8 Weeks of 2S-Hesperidin Supplementation Improves Power Output at Estimated Functional Threshold Power and Maximum Power in Amat
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Plant Phenolics: Bioavailability As a Key Determinant of Their Potential Health-Promoting Applications
antioxidants Review Plant Phenolics: Bioavailability as a Key Determinant of Their Potential Health-Promoting Applications Patricia Cosme , Ana B. Rodríguez, Javier Espino * and María Garrido * Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; [email protected] (P.C.); [email protected] (A.B.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.E.); [email protected] (M.G.); Tel.: +34-92-428-9796 (J.E. & M.G.) Received: 22 October 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 12 December 2020 Abstract: Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites widely spread throughout the plant kingdom that can be categorized as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Interest in phenolic compounds has dramatically increased during the last decade due to their biological effects and promising therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss the importance of phenolic compounds’ bioavailability to accomplish their physiological functions, and highlight main factors affecting such parameter throughout metabolism of phenolics, from absorption to excretion. Besides, we give an updated overview of the health benefits of phenolic compounds, which are mainly linked to both their direct (e.g., free-radical scavenging ability) and indirect (e.g., by stimulating activity of antioxidant enzymes) antioxidant properties. Such antioxidant actions reportedly help them to prevent chronic and oxidative stress-related disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, among others. Last, we comment on development of cutting-edge delivery systems intended to improve bioavailability and enhance stability of phenolic compounds in the human body. Keywords: antioxidant activity; bioavailability; flavonoids; health benefits; phenolic compounds 1. Introduction Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites widely spread throughout the plant kingdom with around 8000 different phenolic structures [1]. -
Flavonoid Glucodiversification with Engineered Sucrose-Active Enzymes Yannick Malbert
Flavonoid glucodiversification with engineered sucrose-active enzymes Yannick Malbert To cite this version: Yannick Malbert. Flavonoid glucodiversification with engineered sucrose-active enzymes. Biotechnol- ogy. INSA de Toulouse, 2014. English. NNT : 2014ISAT0038. tel-01219406 HAL Id: tel-01219406 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01219406 Submitted on 22 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Last name: MALBERT First name: Yannick Title: Flavonoid glucodiversification with engineered sucrose-active enzymes Speciality: Ecological, Veterinary, Agronomic Sciences and Bioengineering, Field: Enzymatic and microbial engineering. Year: 2014 Number of pages: 257 Flavonoid glycosides are natural plant secondary metabolites exhibiting many physicochemical and biological properties. Glycosylation usually improves flavonoid solubility but access to flavonoid glycosides is limited by their low production levels in plants. In this thesis work, the focus was placed on the development of new glucodiversification routes of natural flavonoids by taking advantage of protein engineering. Two biochemically and structurally characterized recombinant transglucosylases, the amylosucrase from Neisseria polysaccharea and the α-(1→2) branching sucrase, a truncated form of the dextransucrase from L. Mesenteroides NRRL B-1299, were selected to attempt glucosylation of different flavonoids, synthesize new α-glucoside derivatives with original patterns of glucosylation and hopefully improved their water-solubility. -
Glycosides in Lemon Fruit
Food Sci. Technol. Int. Tokyo, 4 (1), 48-53, 1998 Characteristics of Antioxidative Flavonoid Glycosides in Lemon Fruit Yoshiaki MIYAKE,1 Kanefumi YAMAMOT0,1 Yasujiro MORIMITSU2 and Toshihiko OSAWA2 * Central Research Laboratory of Pokka Corporation, Ltd., 45-2 Kumanosyo, Shikatsu-cho, Nishikasugai-gun, Aichi 481, Japan 2Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 46401, Japan Received June 12, 1997; Accepted September 27, 1997 We investigated the antioxidative flavonoid glycosides in the peel extract of lemon fruit (Citrus limon). Six flavanon glycosides: eriocitrin, neoeriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, and neohesperidin, and three flavone glycosides: diosmin, 6~-di- C-p-glucosyldiosmin (DGD), and 6- C-p-glucosyldiosmin (GD) were identified by high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Their antioxidative activity was examined using a linoleic acid autoxidation system. The antioxidative activity of eriocitrin, neoeriocitrin and DGD was stronger than that of the others. Flavonoid glycosides were present primarily in the peel of lemon fruit. There was only a small difference in the content of the flavonoid glycosides of the lemon fruit juice from various sources and varieties. Lemon fruit contained abundant amounts of eriocitrin and hesperidin and also contained narirutin, diosmin, and DGD, but GD, neoeriocitrin, naringin, and neohesperidin were present only in trace amounts. The content of DGD, GD, and eriocitrin was especially abundant in lemons and limes; however, they were scarcely found in other citrus fruits. The content of flavonoid compounds in lemon juice obtained by an in-line extractor at a juice factory was more abundant than that obtained by hand-squeezing. These compounds were found to be stable even under heat treatment conditions (121'C, 15 min) in acidic solution. -
GRAS Notice (GRN) No.901, Glucosyl Hesperidin
GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 901 https://www.fda.gov/food/generally-recognized-safe-gras/gras-notice-inventory ~~~lECTV!~ITJ) DEC 1 2 20,9 OFFICE OF FOOD ADDITI\/c SAFETY tnC Vanguard Regulator~ Services, Inc 1311 Iris Circle Broomfield, CO, 80020, USA Office: + 1-303--464-8636 Mobile: +1-720-989-4590 Email: [email protected] December 15, 2019 Dennis M. Keefe, PhD, Director, Office of Food Additive Safety HFS-200 Food and Drug Administration 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy College Park, MD 20740-3835 Re: GRAS Notice for Glucosyl Hesperidin Dear Dr. Keefe: The attached GRAS Notification is submitted on behalf of the Notifier, Hayashibara Co., ltd. of Okayama, Japan, for Glucosyl Hesperidin (GH). GH is a hesperidin molecule modified by enzymatic addition of a glucose molecule. It is intended for use as a general food ingredient, in food. The document provides a review of the information related to the intended uses, manufacturing and safety of GH. Hayashibara Co., ltd. (Hayashibara) has concluded that GH is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) based on scientific procedures under 21 CFR 170.30(b) and conforms to the proposed rule published in the Federal Register at Vol. 62, No. 74 on April 17, 1997. The publically available data and information upon which a conclusion of GRAS was made has been evaluated by a panel of experts who are qualified by scientific training and experience to assess the safety of GH under the conditions of its intended use in food. A copy of the Expert Panel's letter is attached to this GRAS Notice. -
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Citrus Flavanones Mix
antioxidants Article Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Citrus Flavanones Mix and Its Stability after In Vitro Simulated Digestion Marcella Denaro †, Antonella Smeriglio *,† and Domenico Trombetta Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (D.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-090-676-4039 † Both authors contributed equally. Abstract: Recently, several studies have highlighted the role of Citrus flavanones in counteracting oxidative stress and inflammatory response in bowel diseases. The aim of study was to identify the most promising Citrus flavanones by a preliminary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory screening by in vitro cell-free assays, and then to mix the most powerful ones in equimolar ratio in order to investigate a potential synergistic activity. The obtained flavanones mix (FM) was then subjected to in vitro simulated digestion to evaluate the availability of the parent compounds at the intestinal level. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on a Caco-2 cell-based model stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β. FM showed stronger antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with respect to the single flavanones, demonstrating the occurrence of synergistic activity. The LC-DAD-ESI- MS/MS analysis of gastric and duodenal digested FM (DFM) showed that all compounds remained unchanged at the end of digestion. As proof, a superimposable behavior was observed between FM and DFM in the anti-inflammatory assay carried out on Caco-2 cells. Indeed, it was observed that both FM and DFM decreased the IL-6, IL-8, and nitric oxide (NO) release similarly to the reference Citation: Denaro, M.; Smeriglio, A.; anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone. -
Potential Inhibitory Effects of the Traditional Herbal Prescription
MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS 17: 2515-2522, 2018 Potential inhibitory effects of the traditional herbal prescription Hyangso‑san against skin inflammation via inhibition of chemokine production and inactivation of STAT1 in HaCaT keratinocytes HYE‑SUN LIM1, SAE‑ROM YOO2, MEE‑YOUNG LEE2, CHANG‑SEOB SEO2, HYEUN‑KYOO SHIN2 and SOO‑JIN JEONG1,3 1Herbal Medicine Research Division; 2K‑herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong, Daejeon 34054; 3Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea Received June 15, 2016; Accepted April 20, 2017 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8172 Abstract. Inflammatory skin disease are caused by multiple treatment inhibited TNF‑α‑ and IFN‑γ‑induced STAT1 factors, including susceptibility genes, and immunologic and activation. Results from the present study indicated that HSS environmental factors, and are characterized by an increase exhibited inhibitory effects on TNF‑α‑ and IFN‑γ‑mediated in epidermal thickness and the infiltration of macrophages, chemokine production and expression by targeting STAT1 in keratinocytes, mast cells, eosinophils and other inflammatory keratinocytes. Overall, the results indicated that HSS may be cells. Keratinocytes may serve an important role in the patho- a potential candidate therapeutic drug for inflammatory skin genesis of inflammatory skin diseases. The traditional herbal diseases such as atopic dermatitis. decoction Hyangso‑san (HSS) has been used to treat symp- toms of the common cold, including headache, pantalgia, fever Introduction and chills. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no evidence regarding whether HSS has an effect on inflamma- Skin inflammation is the most common complaint in derma- tory skin diseases. -
Review Article Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: an Overview
Hindawi Publishing Corporation The Scientific World Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 162750, 16 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/162750 Review Article Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview Shashank Kumar and Abhay K. Pandey Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India Correspondence should be addressed to Abhay K. Pandey; [email protected] Received 24 August 2013; Accepted 7 October 2013 Academic Editors: K. P. Lu and J. Sastre Copyright © 2013 S. Kumar and A. K. Pandey. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. There has been increasing interest in the research on flavonoids from plant sources because of their versatile health benefits reported in various epidemiological studies. Since flavonoids are directly associated with human dietary ingredients and health, there is need to evaluate structure and function relationship. The bioavailability, metabolism, and biological activity of flavonoids depend upon the configuration, total number of hydroxyl groups, and substitution of functional groups about their nuclear structure. Fruits and vegetables are the main dietary sources of flavonoids for humans, along with tea and wine. Most recent researches have focused on the health aspects of flavonoids for humans. Many flavonoids are shown to have antioxidative activity, free radical scavenging capacity, coronary heart disease prevention, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, while some flavonoids exhibit potential antiviral activities. In plant systems, flavonoids help in combating oxidative stress and act as growth regulators. For pharmaceutical purposes cost-effective bulk production of different types of flavonoids has been made possible with the help of microbial biotechnology. -
Analysis of Naturally Occurring Phenolic Compounds in Aromatic Plants by RP-HPLC Coupled to Diode Array Detector (DAD) and GC-MS After Silylation
Foods 2013, 2, 90-99; doi:10.3390/foods2010090 OPEN ACCESS foods ISSN 2304-8158 www.mdpi.com/journal/foods Article Analysis of Naturally Occurring Phenolic Compounds in Aromatic Plants by RP-HPLC Coupled to Diode Array Detector (DAD) and GC-MS after Silylation Charalampos Proestos 1,†,* and Michael Komaitis 2,† 1 Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece 2 Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece; E-Mail: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-210-727-4160 (ext. 160); Fax: +30-210-727-4476. Received: 6 February 2013; in revised form: 4 March 2013 / Accepted: 5 March 2013 / Published: 13 March 2013 Abstract: The following aromatic plants of Greek origin, Origanum dictamnus (dictamus), Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus), Origanum vulgare L. (oregano), Mellisa officinalis L. (balm mint) and Sideritis cretica (mountain tea), were examined for the content of phenolic substances. Reversed phase HPLC coupled to diode array detector (DAD) was used for the analysis of the plant extracts. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method (GC-MS) was also used for identification of phenolic compounds after silylation. The most abundant phenolic acids were: gallic acid (1.5–2.6 mg/100 g dry sample), ferulic acid (0.34–6.9 mg/100 g dry sample) and caffeic acid (1.0–13.8 mg/100 g dry sample). (+)-Catechin and (−)-epicatechin were the main flavonoids identified in oregano and mountain tea. -
USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods
USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods Release 3.1 Prepared by Seema Bhagwat, David B. Haytowitz, and Joanne M. Holden (ret.) Nutrient Data Laboratory Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture December 2013 U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Nutrient Data Laboratory 10300 Baltimore Avenue Building 005, Room 107, BARC-West Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Tel. 301-504-0630, FAX: 301-504-0632 E-Mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata Table of Contents Release History ............................................................................................. i Suggested Citation: ...................................................................................... ii Documentation .............................................................................................1 Subclasses of flavonoids and selected compounds .................................2 Methods and Procedures used to generate the database ........................2 Data Evaluation ........................................................................................4 Flavonoid Individual Data Table ...............................................................5 Sources of Data ...........................................................................................6 Format of the Tables ....................................................................................7 Food Description -
Simultaneous Determination of Nine Bioactive Compounds in Yijin-Tang
integr med res 5 ( 2 0 1 6 ) 140–150 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Integrative Medicine Research j ournal homepage: www.imr-journal.com Original Article Simultaneous determination of nine bioactive compounds in Yijin-tang via high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry Hye Jin Yang, Nam-Hui Yim, Kwang Jin Lee, Min Jung Gu, Bohyoung Lee, ∗ ∗ Youn-Hwan Hwang , Jin Yeul Ma KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Korea a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Background: Yijin-tang (YJ) has been used traditionally for the treatment of cardiovascular Received 14 October 2015 conditions, nausea, vomiting, gastroduodenal ulcers, and chronic gastritis. In this study, a Received in revised form simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was devel- 30 March 2016 oped for the quantitation of nine bioactive compounds in YJ: homogentisic acid, liquiritin, Accepted 7 April 2016 naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizin, 6-gingerol, and pachymic Available online 13 April 2016 acid. Methods: Chromatographic separation of the analytes was achieved on an RS Tech C18 column Keywords: (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 m) using a mobile phase composed of water containing 0.1% (v/v) HPLC-DAD trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and acetonitrile with a gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. 2 LC/MS Results: Calibration curves for all analytes showed good linearity (R ≥ 0.9995). Lower limits simultaneous determination of detection and lower limits of quantification were in the ranges of 0.03–0.17 g/mL and validation 0.09–0.43 g/mL, respectively. -
Effects of 8 Weeks of 2S-Hesperidin Supplementation on Performance
nutrients Article Effects of 8 Weeks of 2S-Hesperidin Supplementation on Performance in Amateur Cyclists Francisco Javier Martínez-Noguera 1,* , Cristian Marín-Pagán 1, Jorge Carlos-Vivas 2 and Pedro E. Alcaraz 1 1 Research Center for High Performance Sport, Campus de los Jerónimos Nº 135, Catholic University of Murcia, UCAM, 30107 Murcia, Spain; [email protected] (C.M.-P.); [email protected] (P.E.A.) 2 Health, Economy, Motricity and Education Research Group (HEME), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura. Avda. de la Universidad, s/n., 10003 Cáceres, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-968-278-566 Received: 9 November 2020; Accepted: 18 December 2020; Published: 21 December 2020 Abstract: 2S-Hesperidin is a flavanone (flavonoid) found in high concentrations in citrus fruits. It has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, improving performance in animals. This study investigated the effects of chronic intake of an orange extract (2S-hesperidin) or placebo on non-oxidative/glycolytic and oxidative metabolism markers and performance markers in amateur cyclists. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was carried out between late September and December 2018. Forty amateur cyclists were randomized into two groups: one taking 500 mg/day 2S-hesperidin and the other taking 500 mg/day placebo (microcellulose) for eight weeks. All participants completed the study. An incremental test was used to evaluate performance, and a step test was used to measure oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide, efficiency and oxidation of carbohydrates and fat by indirect calorimetry. The anaerobic power (non-oxidative) was determined using Wingate tests (30 s). -
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,681,907 ISOATION of FILAWONOD COMPOUNDS Simon H
Patented June 22, 1954 2,681,907 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,681,907 ISOATION OF FILAWONOD COMPOUNDS Simon H. Wender, Norman, Okla., assignor to the United States of America as represented by the United States Atomic Energy Commission No Drawing. Application April 22, 1952, Serial No. 283,749 10 Claims. (C. 260-210) 1. 2 My invention relates to a method of purifying vide an improved method for isolating flavonoid flavonoids and more particularly to the recovery compounds. of quantities of substantially pure flavonoids Another object is to provide a method for iso from their naturally occurring source materials. lating relatively large quantities of a flavonoid The flavonoid compounds comprise a very in compound in Substantially pure form. portant class of plant pigments which are widely Still another object is to provide an improved distributed in the vegetable kingdom. Interest proceSS for Separating relatively pure flavonoids is shown in a number of these compounds due to in concentrated form from the original solid their vitamin-like action in increasing the resist source materials. ance of blood capillaries to rupture. The term O Further objects and advantages of my inven “vitamin P' is sometimes applied to flavonoids tion will be apparent from the following descrip having this property. Rutin, a member of this tion. class of plant pigments enjoys widespread use as In accordance with my invention, substantially a drug for blood vessel treatment. In addition, pure flavonoids may be separated in relatively it is anticipated that flavonoids will be of use in concentrated form from extraneous organic and the control of radiation injury, and considerable inoi'ganic impurities by preparing a water ex experimental effort is being expended in this tract of same, contacting said Water extract with direction.