DOCSLIB.ORG

Seeking Friends with Benefits in a Tourism-Based Sexual Economy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seeking Friends with Benefits in a Tourism-Based Sexual Economy Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-20-2018 Seeking Friends With Benefits In A Tourism-Based Sexual Economy: Interrogating The aG mbian Sexscape Mariama jaiteh Department of Global & Sociocultural Studies, Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006524 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation jaiteh, Mariama, "Seeking Friends With Benefits nI A Tourism-Based Sexual Economy: Interrogating The aG mbian Sexscape" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3681. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3681 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida SEEKING FRIENDS WITH BENEFITS IN A TOURISM-BASED SEXUAL ECONOMY: INTERROGATING THE GAMBIAN SEXSCAPE A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in GLOBAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL STUDIES by Mariama Jaiteh 2018 To: Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Mariama Jaiteh, and entitled Seeking Friends with Benefits in a Tourism-Based Sexual Economy: Interrogating The Gambian Sexcape, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommendation that it be approved. __________________________________________ Roderick Neuman __________________________________________ Vrushali Patil __________________________________________ Heather Russell __________________________________________ Mark Padilla, Major Professor Date of Defense: March 20, 2018 The dissertation of Mariama Jaiteh is approved. __________________________________________ Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs __________________________________________ Andrés G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development and Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2018 ii © Copyright 2018 by Mariama Jaiteh All rights reserved. iii DEDICATION To Bassirou Jean and Kazady Yusuf iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of dissertation writing was made possible thanks to the award of a two- semester Florida International University Dissertation Year Fellowship. I am also thankful for the award of a Morris and Anita Broad Research Fellowship, Graduate and Professional Student Committee travel funds, and Africa and African Diaspora Studies Program travel funds which were all very instrumental in permitting my last and longest period of fieldwork in 2016-2017. I have been inspired by the work and expertise of Dr. Mark Padilla, the chairperson of my dissertation committee. His supportive advice encouraged me to move forward with this project. I am very grateful for the support and expertise of my dissertation committee members: Dr. Roderick Neumann, Dr. Vrushali Patil, and Dr. Heather Russell. I must also acknowledge Dr. Caroline Faria, who encouraged me to apply for admission in the Ph.D. program in Global & Sociocultural Studies at Florida International University. In The Gambia, I am beholden to the many Gambian women and men who provide sex work to Global North tourists in the Gambian tourism-based sexual economy, particularly to those who have accepted to share their experiences with me. Getting to know more about their lives helped me understand mine, and our country, better. May the knowledge produced in this dissertation help improve their lives and working conditions. My work in The Gambia received the invaluable support of Ahmed Jaegan Loum, who afforded me the opportunity to reach groups that would have otherwise remained inaccessible to me. v The wonderful support of my family carried me through the completion of this doctoral program. I am thankful to Jean Muteba for being a great life partner, a voracious scholar, and an excellent father to our wonderful boys. Thank you for listening to me, and for providing critical and editorial comments, and for generally pushing me to be demanding with myself. I am especially thankful to Bassirou and Kazady for their patience and understanding while mommy was finishing her never-ending work. I must acknowledge the infinite and unconditional support I have received along the way from Hajum Njie, my first-cousin who has been more than a sister to me; Michael Nicol, the most reliable person I know, the big brother I always needed; And Yamundow Jeng-Ceesay, another first cousin, for being a wonder little sister forever supportive during my fieldwork in The Gambia. I must bow in front of my late grandparents, Hajum Yamundow Joof and Yusupha Njie (Papa), thank you for making sure that I get the best opportunities in life. Many, many thanks to the strong women who directly and indirectly shaped my ideas about gender: my mother Njemeh Njie, Fatou Njie, Adama Njie, Amie Njie, and Fatoumata Zahra Fye. I am filled with inexhaustible gratitude for the Miami Gambian Community, which continues to give me a community and a sense of home. Lastly, a shout to my graduate school comrades as we went through the doctoral program in Global & Sociocultural Studies: Aysha Preston, Masonya Bennett, and Abby Gondek. Jarrajeff! vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION SEEKING FRIENDS WITH BENEFITS IN A TOURISM-BASED SEXUAL ECONOMY: INTERROGATING THE GAMBIAN SEXSCAPE by Mariama Jaiteh Florida International University, 2018 Miami, Florida Professor Mark Padilla, Major Professor This dissertation engages with the driving motivations behind the actions of all those involved in The Gambia’s tourism-based sexual economy: the Gambian and other West African male and female sex workers, the Global North (habitually European) male and female tourists, the Gambian and expatriate Lebanese bar and restaurant owners, the Gambian state, and the semesters (members of the Gambian diaspora on vacation in The Gambia). It presents thick ethnographic accounts of interactions with Gambians and tourists, as they form temporary couples or friendships for the duration of tourists’ vacations, and sometimes for longer. This ethnography-rich dissertation pays careful attention to Gambian voices, which have been somewhat marginalized in the limited literature on sex tourism in The Gambia. It theorizes the existence of a Gambian sexscape, within which socio-sexual scripts are performed. The socio-sexual scripts that make the Gambian tourism-based sexual economy are re-located within Gambian society’s larger sexscape, which allows for a better consideration of the wider socio- economic, cultural, and political processes that have led to the formation of contemporary Gambian society. vii The dissertation briefly outlines The Gambia’s political and economic history, which explains the ongoing economic dependency and the importance of emigration for contemporary Gambian youth who want to escape the abject poverty in which too many live. It proposes a descriptive analysis of the Gambian sexscape and its socio-sexual scripts. Greater precision is given to the socio-sexual scripts that make the tourism-based sexual economy: chanters and white Global North female tourists; Gambian female sex workers and white Global North male tourists; Gambian men who have sex with Gambian men/semesters, and/or with white Global North male tourists. Finally, I adopt a socio-ecological approach to sexual health and examine the tourism-based sexual economy’ s impact on the country’s sexual health. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….1 Research Setting and Methodology………………………………………..................8 Theoretical Framwork………………………………………………………………..12 Overview of the Chapters…………………………………………………………….17 CHAPTER I MOVING OUT IN ORDER TO MOVE UP: A BRIEF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE GAMBIA………………………….................21 The Gambia in Pre-Colonial Times…………………………………………………..22 Colonialism in The Gambia: The End of the slave Trade and the Introduction of Groundnut-Export Agriculture…………………………………...27 Postcolonial Gambia…………………………………………………………………..40 The Gambia’s Political Economy……………………………………………………..53 Tourism Development and The Gambian Economy………………………………….63 A Glimpse of Gambian Society in Gender and Sexuality…………………………….73 CHAPTER II LOOKING AT THE GAMBIA AS A SEXSCAPE: THE FORMATION OF A TOURISM-BASED SEXUAL ECONOMY………………………………………...78 Theorizing the Gambian Sexscape, its Tourism-Based Sexual Economy, its Socio-Sexual Scripts………………………………………………………………83 A Brief Outline of African Sexualities’ Topology…………………………………...92 Gender, Kinship, and Marriage Relations in the Gambia……………………………102 Formation of the Gambian Sexscape………………………………………………...118 CHAPTER III JABARRS, SUGAR-BABIES, CHEPEHS, FSWs: THE GAMBIAN SEXSCAPE, GAMBIAN WOMEN’S PERSPECTIVES, AND THE TOURISM-BASED SEXUAl ECONOMY……………………………………………143 Socio-Sexual Scripts of Gambian Womanhood……………………………………..146 Sugar-babies and Sugar-Daddies…………………………………………………….158 Chepehs Looking to Catch a Semester………………………………………………165 Gambian Women and their Male Toubab Friends: Postcolonial Interracial Intimacy…………….......................................................................................................178
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gambia Parliamentary Elections, 6 April 2017
    EUROPEAN UNION ELECTION OBSERVATION MISSION FINAL REPORT The GAMBIA National Assembly Elections 6 April 2017 European Union Election Observation Missions are independent from the European Union institutions.The information and views set out in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. EU Election Observation Mission to The Gambia 2017 Final Report National Assembly Elections – 6 April 2017 Page 1 of 68 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................. 3 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 4 II. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 9 III. POLITICAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 9 IV. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND ELECTORAL SYSTEM ................................................................................. 11 A. Universal and Regional Principles and Commitments ............................................................................. 11 B. Electoral Legislation ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Le Nation Branding, Pour Une Nouvelle Perception Des Capitales D'afrique
    Mémoire de Recherche : Rose-Eliane N’DIAYE Le nation branding, pour une nouvelle perception des capitales d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Étude de Cas : Dakar (Sénégal) et l’implantation du World Trade Center Dakar Université de Bourgogne (Dijon) – Département UFR des langues et communication Master de recherche Communication et Médiation – Promotion 2012-2013 Directeur du mémoire de recherche : Monsieur Alexander Frame Directeur de la formation : Monsieur Pascal LARDELLIER Remerciements Je tiens, dans un premier temps, à remercier Monsieur Pascal Lardellier, Responsable de la Formation, de m’avoir poussée à intégrer sa formation. Mes remerciements s’adressent également à Monsieur Alexander Frame, directeur de mémoire, qui a su me conseiller et m’encourager dans la construction de ce mémoire. J’ai pu travailler et effectuer mes recherches dans un cadre agréable, grâce aux différents échanges que j’ai pu avoir avec les intervenants et camarades de classe, avec une attention particulière pour Alain et Laurent. J’adresse aussi mes remerciements à ma grand-mère, mon oncle et ma meilleure amie pour les encouragements. Rose-Eliane N’diaye Résumé Comme les marques commerciales, les pays ont besoin, plus que jamais, de mettre en place de véritables campagnes de communication pour conquérir de nouveaux investisseurs et susciter dans notre imaginaire des représentations positives. La course aux investisseurs, pour attirer les capitaux sur les territoires, est féroce pour toutes les nations dans notre contexte de crise financière mondiale. Le nation branding est un concept qui permet de répondre en partie à cette problématique, en proposant des outils stratégiques destinés à créer de nouvelles représentations ou renforcer celles existantes.
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia Storymap Copyright Information
    Colombia StoryMap Copyright Information CC-BY-2.0 License Link: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en Caption: Mandinka dancing for a Women’s Cultural Celebration. Author: shaunamullally Image Link: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Mandinka_Dancing%2C_Women%27s_Cultural _Celebration%2C_Gambia_2006.jpg Caption: The Queen’s Baton Festival of 2010 in Banjul, Gambia. Author: Public.Resource.Org Image Link: https://c5.staticflickr.com/8/7176/27300746772_554720e2cb_b.jpg Caption: Pollock to Hussey Author: Ricky212 Image link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pollock_to_Hussey.jpg CC-BY-SA-2.0 License link: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode Caption: A common warthog. Author: Bernard Dupont from FRANCE Image Link: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Common_Warthog_%28Phacochoerus _africanus%29_big_male_%2811839008673%29.jpg/640px- Common_Warthog_%28Phacochoerus_africanus%29_big_male_%2811839008673%29.jpg Caption: Floating house in the Makasutu Culture Forest. Author: Atamari Image Link: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Makasutu_0001.jpg Caption: Fulani woman of Niger. Author: Steve Evans Image Link: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Fulani_Woman_from_Niger.jpg/640px- Fulani_Woman_from_Niger.jpg Caption: Stone circles at Wassu. Author: Niels Broekzitter Image Link: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Wassu_Stone_Circle.jpg/640px- Wassu_Stone_Circle.jpg Caption: Traditional wresting garb of the Serer people. Author: Erica Kowal Image Link: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Dakar- Marabout.jpg/414px-Dakar-Marabout.jpg CC-BY-SA-2.5 License Link: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/legalcode CC-BY-3.0 License Link: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode CC-BY-SA 3.0 License link: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en Caption: A signpost in Serrekunda directing to the University of The Gambia.
    [Show full text]
  • Justice on Trial
    Vol 6. No 4. 2019 JUSTICE ON TRIAL Courts and Commissions in West Africa Sampala Balima Sampala Balima is a lecturer at the Ouaga II University of Ouagadougou and an associate researcher at 'Les Afriques dans le Monde' at Sciences Po Bordeaux. Chidi Anselm Odinkalu Chidi Anselm Odinkalu works with the Open Society Foundations (OSF). He writes in his personal capacity. Sait Matty Jaw Sait Matty Jaw is a lecturer at the University of The Gambia, and the executive director of the Center for Research and Policy Development - The Gambia. Tarila Marclint Ebiede Tarila Marclint Ebiede holds a PhD in Social Sciences from KU Leuven, Belgium. Tarila's research on political violence, peace building, democracy and Human rights in Nigeria seeks to promote open and peaceful socio-political relations that benefits ordinary people in society. Justice on trial POST-COUP JUSTICE: Strengthening Burkina Faso's transition to democracy? NIGERIA'S JUDICIARY: On trial THE COMPLICATED QUEST FOR Truth, Reconciliation and Justice in The Gambia JUSTICE BEYOND BORDERS? Human rights and the ECOWAS Court of Justice Justice on trial This Issue: Justice on trial: Courts and commissions in West Africa his edition of West Africa In e Gambia, Sait Matty Jaw, looks Insight looks at the ways in at the ongoing work of the Truth, Twhich justice is being sought, Reconciliation and Reparations and delivered, in Nigeria, Burkina Faso Commission and argues that the and e Gambia. political environment is one factor making it very difficult to achieve the In Burkina Faso, Sampala Balima dual objectives of reconciliation and reects on the September verdict justice.
    [Show full text]
  • T H I E S 2 0
    REPUBLIQUE DU SENEGAL Un Peuple – Un But – Une Foi ------------------ MINISTERE DE L’ECONOMIE, DU PLAN ET DE LA COOPERATION T ------------------ AGENCE NATIONALE DE LA STATISTIQUE ET DE LA DEMOGRAPHIE ------------------ H Service Régional de la Statistique et de la Démographie de Thiès I E S 2 0 1 SITUATION ECONOMIQUE ET 6 SOCIALE REGIONALE 2016 Décembre 2019 COMITE DE DIRECTION Directeur Général Babacar NDIR Directeur Général Adjoint Alé Nar DIOP Conseiller à l’Action régionale Mamadou DIENG Conseiller à l’Action régionale, chargé de mission Saliou MBENGUE COMITE DE REDACTION Chef du Service Régional Oumy LAYE Adjoint du Chef du Service Régional Issa DIOP Assistant, chargé d’études Oumar DIALLO Technicien supérieur Junior Papa Mouhamed BADIANE COMITE DE LECTURE ET DE VALIDATION SECKENE SENE DIRECTION GENERALE AMADOU FALL DIOUF CPCCI SERGE MANEL DSDS IDRISSA DIAGNE ENSAE MAMADOU BALDE ENSAE OMAR SENE ENSAE AWA CISSOKHO FAYE DSDS MM. RAMLATOU DIALLO DSECN MANDY DANSOKHO ENSAE MAMADOU DIENG CAR NDEYE BINTA DIEME COLY DSDS MAMADOU AMOUZOU OPCV ADJIBOU OPPAH BARRY OPCV BINTOU DIACK LY DSECN MAMADOU BAH DMIS EL HADJI MALICK GUEYE DMIS ABDOULAYE TALL OPCV MOMATH CISSE CGP MAHMOUTH DIOUF DSDS MORY DIOUSS DSDS ATOUMANE FALL DSDS ALAIN FRANCOIS DIATTA DMIS AGENCE NATIONALE DE LA STATISTIQUE ET DE LA DEMOGRAPHIE Rocade Fann-Bel Air _Cerf Volant - Dakar. B.P. 116 Dakar R.P. - Sénégal Téléphone (221) 33 869 21 39 / 33 869 21 60 - Fax (221) 33 824 36 15 Site web : www.ansd.sn ; Email: [email protected] Distribution : Division de la Documentation, de la Diffusion et des Relations avec les Usagers Service Régional de la Statistique et de la Démographie de THIES Cité Malick SY, près de la mosquée, Thiès Email: [email protected] BP : 173-A - TEL 33 952 00 40 ii Table des matières CHAPITRE I : PRESENTA TION DE LA REGION ......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Application of Small Area Estimation
    Public Disclosure Authorized POVERTY AND INEQUALITY ON THE Public Disclosure Authorized MAP IN THE GAMBIA An Application of Small Area Estimation Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized POVERTY AND INEQUALITY ON THE MAP IN THE GAMBIA November 2018 1 | Page This publication is prepared with the support of the Country Management Unit West Africa Poverty Monitoring Code (WAPMC - P164474). Extracts may be published if source is duly acknowledged. Copyright © 2018 by The Gambia Bureau of Statistics The Statistician General P. O. Box 3504, Serekunda, The Gambia Tel. +220 4377847 Fax: +220 4377848 Authors Rose Mungai Minh Cong Nguyen Tejesh Pradhan Supervisor Andrew Dabalen Graphic presentation of the data Minh Cong Nguyen Editor Lauri Scherer Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 The Gambia country context ...................................................................................................... 8 2. Overview of the Methodology ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Gambia, a Complicated but Hopeful Road to Democracy Visit Web Receive Newsletter
    Opinion Paper 07/2018 18 January 2018 Pilar Requena del Río* Gambia, a complicated but hopeful road to democracy Visit Web Receive Newsletter Gambia, a complicated but hopeful road to democracy Abstract: A year ago, a peaceful change from dictatorship to democracy took place in a small African state, The Gambia. It was probably one of the most forgotten countries although it was suffering since 22 years under the fierce and terrible dictatorship of Yahya Jammeh. Since January 19th 2017 Adama Barrow, elected December 1st 2016, is the president. The dictator initially accepted defeat but then refused to relinquish power until the Economic Community of West African States, ECOWAS, threatened to intervene militarily. Since then, the country faces a new stage of development, freedom, equality, justice and reconciliation amidst major challenges and a still fragile security situation. Keywords: The Gambia, dictatorship, democracy, ECOWAS, security, justice, reconciliation, Yahya Jammeh, Adama Barrow *NOTE: The ideas contained in the Opinion Papers shall be responsibility of their authors, without necessarily reflecting the thinking of the IEEE or the Ministry of Defense . Opinion Paper 07/2018 1 Gambia, a complicated but hopeful road to democracy Pilar Requena del Río Introduction The Gambia is the smallest country in mainland Africa and one of the poorest in the world. With only 2 million inhabitants, mostly Muslims, it is a narrow strip along the river of the same name, surrounded mostly by Senegal. A legend says that an English warship sailed upstream launching cannon shots to port and starboard. The borders were traced where the projectiles fell. The English put a wedge in the middle of a Senegal controlled by the French.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gambia – Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation 200557
    Measuring results, sharing lessons sharing Measuring results, OPERATION EVALUATION The Gambia – Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation 200557 (2013-2015): Targeted Nutrition and Livelihood Support for Vulnerable People Impacted by Floods and Drought Final Evaluation Report January 2016 Prepared by: Nyasha Tirivayi, Team Leader; Ben Murphy, Evaluator; Amadou Gaye, Evaluator Commissioned by the WFP Office of Evaluation Report number: OE/2015/012 Acknowledgements JaRco Consulting and the Evaluation Team would like to sincerely thank all those that have assisted in this evaluation: from WFP’s Country Office in The Gambia, its Office of Evaluation in Rome, and the West Africa Regional Bureau in Senegal, to the many participants from the Government of the The Gambia, other UN Agencies, NGO partners, and the numerous community member, who took the time to offer their perspectives to the Evaluation Team. Whilst it is not possible to name all contributors, special thanks are reserved for Vitoria Ginja, Mustapha Jammeh, Francis Abanzi, Annet Birungi and Grace Igweta for supporting the preparation phase, facilitating the evaluation mission, and reviewing early drafts of this report. Disclaimer The opinions expressed are those of the independent Evaluation Team and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Food Programme. Responsibility for the opinions expressed in this report rests solely with the authors. Publication of this document does not imply endorsement by WFP of the opinions expressed. The designation employed and the presentation of material in the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WFP concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • Population & Demography / Employment Status by District
    Population & Demography / Employment Status by District Table 39.1: Percentage Distribution of Population (15-64 years) by Employment Status and District - Total District Active Employed Unemployed Inactive Banjul 53.6 95.8 4.2 46.4 Kanifing 47.8 95.8 4.2 52.2 Kombo North 49.7 95.7 4.3 50.3 Kombo South 60.8 97.4 2.6 39.2 Kombo Central 52.7 94.7 5.3 47.3 Kombo East 55.2 97.0 3.0 44.8 Foni Brefet 80.6 99.8 0.2 19.4 Foni Bintang 81.7 99.7 0.3 18.3 Foni Kansalla 80.2 100.0 0.0 19.8 Foni Bundali 84.1 100.0 0.0 15.9 Foni Jarrol 76.0 99.3 0.7 24.0 Kiang West 73.7 99.6 0.4 26.3 Kiang Cental 80.3 99.2 0.8 19.7 Kiang East 83.5 100.0 0.0 16.5 Jarra West 76.3 99.7 0.3 23.7 Jarra Central 93.0 99.8 0.2 7.0 Jarra East 89.1 100.0 0.0 10.9 Lower Niumi 68.5 98.3 1.7 31.5 Upper Niumi 87.4 100.0 0.0 12.6 Jokadu 89.8 99.9 0.1 10.2 Lower Badibu 88.8 99.7 0.3 11.2 Central Badibu 89.1 99.9 0.1 10.9 Illiasa 72.4 98.3 1.7 27.6 Sabach Sanjal 93.6 99.9 0.1 6.4 Lower Saloum 88.8 99.7 0.3 11.2 Upper Saloum 97.6 100.0 0.0 2.4 Nianija 95.8 100.0 0.0 4.2 Niani 85.8 99.6 0.4 14.2 Sami 90.7 99.9 0.1 9.3 Niamina Dankunku 90.6 100.0 0.0 9.4 Niamina West 88.9 99.9 0.1 11.1 Niamina East 89.5 99.8 0.2 10.5 Lower Fuladu West 87.1 99.8 0.2 12.9 Upper Fuladu West 81.5 99.3 0.7 18.5 Janjanbureh 63.8 99.3 0.7 36.2 Jimara 85.1 99.9 0.1 14.9 Basse 73.1 100.0 0.0 26.9 Tumana 90.4 100.0 0.0 9.6 Kantora 93.5 99.9 0.1 6.5 Wuli West 96.6 99.9 0.1 3.4 Wuli East 97.2 100.0 0.0 2.8 Sandu 96.8 100.0 0.0 3.2 Source: IHS 2015/2016 Table 39.2: Percentage Distribution of Population (15-64 years)
    [Show full text]
  • Original Paper Gambian Women's Struggles Through Collective Action
    Studies in Social Science Research ISSN 2690-0793 (Print) ISSN 2690-0785 (Online) Vol. 2, No. 3, 2021 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/sssr Original Paper Gambian Women’s Struggles through Collective Action Fatou Janneh1 1 Political Science Unit, the University of The Gambia, Brikama, The Gambia Received: August 1, 2021 Accepted: August 9, 2021 Online Published: August 13, 2021 doi:10.22158/sssr.v2n3p41 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v2n3p41 Abstract Women have a long history of organizing collective action in The Gambia. Between the 1970s to the 1990s, they were instrumental to The Gambia’s politics. Yet they have held no political power within its government. This paper argues that, since authorities failed to serve women’s interests, Gambian women resorted to using collective action to overcome their challenges through kafoolu and kompins [women’s grassroots organizations] operating in the rural and urban areas. They shifted their efforts towards organizations that focused on social and political change. These women’s organizations grew significantly as they helped women to promote social and economic empowerment. The women cultivated political patronage with male political leaders to achieve their goals. Political leaders who needed popular support to buttress their political power under the new republican government cash in patronage. Thus, this study relies on primary data from oral interviews. Secondary sources such as academic journals, books, and policy reports provide context to the study. Keywords Collective action, struggle,
    [Show full text]
  • Aboard the 34-Guest Yacht Callisto B E TCHART E XPEDITIONS Inc
    THESIGMA SCIENTIFIC RESEA XIRCH SOCIETYExpeditions B ETCHART E XPEDITIONS Inc. THESIGMA SCIENTIFIC RESEA XIRCH SOCIETYExpeditions B ETCHART E XPEDITIONS Inc. The Road toTo Timbuktu and the Rivers of West Africa SIGMA XI Expeditions Aboard the 34-Guest Yacht Callisto B E TCHART E XPEDITIONS Inc. 17050 Montebello Road, Cupertino, CA 95014-5435 February 3 - 18, 2006 AAASTravels Sigma Xi Expeditions Betchart Expeditions Inc. 17050 Montebello Road, Cupertino, CA 95014-5435 SIGMA XI Expeditions Betchart Expeditions Inc. 17050 Montebello Road, Cupertino, CA 95014-5435 Guest Lecturer The Honorable Harry A. Cahill is a senior career diplomat with over 35 years of State Department experience around the world. In West Africa he has served as Counselor of Embassy, Charge d’Affairs and USAID Director. Appointed to represent the U.S. at the United Nations by two Presidents, one of his key duties was liaison with Africa. He has also lectured on economic development throughout Africa for the U.S. government. In 2003 he was part of the Joint U.S. Forces Team that resolved the Liberia crisis. After retirement with protocol rank equivalent of major general, he has continued to work in the State Department, largely in political-military affairs. Since 1999, he has been an adviser to the U.S. Army, focusing on Iraq, the Balkans and Korea. He has served as president of an international foundation and producer of PBS television documentaries. A professor of international management at Pepperdine University, his book on China’ s industry played an important part in building China-US relations. During our trip he will speak on the history and current status of Mali, Senegal and the Gambia, the regional development of West Africa, and the role of Africa in the world today.
    [Show full text]
  • The Traditional Wolof Voice Lessons from a Griot in Pout, Senegal
    The Traditional Wolof Voice Lessons from a Griot in Pout, Senegal French, Lucy Academic Director: Diallo, Souleye Project Advisor: Seye, Ousmane Washington University in St. Louis Anthropology Africa, Senegal, Dakar and Pout Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Senegal Arts and Culture, SIT Study Abroad, Spring 2009 French ii Acknowledgments: To Nar, for our friendship, your tremendous hospitality, and for all that you have taught me. À la prochaine fois. Table of contents: 1. Abstract………………………………………………………………….1 2. Introduction……………………………………………………………...1 3. Context…………………………………………………………………..2 4. Methodologies…………………………………………………………...4 5. Findings and Analysis……………………………………………………7 6. Difficulties encountered…………………………………………………19 7. Conclusion……………………………………………………………….20 8. Reference List……………………………………………………………20 Printed Sources……………………………………………………..20 Websites…………………………………………………………….21 Interviews…………………………………………………………...21 French ii Abstract: This alternative project comprised of a three-week long, intensive study of traditional Wolof singing. I took twenty hours of voice lessons from a griot teacher in Pout, Senegal, with the intention of acquiring a rich knowledge of Wolof vocal music and the skills to perform for an audience. My Wolof teacher, Nar Diop, taught me seven songs by ear throughout our six classes together. In addition to perfecting, memorizing, and preparing for a final performance piece, I translated the lyrics of each song into English and French in order to analyze their content and investigate their origins and significance to Senegalese culture. Introduction: My initial attractions to this project stemmed from my passion for singing and my desire to find and commit to an independent study that would only be feasible in Senegal. Certain types of research can be conducted anywhere in the world if the resources are available.
    [Show full text]