DOCSLIB.ORG

Prevalence of Hospital Acquired Infection and Antibiotic Trends in ICU in Southern India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prevalence of Hospital Acquired Infection and Antibiotic Trends in ICU in Southern India Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 723-738 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 11 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.911.087 Prevalence of Hospital Acquired Infection and Antibiotic Trends in ICU in Southern India Umar Rashid Khan, Rajeev Saxena, Ruby Dass, K. K. Lahiri. S. V. Wankhede and Sana Rafiq Khuroo* Kashibai Navle Medical College & Hospital Narhe Pune, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT 300 patients were screened in ICUs of a tertiary care hospital in southern India to detect the rate of Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) and antibiotic trends. Clinical samples received in the laboratory were processed as per CLSI (Clinical laboratory standard institute) guidelines. Patients were followed up to 72 hours post discharge. Markers of K e yw or ds infection were noted and correlated with the findings in our laboratory. Kirby bauer antibiotic susceptibility test (ABST) was used for isolates with special reference to Hospital Acquired Extended Spectrum Beta lactamase (ESBL) production and Methicillin Resistant Infection , Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 10.7% were detected to have HAI during their stay in the ICU ICU. Males above 30 years showed higher prevalence of HAI. Respiratory tract infection (RTI) was the commonest nosocomial infection detected in 56.3% of HAI cases, of which Article Info 19% were VAP (Ventilator Associated Pneumonia). Urinary tract infection (UTI) was 25% being the second commonest, followed by Blood stream infection (BSI) 12.5%. The Accepted: most common organism isolated was Acinetobacter baumannii 33.4%, followed by 07 October 2020 Available Online: Klebsiella pneumoniae 19.4%, & Escherichia coli (E. coli) 16.6%. 24.1% isolates were 10 November 2020 ESBL producers & 66.6% were MRSA. Gram positive organisms showed 100% resistance to Penicillin G & Erythromycin. However, Vancomycin, Linezolid, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Teicoplanin & Tigecycline were sensitive. 74% of Gram-negative organisms were susceptible to Carbapenems & 2% were resistant to Polymyxin B and Colistin. The only effective way to control HAIs is to continuous monitoring of prevalence of infective organisms with their ABST. Introduction Studies on nosocomial infections in ICUs found that respiratory tract infections, blood Hospital acquired infection (HAI) is a key stream infections, urinary tract infections and factor in determining clinical outcomes soft tissue infections are the common among patients admitted in intensive care nosocomial infections in ICUs.[3,4,5] Samples units. Critically ill patients in intensive care of urine, blood, pus, sputum and endotracheal unit (ICU) are 5 -10 times more likely to tube (ETT) secretions when evaluated had acquire nosocomial infections than those in Gram negative isolates followed by general wards.[1,2] Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species and Enterococcus 723 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 723-738 species.[6,7] Among the Gram negative screened consecutively during the study bacterial isolates there is a high prevalence of period. Various clinical samples such as ETT, Acinetobacter among the ICU patients BAL, Blood, Pus, Urine, Sputum, and CSF followed by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella were received in the microbiology laboratory pneumoniae, Pseudomonas species and and were processed as per CLSI guidelines. Citrobacter species.[8,9] Patients were evaluated on daily basis and up to 72 hours post discharge from ICU. Markers These organisms isolated are highly resistant of infection like total leukocyte count, to antibiotics. Most of them are methicillin temperature, blood pressure, respiratory rate, resistant Staphylococcus aureus, high level fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), radiology, aminoglycoside producing Enterococci, discharge from wound, burning micturation or vancomycin resistant Enterococci, β- any other clinical signs of infection was noted Lactamase producing Escherichia coli and and correlated with the findings in our Klebsiella species & carbapenem resistant laboratory. members of family Enterobacteriaceae [10]. Ethical considerations The incidence and prevalence of multidrug resistant organisms are so high in the hospital The study was reviewed and approved by settings that even effective drugs like institutional ethical committee. fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides etc. are fast Specimen collection and transport losing their utility in covering hospital pathogens, thus restricting the choice of The specimens collected were blood, urine, antimicrobials for treating serious infections pus, respiratory samples like sputum, has become the need of hour. Early endotracheal secretion (ETT), and broncho- recognition of bacteria and appropriate alveolar lavage (BAL), body fluids like antimicrobial therapy are essential for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), pleural fluid, controlling infection, preventing morbidity peritoneal fluid, and synovial fluids. Pus and mortality and improve the quality of life. samples from superficial wound were Since limited data are available concerning collected in swab transport system. Pus hospital acquired infection and antibiotic samples from deep wounds were aspirated susceptibility trends in our ICU therefore this and collected in sterile screw capped study will help to investigate the cause of containers.[13] various nosocomial infections and isolate the various pathogens to species level and also Processing determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these pathogens. Knowing antibiotic The specimens were collected and processed sensitivity pattern of ICU is mandatory for asper CLSI (clinical laboratory standard making an antibiotic policy.[12] institute) standards. Materials and Methods Antibiotic susceptibility testing A descriptive observational study carried out Antibiotic susceptibility tests were done on in the department of microbiology of a these isolates by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion tertiary care hospital in Pune over a period of method according to CLSI guidelines. one year. A total of 300 patients were 724 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 723-738 Detection of MRSA Results and Discussion Method: Standard disc diffusion method From the 300 patients admitted 367 various clinical samples were received. Most of the Procedure: Methicillin resistant samples were from respiratory tract staphylococcus (MRSA) was detected by 152(41.4%), followed by urine 127(34.6%), standard disc diffusion method using cefoxitin blood 63(17%), pus 18(5%) and body fluids (30µg). The discs were applied to the MHA 7(2%). Out of the total 367 samples received plate swabbed with the test strain adjusted to 235 (64%) were from males and 132 (36%) 0.5 McFarland turbidity standards and were from females. Only 40% of them incubated at 35°C for 24 hours. showed significant growth while the rest did not show any growth or were insignificant. Interpretation: The organisms were deemed Out of the total 300 patients admitted 32 methicillin resistant when zone of inhibition (10.7%) were diagnosed to have developed was ≤ 24 mm for cefoxitin discs.[14] nosocomial infection during their stay in the ICU (Table 1). Quality control: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was used as quality control Prevalence of HAI in ICU strain. Most of the patients admitted in the ICU were Detection of ESBL from 30 to 60 years of age. Similar pattern was also seen in the 32 patients who Method: Phenotypic disc confirmatory test developed HAI in the ICU. While age group (PCT). of 30 years and less, showed the least HAI (Table 2). Procedure: Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) was detected by phenotypic disc Male predominance was seen in the study. A confirmatory test (PCT) using ceftazidime total of 20 (62.5%) males and 12 (37.5%) (30µg) and ceftazidime-clavulanic acid females got HAI during their stay in the ICU (30µg/10µg) discs. (Fig. 1). The discs were applied to the MHA plates Distribution of nosocomial infections in swabbed with the test strain adjusted to 0.5 ICU Mc Farland turbidity standards and incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. Among the 32 patients diagnosed with HAI, respiratory tract infection (RTI) was the most Interpretation: A greater than or equal to common infection 18(56.3%) in the ICU. It five (≥5mm) increase in the zone diameter for was further divided into ventilator associated the ceftazidime/clavulanic acid combination pneumonia (VAP) 6(19%) and non-ventilator disc versus the zone of the ceftazidime (30µg) associated pneumonia (NON-VAP) when tested alone were considered as ESBL 12(37.3%). Urinary tract infection was the producing organism.[15] second common nosocomial infection acquired in the ICU seen in 8(25%) patients Quality control: Escherichia coli ATCC which was either catheter associated (CAUTI) 25922 strains were used as negative control. 5(15.5%) or non-catheter associated UTI 3(9.5%). Blood stream infection due to 725 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 723-738 central venous catheter (CRBSI) 3(9.5%) or patients were having co-infection with more non-catheter associated blood stream than 1 pathogen, 3 in respiratory samples and infection (BSI) 1(3%) was seen in 4 patients. one in urine. Acinetobacter baumannii Skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) was 11/21(52.4%) was the most common noted in 2(6.2%) patients (Fig. 2). pathogen causing respiratory tract infections, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae Co-morbid conditions 4/21(19%),
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Uncommon Pathogens Causing Hospital-Acquired Infections in Postoperative Cardiac Surgical Patients
    Published online: 2020-03-06 THIEME Review Article 89 Uncommon Pathogens Causing Hospital-Acquired Infections in Postoperative Cardiac Surgical Patients Manoj Kumar Sahu1 Netto George2 Neha Rastogi2 Chalatti Bipin1 Sarvesh Pal Singh1 1Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, CN Centre, All Address for correspondence Manoj K Sahu, MD, DNB, Department India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, CTVS office, 7th floor, CN 2Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India India (e-mail: [email protected]). J Card Crit Care 2020;3:89–96 Abstract Bacterial infections are common causes of sepsis in the intensive care units. However, usually a finite number of Gram-negative bacteria cause sepsis (mostly according to the hospital flora). Some organisms such as Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus are relatively common. Others such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Shewanella putrefaciens, Ralstonia pickettii, Providencia, Morganella species, Nocardia, Elizabethkingia, Proteus, and Burkholderia are rare but of immense importance to public health, in view of the high mortality rates these are associated with. Being aware of these organisms, as the cause of hospital-acquired infections, helps in the prevention, Keywords treatment, and control of sepsis in the high-risk cardiac surgical patients including in ► uncommon pathogens heart transplants. Therefore, a basic understanding of when to suspect these organ- ► hospital-acquired isms is important for clinical diagnosis and initiating therapeutic options. This review infection discusses some rarely appearing pathogens in our intensive care unit with respect to ► cardiac surgical the spectrum of infections, and various antibiotics that were effective in managing intensive care unit these bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • 경추 척수 손상 환자에서 발생한 Providencia Rettgeri 패혈증 1예 조현정·임승진·천승연·박권오·이상호·박종원·이진서·엄중식 한림대학교 의과대학 내과학교실
    Case Report Infection & DOI: 10.3947/ic.2010.42.6.428 Chemotherapy Infect Chemother 2010;42(6):428-430 경추 척수 손상 환자에서 발생한 Providencia rettgeri 패혈증 1예 조현정·임승진·천승연·박권오·이상호·박종원·이진서·엄중식 한림대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 A Case of Providencia rettgeri Sepsis in a Patient with Hyun-Jung Cho, Seung-Jin Lim, Seung-Yeon Chun, Cervical Cord Injury Kwon-Oh Park, Sang-Ho Lee, Jong-Won Park, Jin- Seo Lee, and Joong-Sik Eom Providencia rettgeri is a member of Enterobacteriacea that is known to cause Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym Univer- urinary tract infection (UTI), septicemia, and wound infections, especially in sity College of Medi cine, Seoul, Korea immunocompromised patients and in those with indwelling urinary catheters. We experienced a case of UTI sepsis by Providencia rettgeri in a patient with spinal cord injury. The patient had only high fever without urinary symptoms or signs after high dose intravenous methylprednisolone. The laboratory results showed leukocytosis (21,900/μL, segmented neutrophils 91.1%) and pyuria. Cefepime was given empirically and it was switched to oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole because P. rettgeri was identified from blood and urine culture which was susceptible to TMP-SMX. The patient was improved clinically but P. rettgeri was not eradicated microbiologically. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report on sepsis caused by Providencia rettgeri in Korea. Key Words: Providencia rettgeri, Sepsis, Urinary tract infection Introduction The genus Providencia is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family which commonly dwells in soil, water, and sewage [1, 2]. Providencia rettgeri is one of five Providencia species that is known to cause various infections, especially the Copyright © 2010 by The Korean Society of Infectious Diseases | Korean urinary tract infection (UTI) [3].
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/0136210 A1 Benjamin Et Al
    US 2011013621 OA1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/0136210 A1 Benjamin et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 9, 2011 (54) USE OF METHYLSULFONYLMETHANE Publication Classification (MSM) TO MODULATE MICROBIAL ACTIVITY (51) Int. Cl. CI2N 7/06 (2006.01) (75) Inventors: Rodney L. Benjamin, Camas, WA CI2N I/38 (2006.01) (US); Jeffrey Varelman, Moyie (52) U.S. Cl. ......................................... 435/238; 435/244 Springs, ID (US); Anthony L. (57) ABSTRACT Keller, Ashland, OR (US) Disclosed herein are methods of use of methylsulfonyl (73) Assignee: Biogenic Innovations, LLC methane (MSM) to modulate microbial activity, such as to enhance or inhibit the activity of microorganisms. In one (21) Appl. No.: 13/029,001 example, MSM (such as about 0.5% to 5% MSM) is used to enhance fermentation efficiency. Such as to enhance fermen (22) Filed: Feb. 16, 2011 tation efficiency associated with the production of beer, cider, wine, a biofuel, dairy product or any combination thereof. Related U.S. Application Data Also disclosed are in vitro methods for enhancing the growth of one or more probiotic microorganisms and methods of (63) Continuation of application No. PCT/US2010/ enhancing growth of a microorganism in a diagnostic test 054845, filed on Oct. 29, 2010. sample. Methods of inhibiting microbial activity are also disclosed. In one particular example, a method of inhibiting (60) Provisional application No. 61/294,437, filed on Jan. microbial activity includes selecting a medium that is suscep 12, 2010, provisional application No. 61/259,098, tible to H1N1 influenza contamination; and contacting the filed on Nov.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf 355.26 K
    Beni-Suef BS. VET. MED. J. JULY 2010 VOL.20 NO.2 P.16-24 Veterinary Medical Journal An approach towards bacterial pathogens of zoonotic importance harbored by commensal rodents prevalent in Beni- Suef Governorate W. H. Hassan1, A. E. Abdel-Ghany2 1Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, and 2 Department of Hygiene, Management and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt This study was conducted in the period July 2009 through June 2010 to determine the role of commensal rodents in transmitting bacterial pathogens to man in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt. A total of 50 rats of various species were selected from both urban and rural areas at different localities. In the laboratory, rodent species were identified and bacteriological examination was performed. Seven types of samples were cultured from external and internal body parts of each rat. The identified rodent spp. included Rattus norvegicus (16%), Rattus rattus rattus (42%) and Rattus rattus frugivorus (42%). The results demonstrated that S. aureus, S. lentus, S. sciuri and S. xylosus were isolated from the examined rats at percentages of 8, 2, 6 and 6 %, respectively. Moreover, E. durans (2%), E. faecalis (12%), E. faecium (24%), E. gallinarum (4%), Aerococcus viridans (12%) and S. porcinus (2%) in addition to Lc. lactis lactis (4%), Leuconostoc sp. (2%) and Corynebacterium kutscheri (8%) were also harbored by the screened rodents. On the other hand, S. arizonae, E. coli, E. cloacae and E. sakazakii were isolated from the examined rats at percentages of 4, 8, 4 and 6 %, respectively. Besides, Proteus mirabilis (6%), Proteus vulgaris (2%), Providencia rettgeri (6%), P.
    [Show full text]
  • Possible Detection of Pathogenic Bacterial Species Inhabiting Streams in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
    POSSIBLE DETECTION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIAL SPECIES INHABITING STREAMS IN GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK A thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of Western Carolina University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Biology. By Kwame Agyapong Brown Director: Dr. Sean O’Connell Associate Professor of Biology and Biology Department Head Committee members: Dr. Sabine Rundle and Dr. Timothy Driscoll November 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my adviser Dr. Sean O’Connell for his insightful mentoring and thoughtful contribution throughout this research. I would also like to acknowledge my laboratory teammates: Lisa Dye, Rob McKinnon, Kacie Fraser, and Tori Carlson for their diverse contributions to this project. This project would not have been possible without the generous support of the Western Carolina University Biology Department and stockroom; so I would like to thank the entire WCU biology faculty and Wesley W. Bintz for supporting me throughout my Masters program. Finally, I would like to thank my thesis committee members and reader: Dr. Sabine Rundle, Dr. Timothy Driscoll and Dr. Anjana Sharma for their contributions to this project. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................v
    [Show full text]
  • Outbreak of Carbapenem-Resistant Providencia Rettgeri in a Tertiary Hospital
    This open-access article is distributed under Creative Commons licence CC-BY-NC 4.0. IN PRACTICE CLINICAL UPDATE Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Providencia rettgeri in a tertiary hospital V S Tshisevhe,1,2 MB ChB, MBA, Dip HIV Man (SA), DTM&H; M R Lekalakala,3 BSc; MB ChB, DTM&H, MMed, PDIC; N Tshuma,4 BSc, MBA; S Janse van Rensburg,1 B Med Tech; N Mbelle,1,2 BSc, MSc, MB BCh, MMed, DTM&H, MAP, FCPath (SA) 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa 2 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa 3 Department of Medical Microbiology, Polokwane National Health Laboratory Service, and Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa 4 Community AIDS Response, Johannesburg, South Africa Corresponding author: V S Tshisevhe ([email protected]) The emergence of resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents in pathogenic bacteria is a significant public health threat, as there are limited effective antimicrobial agents for infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Several MDR bacteria are now frequently detected. Carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is often plasmid mediated, necessitating stringent infection control practices. We describe an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Providencia rettgeri involving 4 patients admitted to intensive care and high-care units at a tertiary hospital. Clinical and demographic characteristics of 4 patients with carbapenem-resistant P. rettgeri were documented. All P. rettgeri isolated in these cases had a carbapenem-resistant antibiogram, with resistance to imipenem, ertapenem and meropenem. These cases could be epidemiologically linked.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome-Based Characterization of Two Colombian Clinical Providencia
    Piza-Buitrago et al. BMC Microbiology (2020) 20:345 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-02030-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Genome-based characterization of two Colombian clinical Providencia rettgeri isolates co-harboring NDM-1, VIM-2, and other β-lactamases Adriana Piza-Buitrago1,2, Verónica Rincón1,2, John Donato1,2, Sandra Yamile Saavedra3, Carolina Duarte3, Jaime Morero3, Laurent Falquet4, María Teresa Reguero1,2 and Emiliano Barreto-Hernández1,2* Abstract Background: Providencia rettgeri is a nosocomial pathogen associated with urinary tract infections and related to Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI). In recent years isolates producing New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) and other β-lactamases have been reported that reduce the efficiency of clinical antimicrobial treatments. In this study, we analyzed antibiotic resistance, the presence of resistance genes and the clonal relationship of two P. rettgeri isolates obtained from male patients admitted to the same hospital in Bogotá – Colombia, 2015. Results: Antibiotic susceptibility profile evaluated by the Kirby-Bauer method revealed that both isolates were resistant to third-generation carbapenems and cephalosporins. Whole-genome sequencing (Illumina HiSeq) followed by SPAdes assembling, Prokka annotation in combination with an in-house Python program and resistance gene detection by ResFinder identified the same six β-lactamase genes in both isolates: blaNDM-1, blaVIM-2, blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-10, blaCMY-2 and blaTEM-1. Additionally, various resistance genes associated with antibiotic target alteration (arnA, PmrE, PmrF, LpxA, LpxC, gyrB, folP, murA, rpoB, rpsL, tet34) were found and four efflux pumps (RosAB, EmrD, mdtH and cmlA). The additional resistance to gentamicin in one of the two isolates could be explained by a detected SNP in CpxA (Cys191Arg) which is involved in the stress response of the bacterial envelope.
    [Show full text]
  • First Genome Description of Providencia Vermicola Isolate Bearing NDM-1 from Blood Culture
    microorganisms Article First Genome Description of Providencia vermicola Isolate Bearing NDM-1 from Blood Culture David Lupande-Mwenebitu 1,2 , Mariem Ben Khedher 1 , Sami Khabthani 1 , Lalaoui Rym 1, Marie-France Phoba 3,4, Larbi Zakaria Nabti 1 , Octavie Lunguya-Metila 3,4, Alix Pantel 5 , Jean-Philippe Lavigne 5 , Jean-Marc Rolain 1 and Seydina M. Diene 1,* 1 Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; [email protected] (D.L.-M.); [email protected] (M.B.K.); [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (L.Z.N.); [email protected] (J.-M.R.) 2 Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), Bukavu 285, Democratic Republic of the Congo 3 Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo; [email protected] (M.-F.P.); [email protected] (O.L.-M.) 4 Département de Microbiologie, Service de Bactériologie et Recherche, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 VBIC, INSERM U1047, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, Université de Montpellier, 30000 Nîmes, France; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (J.-P.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-(0)-4-91-32-43-75 Citation: Lupande-Mwenebitu, D.; Khedher, M.B.; Khabthani, S.; Rym, L.; Abstract: In this paper, we describe the first complete genome sequence of Providencia vermicola Phoba, M.-F.; Nabti, L.Z.; species, a clinical multidrug-resistant strain harboring the New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) Lunguya-Metila, O.; Pantel, A.; gene, isolated at the Kinshasa University Teaching Hospital, in Democratic Republic of the Congo.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacteria
    Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacteria Abiotrophia defectiva Corynebacterium xerosisB Micrococcus lylaeB Staphylococcus warneri Aerococcus sanguinicolaB Dermabacter hominisB Pediococcus acidilactici Staphylococcus xylosusB Aerococcus urinaeB Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensisB Pediococcus pentosaceusB Streptococcus agalactiae Aerococcus viridans Enterococcus avium Rothia dentocariosaB Streptococcus anginosus Alloiococcus otitisB Enterococcus casseliflavus Rothia mucilaginosa Streptococcus canisB Arthrobacter cumminsiiB Enterococcus durans Rothia aeriaB Streptococcus equiB Brevibacterium caseiB Enterococcus faecalis Staphylococcus auricularisB Streptococcus constellatus Corynebacterium accolensB Enterococcus faecium Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus dysgalactiaeB Corynebacterium afermentans groupB Enterococcus gallinarum Staphylococcus capitis Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp dysgalactiaeV Corynebacterium amycolatumB Enterococcus hiraeB Staphylococcus capraeB Streptococcus dysgalactiae spp equisimilisV Corynebacterium aurimucosum groupB Enterococcus mundtiiB Staphylococcus carnosusB Streptococcus gallolyticus ssp gallolyticusV Corynebacterium bovisB Enterococcus raffinosusB Staphylococcus cohniiB Streptococcus gallolyticusB Corynebacterium coyleaeB Facklamia hominisB Staphylococcus cohnii ssp cohniiV Streptococcus gordoniiB Corynebacterium diphtheriaeB Gardnerella vaginalis Staphylococcus cohnii ssp urealyticusV Streptococcus infantarius ssp coli (Str.lutetiensis)V Corynebacterium freneyiB Gemella haemolysans Staphylococcus delphiniB Streptococcus infantarius
    [Show full text]
  • Genomes of Gut Bacteria from Nasonia Wasps Shed Light on Phylosymbiosis and 2 Microbe-Assisted Hybrid Breakdown 3 4 Karissa L
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.13.431100; this version posted February 16, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Genomes of gut bacteria from Nasonia wasps shed light on phylosymbiosis and 2 microbe-assisted hybrid breakdown 3 4 Karissa L. Crossa,b, Brittany A. Leigha,b, E. Anne Hatmakera,b, Aram Mikaelyanb,c, Asia K. 5 Millera,b, Seth R. Bordensteina,b,d,e,# 6 7 a Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA 8 b Vanderbilt Microbiome Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA 9 c Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North 10 Carolina, USA 11 d Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical 12 Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA 13 e Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical 14 Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA 15 16 Keywords: Proteus, Providencia, Nasonia, gut bacteria, microbiome, phage 17 18 19 Running title: Comparative genomics of bacteria from Nasonia wasps 20 21 22 ORCID iD: Karissa L. Cross (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5618-7642), 23 Brittany A. Leigh (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5668-9925), 24 E. Anne Hatmaker (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7821-8160) 25 Aram Mikaelyan (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7276-0194), 26 Asia K. Miller (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0378-232X), 27 Seth R.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Files: Blind Trading: a Literature Review of Research Addressing the Welfare of Ball Pythons in the Exotic Pet Trade
    Supplementary Files: Blind Trading: A Literature Review of Research Addressing the Welfare of Ball Pythons in the Exotic Pet Trade Jennah Green 1,*, Emma Coulthard 2, David Megson 2, John Norrey 2, Laura Norrey 2, Jennifer K Rowntree 2, Jodie Bates 2, Becky Dharmpaul 1, Mark Auliya 3,4 and Neil D’Cruze 1,5 This document is intended as support material for the manuscript ‘Blind trading: A literature review of research addressing the welfare of Ball pythons in the exotic pet trade’. We have provided definitions for each of the terms described in the appendices of the manuscript. Terms are divided into behaviour, health and pathogens (bacteria, parasite, protozoa and virus). Terms are exact terms used in the literature. All definitions were sourced from Merriam-Webster Medical dictionary, available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical. Table S1. Definition of terms (behaviour). Behaviour Definition Abnormal posture Not given anorexia Loss of appetite especially when prolonged A usually transient state of confusion especially as to time, place, or identity Disorientation often as a result of disease or drugs Tremors: a trembling or shaking usually from physical weakness, emotional Head tremors stress, or disease Lack of coordination especially of muscular movements resulting from loss Incoordination of voluntary control Abnormal drowsiness or the quality or state of being lazy, sluggish, or Lethargy indifferent Open-mouthed Not given breathing An act of regurgitating such as a: the casting up of incompletely digested food (as by some birds in feeding Regurgitation their young) b : the backward flow of blood through a defective heart valve Stargazing The quality or state of being absentminded Table S2.
    [Show full text]
  • Citrobacter Koseri
    | Table 1 Antimicrobial activity of ceftibuten-clavulanate tested against the most common ASM Microbe 2019 Poster Sunday-AAR-718 Figure 1. Isolate Enterobacterales species stratified by geographic region MIC /MIC (% inhibited at ≤4 mg/L of ceftibuten-clavulanate) distribution by 50 90 Latin Organism (no. tested) USA EUR APAC LATAM All Antimicrobial Activity of Ceftibuten-Clavulanate When geographic region Enterobacterales 0.12/2 (93.3) 0.25/4 (90.4) 0.25/8 (89.2) 0.25/8 (88.3) 0.25/4 (91.0) America (5,568) E. coli (2,000) 0.25/1 (95.7) 0.25/1 (96.6) 0.25/1 (93.4) 0.25/1 (94.6) 0.25/1 (95.4) 13.8% K. pneumoniae 0.06/0.25 (97.7) 0.12/8 (87.7) 0.06/16 (87.4) 0.12/32 (82.9) 0.06/4 (90.5) Tested against Clinical Enterobacterales Isolates (1,850) K. oxytoca (346) ≤0.03/0.12 (100.0) ≤0.03/0.12 (99.3) ≤0.03/0.12 (96.7) ≤0.03/1 (100.0) ≤0.03/0.12 (99.4) United States Indole-positive 0.06/8 (88.4) 0.06/8 (89.7) 0.12/8 (84.0) 0.25/32 (76.0) 0.06/8 (87.6) Proteeae (331)a Collected Worldwide in 2017 Asia-Pacific 36.2% C. freudii (228) 2/64 (78.4) 2/64 (68.6) 4/64 (50.0) 2/64 (71.4) 2/64 (73.2) 15.2% P. mirabilis (210) ≤0.03/0.06 (96.0) ≤0.03/0.06 (93.3) ≤0.03/≤0.03 ≤0.03/≤0.03 (93.3) ≤0.03/0.06 (95.2) (100.0) Helio S.
    [Show full text]