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TR-11 Txt QX Florida Bay Science Program: a synthesis of research on Florida Bay Item Type monograph Authors Hunt, John; Nuttle, William Publisher Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Download date 28/09/2021 20:54:08 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/18095 ISSN 1930-1448 FISH AND WILDLIFE RESEARCH INSTITUTE TECHNICALTECHNICAL REPORTSREPORTS Florida Bay Science Program: A Synthesis of Research on Florida Bay John Hunt and William Nuttle Editors Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission FWRI Technical Report TR-11 2007 Charlie Crist Governor of Florida Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Kenneth D. Haddad Executive Director The Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI) is a division of the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC). The FWC is “managing fish and wildlife resources for their long-term well-being and the benefit of people.” The FWRI conducts applied research perti- nent to managing marine-fishery resources and marine species of special concern in Florida. Programs at the FWRI focus on resource-management topics such as managing gamefish and shellfish populations, restoring depleted fish stocks and the habitats that support them, protecting coral reefs, preventing and mitigating oil-spill damage, protecting endangered and threatened species, and managing coastal-resource information. The FWRI publishes three series: Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises, Florida Marine Research Pub- lications, and FWRI Technical Reports. FWRI Technical Reports contain information relevant to immediate resource-management needs. Gil McRae, FWRI Director James F. Quinn, Jr., Science Editor Judith G. Leiby, Copy Editor Llyn C. French, Publications Production Florida Bay Science Program: A Synthesis of Research on Florida Bay John H. Hunt Editor Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute South Florida Regional Laboratory 2796 Overseas Highway, Suite 119 Marathon, Florida 33050 USA William Nuttle Editor Eco-hydrology.com Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1S 4B6 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission FWRI Technical Report TR-11 2007 Cover Photographs Center: The Crocodile Dragover pass, below Terrapin Bay and Madeira Bay (Bill Perry, Everglades National Park). Clockwise from upper left: Sampling in seagrass (Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission); Anhinga with spotted sea trout, Florida Bay (Bill Perry, Everglades National Park); Florida Bay hardbottom habitat (Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission); White Pelicans and Black Skimmers at low tide, Flamingo, Florida Bay (Bill Perry, Everglades National Park). Copies of this document may be obtained from Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute 100 Eighth Avenue SE St. Petersburg, FL 33701-5020 USA Attention: Librarian Document Citation Hunt, J. H., and W. Nuttle, eds. 2007. Florida Bay Science Program: A Synthesis of Research on Florida Bay. Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Technical Report TR-11. iv + 148 p. Document Production This document was composed in Microsoft Word® and produced using QuarkXPress® on Apple Macintosh® computers.The headline font is Adobe® Avant Garde, the text font is Adobe® Palatino, and the cover headline is Adobe® Gill Sans. The cover and text papers used in this publication meet the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1992. Table of Contents Chapter 1 Florida Bay Science ............................ 1 Chapter 2 Executive Summary ............................ 2 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT ................................ 2 ECOSYSTEM HISTORY .................................. 3 PHYSICAL PROCESSES .................................. 4 NUTRIENT DYNAMICS .................................. 4 PLANKTON BLOOMS................................... 5 Northeast Region ..................................... 5 Central Region...................................... 5 West Region ....................................... 6 SEAGRASS ECOLOGY .................................. 6 HIGHER–TROPHIC–LEVEL SPECIES ............................ 7 Chapter 3 Ecosystem History ............................. 9 INTRODUCTION ..................................... 9 Methodology ...................................... 9 Previous Work ......................................10 Summary of Ecosystem History and Paleoecology Research....................12 SALINITY PATTERNS AND TRENDS ............................15 Methods ........................................16 Findings ........................................16 Status of Research ....................................19 NUTRIENT PATTERNS AND TRENDS ...........................21 Methods ........................................21 Findings ........................................21 Status of Research ....................................22 OCCURRENCE AND PATTERN OF ALGAL BLOOMS ....................23 Methods ........................................23 Findings ........................................23 Status of Research ....................................23 SEAGRASS TRENDS AND PATTERNS ...........................24 Methods ........................................24 Findings ........................................24 Status of Research ....................................26 HIGHER–TROPHIC–LEVEL SPECIES ............................27 Status of Research ....................................27 LITERATURE CITED ...................................27 Chapter 4 Physical Processes .............................30 INTRODUCTION .....................................30 Background .......................................30 Research Summary ....................................32 DRIVING PROCESSES ..................................35 Winds and Storms ....................................35 Precipitation.......................................36 Evaporation .......................................36 Surface-Water Input ...................................36 Groundwater Input ....................................37 Sea Level and Tides ....................................38 Boundary Currents ....................................38 i INFLUENCE OF DRIVING PROCESSES .......................... 38 Salinity......................................... 38 Circulation ....................................... 40 Exchanges with Adjacent Waters .............................. 42 PREDICTION....................................... 43 Fresh Water Inflow .................................... 43 Exchanges with Adjacent Waters .............................. 45 Circulation Models .................................... 46 Salinity Models ..................................... 47 UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS AND ONGOING RESEARCH .................. 48 Driving Processes .................................... 48 System Characteristics .................................. 49 Hydrodynamic Models .................................. 50 LITERATURE CITED ................................... 51 Chapter 5 Nutrient Dynamics ............................. 55 INTRODUCTION ..................................... 55 Summary of Knowledge .................................. 56 PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN WATER QUALITY ....................... 57 Period of Study...................................... 58 Recent Conditions .................................... 58 EXOGENOUS SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS ......................... 59 Nutrient Inputs from the Everglades: Taylor Slough–C-111 and Shark River ............. 60 Ground Water ...................................... 62 Atmospheric, Keys Waste Water, Keys Storm Water, and the Gulf of Mexico Nutrient Inputs ...... 66 Summary ........................................ 66 INTERNAL NUTRIENT CYCLING ............................. 66 Benthic Nutrient Fluxes .................................. 66 Internal Nutrient Cycling: Carbonate–Phosphorus–Iron Relations ................. 67 Role of Sediment Resuspension in Phosphorus Cycling ..................... 67 Nutrient Flux at the Sediment–Water Interface ......................... 68 Seagrass Modeling .................................... 68 INFLUENCE OF FLORIDA BAY WATER QUALITY ON THE REEF TRACT ........... 69 Nutrient Export Through Keys Passes............................. 69 WATER–QUALITY MODELING .............................. 69 CURRENT AND ONGOING RESEARCH .......................... 71 Unresolved Questions ................................... 71 Summary of Ongoing Research ............................... 73 LITERATURE CITED ................................... 73 Chapter 6 Plankton Blooms .............................. 77 INTRODUCTION ..................................... 77 Regional Differences ................................... 77 Summary of Research ................................... 79 EASTERN FLORIDA BAY ................................. 81 CENTRAL FLORIDA BAY ................................. 82 Cause of Blooms in the Central Region ............................ 82 Domination by Cyanobacteria ............................... 85 WESTERN FLORIDA BAY ................................. 86 LITERATURE CITED ................................... 89 Chapter 7 Seagrass Ecology ............................. 92 INTRODUCTION ..................................... 92 Seagrass Communities in Florida Bay ............................ 92 ii Recent and Historical Changes ...............................93 Conceptual Models for Seagrass Die-off ...........................98 Summary of Research ...................................99
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