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The Rise of Earthworm DNA Barcode in India

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Sci Vis 18 (1), 01—10 (2018) Available at www.sciencevision.org OPEN ACCESS Research Review Oligochaete taxonomy – The rise of earthworm DNA barcode in India H. Lalthanzara1*, Ruth Lalfelpuii1, C. Zothansanga1, M. Vabeiryureilai2, N. Senthil Kumar2, G. Gurusubramanium3 1Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl 796001, India 2Department of Biotechnology, 3Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Tanhril 796004, India Oligochaeta is a class of segmented worms under the phylum Annelida that are characterised Received 01 December 2017 Accepted 14 December 2017 by the presence of tiny setae in each body segment. Earthworms are the main members, consisting of approximately 6200 species. Their ecological importance is well known as they *For correspondence : are the major soil macro-fauna; Aristotle had named them as “the intestines of soil”. Classifi- [email protected] cation of earthworms is a controversial issue since the introduction of modern taxonomical system on earthworm by Michaelsen in 1921. This is mainly because conventional identifica- tion using morphological and anatomical characters are complicated and confusing. The key diagnostic features such as the position and structure of the reproductive organs, clitellum and the associated tubercular pubertatis are not always reliable, particularly in different de- velopmental stages, especially when the available specimens are the juveniles. DNA barcod- ing has offered a potential solution, even at the levels of identifying the juveniles or cocoons. Several genes including mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I, 16S, 18S and 28S ribosomal RNAs, and protein-coding histone H3 genes have been introduced in the taxonomy and phy- logeny of earthworm. It is anticipated that DNA barcoding will help conflicting taxonomy and further exploration of species diversity in India. Contact us : [email protected] Key words: Oligochaeta; earthworm; DNA barcode; taxonomy. https://doi.org/10.33493/scivis.18.01.01 Introduction ISSN (print) 0975-6175/(online) 2229-6026. 2018 The Mizo Academy of Sciences. CC BY-SA 4.0 International. 1 Sci Vis 18 (1), 1—10 (2018) Historical Record The Taxonomic Impediment ) Č 2 Sci Vis 18 (1), 1—10 (2018) Modern Molecular Approach 3 Sci Vis 18 (1), 1—10 (2018) DNA Barcoding for Earthworm Species Characterization 4 Sci Vis 18 (1), 1—10 (2018) http://ibol.org/ http://www.barcodinglife.org Earthworm Species Diversity and DNA Barcoding - Indian Scenario 5 Sci Vis 18 (1), 1—10 (2018) worm taxonomy (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedobi- ologia 47, 428-433. 12. Michaelsen, W. (1913) Oligochäten vom tropischen und südlich-subtropischen Afrika I. Zoologica Stuttgart 26, 139–170 13. Pickford, G.E. (1937). A Monograph of the Acantho- driline Earthworms of South Africa, Heffer, Cam- bridge. 612 p. 14. Murchie, W.R. (1959). 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  • An Integrative Taxonomic Approach to the Identification of Three New New Zealand Endemic Earthworm Species (Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae: Oligochaeta)

    An Integrative Taxonomic Approach to the Identification of Three New New Zealand Endemic Earthworm Species (Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae: Oligochaeta)

    Zootaxa 2994: 21–32 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) An integrative taxonomic approach to the identification of three new New Zealand endemic earthworm species (Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae: Oligochaeta) STEPHANE BOYER1,3, ROBERT J. BLAKEMORE2 & STEVE D. WRATTEN1 1Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, New Zealand 2National Museum of Science and Nature in Tokyo, Japan 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This work adds three new species to the ca. 200 currently known from New Zealand. In Acanthodrilidae is Maoridrilus felix and in Octochaetidae are Deinodrilus gorgon and Octochaetus kenleei. All three are endemics that often have restrict- ed ranges; however, little is yet known of their distribution, ecology nor conservation status. DNA barcoding was conduct- ed, which is the first time that New Zealand endemic holotypes have been so characterized. The barcoding region COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) as well as the 16S rDNA region were sequenced using tissue from the holotype specimen to provide indisputable uniqueness of the species. These DNA sequences are publically available on GenBank to allow accurate cross checking to verify the identification of other specimens or even to identify specimens on the basis of their DNA sequences alone. Based on their 16S rDNA sequences, the position of the three newly described species in the phy- logeny of New Zealand earthworms was discussed. The description of new species using this approach is encouraged, to provide a user-friendly identification tool for ecologists studying diverse endemic faunas of poorly known earthworm species.
  • On a New Species of California Earthworm, Haplotaxis Ichthyophagous (Oligochaeta, Annelida )1

    On a New Species of California Earthworm, Haplotaxis Ichthyophagous (Oligochaeta, Annelida )1

    Vol. 84, No. 25, pp. 203-212 4 November 1971 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ON A NEW SPECIES OF CALIFORNIA EARTHWORM, HAPLOTAXIS ICHTHYOPHAGOUS 1 (OLIGOCHAETA, ANNELIDA ) BY G. E. GATES Zoology Department, University of Maine, Orono 04473 Earthworms, on hooks, have been used, at least for one rnillenium by man as bait to catch fish. In California, the worm has turned, according to Briggs (1953), and even gets its fish as food without human assistance. Such worms may prove to be of considerable economic importance and should be of general interest because of the unusual diet and adapta- tion thereto. Several examples received directly or indirectly from Briggs in 1951 were juvenile. Further material was requested in hope of securing adults to enable description of the genitalia. Again only juveniles were provided. Various subsequent efforts to obtain additional specimens all were futile. Fortunately, researches of the last quarter century have shown that somatic megadrile anatomy, previously derogated or ignored by oligochaetologists of the classical school, is, rather generally, much more conservative phylogenetically than the genitalia. Accordingly a very short esophagus com- prising parts functioning as a pharynx and as a gizzard, the long but simple intestine, presence of only two longitudinal vascular trunks, absence of hearts but presence of a pair of long and much looped, lateral (in sensu stricto) commissures in each segment, enabled assigning the Californian juveniles to the presently monogeneric family Haplotaxidae. Further- more, pedestals of Timm under the nerve cord indicate to 1 The worms were studied during research financed by the National Science Foun- dation.
  • Phylogeny of the Megascolecidae and Crassiclitellata (Annelida

    Phylogeny of the Megascolecidae and Crassiclitellata (Annelida

    Phylogeny of the Megascolecidae and Crassiclitellata (Annelida, Oligochaeta): combined versus partitioned analysis using nuclear (28S) and mitochondrial (12S, 16S) rDNA Barrie G. M. JAMIESON Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland (Australia) [email protected] Simon TILLIER Annie TILLIER Département Systématique et Évolution et Service de Systématique moléculaire, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) Jean-Lou JUSTINE Laboratoire de Biologie parasitaire, Protistologie, Helminthologie, Département Systématique et Évolution, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 61 rue Buffon, F-75321 Paris cedex 05 (France) present address: UR “Connaissance des Faunes et Flores Marines Tropicales”, Centre IRD de Nouméa, B.P. A5, 98848 Nouméa cedex (Nouvelle-Calédonie) Edmund LING Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland (Australia) Sam JAMES Department of Life Sciences, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa 52557 (USA) Keith MCDONALD Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, PO Box 834, Atherton 4883, Queensland (Australia) Andrew F. HUGALL Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland (Australia) ZOOSYSTEMA • 2002 • 24 (4) © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.zoosystema.com 707 Jamieson B. G. M. et al. Jamieson B. G. M., Tillier S., Tillier A., Justine J.-L., Ling E., James S., McDonald K. & Hugall A. F. 2002. — Phylogeny of the Megascolecidae and Crassiclitellata (Annelida, Oligochaeta): combined versus partitioned analysis using nuclear (28S) and mitochondrial (12S, 16S) rDNA. Zoosystema 24 (4) : 707-734. ABSTRACT Analysis of megascolecoid oligochaete (earthworms and allies) nuclear 28S rDNA and mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA using parsimony and likeli- hood, partition support and likelihood ratio tests, indicates that all higher, suprageneric, classifications within the Megascolecidae are incompatible with the molecular data.