE). The Lindsey Wilson College School of Professional Counseling Program has been granted the following accreditation/ authorization from state authorities: The Ohio Board of Regents has accredited the bachelor’s degree in Human Services and Counseling and the masters of education in Counseling and Human Development at Cincinnati Technical and Community College in Cincinnati at Cincinnati State Community College and at Southern State Community College in Hillsboro. The Tennessee Board of Regents has approved the application by the School of Professional Counseling to offer the bachelors and masters degree programs in Tennessee. The West Virginia Higher Education Authority has accredited the programs at Logan Community College in Logan. The State Council of Higher Education for Virginia (SCHEV) has accredited the programs at Mountain Empire Community College in Big Stone Gap, at Southwestern Community College in Richlands and at Wytheville Community College in Wytheville.
    [Show full text]
  • Coming to Terms: a Theory of Writing Assessment
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All USU Press Publications USU Press 2004 Coming to Terms: A Theory of Writing Assessment Patricia Lynne Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs Part of the Rhetoric and Composition Commons Recommended Citation Lynne, Patricia, "Coming to Terms: A Theory of Writing Assessment" (2004). All USU Press Publications. 149. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs/149 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the USU Press at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All USU Press Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Coming to A Theory of Terms Writing Assessment PATRICIA LYNNE COMING TO TERMS COMING TO TERMS Theorizing Writing Assessment in Composition Studies PATRICIA LYNNE UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS Logan, Utah Utah State University Press Logan, Utah 84322–7800 © 2004 Utah State University Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Cover by Tom Child Designs Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lynne, Patricia, 1964– Coming to terms : theorizing writing assessment in composition studies / by Patricia Lynne. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–87421–585–4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. English language--Composition and exercises--Evaluation. 2. English language--Composition and exercises--Study and teaching (Secondary) 3. English language--Rhetoric--Evaluation. 4. Constructivism
    [Show full text]
  • Mcgraw-HILL EDUCATION the Mcgraw-Hill Companies Trends in Pre-K–16 Education
    McGRAW-HILL EDUCATION The McGraw-Hill Companies Trends in Pre-K–16 Education Creating a Skilled Workforce to Compete in the Global Knowledge Economy Government and business communities throughout the United States recognize that they must do a better job of building and maintaining a skilled workforce to compete successfully in the global knowledge economy.The level of innovation needed to retain our society’s competitiveness is directly linked to the mathematical, scientific, and technological skills attained by today’s students. Even with reauthorization of the No Child Left Behind Act pending in Congress, it is clear that NCLB has helped revitalize the states’ role in education. States are holding schools more accountable for improving academic achievement and raising measurement standards. With the value of education growing nationwide, McGraw-Hill Education will continue to provide a diverse range of print and digital solutions to help teachers improve and measure student performance. At the time of publication of the 2008-2009 Investor Fact Book it is too early in the legislative session to predict whether NCLB will be reauthorized before the end of 2008. Many observers predict that no major action will be taken until after the 2008 presidential election. However, significant programs mandated by No Child Left Behind have been funded for FY 2008 at levels slightly higher than those provided in the prior fiscal-year budget. High School Exit Examinations – States Taking Action to Better Prepare Students A growing number of states are adopting exit exams to better assess the quality of their educational programs to ensure that graduates have the skills necessary to enter the workforce and college.
    [Show full text]
  • English-Language Arts Teacher Guide
    English-Language Arts Teacher Guide California High School Exit Examination California Department of Education 2008 California High School Exit Examination English–Language Arts Teacher Guide © 2008 California Department of Education (CDE) Permission is granted in advance for reproduction of these resources for educational purposes. The content must remain unchanged and in its entirety as published by the California Department of Education. To obtain permission to reproduce the information (text or graphics) contained in this document or any other CDE materials for any commercial purpose, submit the specifi cs of your request in writing to the Copyright Program Offi ce, California Department of Education, CDE Press, 1430 N Street, Suite 3410, Sacramento, CA 95814. Fax: 916-322-1754 Questions about this document should be directed to CDE’s High School Exit Examination Offi ce at 916-445-9449. Please note that any privately copyrighted reading passages contained in any CDE materials or on the CDE’s Web site may not be put into publications for sale or otherwise. To obtain permission and terms of use for privately copyrighted material, contact the copyright holder. This printing of the English–Language Arts Teacher Guide contains the following privately copyrighted passages: A Brain Divided (© 1984 by Harcourt, Inc.) A Day Away (Random House) Acting Up [The ALAN Review 24(3): 42–46] California H i g h S c h o o l E x i t Examination Contents Introduction 1 Purpose and Content 2 Overview of the Strands 4 Reading Constructs Measured by the CAHSEE 5 Writing Constructs Measured by the CAHSEE 6 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016-2017 Catalog
    2016-2017 Catalog 702 W. Town & Country Rd. Orange, CA 92868 Phone (714) 437-9697 Fax (714) 437-9356 www.CNICollege.edu [email protected] January 1, 2016 - December 31, 2017 Published January 1, 2016 2016-2017 CATALOG MESSAGE TO STUDENTS Dear New Student, Welcome to CNI College! We are delighted that you have chosen CNI College as your learning institution. Everyone associated with CNI College is looking forward to working with you and providing the guidance necessary to assist you in your future endeavors. This Catalog has been designed to answer your questions about school policies, regulations and academic expectations. We ask that you read your Catalog and sign the statement in your orientation packet provided to you acknowledging that you have received a copy. Remember, your future begins here at CNI College. Your new profession will require you to adhere to professional standards and behavior as will CNI College during your training. The faculty and administration wish you the very best success. James Buffington President/CEO, CNI College ii 2016-2017 CATALOG CNI College Core Values Achieve the Highest Integrity at All Times Provide Excellence at Every Opportunity Practice Dignity, Respect, Humility, and Justice at All Times Create an Environment of Positive Forward Thinking and Fun Energy Contribute to the Highest Good of the Community and Employers That We Serve Embrace and Drive Change with Passion iii 2016-2017 CATALOG Table of Contents CNI College Core Values………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….iii Table
    [Show full text]
  • High School Exit Exams: a Review of the Literature, Current State Reforms, and Analysis of California Assessment Data
    California Department of Education Report to the Governor, the State Legislature, and the Director of Finance: Recommendation on the High School Exit Examination and Pathways to Graduation Prepared by the Assessment Development and Administration Division District, School, and Innovation Branch September 2016 Description: Report and recommendation on continuation of the high school exit examination and on alternative pathways to satisfy high school graduation requirements Authority: California Education Code Section 60850(c)(6) Recipient: State Board of Education, appropriate policy and fiscal committees of the Legislature, and Director of Finance Due Date: March 1, 2016 California Department of Education Recommendation on the High School Exit Examination and Pathways to Graduation Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... iii Executive Summary ..................................................................................... vii I. Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 II. Purpose .................................................................................................... 1 III. Background .............................................................................................. 1 a. Senate Bill 172 Requirements ............................................................ 1 b. California High School Exit Examination in an Evolving State Assessment System ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]