A Profile of Florida Today 1 Florida is a state full of energy, diversity, and bright ideas for the P e rd id future. In many ways, it is unlike any other state in the country. o PANHANDLE

R The following pages provide snapshots of Florida’s geography, . Choctawhatchee people, government, economy, and place in the world. So read River on, and discover why there is so much to celebrate about Florida!

Celebrate Florida’s GEOGRAPHY

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Florida’s geography is unique. Most of the state occupies a peninsula separating the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Its coastline is one of the longest of the fifty states, and includes the most southerly point in the continental United States. Much of Florida is less than 100 feet above sea level, although northern and central areas are higher in elevation. While the northwestern part of the state is informally known as the “Panhandle,” Florida has seven regions. As you read, locate each region on the map.

Florida’s Regions

The Western Highlands extend land for citrus groves and cattle ranches. from the Perdido River on the Alabama Its canals, dikes, and pumping stations 1 border to the Choctawhatchee River. Like comprise a complex system of water other areas in the Panhandle, this hilly resource use and management overseen terrain produces field crops. by the South Florida Water Management District. The district works to protect and restore the river basin ecosystem, The Marianna Lowlands lie manage the basin’s plant life and land, 2 between the Choctawhatchee River improve water quality, and regulate the in the west and the Apalachicola water supply. River in the east. The Lake Okeechobee- The Tallahassee Hills stretch Everglades Basin South of Lake from the Apalachicola River east to Okeechobee the land is devoted to 3 the Suwannee River. Like the Western agricultural production of crops such as Highlands, this is an important 6 sugarcane. Further south is the Everglades agricultural area. National Park, protecting the fragile ecosystem of the Everglades—a shallow, The Central Highlands extend east slow-moving river that provides a habitat from the Suwannee River to Saint Johns for hundreds of species of animals. 4 River. The highlands also extend south through central Florida, where most of The Coastal Lowlands Florida’s citrus production is located. occupy about three-quarters of Florida’s land area, as you can see from the darker The Kissimmee Lowlands The 7 shading on the map. Offshore barrier bars 5 Kissimmee River basin supplies Lake and islands protect lagoons and bays and Okeechobee with water and provides help create Florida’s famous beaches. xxxviii Elevation

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s y The Florida Everglades National Park e K a d s ri t lo i F a t r Key West S a xxxix i d o r F l Florida’s Climate

La Florida Florida’s gentle climate and lush vegetation inspired Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León to name the peninsula La Florida after the Spanish phrase for “Season of Flowers” when he landed during Easter of 1513. Florida can be divided into two climate regions, north and south of a line running from Bradenton to Vero Beach (see map on previous page). The northern region is cooler, while southern Florida is warmer.

TEMPERATURE CHART

Average Tallahassee Temperatures 1981–2010

Jan April Jul Oct Dec Max 63.5 79.9 92.1 81.4 65.3 Min 39.0 52.3 72.0 57.3 41.1

Average Miami Temperatures 1981–2010

Jan April Jul Oct Dec Max 74.7 81.6 89.1 84.3 76.2 Min 58.6 67.7 77.1 72.5 62.3

Source: Florida Climate Center; Florida State University

Ocean Currents Florida’s 0 300 mi TN NC relatively mild winters 0 300 km Cape are influenced by the Hatteras Azimuthal Equal-Area SC proximity of the Gulf Projection N Stream, a powerful current of warm water GA flowing up from the Gulf MS AL Gulf Stream W E of Mexico, through the LA Straits of Florida and into S the Atlantic Ocean. The “Florida Current” is part ATLANTIC of the Gulf Stream system. Florida OCEAN

Gulf of Mexico BAHAMAS

t n Straits of e rr Florida Florida Cu CUBA xl Clay tiles on the roof create an air pocket to keep the house cool.

Tall doors and Walls are covered in stucco, a windows catch kind of cement that protects the breezes to cool walls from rain and heat. the house.

Mediterranean Revival Style Florida’s climate has influenced the style and materials of its buildings. As new residents arrived in the state during the land boom of the 1920s, a Mediterranean Revival style spread. With its low-pitched, red tiled roofs and stucco walls, this style was perfectly suited to Florida’s history and climate, and helped give the state its distinct look.

Power and Fury Hurricane Andrew caused widespread damage in South Florida in August, 1992. Like much of the southeast and east coast of the United States, Florida lies in the path of hurricanes that form in the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, or off the west coast of Africa. As these storms drift toward Florida, their terrifying energy is intensified by the ocean’s warm waters and especially by the Gulf Stream. The hurricane season lasts from June to November, although September is the month when many storms strike the state.

xli Geography Shapes History

Florida’s geography has shaped every aspect of its history, contributing to the state’s population increase and economic growth. Its northern soils provided fertile ground for the cash crops grown on plantations that depended on the labor of enslaved African Americans. The state’s climate helped launch a series of land booms as vacationers and new residents swelled its population and fueled its economy. For centuries, its strategic location has conferred on Florida a range of military roles, from protecting Spain’s treasure fleet to training U.S. troops during the conflicts of the twentieth century.

Castillo de San Marcos in St. Augustine Florida’s strategic military importance was established by the Spanish fort of St. Augustine, founded in 1565, partly to protect the route of the Spanish treasure fleet, whose loot-laden ships sailed back to Spain on the fast-moving currents of the Gulf Stream.

xlii Planters Move to Florida Attracted by the rich soils of the northern uplands, thousands of American planters moved into northern parts of the state after 1821. It was here that their enslaved African American workforce grew cash crops, including cotton. By 1850 there were about 1,000 cotton plantations in Florida.

Bannerman Plantation, built soon after 1827

Florida Aeronautics During the conflicts and Cold War tensions of the twentieth century, Florida’s geographical location increased its strategic importance. The state’s flat terrain and wide beaches encouraged early flight testing and air force training, an aeronautic tradition that led to the establishment of Cape Canaveral for missile testing and space exploration. Rocket Launch at Cape Canaveral

ASSESSMENT

Key Ideas 1. Why is Florida a strategic location for the military? Critical Thinking 2. Infer The South Florida Water Management District is a government agency that oversees water resources in southern Florida. The state has four other water management districts. Use this information and the map on these pages to answer the following question: Why do you think Florida’s government has stepped in to provide policies and programs for managing Florida’s water resources? Use geographic terms such as resources and ecosystem in your answer. Writing 3. Explain Perspectives Gather information from a variety of print and online sources, including maps, on the use of renewable and non-renewable resources in Florida. Analyze each source for its strengths and weaknesses— for example, is it based on fact or opinion? Then write a few paragraphs describing the different perspectives you found, making sure to avoid plagiarizing and citing your sources in standard format. Do not rely too heavily on any one source and be sure to use geographic terms in your answer.

xliii Celebrate Florida’s PEOPLE

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Floridians today live in a multi-racial and multi-ethnic society in which a variety of languages are spoken—not surprising in a state whose geographic location has made it a crossroads of cultures. Florida’s demographics, or population data, have been shaped by a history of migrations in which geography has played an important role.

Race and Language

RACE IN FLORIDA VS. THE U.S.: A COMPARISON

Florida U.S. Population, 2014* 19,893,297 318,857,056 White, percent 77.8 77.4 Asian alone, percent 2.8 5.4 Black or African American percent 16.8 13.2 Native American, percent 0.5 1.2 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 0.1 0.2 alone, percent Two or more races, percent 2.0 2.5 Hispanic or Latino, percent** 24.1 17.4

*estimates ** People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race. Source: United States Census

How Does Florida Compare? While the percentage of white Americans in Florida and the U.S. as a whole is nearly identical, the similarity ends there. Overall, Florida has higher percentages of African Americans and Hispanics than the U.S. as a whole, and slightly lower percentages of other minority groups.

xliv MOST COMMONLY SPOKEN LANGUAGES IN FLORIDA, AFTER ENGLISH

Spanish 73.35% Italian 1.16%

French Creole 6.91% Arabic 0.83% Key

French 2.25% Chinese 0.75%

Florida Portuguese 1.88% Russian 0.68%

Languages German 1.58% Polish 0.53%

Tagalog 1.16% Other 7.76%

Vietnamese 1.16%

Source: MLA Language Map Data Center

Language Diversity Over the centuries, Florida’s geography and economy have attracted a variety of ethnic groups—political and economic refugees from Latin America, Greeks drawn to jobs in the sponge industry in Tarpon Springs, immigrants from Spain and Italy, Haitians, and white non-Hispanic people who make up Florida’s largest population group. Many ethnic groups speak the language of their former homelands. In 2010, English was spoken by 73 percent of people over 5 years old in Florida. Twenty-seven percent spoke languages other than English. That 27 percent was divided as shown in the graph. Age and Birthplace

FLORIDA’S POPULATION BY AGE, 2014*

Age Florida U.S. Number Percent Number Percent 0–4 1,077,572 5.4 19,773,010 6.2 5–19 3,466,935 17.4 62,660,393 19.6 20–44 6,252,832 31.4 106,772,487 33.5 45–64 5,305,004 26.6 83,436,273 26.2 65–84 3,266,698 16.4 40,168,923 12.6 85 and up 524,256 2.6 6,045,970 1.9

*estimates Source: U.S. Census Bureau

The Lure of Florida’s Climate Florida’s gentle climate has, of course, attracted a huge population of retirees from more northerly parts of the country, a trend that began in the late 1800s.

xlv BIRTHPLACE OF FLORIDA RESIDENTS

Born in Florida = 43% Born in Florida = 36%

Other South = 16% Outside U.S. = 21%

Georgia = 13% Northeast = 19%

1950 Northeast = 12% Midwest = 11% 2012

Midwest = 10% Other South = 8%

Outside U.S. = 6% West = 3%

Other = 2% Source: The New York Times

Immigration and Migration The graph shows that the number of Floridians born outside the U.S. began to change after 1950.

Florida’s People Throughout History

Florida Seminoles The population of Florida’s first people dwindled rapidly under the onslaught of disease and warfare during colonial times. By the early 1700s, Creek Indians and some runaway slaves had formed Seminole communities. Although only a few hundred Seminoles escaped Andrew Jackson’s Indian Removal in the 1800s, about 2,500 of their descendants live on reservations in southern Florida.

xlvi African Americans in Florida Enslaved African Americans were brought to northern Florida in large numbers after the U.S. gained control of the territory in 1821, as cotton planters moved onto land that had been vacated by Native American groups. At first, cotton plantations, with their huge enslaved populations, were roughly concentrated in the counties between the Apalachicola and the Suwannee Rivers. Today, African Americans constitute some 17 percent of the population of Florida.

POPULATION OF FLORIDA: 1830–2000

20,000,000

15,000,000

10,000,000

5,000,000

1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 *estimate Source: U.S. Census Bureau

A Growing Population In 1830, only Arkansas and Michigan had smaller populations than Florida. One hundred years later, Florida had a larger population than 18 other states. Historical events in both the United States and the world have often had an impact on Florida’s population.

xlvii A Changing Population

Florida’s Hispanic Population Throughout history, Florida’s racial demographics have undergone dramatic changes. By the year 2030, it is predicted that Hispanics/ Latinos will comprise some 28 percent of Florida’s population. What do these two maps reveal about changes in Florida’s demographics between 2000 and 2010?

Hispanic/Latino Population in Florida, by County

Escambia Holmes Jackson 2000 Santa Okaloosa Nassau Rosa Walton Washington Gadsden Jefferson Hamilton Madison Calhoun Leon Baker Duval Bay Columbia Liberty Wakulla Suwannee Taylor Union Clay St. Lafayette Bradford Johns Gulf Franklin Gilchrist County with the Greatest % of Alachua Putnam Dixie Flagler Hispanic/Latino Population: Levy Marion 2000 Miami-Dade 57.3% Volusia Citrus Lake 2010 Miami-Dade 65.0% Seminole Sumter Hernando Orange Pasco Brevard Counties with the least % of Osceola Polk Pinellas Hillsborough Hispanic/Latino Population: Indian River 2000 Nassau & Taylor 1.5% Manatee Hardee Okeechobee St. Highlands Lucie 2010 Baker 1.9% DeSoto Sarasota Martin Charlotte Glades

Escambia Holmes Hendry Palm Beach Jackson Lee Santa Okaloosa Nassau Rosa Walton Washington Gadsden Jefferson Hamilton Madison Broward Calhoun Leon Baker Duval Collier Bay Columbia Liberty Wakulla Suwannee Taylor Union Clay St. Lafayette Bradford Johns Miami- Gulf Franklin Dade 2010 Gilchrist Monroe Alachua Putnam Dixie Flagler

Levy Marion Volusia

Citrus Lake Seminole Sumter Hernando Orange Pasco Percent County Population Brevard Osceola Polk Pinellas Hillsborough 1.5% - 3.9% Indian River Manatee Hardee Okeechobee St. 4.0% - 7.4% Highlands Lucie DeSoto Sarasota Martin 7.5% - 12.4% Charlotte Glades

Hendry Palm Beach 12.5% - 29.4% Lee

Broward 29.5% - 65.0% Collier

Miami- Dade Monroe

Source: The Florida Legislature Office of Economic and Demographic Research

xlviii Cuban Americans Although there have always been strong connections between Cuba and Florida, Cuban refugees began settling first in Key West and then Tampa as political turmoil engulfed their homeland in the late 1800s. New waves of Cuban immigrants arrived in the late 1950s, this time fleeing Fidel Castro’s regime.

ASSESSMENT

Key Ideas 1. In what ways did history and geography contribute to Florida’s population growth? Critical Thinking 2. Compare and Contrast What factors might explain the difference between the demographics of Florida and the rest of the United States shown in the “Race in Florida vs. the U.S.” chart? Writing 3. Predict Future Trends Write a few paragraphs based on your research concerning future trends in Florida’s population and demographics. Be sure to estimate the rate of population growth in the years to come, based on the statistics for the last few decades.

xlix Celebrate Florida’s GOVERNMENT

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A hurricane is forecast to hit the Florida coast in the next 24 hours and you need a list of emergency shelters. You are planning a fishing trip and would like information on top spots to find black bass. You see smoke coming from the back of a store and immediately alert the fire department. On a road trip to the Everglades, you notice that the speed limit has changed from 65 to 70 mph.

What do all of these scenarios have in common? They all involve work done by Florida’s State and local governments, which undertake an astonishing variety of duties every day. Legislative Branch

Senate office building

Senate chamber, where the Senate meets Senate fast facts: • 40 members • Must be 21 years old • Serve 4-year terms

Offices of the Governor, Lt. Governor, Cabinet, and other executive offices; committee rooms

House chamber, where the House meets House fast facts: • 120 members • Must be 21 years old • Serve 2-year terms

House office building

Historic Capitol • museum • event space

Florida Capitol Complex, Tallahassee The Florida State Capitol Complex pays tribute to Florida’s past while also looking to the future. The Florida legislature, made up of a House of Representatives and a Senate, meets in the Capitol. Its senators and representatives pass laws that make Florida a welcoming place for visitors, protect Florida’s beaches and other natural areas, make it possible for people and businesses to thrive, and many other things.

l Executive Branch

7:00 am Staff briefing 8:00 am Radio show appearance Day in the life of Governor 9:15 am Visit to Clearwater Marine Aquarium to promote tourism Rick Scott

All in a Day’s Work The executive 10:00 am Meeting with Mayor of Tampa branch is headed by the governor, Coffee and doughnuts with the press corps lieutenant governor, and cabinet. 10:30 am It deals with a dizzying array of 11:00 am Cabinet meeting issues daily, such as children and 11:30 am Informal press briefing families, revenue, military matters, farming, the elderly, education, 12:00 pm Working lunch the environment, transportation and highways, fish and wildlife, Meeting with legislative black caucus tourism, space—and the list goes 1:00 pm on! Here, Florida Governor Rick 2:00 pm Groundbreaking ceremony for new Scott visits the Clearwater Marine Vietnam War Memorial Aquarium where the governor held a press conference about Florida’s 4:00 pm Meeting with commissioner of agriculture tourism. regarding pay raises for forestry firefighters

5:30 pm Dinner with state and local community leaders 8:00 pm Republican party fundraiser at the Governors Club li EXECUTIVE BRANCH

GOVERNOR CABINET LIEUTENANT CHIEF ATTORNEY COMMISSIONER GOVERNOR FINANCIAL GENERAL OF AGRICULTURE OFFICER

executive office of the governor

Large number of commissions, boards, and departments, including: Dept. of Legal Affairs Dept. of Financial Services Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services

Florida’s Executive Branch Both the Large number of governor and the lieutenant governor serve departments, commissions, a four-year term and are limited to two and agencies, including: consecutive terms. The three members of the Cabinet are elected, rather than Dept. of Health appointed. They work together to make decisions for the state. Each Cabinet Dept. of Transportation member serves a four-year term with a Dept. of Elder Affairs two-term limit. DEPT. OF CITRUS Dept. of Juvenile Justice

lii Judicial Branch

The Rule of Law Florida’s judicial branch ensures that Florida’s laws are interpreted fairly. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the state. Due to the combined efforts of Florida’s law enforcement officers and the courts, Floridians and visitors to the state can feel secure in the knowledge that justice and law are the order of the day in Florida.

THE FLORIDA COURT SYSTEM

• Constitutional questions • Capital cases SUPREME COURT • Bond validations • Public utility cases

• All matters not directly applicable to the Supreme Court DISTRICT COURTS • Final actions of state agencies OF APPEAL

• Felonies • Family law matters • Civil cases (over $15,000) • Probate/guardianship/mental health • Juvenile dependency and delinquency CIRCUIT COURTS • Appeals from county court

• Misdemeanors • Small claims (up to and including $5,000) COUNTY COURTS • Civil (up to and including $15,000) • Traffic

Source: floridasupremecourt.org

Justice for All Florida has a four-tier court system, with the Florida Supreme Court at the top. The majority of cases are heard in the circuit and county courts. While the Supreme Court has discretion over which cases it will take, some types of cases must be reviewed by the court, such as cases involving: 1) the validity of a state law or a part of the state constitution; 2) the death penalty; and 3) any Public Service Commission action on rates or service of electric, gas, or telephone services.

liii Local Government

Below these branches of state government can be found the complex and bustling world of local government. These are the officials who hand each voter a ballot on election day and who make sure the pothole on your road is fixed, the many historical treasures in Florida are properly cared for, schools have enough money, and much more.

A SNAPSHOT OF FLORIDA STATE AND LOCAL SPENDING (IN BILLIONS)

STATE LOCAL GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT AMOUNT AMOUNT

Education 10.0 27.5

Public welfare 22.5 1.2

Utilities 0.14 10.8

Hospitals 0.82 7.1

Transportation 9.4 6.7

Public safety 3.0 11.4

Environment and housing 1.6 13.0

Unemployment, retirement, 9.2 2.1 workers’ compensation

All others combined 23.7 15.0

TOTAL SPENDING, all categories 80.4 94.8

Source: Census Bureau, 2013

Juggling the Numbers Overall, the size of a county’s population is not an indicator of spending. Some of Florida’s least populous counties, such as Walton County on the Florida panhandle, are among the highest in the State in terms of spending. What factors might account for this? Which of these expenditures might impact tourism in Florida?

liv elections. board, whichalsocountsthevotesandsendsresultstocountyclerkorboardof where theygotocasttheirballots.Electionsaresupervisedbyalocalprecinctelection offices, areheldatthelocallevel.Voters areassignedtoaprecinct,whichdetermines Voting HappensattheLocalLevel

Percent 100 90 80 30 60 50 20 40 70 10

2004

2006 Election 3. Writing 2. Critical Thinking 1. Key Ideas FLORIDA VOTERTURNOUT

2008 Assessment VS. NATIONALTURNOUT election? Who was allowed to vote intheelection?Andfinally,whowon their campaigns(didtheyusetheInternet, television, debates, etc.?)? were thepeoplerunningnominated foroffice?Howdid they conduct to answer thefollowingquestions:Whatofficeisbeingfilled?How a recent electionatthestate orfederal level.Write several paragraphs Evaluate anElection at the state andlocallevels?Giveexamples to illustrate youranswer. Draw Conclusions To appealsgo? docountycourt whichcourts Allelections,whetherforfederal,state,orlocal 2010

2012

2014 How doesgovernmentaffectthedailylifeofcitizens Follow orresearch either anongoingelectionor

Key

for U.S.President, National election for U.S.Congress National election Florida judges Florida congress, and Cabinet, Florida Governor for U.S.Congress, Florida election Florida judges Florida congress, U.S. Congress, for U.S.President, Florida election U.S. Congress lv Celebrate Florida’s ECONOMY

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Florida’s economy is one of the largest and most diverse in the United States. It offers its residents a rich variety of jobs and business opportunities, and it offers investors many ways to contribute to, and benefit from, the state’s growth.

Florida’s economy is also unique. It is especially strong in services, and particularly in services related to tourism and consumption. Measuring and Locating Florida’s Economy

TOP 10 STATES BY GDP, 2014* 13 1 , 2 e t a 7 6 m 4 i , t 1 s 0 8 4 E 2 , 1 01 n 2 i 0 7 7 0 8 9 6 0 2 6 4 3 0 5 0 6 5 Billions of Dollars 4 a 3 i 4 4 n y e a a k i s v r a l r n a o n i e a s y r i s s o d li h o i f rg n t o o i r i n r o r l w Y w J xa n o e e h e o li a a e l l C T N F I Pe O N N C G

*estimate Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Goods and Services Produced Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of an economy’s size. Florida has the fourth-largest GDP in the United States. Florida’s large GDP means that it offers a wide range of economic opportunities.

lvi WHERE MONEY IS MADE 2014 Personal Income, IN FLORIDA, BY COUNTY Billions of Dollars $100 billion

$80 billion

$60 billion

$40 billion

$20 billion

Income Across Florida Most GDP is earned by people in the form of personal income. Personal income is closely related to economic activity. This map shows bars for each county in Florida. The height of each bar shows the amount of income earned in that county. Most of the money is earned in Florida’s urban areas. These urban areas line the coasts and also cluster around Orlando in the center of the state. The county with the highest bar, and the most income, is Miami-Dade.

Tourism and Jobs Florida’s strong tourism industry means lots of jobs for hotel maids.

Agriculture in Florida Farming is a top industry in Florida, contributing more than $100 billion to the state’s economy. Farm workers in Florida and across the nation, however, often earn wages that are below the poverty line.

lvii Florida’s Businesses

Contributors to Florida’s Economy Florida’s economy is both similar to and different from the economy of the United States as a whole. For both Florida and the nation, the sector that contributes most to GDP is finance, insurance and real estate. For both, government is the next largest sector. Florida’s economy also differs in some ways. Florida has much smaller shares for its mining and manufacturing sectors than the United States as a whole. On the other hand, its retail sector has a larger share than it does for the United States as a whole, and its sector for arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services has a much larger share than in the overall U.S. economy. This reflects Florida’s specialization in tourism.

GDP BY SECTOR, 2014*

Industry

United States

Florida

Key

Agriculture, forestry, Professional and fishing, and hunting Wholesale trade business services

Mining Private educational and social (including oil and gas) Retail trade services and healthcare

Transportation and Arts, entertainment, recreation, Utilities warehousing accommodation, and food services

Information and Other services, Construction Communications except government

Finance, insurance, Manufacturing real estate Government *estimate Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis lviii ranks 43rdamongthe50states. of living.Florida’s GDPpercapita region’s productivityandstandard GDP percapita,ameasureofthe region, yougetwhatiscalledits GDP bythenumberofpeopleina Per PersonGDP FloridaHow Compares and U.S.CensusBureau Sources: U.S.BureauofEconomicAnalysis F G L UN DP P Dollars in 2014 Estimate O R I T I D E E Ifyoudividethe United States $49,469 A D S R C TA N Florida $38,690 A D T P T I E T H S A E , over $1million. code intheUnitedStates,withaveragehouseholdincome incomes. FisherIsland,nearMiami,isthemostaffluentzip A Wide RangeofIncomes jobs forsalespeoplelikethisreal-estateagent. helps explainwhyFloridahasalarger-than-average shareof Others decidetobuyseasonalandyear-round homes.This Florida. Somejustwanttoshopwhiletheyareinthestate. Real EstateJobs Tourists andretireesbringmoneyto Floridianshaveawiderangeof lix How Floridians Make a Living

What Jobs Do Floridians Do? Florida’s employment structure is similar to that of the United States as a whole, with a few exceptions: Compared to all Americans, a much smaller percentage of Floridians have jobs working in computers, engineering, science, education, the media, and production. By contrast, the percentage of Floridians working in property cleaning and maintenance and sales is much higher than the national average.

JOB CATEGORIES, 2014*

Job Category United States

Florida

Key

Management, business, Food preparation Construction and financial and serving related and extraction Computer, engineering, Building and grounds Installation, maintenance, and science cleaning and maintenance and repair Education, legal, community Personal care service, arts, and media and service Production Healthcare practitioners and technicians Sales and related Transportation Office and administrative Healthcare support support Material moving *estimate Protective service Farming, fishing, and forestry Source: U.S. Census Bureau

lx Disney World Every year, Florida attracts about 100 million tourists to sites such as Disney World and the state’s famous beaches. Tourism is more important to Florida’s economy than it is to any other state.

Shopping in Florida The retail sector also makes up a larger-than- average share of Florida’s economy. Its size is partly due to sales to tourists, who are drawn to shopping districts like this one in Miami.

ASSESSMENT

Key Ideas 1. How does Florida’s tourism industry affect its job market? Critical Thinking 2. Draw Conclusions Consider how Florida’s economy differs from the national average, especially the importance of sectors related to tourism in Florida. How might these differences help to explain the state’s higher poverty rate and lower GDP per capita? Writing 3. Solve Problems Consider the information presented in this economy section. What are the sources of the information presented in the graphs? Are these sources reliable? Why or why not? Based on this information or information from reliable sources, write at least one paragraph suggesting decisions Florida’s policy makers and entrepreneurs might make to build on its economic strengths and increase its GDP.

lxi Celebrate Florida’s PLACE IN THE WORLD

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As a member of the global community, Florida’s role is largely defined by its successful tourism industry and strong international trade. With a subtropical climate and nearly half a year of sunny days, it is not surprising that tourism is a critical part of Florida’s economy. Along with tourism, trade has assumed an equally critical role in the state’s economic well- being. Like the economies of California, New York and Texas, Florida’s economy is of global importance. International trade, including exports and imports, supports nearly 2.4 million jobs in the state.

Destination: Florida

TOP 25 THEME AND AMUSEMENT PARKS IN THE WORLD

5 PARKS 2 PARKS 23 SOUTH KOREA EUROPE 24 4 PARKS JAPAN 9 14 16 25 2 3 1 21 2 PARKS 4 5 10 17 CHINA 18 6 7 8 19 11 12 3 PARKS 22 20 13 15 CALIFORNIA, U.S. 2 PARKS 7 PARKS HONG KONG FLORIDA, U.S.

Key

Visitors (Millions) Up to 5 m 6 m–10 m 11 m–16 m over 16 m

Source: 2015 TEA/AECOM

Fun in Florida As the home of numerous theme parks, Florida has set the yardstick for national and international theme parks. The size, construction, entrance fees, varied resorts, and innovative attractions that use technology in creative ways continue to bring visitors. As the most visited theme park in North America and the world, The Magic Kingdom at Disney World in Florida receives, on average, about 17 million visitors a year. lxii INTERNATIONAL VISITORS TO FLORIDA

16,000,000 13.9 14.8 14,000,000 12.6 12,000,000 11.5 10,000,000 9.6 11.1 8.1 8,000,000 6.3 6.4 6.2 6,000,000 7.2

4,000,000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source Line: Visit Florida 2014–2015 Marketing Plan

To Florida from Around the World Beyond its theme parks, Florida’s appeal extends to its wonderful beaches, historic cities, cruises, and cultural tourism. As shown on the graph, the number of international visitors rose steadily from 2006–2013. The first nine months of 2015 saw an estimated 8.3 million international visitors to Florida.

Florida’s Role in International Trade

In May 2015, Governor Rick Scott, along with members of the Florida Chamber of Commerce proudly declared May as Florida World Trade Month. This special recognition pointed out the strength and successful growth of the state’s economy, which is the fourth largest in the United States.

Benefits from Trade Many Florida jobs are supported by the export trade. Manufacturing, agriculture, service and retail industries all thrive because many of those goods and services are sold overseas. The import trade is equally as important, creating jobs in the wholesale, retail, and transportation industries. Consumers benefit from products that come from South America including fresh fruit, vegetables, fish, and flowers.

lxiii FLORIDA’S SHARE OF U.S. EXPORTS

LATAM/Caribbean 27.5%

South America 24.8%

Central America 32.7%

Caribbean 36.4%

Source: WISER Trade; U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division

Gateway to Latin America In seeking to attract international businesses, Florida is often labeled the “gateway” to Latin America. Nearly one third of all U.S. exports (products that the United States manufactures and sends to Latin America) move through Florida. Florida exports of merchandise in 2014 reached $58.6 billion. The state’s largest export markets are Brazil, Canada and Switzerland. Florida imports, or buys, about $32.9 billion of product from Latin America and the Caribbean. The graph shows Florida’s share of the export trade between the United States and Latin America and the Caribbean. Florida is the second largest importer of products from Latin America and the Caribbean. Texas ranks first.

FLORIDA’S EXPORTS TO SOUTH KOREA

COMMODITY EXPORTS (2014) Resins, rubbers and synthetic fibers $78.8 million Navigational and measuring instruments $71.7 million Aerospace products and parts $64.7 million Medical equipment and supplies $53 million Engines, turbines and power transmission equipment $42.6 million Fruits and vegetable preserves $41.8 million Industrial machinery $31.5 million Commercial and service industry machinery $14.5 million Fabricated metal products $13.7 million

Source: United States Census Bureau

Made in Florida The 2012 U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement opened new opportunities for Florida. Aside from the immediate boost in exports to and imports from Korea, there are other advantages. Job and business opportunities increased. Beyond mere numbers, however, the human factor is also beneficial—nearly 24,000 Koreans and Korean Americans live in Florida. Cooperation between the two governments is also growing—for example, a Florida citizen with a driver’s license who chooses to live in Korea can exchange the Florida license for a Korean one without taking a driving test. Look for information in Topic 15 Lesson 6 that explains global trade agreements. lxiv The Panama Canal Expansion The Panama Canal, first opened in 1914, underwent a major renovation from 2007 to 2016. The expanded canal allows bigger ships to travel the waterway. It is also expected to bring significant change to domestic businesses and global trade. As the only state to border both the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, Florida’s coastal cities will benefit from the expansion. Changes are being made in its ports to accommodate the expected increase in trade. Currently, many companies with offices in Latin America have set up offices in Miami. With the canal expansion, it is expected that companies might consider other cities in which to locate new offices. Tampa Bay is one suggested location. Look for information in Topic 9 Lesson 8 that explains the development of the Panama Canal.

Assessment

Key Ideas 1. Based on what you have learned about Florida, how has the natural environment of Florida helped its tourism industry? Critical Thinking 2. Draw Conclusions As popular theme parks attract more visitors, what might be the positive and negative consequences of that expanded tourism? Writing 3. Analyze Information Review what you have learned about free trade agreements in Topic 13, Lesson 1. In 2006 when a decision was being considered to initiate a free trade agreement with Seoul, Korea, many people were braced for bitter debates both for and against it. Write several paragraphs to answer the following questions. Work in small teams to discuss and research the topic. Why do you think there was opposition? What arguments may have been used to support the measure? Consider what arguments might have been used in the U.S. and in Korea regarding the agreement.

lxv A Quest is a search… a search for truth, understanding, or meaning. In the context of world history, a Quest is a search to understand the causes and meaning of the events and historical figures that have shaped the history of our world. In this program each Topic begins with a Quest. There are three types of Quests: Document Based Question Quests, Project Quests, and Civic Discussion Quests. The introduction to each Topic’s Quest can be found at the start of each Topic in this text.

Florida has played a major role in national events and global events that have shaped our nation and the world: as part of the Spanish then the British colonial rule in North America, the fighting of World Wars I and II, the emergence of the United States as a global power, and the impact of globalization. As you complete these Quests, you will gain greater insight into the meaning of these forces and how they shaped history.

As you conduct research for some of these Quests, be sure to consult the Florida Memory website of the State Library and Archives of Florida (https://www.floridamemory.com/), as well as other digital and print resources.

The materials you need to complete each Quest can be found online in the Quest folders, including complete instructions, sources, rubrics, and lots of other resources. ALL THREE TYPES OF QUESTS FOLLOW THESE FOUR STEPS:

STEP 1 Develop Questions and Plan the Quest

STEP 2 Investigate by analyzing Primary Sources

STEP 3 Use Evidence to Formulate Conclusions

STEP Communicate Conclusions in writing, in a project, or 4 in a discussion

Go ONLINE for complete Quest materials

PearsonSchool.com/FloridaSS VIDEO ETEXT WRITING RUBRIC PDF ASSESSMENT lxvi QUESTS INCLUDED IN THIS PROGRAM

FLORIDA QUEST Exploring Florida’s Identity Today

REVIEW TOPIC Create an Early Civilization Video Game

TOPIC 1 Publish a Graphic Novel about Medieval Europe

TOPIC 2 Participating in a Civic Discussion

TOPIC 3 The Historian’s Round Table

TOPIC 4 Building a “Hall of Fame” Website

TOPIC 5 What is Your Viewpoint? Writing a Magazine Article

TOPIC 6 Becoming a Human Rights Advocate

TOPIC 7 Making Policy Decisions

TOPIC 8 Preparing For a Debate

TOPIC 9 Create a PowerPoint Presentation

TOPIC 10 Create a Video Docudrama about World War I

TOPIC 11 Civic Discussion: Lenin and Stalin

TOPIC 12 Create a World War II Tribute

TOPIC 13 Launching a Seminar

TOPIC 14 Presenting a Position Paper

TOPIC 15 Creating a Case Study Video

lxvii Your Florida

SS.912.W.1.6

Exploring Florida’s Identity Today Just as a person’s childhood helps shape who that person becomes as an adult, so too does a region’s history affect its development. Today, Florida’s culture is a complex mixture of influences from its Native American, European, Hispanic, and African American heritage. In this Quest, you will explore the ways in which the history of Florida shapes our state’s identity and character today, as well as how Florida’s demographics and economy have changed over time.

FLORIDA’S CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS

25

20

15 1900 2014 10

Hispanic % of 5

Florida’s population 0 1980 1990 2000 2014 Year Key

African Native Two or White American American Asian more races

Source: U.S. Census Bureau *Totals may not equal 100% due to rounding.

lxviii lorida’s people, places, and economy have gone through many Fchanges over the years. In this Quest, you’ll take a closer look at these changes and then describe the ways in which Florida’s history has shaped the state on a website that you’ll create.

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 Make a list of Research Describe how Share your website questions you want information about Florida’s past has with your class. to answer about Florida’s present- helped shape its Reflect on what how Florida has day population, present on your you’ve learned changed over time, culture, and website. about how history then figure out economy. How can shape identity how to find those does Florida today and character. answers. compare to the state 50 years ago? 100 years ago?

Go ONLINE for complete Quest materials

PearsonSchool.com/FloridaSS VIDEO ETEXT WRITING RUBRIC PDF ASSESSMENT

lxix Celebrate Freedom

Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson and other Founding Fathers We hold these truths to be self- wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776. By issuing this document, some of England’s colonies evident, that all men are created in North America announced to the world that they equal, that they are endowed were separating from England and forming a new, independent nation. Many ideas in the Declaration by their Creator with certain were inspired by English philosopher John Locke. unalienable Rights, that among He believed that all people were born with certain natural rights. As you study about other parts of the these are Life, Liberty and the world this year, you will have a chance to see how the ideas of the Declaration have affected people in pursuit of Happiness. That to other places. secure these rights, Governments Read this opening section of the Declaration of are instituted among Men, Independence aloud. As you read, think about the deriving their just powers from the ideas it expresses. consent of the governed….” Identify Central Ideas What point is Jefferson making about the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness?

Make Inferences Based on this passage, what is a “just,” or fair, government?

Apply Information How could the ideas expressed in this section of the Declaration be used to justify a political revolution?

endowed, v. given; provided unalienable, adj., not to be taken away deriving, v., getting from a source consent, n., agreement

lxx Connect to World Events The Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution inspired people around the world. In 1789, the French Revolution began. French revolutionaries issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.” After a slave revolt, the French colony of Haiti became the second independent nation in the Americas. Other Latin American nations soon followed. Haitian leaders issued their own Declaration of Independence in 1804. “We must, with one last act of national authority, forever assure the empire of liberty in the country of our birth; we must take any hope of re-enslaving us away from the inhuman government that for so long kept us in the most humiliating torpor. In the end we must live independent or die.” Liberia, on the west coast of Africa, was founded as a colony for freed American slaves. In 1847, Liberia >> Toussaint L’Ouverture, leader of the rebellion that led also issued a Declaration of Independence. to Haiti’s independence “We recognize in all men certain inalienable rights; among these are life, liberty, and the right to acquire, possess, enjoy, and defend property. By the practice and consent of men in all ages, some system or form of government is proved to be necessary to exercise, enjoy, and secure their rights….”

Compare and Contrast Identify at least three similarities between these documents and the Declaration of Independence. Why do you think the American Revolution and the Declaration had an impact around the world?

lxxi