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Gender, Migration and the Arab Spring: Evidence from Egypt

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Gender, Migration and the Arab Spring: Evidence from Egypt Gender, Migration and the Arab Spring: Evidence from Egypt Nelly El-Mallakh Thèse pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur de l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne en Sciences Economiques Présentée et soutenue publiquement à Paris, le 15 mai 2017. Directrice de thèse : Mathilde Maurel, Directrice de recherche, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. Jury : Jean-Louis Arcand, Professeur à l’Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement de Genève (Rapporteur). Rémi Bazillier, Professeur à l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. Simone Bertoli, Professeur à l’Université Clermont Auvergne (Rapporteur). Sergei Guriev, Professeur à Sciences Po, Paris. To the beautiful people in my life, Federico and my family 2 Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Mathilde Maurel for her support and guidance, not only during the development of this Ph.D. but also throughout my undergraduate and graduate studies. From the course in development she taught me in the Faculty of Economics and Political Science of Cairo University, to her role as professor and thesis supervisor in the University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, first during my Master’s degree and later over the course of my Ph.D. research, I am profoundly grateful for her constant encouragement and research flexibility. I am also very thankful for the support and guidance of each member of my Ph.D. committee. I am truly honored they have agreed to be part of this process. I wish to offer my sincerest gratitude to Jean-Louis Arcand and Simone Bertoli for being my referees and for providing me with perceptive and insightful comments that greatly improved my dissertation. I also wish to thank Rémi Bazillier for his careful reading of my dissertation, and for offering very useful and generous comments since I started my Ph.D. And I offer my sincerest gratitude to Sergei Guriev, whom I first met at the EBRD in London during a symposium on the economics of the Middle East, for his invaluable time and his interest in my research. A special thanks goes to my coauthors, Biagio Speciale and Jackline Wahba. I am deeply indebted to both and keep on learning from them. Biagio Speciale taught me migration courses during my Master’s degree and later I had the opportunity to work with him during the course of my Ph.D. I wish to thank him for his kind advice and professional guidance. Jackline Wahba pioneered the research on return migration and inspired me to pursue my own research in this field. I had the pleasure of working with her during the course of my Ph.D. and thus benefited from her great experience and knowledge. I also wish to thank my professors in Cairo University, and particularly Mona Amer, who helped me apply for the Eiffel Scholarship and start my journey in France as a Master’s student. Her support has many times made a great difference for the students of Cairo University. I then thank Ragui Assaad, without whom this work would not have been possible. His contributions to conducting Egypt labor market surveys and his willingness to make Egypt’s data publicly available represent an extraordinarily rich resource for research in labor economics. I am also grateful to all the professors in the University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne who taught me courses or otherwise inspired me. In particular, I wish to thank Sandra Poncet, Jean-Claude Berthélemy, Margherita Comola, Marie-Anne Valfort, Lionel Fontagné, Stéphane Gauthier, Mohamed Ali Marouani and Jean Delmotte. Teaching courses in statistics, econometrics, development economics, and mathematics was also a formative part of my Ph.D. years. This experience helped me acquire new skills and confirmed my passion for teaching economics. I am thus deeply indebted to all the professors with whom I have taught at the University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne: Fabrice Rossi, Fabrice Le Lec, Rémi Bazillier, Cathérine Doz and Jean-François Caulier. 3 Special thanks go to all the people who contributed to facilitate the research of Ph.D. students, in particular Loïc Sorel, who was always very helpful, and especially so at the end of this Ph.D. I also wish to thank Nathalie Louni for her efficiency and help with organizing conferences and workshops, as well as my Ph.D. defense. I am also grateful to Stéphane, Rachad and Rachid from the IT department for their assistance during this Ph.D. I would like to also express my gratitude to my amazing friends and colleagues in the Maison des Sciences Economiques. A great work environment turns out to be correlated with higher productivity, and I wish to thank all my fellow bureau 314 (휋-office) friends. It was really inspiring to share the office with you over these years. Elsa Leromain was by my side from the beginning of this PhD until its end. I thank her for always being there and for sending positive messages and words of encouragement even from Vancouver during the last months of this journey. I thank Margarita López Ferrero for her continuous support. I am very grateful for our friendship, for all the sweet words of encouragement and her kind heart. I thank Evgenii Monastyrenko for his kindness and friendly spirit, and for answering all my technical queries over the years, and Stephan Worack, who always kept a positive and caring attitude. Farshad Ravasan always lifted the mood of the office and was deeply missed when he moved to the Paris School of Economics. Michael Stemmer, Anna Ray, Victoire Girard, Thais Nuñez, Zaneta Kubick, Julian Hinz and Badis Tabarki—the presence of each one of you during this Ph.D. was priceless and I will miss sharing an office with you. I am also thankful for my new office mates, Arnaud Millien and Rizwan Mushtaq. Last but not least I wish to thank Lenka Wildnerova, Sophie Piton, Chaimaa Yassine, Riham Ezzat, Moutaz Altaghlibi, Ruili Zhao, Thore Kockerols, Geoffrey Teyssier, Justine Pedrono, and Sulin Sardoschau. I shall always remember you and cherish all our memories together: all the shared meals on the second floor, the lunches on the roof on warm summer days, the countless tea and coffee breaks, and of course working side by side and supporting and motivating one another. For my family, words will never be enough to express all my gratefulness and love. I was blessed with a wonderful mother and father. I thank you for your steadfast encouragement and for always believing in me. You have taught me the value of hard work and purpose, and even more importantly the true meaning of kindness and unconditional love. To my brother Kamal and my sisters Nevine and Nancy, thank you for all your love and support. Nevine, from school to university and now in the MSE together, I am truly blessed to have you and very happy we sharing these paths together. I wish to thank my Manfredi Firmian family as well: Giacomo and Gabrita, Paolo and Eleonora, and above all Carla, who continuously inspires me and to whom I look up for being a great mother. Last but not least, I wish to thank Federico, my wonderful husband—thank you for your love and care. And thank you for listening patiently to all my research ideas and coming up with new original takes. Your intelligence and knowledge about the world was always a source of inspiration from the moment I met you. You have taught me so much, even on Egypt, and your presence by my side makes me happy and keeps me motivated. I shall always make you and all my family proud. 4 Contents Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 8 List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. 9 1 Résumé .............................................................................................................................. 14 1.1 Aperçu sur le Printemps arabe et la révolution égyptienne ......................................... 14 1.2 La révolution égyptienne et le marché du travail des femmes .................................... 15 1.3 La révolution égyptienne et le changement politique .................................................. 20 1.4 La migration de retour et la mobilité professionnelle .................................................. 23 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 27 3 Arab Spring protests and women's labor market outcomes: Evidence from the Egyptian revolution ................................................................................................................ 33 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 33 3.2 Background information .............................................................................................. 37 3.2.1 The Egyptian revolution and the “martyrs” .......................................................... 37 3.2.2 Stylized facts on the intensity of the protests ........................................................ 39 3.3 Data .............................................................................................................................. 40 3.3.1 Geocoding the Statistical Database of the Egyptian Revolution .......................... 40 3.3.2 The Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey ...............................................................
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