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Kunta Kinte UD Kunta Kinte •Roots - Kökler •Tarihte Kölelik ve Köle Ticareti •Avrupa ve Amerika’da Kölelik ve Köle Ticareti •İslamiyet’te Kölelik ve Köle Ticareti •Osmanlı’da Kölelik ve Köle Ticareti •Köleli ğin Yasaklanması •Günümüzde İnsan Kaçakçılı ğı ve kölelik Kökler – Roots •ABD’li yazar Alex Haley’in 1976’da yayınlanan romanının adı •1767 yılında Gambia’nın Jufureh kasabasından kaçırılıp ABD Maryland, Annapolis’e getirilip satılan kölelerin gerçek hikayesi •140 ki şiyle ba şlayan yolculuk 3 ay sonra tamamlandı ğında gemide yalnızca 98’i kalmı ştı •Kunta Kinte, bu kölelerden birisiydi ve Virginia’da bir çiftli ğe satıldı ğında henüz 17 ya şındaydı •A.Haley, Kunta Kinte’nin 6. ku şaktan torunudur. Alex Haley , 1921 - 1992 Kökler – Roots Kökler – Roots •New York’ta do ğan Haley, anne babasından dedelerine ili şkin kölelik hikayeleriyle büyüdü •Hem babası hem de kendisi ırkçılı ğa kar şı yo ğun bir mücadele verdi •Gazetecilik yaptı, M.L.King, Malcolm X gibi, siyahi önderlerle röportajlar yaptı •Malcolm X’in hayat hikayesini kitapla ştırdı Kökler – Roots •1967’de, yani Kunta Kinte’nin Maryland’e ayak basmasından 200 yıl sonra atalarının toprakları olan Gambia’ya gitti, dinledi ği hikayelerden çok etkilendi •9 yıllık ara ştırmasından sonra 1976’da Roots’u yayımladı Kökler – Roots Roots’ta anlatılan köleleri ta şıyan geminin izledi ği rota Kökler – Roots •Roots’ta anlatıldı ğına göre, sahibi tarafından Toby ismi verilen Kunta Kinte, bu ismi hiçbir zaman kabul etmedi •Dört kere kaçmaya te şebbüs ettikten sonra sahibi, sa ğ aya ğının ön kısmını kesti •Kunta Kinte daha sonra kendisi gibi bir köle ile evlendi ve Kizzy adında bir kızı oldu. Köle satı şlarına ili şkin gazete ilanı Kökler – Roots Annapolis’de Kunta Kinte anıtı Kökler – Roots •Roots 37 dile çevrildi •A. Halley, bu kitabıyla Time dergisine kapak oldu •Pulitzer ödülü kazandı •Roots, 1977’de ABC televizyonu tarafından 6 bölüm halinde dizi halinde yayınlandı •Türkiye’de de gösterime giren dizi tüm dünyada130 milyon izleyiciye ula ştı Kökler – Roots Alex Haley 1992’de öldü ğünde, hükümet evini müze haline getirirken, bir süre denizci A. Halley’in Tennesse’deki mezarı USCGC Alex Haley olarak görev yaptı ğı Amerikan Donanması, bir sahil güvenlik fırkateynine Haley’in ismini veriyordu. A. Halley’in Tennesse’deki gençli ğinin geçti ği ev TARİHTE KÖLEL İK VE KÖLE T İCARET İ Tarihte Kölelik ve Köle Ticareti •Bundan 10.000 yıl önceki ilkel tarım toplumlarında dahi kölelere rastlamak mümkündür •Yerle şik düzen tarımsal faaliyetleri arttırmı ş, ticaret canlanmı ş ve emek gücüne olan ihtiyaç artmı ş; bu da sava ş esirlerini öldürmek yerine köle olarak çalı ştırma durumunu ortaya çıkarmı ştır. •Kölelik Mezopotamya ve Mısır’dan ba şlayarak Hititler, Eski Yunan, Roma, Hint, Çin ve Arap medeniyetinde do ğal ve me şru kar şılanmı ş; köleler ekonomik ve sosyal hayatın de ğişmez unsuru olmu ştur. Eski Yunan’da tarımda çalı ştırılan köleleri resmeden bir amfora MÖ 6yy Tarihte Kölelik ve Köle Ticareti •Sümer (MÖ 3500 - 2000) hukukunda kölelerin durumu Eski Yunan ya da Roma’ya göre daha iyiydi; en önemli köle kayna ğının sava ş esirleri oldu ğunu görüyoruz; esirler genelde ev hizmeti ya da toprakta çalıştırılırdı •Sümerlerde, borcunu ödeyemeyen aile reisi, karısı veya çocu ğunu 3 yıllı ğına köle olarak verirdi •Bazı Sümer kralları köleli ği kaldırmaya niyetlenmi ş ancak ba şarılı olamamı ştır Tarihte Kölelik ve Köle Ticareti •Eski Yunan medeniyetinde (MÖ8yy – MÖ2yy) halk vatanda şlar, yabancılar ve köleler olarak sınıflara ayrılıyordu; Hemen her hür vatanda şın birkaç kölesi mevcuttu; kölelerin çocukları da köleydi. •Aristo, Politika adlı eserinde köleli ği me şru göstermek için uğra şmı ş ve köleyi “ruhu olan bir alet, canlı bir meta”olarak tanımlamı ştı. •Aristo’ya göre kölenin fizik gücü ile efendinin zekası birle şince ikisi için de yararlı bir i şbirli ği ortaya çıkıyordu. Aristoteles MÖ 384-322 Louvre Tarihte Kölelik ve Köle Ticareti •Eski Roma (MÖ1yy – MS5yy) hukukunda da köleli ğe geni ş yer ayrılmı ş ve detaylı bir şekilde yasalarda yerini bulmu ştur. Sava şlarda ele geçen esirlerin yanı sıra, yoksul ailelerin çocuklarını soka ğa atmaları köle arzını yükseltmi ştir. •İmparatorluk döneminde Roma’da MS 1yy’da 6m özgür vatanda şa kar şılık 2m köle ya şamaktaydı. Gladyatör dövü şleri MS 2yy Kuzey Afrika Tarihte Kölelik ve Köle Ticareti •Islamiyet öncesi göçebe Türk toplumlarında köleli ğe rastlanmazken; yerle şik Uygurlar’da ise köle unsurlara rastlamak mümkündür (MS 8yy) Tarihte Kölelik ve Köle Ticareti •Ortaça ğ Hıristiyan hukukunda kölelerin hiçbir hakkı olmadı ğı gibi, efendisine mutlak itaat dı şında herhangi bir hüküm bulunmamaktadır. •Sahiplerinin köleler üzerinde hayat ve ölüm hakkı vardır. •Köleler, ölen efendinin çocuklarına miras kalırdı AVRUPA VE AMER İKA’DA KÖLE T İCARET İ Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti •15.yy co ğrafi ke şifler => Uzun yola dayanıklı gemiler in şa edildikçe, okyanuslara açılan Avrupa’lı denizci ve tüccarlar yepyeni ticaret yolları ve yepyeni dünyalar ke şfediyordu •sömürgecilik => köle ticareti => tüccarlar için emtia, toprak sahipleri için işgücü •Afrika kıtasının yönetici sınıfı dahi (tüccarlar, kabile reisleri), Avrupalılar’a Afrikalı köle satıyor, kar şılı ğında mal ve silah alıyordu. Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti İlk kez Moritanya’dan Portekizli denizciler tarafından kaçırılıp 1441 yılında satı şa sunulmasından sonra yine ilk köle pazarı Portekiz’de 1444 yılında kurumsalla şıyordu. Özellikle Batı Afrika’dan kaçırılıp Gore adasına getirilen köleler, buradan geri dönü şü olmayan uzun bir yolculu ğa çıkıyordu. 1552 yılında Lizbon nüfusunun %10’u Afrikalı kölelerden olu şmaktaydı. Gore Adası’nda (Senegal) köle tüccarları 18.yy Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti Amerigo Vespucci - Floransa Vasco da Gama Kalküta’ya ayak basarken 1498 Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti Christopher Colombus’un Dünya haritası Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti 16 yy’a kadar Amerika kıtasındaki Avrupa Kolonileri içinde i ş gücünden yararlanilan ilk köleler Amerikali yerliler, yani Kizilderililerdi. Bu durum Afrika'dan yüklü miktarda ve uygun fiyata köleler getirilinceye kadar sürdü Böylece 16yy’da köle ticaretinin yönü Avupa’dan Amerika’ya çevrildi. Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti Portekiz'i takiben Atlantik Köle Ticareti'nden paylarini almı ş olan diger ülkeler, Ispanya, Fransa, Ingiltere, Almanya, Danimarka ve Hollanda'dir. Denizcilikte güçlenen ve okyanusa hakim olan köle ticaretinin ve bir anlamda da dünyanın hakimiydi. 15yy Portekiz, 16yy İspanya ve 17yy İngiltere egemenli ği (İngilizlerin Yeni Dünya’daki ilk kolonisi Virginia’dır – 1607) 17.yy'da Liverpool'dan yola çikan her dört gemiden biri köle ticaret gemisiydi. Gustave Boulanger – the Slave Market Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti Köle ticaretini yo ğun ve karlı bir ticaret haline getiren İngiliz Amirali John Hawkins’tir. Kraliçe Elizabeth, köle ticaretine ortak olmak için Hawkins’e kendi gemilerini ödünç verir. Ticari kardan son derece memnun kalan kraliçe, Hawkins’e Sir ünvanı vercektir. Sir John Hawkins 1532 - 1595 Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti Köle ticareti iktisadi bir mesele olmasına ra ğmen milyonlarca Afrikalının kölele ştirilmesinin haklı gösterilmesi gerekiyordu. Bunun için de kilise, "vah şilerin" ruhlarının kurtarıldı ğı izahatını öne sürmü ş ve bilimadamları da onların a şağı ırk oldukları savını desteklemi şlerdir. Ortaça ğ Avrupasında Hıristiyanların köle olarak kullanılması ise sert önlemlerle yasaklanmı ştı. Müslüman tüccarların elindeki Hıristiyan kölelerin fidye kar şılı ğı kurtarılması - 1637 Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti Her Avrupa ülkesi kendi kolonisi olan bölgede köle ticareti yürütüyordu. ( İngiltere Kuzey Amerika, Portekiz Brezilya, İspanya Güney Amerika, vs) Amerika kıtasındaki geni ş ve zengin topraklarda çalı ştırılmak üzere milyonlarca köle Afrika’dan Yeni Dünya’ya ta şındı. Virginia’da toprak işçisi olarak çalı ştırılan köleler - 1790 Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti Amerikan topraklarında köle nüfusunun da ğılımı - 1860 Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti Amerikan eyaletlerinde köle nüfusunun toplam nüfusa oranı; 1790 - 1860 Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti 1775-1783 Ba ğımsızlık Sava şı’yla İngiltere’den ba ğımsızlı ğını kazanan ABD’de, güneyli eyaletlerin büyük çiftliklerinde köleli ğe dayalı tarım ekonomisi, kuzey eyaletlerinde ise serbest işgücüne dayalı sanayi ekonomisi güçlenmi şti. Kuzey eyaletlerinde köleli ğin kaldırılmasından tedirgin olan 11 güney eyaleti ba ğımsızlı ğını ilan edince 1861- 1865 yılları arasında bir iç sava ş ya şanmı ştır. A. Lincoln’ün önderli ğindeki kuzeylilerin sava şı kazanmasıyla ABD tekrar iç birli ğini sa ğlamı ş ve tüm ülkede köleli ği yasaklamı ştır. Abraham Lincoln 1809-1865 Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti •19.yy’da köleli ğin yasaklanmasına kadar yakla şık 3yy’dan fazla devam eden bu süreçte, kimi kaynaklara göre 12m, kimine göre 20m köle Afrika’dan Yeni Dünya’ya ta şındı •Yolculuk sırasında açlık ve hastalıklardan ölenleri de hesaba katarsak, i şin boyutları daha iyi anla şılır. •Senegal ve Gambia’nın toplam nüfusunun üçte birinin kölele ştirildi ği, sadece 19.yy’da Siera Lone nüfusunun yarısının köle olarak kaçırıldı ğı belirtilmektedir. Avrupa ve Amerika’da Köle Ticareti Avrupa'nın en büyük banka ve sigorta kurulu şlarından bazıları ilk sermayelerini köle ticaretiyle elde etmi şlerdir. Kuzey Amerika, zenginli ğini ve geli şmi şli ğini büyük ölçüde köle eme ğine borçludur. İngiltere'yi sanayi devrimine götüren süreçte, köle ticaretinin rolü o kadar büyüktü ki, Liverpool , Bristol ve Glasgow gibi kentler tüm zenginli ğini köle
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