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Humans As Top Predators in the Ocean: How Mechanisms Structuring Shallow Benthic Communities Are Influenced by Fishing

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Humans As Top Predators in the Ocean: How Mechanisms Structuring Shallow Benthic Communities Are Influenced by Fishing FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEL MAR UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL NORTE DOCTORADO EN BIOLOGÍA Y ECOLOGÍA APLICADA Humans as top predators in the ocean: how mechanisms structuring shallow benthic communities are influenced by fishing Ignacio Javier Petit Vega Supervisors: Dr. Carlos F. Gaymer and Dr. Alan M. Friedlander COQUIMBO, 2021 1 FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEL MAR UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL NORTE DOCTORADO EN BIOLOGÍA Y ECOLOGÍA APLICADA Humans as top predators in the ocean: how mechanisms structuring shallow benthic communities are influenced by fishing Por: Ignacio Javier Petit Vega Departamento Biología Marina Fecha : Aprobado Comisión de Calificación _______________________________ Juan Machhiavello Armengol Decano Facultad Ciencia del Mar _______________________________ ______________________________ Profesor Guía: Dr. Carlos F. Gaymer Profesor Guía: Dr. Alan M. Friedlander _______________________________ _____________________________ Dr. Jaime Aburto Dr. Rodrigo Ríos _______________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Ivan Hinojosa Dr. Richard Wahle Tesis entregada como un requisito para obtener el título de Doctor en Biología y Ecología Aplicada en la Facultad de Ciencias del Mar. Universidad Católica del Norte. Sede Coquimbo. 2 2021 FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEL MAR UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL NORTE DOCTORADO EN BIOLOGÍA Y ECOLOGÍA APLICADA Departamento de Biología Marina Humans as top predators in the ocean: how mechanisms structuring shallow benthic communities are influenced by fishing Actividad de Titulación presentada para optar al Título de Doctor en Biología y Ecología Aplicada Ignacio Javier Petit Vega Coquimbo, Marzo de 2021 3 FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEL MAR UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL NORTE DOCTORADO EN BIOLOGÍA Y ECOLOGÍA APLICADA DECLARACIÓN DEL AUTOR Se permiten citas breves sin permiso especial de la Institución o autor, siempre y cuando se otorgue el crédito correspondiente. En cualquier otra circunstancia, se deberá solicitar permiso de la Institución o el autor. Ignacio Javier Petit Vega Firma 2021 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS El desarrollo exitoso de esta tesis es, sin lugar a duda, gracias a quienes me apoyaron en los diferentes procesos de cambio que ocurrieron a lo largo de estos casi 5 años de trabajo. Por lo anterior, agradezco a mi esposa Camila, que trabajó y me acompaño en las más de cien inmersiones que significo esta tesis, por enseñarme el arte del buceo más allá que una herramienta de trabajo, por las largas conversaciones interpretando la naturaleza, y por todo el amor y tiempo que me regaló para poder terminar de escribir esta tesis en tiempos de pandemia. A mi hija Maite, por compartir su vida conmigo, y es a quién tengo el placer de dedicar esta tesis, ojalá, al menos lea este par de líneas en unos años más. A mi madre, que siempre ha sido un apoyo fundamental, entregando consejos sabios y palabras de motivación y aliento cuando los procesos fueron más complejos y agotadores, además, fue quién me enseño la filosofía del respeto, curiosidad y valoración por el mundo que nos rodea, “es, pero no es”. A mis hermanos, Eric, Titi, Rena, y Alfre por su ayuda, empuje y compañía incondicional en innumerables ocasiones, todos son un gran ejemplo de vida para mí. Quiero agradecer infinitamente a mi padre quién me apoyo incansablemente y me enseño el valor del trabajo, la perseverancia y la responsabilidad. A mis tutores, Dr. Carlos Gaymer y Dr. Alan Friedlander, que me permitieron desarrollar esta tesis sin ningún límite a la creatividad, por entregar su conocimiento de manera amable y desinteresada, por su simpatía y buen genio, y por transmitirme el valor del esfuerzo y la rigurosidad científica en la búsqueda de la conservación de la biodiversidad marina. También a mis colegas y compañeros de laboratorio, Dra. Naiti Morales, Dr. Germán Zapata, Dr. Kosta Stamoulis, James Herlan, Dr. Sergio Carrasco, Dr. Ivan Hinojosa, Dra. Ariadna Mecho por compartir su experiencia y por las innumerables y fructíferas conversaciones. A la comisión evaluadora por sus relevantes comentarios y contribuciones a esta tesis. Por último, a todos los amigos isleños que contribuyeron en la logística de cada campaña de terreno y nutriéndome con el conocimiento ecológico tradicional; en especial a Loti, Michel y Mareva García y a todo el equipo del centro de buceo ORCA, a Lonto Icka, Zonki, Christian Rapu, Neils Hereveri y Boris Rapu. A todos ellos muchas gracias. 5 Table of contents LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... 10 GENERAL ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. 12 RESUMEN GENERAL ................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................... 20 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 20 1.1. HUMANS, THE SUPER PREDATOR ............................................................... 20 1.2. NEARSHORE HERBIVOROUS FISH FUNCTIONAL ROLE IN CORAL REEFS ........................................................................................................................... 22 1.3. OVEREXPLOITATION EFFECTS ON COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 24 1.4. FISHING EFFECTS IN PREY BEHAVIOR ..................................................... 25 1.5. GENERAL HYPOTHESES AND OBJETIVES ................................................ 26 i) Humans at the top of the food web: are coastal benthic communities at Rapa Nui affected by fishing? ..................................................................................................... 26 ii): Territoriality by the damselfish Stegastes fasciolatus (Ogilby, 1989) in the Easter Island Ecoregion: possible effects of overfishing. ...................................................... 27 iii) Depth as a key fish refuge from spearfishing at Rapa Nui: anti-predator behavior in the Pacific rudderfish (Kyphosus sandwicensis). ................................................... 27 1.6. PUBLICATIONS ................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 2 ..................................................................................................................... 30 Humans at the top of the food web: are coastal benthic communities at Rapa Nui affected by fishing? .......................................................................................................... 30 2.1. ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... 31 2.2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 31 2.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................... 34 2.4. RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 43 2.5. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 56 2.6. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 63 2.7. AKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................ 64 CHAPTER 3 ..................................................................................................................... 67 6 Territoriality by the damselfish Stegastes fasciolatus (Ogilby, 1989) in the Easter Island Ecoregion: possible effects of overfishing ........................................................... 67 3.1. ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... 68 3.2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 69 3.3. MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................ 71 3.4. RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 78 3.5. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 88 3.6. AKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................ 94 CHAPTER 4 ..................................................................................................................... 96 Depth as a key fish refuge from spearfishing at Rapa Nui: anti-predator behavior in the Pacific rudderfish (Kyphosus sandwicensis) ............................................................ 96 4.1. ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... 97 4.2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 98 4.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................ 101 4.4. RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 108 4.5. DISCUSION ........................................................................................................
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