Index

A Acute chest syndrome, 2501 Abdominal aortic aneurysm, 1405–1419 Acute cold stress, 378 ABR. See Auditory brainstem response (ABR) Acute cytokines, 3931 Abyssinones, 4064, 4073 Acute estrogen deprivation, 1336 Accelerated atherosclerosis, 3473, 3474, Acute ischemic stroke (AIS), 2195, 2198, 3476, 3478 2209, 2246–2252, 2265 Accidental hypothermia, 376 Acute kidney injury (AKI), 2582–2584, ACEIs. See Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2587–2591 inhibitors (ACEIs) Acute respiratory distress syndrome, 635 A549 cells, 177, 178 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Acyl-CoADH), 307 Acetaldehyde, 651, 653, 1814 AD. See Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Acetaminophen, 630–631, 1825 Adaptation to intermittent hypoxia (AIH), N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), 2213–2214 1771, 1773–1775 Adaptive immunity in interstitial lung N-Acetylaspartate, 2436 disease, 1616 Acetylcholine (ACh), 2277, 2278, 2280, 2281, Adaptive response, 1796–1798 2286, 2910, 2915 Adaptor protein SchA, 915 Acetylcholine receptor (ACh-R), 2910 AD assessment scale, cognitive scale Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, 2356, (ADAScog), 2362 2359, 3684 Ade´liepenguins (Pygoscelis adeliae),53 N-Acetyl-L-cysteine, 3588–3590, 3592 Adenine, 900, 902, 932 Acetyl radical, 2761 Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), 900, Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), 2382–2383 902–905, 917, 918, 921, 922, 928 ACh. See Acetylcholine (ACh) Adenosine, 382, 387, 1951, 1953–1954, 2915 Acid b-oxidation, 798 Adenosine deaminase, 2436, 2440 Acidosis, 380–381, 3950, 3951, 3954–3956 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 3383–3386 Aconitase, 94, 95 Adenosine nucleosides, 1744, 1951 ACR classification criteria, 2540, 2541 Adenosine-50-triphosphate (ATP), 175, 246, Acrolein, 825, 834, 2454, 2456–2458 251, 254–256, 438, 439, 1953, 1981, Acrosome reaction, 2745, 2816, 2817 1982, 1987, 2662, 2884, 3323, 3324, Actin, 94–96, 100 3383–3385, 3955 Actin cytoskeleton, 95–96, 100 hydrolysis, 906 Action potential repolarization, 1070 levels, 2803, 2806, 2807 Action potentials, 361, 362, 364, 1050, 1063, synthesis, 901, 903, 904, 906, 2795, 3101 1067–1071 Adenoviral delivery, 466 Activated dendritic cells (DCs), 3679 Adenoviral vectors, 3574 Activator protein-1 (AP-1), 181, 184–186, 551, ADHD. See Attention deficit hyperactivity 730–732, 742, 745, 1242, 1797–1798, disorder (ADHD) 3444, 3790, 3793 AdhE. See Alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhE) Actomyosin fibrils, 339 Adherent junctions (AJs), 2050, 2055, 3395

I. Laher (ed.), Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 4109 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 4110 Index

Adhesion molecules, 1908–1910, Aerobic organisms, 297, 303, 582 1913, 1916 Age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass, Adipocytes, 792, 795, 796, 800, 803, 804, 2928, 2939 806, 880, 881, 1022–1024, 1028, 1396, Ageing, 2276, 2279, 2280, 2282–2284, 2941 2521, 2529 AGE in reproductive tract, 2799 Adipocytokine, 3834 AGE-RAGE. See Advanced glycation end Adipogenesis, 2529 product-receptor for advanced glycation Adipokines, 797, 802, 804, 805, 3835, end products (AGE-RAGE) 3836, 3843 AGE–RAGE interactions, 3383, 3386 Adiponectin, 795–797, 804, 805, 1027, 3453, Age-related conditions, 3902, 3906–3908, 3917, 3457, 3835–3837, 3843 3921, 3922 Adipose tissue, 792, 795, 798, 800, 804, Age-related decline, 2943 805, 807 Age-related hearing loss (AHL), 3562, 3564, Adiposity, 793, 795, 797, 802 3567–3568, 3581–3593 ADMA. See Asymmetric dimethylarginine Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), (ADMA) 3626–3637, 3639, 3641, 3642, 3905, ADMA demethylating enzyme (DDAH), 3906, 3908, 4035 1191–1192 AGEs. See Advanced glycation end products ADMA hydrolyzing enzymes, 1191 (AGEs) Adolescence, 792 Aggregation, 213, 216, 220, 3145–3147, 3150, ADP. See Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 3151, 3153–3156, 3158–3161 ADP phosphorylation, 894 Aging, 96, 153–166, 187, 191, 195–198, 219, ADP-ribose, 365 280, 286, 289–290, 345, 348, 624, ADP-ribose hydrolase, 365 634–636, 776–777, 1051, 1057, 1071, ADR. See Angelicae dahuricae radix (ADR) 1327, 1331, 1335, 1336, 1385, a2C-Adrenergic receptors (a2C-ARs), 1714–1716, 2148, 2153–2154, 378–379 2291–2292, 2300, 2301, 2927–2944, a2-Adrenoceptors, 378–379 2998–2999, 3001, 3002, 3010, ADRF. See Adventitial-derived relaxing 3012–3015, 3019, 3406, 3409–3412, factor (ADRF) 3565, 3567, 3568, 3572, 3900–3905, Advanced glycation end product-receptor for 3908, 3910, 3912, 3917, 3921, 3922 advanced glycation end products Aging/neurodegeneration, 361, 368 (AGE-RAGE), 2669 Aging process, 3900–3904, 3922 Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), 742, AGI-1067 succinobucol, 1388 801, 805, 1100–1102, 2211–2212, a-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase 2637, 2794, 2799, 2964–2967, 2969, (a-GPDH), 307 3378, 3380, 3382–3384, 3388, 3390, Aglycone, 4029 3394, 3400, 3405–3413, 3442, 3837, AHI. See Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 3838, 3845 AHL. See Age-related hearing loss (AHL) mechanism, 3405–3413 AHR. See Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) Advanced glycation end products and receptors AIDS, 3217–3233 (AGE/RAGE), 1094, 1100–1102, 1113 AIH. See Adaptation to intermittent hypoxia pathway, 3471, 3478–3479 (AIH); Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) Adventitia, 1287–1297 Airborne particulate matter (PM), Adventitial cells, 1899 2854–2856 Adventitial derived reactive oxygen species- Air pollution, 1558–1559, 1562–1576 vascular function, 1293 Air quality guidelines, 1561 Adventitial-derived relaxing factor (ADRF), Air quality index, 1561 1296 Airway epithelial cells, 3244, 3246 Adventitial fibroblast, 1289, 1295–1296 Airway epithelium, 1647, 1649–1652, 1656 Adventitial reactive oxygen species, Airway fibrosis, 1653 1287–1297 Airway hyperrespon siveness/ Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), 2877, 2879 hyperreactivity, 191 Index 4111

Airway remodelling, 1644, 1647, 1649, Alpine swifts (Apus melba),56 1651–1653, 1655, 3247 ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral AIS. See Acute ischemic sclerosis (ALS) stroke (AIS) Altered gene transcription, 1655–1656 AJs. See Adherent junctions (AJs) Aluminum, 1791, 1799 AKI. See Acute kidney injury (AKI) Alveolar development, 608 Akita mouse model, 332 Alveolar macrophages, 1565–1567, 1576 Akt, 175, 181, 185, 1351, 1352, 1355, 1357, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 176, 177, 191–193, 1967, 1968, 1970, 2712, 2713, 2879, 196, 463, 631, 1896, 1899, 1906, 1910, 2880, 2884, 2899, 2903, 2913, 3745 1914–1917, 2147–2162, 2176– 2180, Akt phosphorylation, 2903 2182, 2193–2198, 2201–2203, 2205, ALADIN II, 2361 2206, 2208–2217, 2224, 2230, 2232, ALADIN III, 2361 2236, 2252–2253, 2258, 2263–2265, Alb-Cre. See Albumin-Cre transgenic mice 2275–2286, 2291–2293, 2296–2302, (Alb-Cre) 2326–2330, 2333–2335, 2337–2339, Albumin, 12, 14, 15, 19, 24, 29, 805, 2350, 2352, 2356, 2359–2360, 3680, 3683 2362–2363, 2876, 3590, 3592, 3856, 3909 Albumin-Cre transgenic mice (Alb-Cre), 477 AM-36, 2013 Albuminuria, 2585, 2626 Amantadine, 2382 Alcohol, 629, 630, 645–661, 1702–1703, AMD. See Age-related macular 1933–1934, 1936, 1938 degeneration (AMD) Alcohol consumption, 582, 587, 2761, Ames dwarf mice, 1387 2763, 3886 Amifostine, 3037, 3041–3042 Alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhE), 93, 94, Amino acid residues lysine, 2936 1188, 2761 Amino acids, 1699–1700, 3147–3148, Alcoholic steatosis, 1814 3153, 3158 Aldehydes, 70, 71, 1413 2-Aminoethoxy-diphenylborate, 1266 Aldehyde stress, 825–826 Aminoglycoside antibiotics, 3569 Aldo-keto reductase, 362 Aminotransferases, 4095 Aldose reductase, 634, 1244, 2966 Amiodarone, 1825 Aldosterone, 802, 1275, 1276, 1279 5’-AMP-activated kinase, 932 a-Linolenic acid (ALA), 1506, 1510 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), 421, Alkaline phosphatase, 2978, 2983 424, 425, 428–430, 2212, 2914 Alkoxyl, 8 Amphetamines, 2423, 2424, 3883 Alkylresorcinols, 4064, 4066–4067 AMPK. See AMP-activated protein Allantoin, 25 kinase (AMPK) Allopurinol, 380, 897, 924, 926, 927, 1006, Amplex Red, 301, 316–318, 1429, 1437, 1487–1489, 1818, 1824, 2593, 2597, 1444, 1447 3573, 3841 Amplitude, 246, 249, 250, 252, 253, 256, 257, All-or-none quantal events, 249 2072–2073, 2077 Alloxan, 2792 Amyloid-b (Ab), 192, 193, 338, 2194–2196, Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4- 2201, 2208, 2210, 2212–2215, 2227, propionate (AMPA) glutamate, 3148, 2236, 2237, 3908 3149, 3154, 3156, peptide, 98, 1914, 2178, 2179, 2182, 4034 3158, 3159 protein, 2149–2152, 2155–2157 Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, 283 Amyloid-b precursor protein (APP), 2148–2151, Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), 778–779, 2154, 2155 1463–1533, 1701, 1714, 2058, 2635, Amyloidogenesis, 2149–2151 2638, 3447, 3451, 3483, 3588, 3590 Amyloid plaques, 191, 192, 2277–2279 Alpha-tocopherol, 3756, 3757 Amyloid precursor protein (APP), Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer 463–464, 2213 (ATBC) Prevention Study, 1246, 1247, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 90, 98, 3906, 3908 463–465, 467, 2177, 2184, 2193–2195, 4112 Index

2197, 2229–2240, 2258, 2264, 2265, Anoxia, 381–382 2457, 2912, 3168–3183, 3590, 3592 ANS. See Antenatal glucocorticoids (ANS) Anabolic response, 2943 ANT. See Adenine nucleotide translocase Anaerobes, 3876 (ANT) Anaerobic, 600 Antenatal glucocorticoids (ANS), Anaerobic glycolysis, 543, 3877 607, 608 Analytical validation, 77 Antennapedia, 1356 Anas platyrhynchos,56 Anthocyanidins, 4026 Angelicae dahuricae radix (ADR), 2458 Anthocyanins, 52–53 Angeli’s salt, 1038 Antiaging, 837 Ang II. See Angiotensin II (Ang II) Antiapoptotic, 1861, 1862, 2551 Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs), 1411 Antiapoptotic signaling networks, 1967 Angiogenesis, 288, 957, 968, 1223, 1357, 1669, Antibiotics, 98, 101, 315, 316 1670, 1955, 2235, 2519–2524, 2526, Anticancer agents, 3029 2530–2532, 2857, 2858, 2876–2879, 2884 Antidepressants, 3883 Angiogenic growth factor, 1967, 1968, 1970 Anti-DNA antibodies, 2546, 2547 Angiogenic lipids, 1954 Anti-dsDNA antibodies, 2541, 2547, Angiotensin (Ang II), 1406, 2552–2554 1409–1411 Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs), Angiotensin-aldosterone system, 3742–3743, 3746 2584, 2598 Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), 2241–2242, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 1006, 2404, 2405 1010, 1011, 4099, 4103 Anti-epileptogenic, 2404, 2405 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Antigen-presenting, 3496–3497 (ACEIs), 705–706, 806, 1198, 1243, Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 2550, 1248, 1273–1283, 1406, 1411, 1456, 3035–3036, 3038, 3494–3495, 3503, 1462–1465, 1485, 1488, 1489, 3456 3506 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Anti-ICAM, 1311 (ACEI)/Ang II receptor blockers, 1218 Anti-inflammatory, 825, 830, 835, 837, 1954, Angiotensin II (Ang II), 796, 801, 807, 1955, 2380–2384, 3885–3886, 4097 856–858, 860–862, 864, 1125, 1126, drugs, 1411 1129–1133, 1137, 1138, 1183, 1188, therapies, 2355 1191, 1196, 1197, 1199, 1217, 1218, Antimelanocyte antibodies, 3679 1222–1224, 1226, 1255–1267, Antimetabolites, 577 1898–1901, 1905, 1908, 1910–1912, Antimicrobial, 3876, 3878–3882, 3884 2774, 2776 Antimycin A, 255, 305, 309, 310, 314, 315, Angiotensin-II-induced cardiac hypertrophy, 742 908, 1428 Angiotensin II-induced hypertension, 1181, Anti-noniceptive action, 1954 1183, 1195 Antioxidant enzymes, 420–423, 428, 430–431, Angiotensin II type–1 receptor antagonists, 600, 602–606, 608, 609, 612, 826, 827, 705–706 1696, 1698, 1716–1717, 2848, 2978, Angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), 2981–2983, 2985, 3102–3104, 3322, 1010, 1243, 1248, 1484, 1485, 1488, 3325, 3328–3330, 3365–3367, 1489, 3456 3469–3473, 3480, 3481, 3565–3570, Angiotensin receptors, 1273 3572–3574, 3754, 3755, 3759, Angiotensisn (Ang) II, 1275–1282 3761–3762 Animal models: Antioxidant enzymes delivery, 1819 Alzheimer’s Disease, 2284 Antioxidant response elements (AREs), 443, Diabetes, 2792 445, 447, 549, 827, 828, 836, 3323, Anion exchanger 2, 1791 3444, 3445 Annexin II, 2547 Antioxidants, 3–31, 41–59, 66, 69–70, 72, 74, Anoikis, 2883 78, 79, 155–158, 174, 213, 218, 223, Anorexia nervosa (AN), 2759, 2760 224, 227, 244, 245, 250–252, 283, Index 4113

288–290, 378, 379, 381–387, 408–414, hormesis, 1498 439, 440, 443, 444, 447–449, 476, 480, knockout mice, 1387 483, 484, 567–577, 616–622, 624, 625, molecules, 3349 627–630, 632, 634–636, 645–661, 670, peptides, 931 671, 674, 676–682, 778, 792, 795–798, potential, 1524, 1526, 1529 802, 804–807, 879, 881, 884, 954, 955, response systems, 3322, 3326–3329 957–959, 962, 963, 967, 969, 972, supplementation, 806, 1418, 1419, 974–976, 1125–1128, 1133–1135, 1863–1865, 3322, 3327–3330, 3372, 1137, 1139–1141, 1306–1308, 3413, 3899–3922 1310–1318, 1385–1388, 1390–1397, supplements, 3352, 3372, 1407, 1414–1416, 1418, 1419, 3899–3922 1473–1476, 1481–1491, 1559, 1567, therapies, 386, 933, 934, 1388, 1660–1662, 1569, 1570, 1572, 1573, 1612, 1613, 2180–2184, 3562, 3565, 3573, 3574 1615, 1622, 1623, 1646, 1649, 1650, treatments, 2803 1652, 1653, 1656, 1657, 1660, 1661, vitamin C, 1336 1671–1680, 1693–1698, 1701–1705, vitamins, 2999–3000, 3009–3012, 3015, 1708–1710, 1712–1718, 1851, 3017, 3019–3021 1854–1858, 1863–1865, 1985–1987, vitamins C and E, 2780, 2781 1989–1991, 2000, 2001, 2003, Antioxidant Therapy in Chronic Renal 2010–2016, 2058–2060, 2153, 2154, Insufficiency (ATIC) study, 2635 2156–2162, 2191–2265, 2289–2302, Antioxidant treatment in hypothermia, 2351–2352, 2355–2359, 2362, 2399, 381, 387 2400, 2402–2405, 2413, 2418, 2419, Antioxidative, 3008 2422–2425, 2454–2456, 2458–2461, Antioxidative therapies, 3397–3399 2543, 2549, 2551, 2553, 2554, 2566, Anti-photoaging, 3379, 3774 2582, 2583, 2586–2592, 2594–2598, Antiradical activity, 4051 2665, 2667, 2670, 2836–2838, Antithrombotic, 216 2840–2848, 2913, 2914, 2965–2969, Anti-TNF-a, 745, 746 2973–2986, 2997–3021, 3029–3030, Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, 3627, 3033–3034, 3037, 3043–3044, 3628, 3631 3082–3088, 3319–3330, 3377, Antral follicles cultured, 2753 3384–3386, 3390, 3397–3399, Anxiety, 2433, 2444 3405–3413, 3467–3485, 3539–3547, Anxiety responses, 2433, 2444 3600, 3602–3606, 3608–3610, 3614, Aortic aneurysm, 1405–1419 3616, 3662, 3666–3668, 3753–3763, Aortic-banded rats, 1217 3868–3869, 3873, 3899–3922, 3948, Aortic clamping, 1412, 1413, 1418 3952, 3955, 3957, 3958, 4005–4019, AP-1. See Activator protein-1 (AP-1) 4064–4075, 4083–4104 APCs. See Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) action, 1311, 1315 APE1, 3105–3107 activity, 2010, 2013 Apgar scoring, 557 agents, 1810, 1815, 1818 Apigenin, 195, 3686, 3687, 3755, 3760 capacity, 1486, 1567, 1569, 1570, 2983, Apnea, 3655–3668 2986, 4084, 4087–4095, 4099, 4103, Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), 4104 3656–3660 defenses, 283–284, 822, 823, 825, 828, 909, Apocynin, 879, 1039, 1040, 1429, 2222, 2523, 910, 1051, 1057, 1060, 1061, 1092, 2531, 3480 1100, 1105, 1107, 1634, 1856–1857, Apocynin/L-NIL, 3157 2543, 2549, 2566, 2571–2572, 2627, Apocynum venetum, 2385 2628, 2793, 3345, 3346, 3348–3354, ApoE–/–mice, 862, 863 3682–3683, 3901, 3902, 3904 Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), 1095–1104, 1106, dietary intakes, 3903, 3917 1109–1114, 1410 genes, 3326 Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice, herbs, 2553 3473–3478, 3482–3484 4114 Index

Apoptosis, 94, 95, 99–100, 102, 104, 113–127, deficiency, 1192–1193 174, 175, 178, 180, 185–187, 195, 198, supplementation, 1192 215, 221, 223, 285–287, 381, 385, 598, Arginine butyrate, 2914 610–611, 619, 620, 622, 624–629, 633, ARMS2 gene, 3631, 3635 798, 800–802, 820–822, 826, 827, 829, Arrhythmias, 1047–1072 832, 837, 891, 894, 896, 899–902, 904, Arrhythmogenesis, 1071 910–914, 916, 919, 922, 924, 928, 929, Arsenic, 2860, 2862–2863 931, 953, 955–956, 961, 964, 967–969, Arsenic trioxide, 3029–3030 972–974, 976, 999–1001, 1010, 1308, ART. See Assisted reproductive 1309, 1315, 1317, 1318, 1406, 1407, technology (ART) 1412, 1595–1598, 1647, 1650, 1653, Arterial-venous O2 shunting, 2569, 2571, 2572 1655, 1657, 1849–1865, 2436, 2437, Arteriolar blood flow, 2897, 2909, 2910 2442, 2453, 2455, 2459, 2544, Arteriolar hyporesponsiveness, 3271 2547–2551, 2554, 2584, 2588, 2590, Arthritic, 3000, 3001, 3014, 3016, 3019, 3020 2593, 2595, 2647, 2649, 2795, Arthritis, 2999–3001, 3010–3012, 3017, 2805–2807, 2840–2842, 2844–2848, 3020, 3021 •À 2854, 2858, 2859, 2861–2863, 2877, Artificial O2 , 1441 2879–2880, 2883, 2884, 2999, 3005, Artificial rearing, 649–650 3014–3016, 3020, 3082, 3085, 3090, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), 573–574 3091, 3150–3153, 3158, 3439, 3440, ASA. See Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 3566, 3568, 3678, 3681, 3684, 3686, Asbestos, 183, 184, 1587–1604 3741, 3743–3746, 3840, 3841, 3844, Ascorbate, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 19–22, 25, 26, 3886, 4049, 4053, 4054, 4056, 4057 383, 385, 3268, 3270–3276 Apoptosis-inducing factor, 1315 Ascorbic acid (AA), 12, 14, 15, 19–21, 69, 70, Apoptosis in gastric, 1876, 1880–1881 381, 385, 1388, 1636, 1640, 1989, Apoptosis-like cell death, 2014 2216–2217, 2229, 2637, 2999, 3009, Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK-1), 3440, 3448, 3600, 3604, 3608–3610, 1967, 1969, 2880 3616, 3791–3793, 3796 Apoptotic, 3496, 3497, 3499, 3501–3503 AsiPro, 2256, 2260, 2261 Apoptotic cell death, 547 ASK-1. See Apoptosis signal-regulating Apoptotic pathways, 1970 kinase–1 (ASK–1) APP. See Amyloid-b precursor protein (APP) Aspalalinin, 4085 APP processing, 2150, 2155 Aspalathin, 4085, 4087–4094, 4097, 4098 Appropriate nutrition, 2942 Asphyxia, 376, 384, 557 Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease, Aspirin, 3637 3105, 3107 Assisted reproduction, 2824, 2827 Aquaporins, 1783 Assisted reproductive technology (ART), Aqueous extracts of rooibos, 4092, 4093 2707, 2710, 2711, 2749–2757, Arachidonic acdis, 3219 2761, 2763 Arachidonic acid (AA), 173, 188, 361, AST-120, 2638 1508–1511, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1954, Astaxanthin, 3777, 3794, 4033, 4035 1961–1971, 2076 Astaxanthin-b-glucoside, 3777 ARBs. See Angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) Asthenospermia, 2822, 2823 Arctic terns (Sterna paradisaea), 53–54 Asthma, 179, 189–191, 635–636 AREDS. See Age-Related Eye Disease Study Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary (AREDS) disease (COPD), 3202–3203 AREs. See Antioxidant response elements (AREs) Asthma T-helper hyper-responsiveness, Arginase, 3837, 3845 1647–1648 Arginase-1, 3498 Astrocyte driven vasoconstriction, 1949 Arginase-2, 2875 Astrocyte endfeet, 1946, 1947, 1949 Arginine, 2936 Astrocytes, 380, 385, 3174, 3176, 3177, L-arginine, 723, 726, 1485, 1489, 1490, 3181–3183 2078, 2751 Astrocyte structure, 1946 Index 4115

Astrocytic KCa channels, 1948, 1950, 1952 Autoimmune, 3679, 3688 Astroglia, 3143, 3145, 3146, 3148, Autoimmune diseases, 2540, 2546, 2549, 2553, 3158–3160 2554, 3951 Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), 215, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 2503, 2507 692–695, 702–703, 1191–1193, 1242, Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), 1819 2631, 3386, 3390, 3440, 3837, 3838 Autoimmune reaction, 2907 a-Synuclein (a-Syn), 2194, 2200–2208, Autoimmune response, 826 2218–2219, 2225, 2227, 2253, 2254, Autoimmune thyroiditis, 632 2256, 2261, 2263, 2264 Autoimmunity, 2542–2544, 2546, nitration, 2200, 2202–2203, 2227, 2548, 2551 2263–2264 Auto-oxidation, 409, 2545 Atherosclerosis, 18, 28, 286, 287, 633, 634, Autophagy, 285–286, 2208, 2211–2212, 2225, 766, 791–794, 804–807, 850–851, 856, 2588, 2999, 3089 858, 862–864, 895, 923, 925, Autosomal dominant, 3098 1239–1249, 1305–1318, 1388, 1389, Autoxidation, 2966–2967 1392–1396, 1498, 1500, 1502, Avastin, 610 1506–1509, 1513, 1539, 1542, 1546, 5-aza-20deoxycitadine, 448 1559, 1570, 1572, 1574–1575, 2876, 2,20-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- 3438, 3452, 3458, 3467–3485, 3832, sulfonic acid)(ABTS), 4087, 4090, 4094 3834, 3841, 3845, 3848 Azo-initiator, 234 lesions, 724, 731, 733, 734, 739 patients, 1388, 1392 plaque, 1394, 1395 B processes, 3472–3473, 3485 BACE1. See Beta-site APP-cleaving ATIC study. See Antioxidant Therapy in enzyme 1 (BACE1) Chronic Renal Insufficiency (ATIC) study Bacillus subtilis, 1706, 1708 Atm allele, 2196 Bacteria, 91, 95, 101, 103 Atm deficiency, 2197 Baicalin (BC), 2058, 2307–2312, 2314, 2459, Atm-DSRI animals, 2197 3686, 3687 Atm-DSRI mice, 2197 BALB/c mice, 2231, 2237 a-Tocopherol, 2595–2596, 2598 B1-and B3-adrenergic receptors, 379 ATP. See Adenosine–5’-triphosphate (ATP) BAP. See Biological antioxidant potential (BAP) ATP/ADP ratio, 1067 Bardoxolone methyl, 2638, 2639 Atp4b-Cre, 483 Bariatric surgery, 806, 807 ATP/O ratio, 1501 Barn swallows (Hirundo rustica),54 + ATP-sensitive K (KATP) channels, 363–364 Basal–apical difference, 3564 ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP), 3323 Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 3756, 3757, 3762 AT1 receptor, 1217–1220, 1243 Basal proton leak, 1059 AT2 receptor, 1218 Base excision repair (BER), 103, 2862, AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs), 1183, 1186, 1190, 3105–3108 1196, 1273–1283, 1462–1465, 3456 Basement membrane (BM), 3379, 3383, Atrogin-1/MAFbx, 2913 3388–3389 Atrophy, 2277 BAT. See Brown adipose tissue (BAT) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Bax, 100, 628, 633, 2588, 2591, 2750, 2754 (ADHD), 28 apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), 1770, Auditory brainstem response (ABR), 3584 1771, 1773–1775 Auditory cortex, 3583, 3584, 3592 apoptosome, 1769, 1770, 1772 Augmentation index, 1487 caspase, 1770–1772 Autacoids, 1507, 1511 cytochrome C, 1769, 1770, 1772, 1774 Autoantibodies, 2542, 2545, 2547, 2549, 2551, endonuclease G (EndoG), 1770, 1771, 2554, 2962 1773–1774 Autoantigens, 3494–3495, 3497, 3504, 3505, BBB. See Blood–brain barrier (BBB) 3512, 3513 BC. See Baicalin (BC) 4116 Index

BCC. See Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) 2584, 2588, 2594, 2596–2598, 2856, B cell lymphoma–2 (Bcl-2), 116, 120, 2860, 2861, 2863, 3007, 3009, 3013, 123–127, 385, 622–624, 2200, 2203, 3044, 3879 2207, 2225, 2551, 2554, 2591, 2592, of aging, 1386–1387 2880, 3150–3151, 3681, 3684 discovery, 76 family, 1861 qualification, 77 gene, 1862 6-Biopterin, 3681 Bcl-2. See B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) Bipolar disorder, 2411–2425 Bcl-2/Beclin-1 pathway, 2225 Bipyridyls, 1931 Bcl-xL, 2591 Bladder control, 2255, 2256 BCRP. See Breast cancer resistance Blastocyst, 540, 542, 543, 550, 553 protein (BCRP) Blastomeres, 540, 542 Behavioral defect, 338, 339 Blebbing, 878, 1792, 1796 Behavioral hypothermia, 381 Bleomycin, 179, 3745–3747 Benfotiamine, 3454 Blood, 3284–3286, 3291, 3294–3296, Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 3301–3305, 4098, 4099, 4103 2837–2839 Blood–brain barrier (BBB), 338, 1216, 1897, Benzene, 177, 178 1900, 1908–1910, 1912, 1914, Benzpyrene, 340 1916–1917, 1947, 1961, 1967–1969, BER. See Base excision repair (BER) 1980–1984, 2004, 2006, 2015, Beta amyloid protein, 2436, 3439 2049–2061, 2183, 2184, 2198, Beta-blockers, 1006, 1010–1011, 1488 2208–2209, 2216–2217, 2246, 2247, Beta-carotene, 79, 728, 744 2249, 2441–2442, 3387, 3389, 3392 Beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial Blood flow, 2003–2004, 2006, 2008, 2016, (CARET), 1247 2017, 2897, 2909 Beta cell dysfunction, 2791 Blood flow autoregulation, 1216, 2897, 2912 Beta(b) cells, 3287–3289, 3298, 3301, 3302, 3306 Blood–nerve barrier (BNB), 3379, Beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), 3387–3392, 3394 2151, 2155 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 2583, 2592, 2598 Bezafibrate, 2908 Blood vessel wall, 1288 BH2, 2077 BM. See Basement membrane (BM); Bone BH4, 1094, 1104, 2071. See also marrow (BM) Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) BMD. See Bone mineral density (BMD) 6BH4, 3681, 3683 BMECs. See Brain microvascular endothelial BHP, 2510 cells (BMECs) BH4 precursor sepiapterin, 1186, 1196 BMI. See Body mass index (BMI) Bile, 1787–1802 BNB. See Blood–nerve barrier (BNB) Bile duct ligation (BDL), 1820–1821 bNOS, 1706–1707, 1717 Bile flow, 1789–1792, 1794, 1799 Body mass index (BMI), 793, 794, 797, Bile-salt export pump (Bsep), 1790, 1793, 806, 2759–2760 1795–1796, 1799–1801 Body tremors, 2227, 2256, 2261 Bile salts, 1789–1790, 1798–1800 Bond dissociation energy (BDE), 4057 Bilirubin, 12, 24, 29 Bone, 2951–2957 Biocompatible membranes, 2636, 2638 coupling, 2954, 2955 Bioenergetics, 244, 256–258, 2405–2406 formation, 2897, 2899–2903, Biofilm, 3883–3884 2964–2965, 2969 Biogerontology, 155 fractures, 2974, 2978, 2981–2984 Biological antioxidant potential (BAP), 704, 3935 fragility, 2964 Biological reactive intermediates loss, 2953, 2955–2957, 4036 (BRI), 3874 necrosis, 2901 Biological systems, 584, 585, 588, 590 quality, 2963 Biomarkers, 65–79, 256, 257, 607, 689–708, remodeling, 2974–2976, 2980, 2981 1417, 2114, 2455–2456, 2458, 2583, resorption, 4035–4036 Index 4117

strength, 2963 CAD. See Coronary artery disease (CAD) turnover, 2963–2965, 2970 Cadmium, 95, 96, 98, 100–102, 620, Bone marrow (BM), 2472–2476, 2478, 2860–2863, 2977–2979 2481–2488, 3027–3044 Caesarean section, 604, 605 Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells cagA gene, 1855 (MSCs), 2250 CAG-Cre transgenic mice (CAG-Cre), 477 Bone marrow niches, 3031, 3042 CAG expansion, 3101, 3105–3107 Bone mineral density (BMD), 2963–2965 CAG repeat expansion, 3098, 3105, 3108 BPD. See Bronchopulmonary CAG trinucleotide, 3098, 3107 dysplasia (BPD) Ca2+ homeostasis, 904, 927, 2747, 2756 BPH. See Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Ca2+-induced permeability transition pore Brain, 331, 338, 376, 380, 384–386, 476, (PTP), 269 477, 482, 2413–2419, 2421, 2423, Calciphylaxis, 3398 2424, 2431–2445, 3857, 3859, Calcitonin, 2975 3861–3864 Calcium, 606, 878, 879, 2372, 2373, aging, 3908 2379–2380, 2386, 2453, 2457, cortex, 2437, 2443 3060–3063, 3145, 3148–3151, 3153, damage, 648, 660 3156, 3158, 3683–3684 edema, 2052 Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase-b endothelial cells, 1959–1972 (CamKKb), 429 injuries, 376, 384, 1980, 1982, 1985 Calcium currents, 358–361 ischemia, 376, 384 Calcium-dependent signaling cascade, 730 metabolism, 380 Calcium (Ca2+) influx, 3323, 3324 mitochondria, 301, 303, 305–307, 309–313, Calcium release channels, 1031–1042 317–318 Calorie restriction (CR), 160, 165, 166, 1387, neurological disorders, 2182 1390, 1397, 1715, 2405 tumors, 1961, 1970 Calpains, 3082, 3089–3091 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, 3158, 3573 Calpastatin, 3090–3091 Brain microvascular endothelial cells Calretinin (CR), 2236, 2247 (BMECs), 2055, 2057, 2059, 2061 Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study BRCA1. See Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility (CHAOS), 1246 protein (BRCA1) cAMP, 98. See Cyclic adenosine Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), 1797 monophosphate (cAMP) Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein Canalicular vacuoles, 1787, 1789 (BRCA1), 2882 Canavan disease, 2217 Breath condensate, 71, 72, 74 Cancer, 66–70, 72–74, 76, 79, 115, 117, BRI. See Biological reactive intermediates (BRI) 124–126, 177–178, 180, 187–189, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), 607–610 196, 198, 211, 219, 220, 226, 229, Brown adipose tissue (BAT), 379 286–290, 606, 625, 628, 632–633, Bsep. See Bile-salt export pump (Bsep) 636, 637, 2194, 2197, 2198, Bulimia nervosa, 2760 2208, 2239, 2258, 2262, 2263, BUN. See Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 2325–2342, 3886, 3910–3916, 4024, 4030, 4031, 4033–4034, 4036–4037 C and aging, 3199–3201 CA1, 2377 cell death, 1313 CA3, 2377 COPD, 189–190 CAA. See Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) Cannabinoid (CB1), 2247 2+ + Ca -activated K Channels (KCa), 362–363, Cannabis, 2234 368, 929 Ca2+ overloading, 729–730, 734–736, 743, Ca2+-/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, 2232 921, 934 Ca2+ channels, 2937 Capillary blood flow, 3269–3271 Caco-2, 1702, 1711 Capillary endothelial cells, 1945–1955 4118 Index

CAPON. See Carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand Cardioprotective effects, 735, 736, 741 of NOS1 (CAPON) Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), 734, Capsaicin, 366, 367 3935, 3936 Carbamates, 1929–1930 Cardiovascular, 218–220, 225, 229 Carbohydrates, 1699, 1701, 3406, 3411–3413 complications, 1197–1198 Carbonate radicals, 8 effects, 1558, 1563–1565, 1569–1576 Carbon monoxide (CO), 1965–1967 events, 1186, 1191, 1193, 1200 Carbonylation, 93, 95, 96, 98, 426–428, 820, outcomes, 3910 834, 836, 837, 839, 916–918 system, 1384, 1396 Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 18, 28, 187, phenylhydrazone, 2214 193–194, 766, 1178, 1179, 1181–1183, Carbonyls, 44–45, 146, 3429 1186, 1188, 1191, 1197–1200, compounds, 2708 1306–1309, 1311, 1316–1318, 1344, derivatives, 413 1345, 1351, 1357, 2208, 2626, 2627, formation, 93 2629–2632, 2635, 3201–3202, 3205, groups, 2437, 3858 4024, 4030, 4032, 4033, 4037 scavenger, 2278, 2280 Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels stress, 427, 817–839 (CRAC), 367 Carboxyethyl pyrrole (CEP), 3630, 3631, 3634 Caries (tooth decay), 3879, 3883–3885 Carboxyfullerenes, 466 Cariogenic, 3879, 3884 Carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of NOS1 Carnitine, 307–308, 311–313, 2728, 2729, (CAPON), 2911, 2914 2733–2734, 2738 Carcinogen, 340 L-Carnitine, 2434, 2437, 2440, 2818, 2821, 2824 Carcinogenesis, 67, 68, 73, 620, 632, Carnosol, 3755, 3758 2873–2885 a-Carotene, 1635–1639 Carcinogenic, 2432 b-Carotene, 1246, 1247, 1310, 1388, 1635, Cardiac 1636, 1638–1640, 2761, 3794, 3902, arrest, 376, 380, 384 3903, 3906–3908, 3910–3911, arrhythmias, 339, 1050, 1063, 3657 3914–3916, 3919, 3948, 3957, enlargement, 478, 479 3970–3972 hypertrophy, 742, 2523 Carotenes, 3627, 4030–4031 myocytes, 1499, 1501 Carotenoids, 13, 21, 22, 29, 44, 52, 55–56, Na+ channel, 1068, 1071 58, 227, 1635, 1636, 1639, 1702, protective, 4097 1712, 2942, 3627, 3629, 3632, 3764, remodeling, 951–976 3766, 3767, 3772, 3958, 4024–4025, surgery, 1024, 3208, 3274, 3936, 3941, 3942 4027–4029 Cardiac and skeletal muscle, 3056–3057, Carotid artery blood flow, 2004 3059–3062, 3064–3070, 3072 Carotid intimal media thickness (IMT), 2630 Cardiac disease (CD), 1500, 1507, 1508, Cartilage, 2999, 3002–3006, 3009–3017, 1512, 1513 3019–3020 Cardiac ischemic preconditioning (IPC), 419, 424 Ca2+ signaling, 730 Cardiolipin (CL), 628–629, 892, 899–902, Caspase-3, 178, 195, 626, 629, 956, 2200, 918–921, 928, 1862–1863 2201, 2205, 2207, 2223–2224, 2227, oxidation, 628 2235, 2244–2245, 2251, 2438–2440, Cardiometabolic complications, 792 3082, 3089–3091 Cardiomyocytes, 953–957, 960–964, 967–970, Caspase-6, 2879–2880 972–976, 1039, 1041, 1042, 1049, Caspase-7, 2879–2880 1058, 1060–1069, 2518, 2519, 2522, Caspase-8, 116, 119, 120, 627, 628, 2879, 2880 2523, 2531 Caspase-9, 2879, 2880 Cardiomyogenesis, 2528 Caspases, 114–116, 119, 120, 123–125, Cardiomyopathy, 174–175, 193, 223, 1498, 625–629, 631, 899, 910, 2846, 2847, 1501, 1504 3148, 3150–3152, 3157 Cardioprotection, 217, 218 cysteine proteases, 99 Index 4119

Fas, 1768, 1772 Cbfa-1, 2901, 2903, 2908 receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK), Cbfa-1/Runx-2, 2901 1768, 1772 C57BL/6J mice, 1704, 2225, 2228, 2253, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 1768, 1769, 2255–2257, 2259, 2260, 3583–3585, 1772 3587, 3590, 3591 CAT-1. See Cationic amino acid transporter CBP/p300, 830, 833, 838 (CAT-1) CD36, 1915–1917 Catabolic mediators, 3002–3003 CD147, 1410 Catalase (CAT), 14–16, 20, 29, 54, 66, 69, 70, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, 3679, 3687 96, 116, 175, 179, 183, 195–196, 283, CDAs. See Congenital dyserythropoietic 284, 289, 301, 360, 368, 380, 383, 385, anemias (CDAs) 386, 419, 421–423, 427, 430, 431, 545, Cdc2, 2714, 2716 624, 632, 650, 651, 653–655, 893, Cdc25, 2714–2716 909–910, 915, 924, 933, 1005, 1011, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, 3679 1024, 1099, 1106–1110, 1114, 1179, CD8-expressing T cells, 2883 1180, 1241, 1242, 1244, 1499, 1500, Cdh23, 3591 1511, 1567, 1570, 1852, 1856, 1963, CDKIs. See Cyclin-dependent kinase 1986, 2176, 2177, 2179, 2195, 2204, inhibitors (CDKIs) 2211, 2221–2223, 2241, 2247–2248, CD8+ T cells, 3679, 3687 2265, 2376, 2378, 2379, 2382, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), 1001 2384–2387, 2434, 2437, 2439–2441, Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), 2545, 2547, 2549, 2587–2589, 2592, 3269–3271, 3274 2598, 2816, 2818, 2826, 2827, Celecoxib, 2382–2384, 2387 2931–2933, 2940, 2984, 2985, 3000, Celiac disease, 1693, 1699, 1710–1712 3014–3015, 3084, 3085, 3322, Cell death 3324–3328, 3584–3587, 3590, 3602, apoptosis, 1734, 1767, 1768 3608, 3609, 3616, 3629, 3632, 3633, necrosis, 1734 3638, 3679, 3680, 3682, 3683, b-Cell destruction, 3494–3496, 3499–3503, 3508 3838, 3840, 3877, 3969–3970, 3978, b-Cell function, 3319–3330 4048, 4094 Cell-growth arrest, 2707 genes, 2633 Cells, 209–212, 215–223, 225–228, Cataracts, 345–347, 635, 3600–3602, 3604, 3288–3290, 3292, 3295, 3605, 3607, 3608, 3610, 3611, 3905, 3297–3299 3906, 3908, 4035 cycle, 2326–2330, 2333–2342 Cataract,Vitamin E and Age-Related excitability, 1067 Maculopathy Trial (VECAT), fate regulation, 244, 245, 256, 258 3906, 3908 lines, 1736–1737 Catechins, 2058, 4026, 4029, 4032–4034 marker, 1297 Catecholamines, 1926, 1935, 3681 permeable probe, 1426 b-Catenin, 2900, 2903 proliferation, 1857–1858, 1862, 2835, Cationic amino acid transporter (CAT-1), 1193 2840, 2841, 2845, 2848, Cav-1. See Caveolin–1 (Cav-1) 2857–2859, 2862 Caveolae, 365, 1346, 1353–1355 scenescene, 2588 Caveolin, 1095, 1103 signaling, 172, 184, 194, 281, 284, 290, Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), 1221, 1343–1358, 2860, 2863, 3409, 3410 2049–2061, 2883 b-Cells, 3341–3342, 3344–3347, 3350, Caveolin-3, 2910–2913 3352, 3353 Cav-1 scaffolding domain (CSD; aa Cellular 81–101), 1346 homeostasis, 378, 1395 CB. See Charnoly body (CB) injury, 3379, 3381–3382 CB1. See Cannabinoid (CB1) maturation and organ development, 598 CBA/J mice, 3583, 3584, 3591 messengers, 245 CBF. See Cerebral blood flow (CBF) redox, 1215 4120 Index

Cellular (cont.) CHAOS. See Cambridge Heart Antioxidant respiration, 1309, 3381 Study (CHAOS) senescence, 820–822, 826, 837, Chaperone function, 94–96 1391–1394, 1396 Chaperones, 93–96, 3153 Cellular antioxidant capacity, 458, 465–468 Charcot arthropathy, 2970 Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease( type 1A) 116, 121–122, 126, 2880 disease, 2229 • Cellular O2 À, 1438, 1440–1442, 1444 Charnoly body (CB), 2263, 2264 Cell-wide oscillations, 1051, 1065 ChAT. See Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) Centenarians, 1388 Chemokines, 2350, 2354, 3031–3032, 3038 Central auditory system, 3583, 3584, Chemoprevention, 2846–2848 3592, 3593 Chemoprotectants, 3037–3038, 3042–3043 Centralized nuclei, 480, 481 Chemotherapeutic agents, 3569 Central nervous system (CNS), 1564, 1574, Chemotherapy, 3883 1576, 1947, 2441, 3153, 3154, 3156, Chemotherapy toxicity, 3912 3158, 3160 CHF. See Chronic heart failure (CHF) CEP. See Carboxyethyl pyrrole (CEP) C3H/HeOuJ, 1704 Ceramide, 1501, 1502, 1504–1506 Chipmunks (Tamias striatus),51 Cerebellum, 2440 Chitin, 3778 Cerebral Chitosan, 3778 arteries, 1896, 1898–1900, 1902–1908, Chlamydia, 1411, 2748 1910–1913, 1915 Chloramine-T, 363, 368 cortex, 3099, 3100 Chloroamines, 3878 edema, 1216 4-Chlorodiazepam (4Cl-DZP), 1069 endothelial cells, 1899, 1901, Chlorophenoxy types, 1930–1931 1908, 1911 Chlorophyllone-a, 3778 ischemia, 2007, 2010–2017, 2350, 2352, Chlorophyllonelactone-a, 3778 2354–2355, 2362 Chlorophyllonic acid-a methyl ester, 3778 palsy, 557 Cholecalciferol, 3012, 3013 reperfusion injury, 1982 Cholecystectomies, 3949 vasculature, 2010–2017 Cholecystectomy, 3937, 3949, 3952, 3954, vasodilatation, 1899, 1902–1905, 1907 3957, 3958 vasodilators, 1903–1907, 1913, 1917 Cholephilic, 1789–1790, 1793, 1799 Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), 1915 Cholestasis, 1786, 1791, 1794, 1798–1799, 1801 Cerebral blood flow (CBF), 1905, 1912, 1913, Cholestatic liver diseases, 1820–1821, 1824 1915, 1916, 1945–1955 Cholesterol, 298, 618, 624, 629–634, 2212 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 2373, 2387, 3145, Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), 2277, 2278 3147, 3148, 3158 Cholinesterase, 2910, 2915 Cerebrovascular diseases, 1895–1917, Chondroblasts, 2901 2083–2117, 2154 Chondrocytes, 2898, 2900–2902, 2906, 2907, Cerebrovascular function, 1897–1899, 2953–2954, 2999, 3000, 3003, 3005, 1906–1910, 1915 3008–3009, 3014–3016, 3020 Cerium oxide nanoparticles, 3642 Chondrogenesis, 2521, 2529 Ceruloplasmin, 18, 19, 29, 3633, 3636 CHOP. See C/EBP homologous protein CFH. See Complement factor H (CFH) (CHOP) c-FLIP. See Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein Chorea, 3098 (c-FLIP) Chorioamnionitis, 600, 603, 605 cGMP. See 3’–5’ Cyclic guanosine Chromate, 96, 98 monophosphate (cGMP) Chromatin remodeling, 820, 829, 831–833 cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), 2899 Chromium (Cr), 178, 180, 2860, 2864–2865 Chain-breaking antioxidants, 1311, 1314, 1499 Chromosomal aberrations, 2861, 2863 Changes in muscle mass, 2939 Chromosome instability, 72 Channel gating, 360, 363–364, 367 Chronic Index 4121

alcoholic liver, 630 3918, 3920, 3921, 3968–3970, diseases, 4024, 4030, 4031, 4036–4037 3972–3977, 3979 fatigue syndrome, 2376 Clomiphene citrate, 2750, 2754 gastritis, 1853, 1854, 1859, 1862, 1864 Clomipramine, 2386–2387 granulomatous disease, 2510 Clostridium difficile, 1718 hepatitis, 1812–1813 CLP. See Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) inflammation, 2585, 2592–2593 C-myc, 1876, 1880 inflammatory diseases, 825, 835, 837, 839 c-Myc, 2879 ischemia, 1316 CNS. See Central nervous system (CNS) lung disease, 608 CNS injury, 384 smokers, 1185–1187, 1196, 1199–1200 Coactivator 1a, 447 vascular inflammation, 1358 Coal dust, 3204 Chronic heart failure (CHF), 952–957, 959, Coarse particles, 1559, 1560, 1563 961–971, 973, 975, 976, 3832, Cocaine, 332, 2224–2226, 2228 3840–3842, 3846, 3847 Cocaine addiction, 2198, 2205–2206, 2224–2228 Chronic kidney diseases (CKD), 2582–2587, Cochlea, 3583–3584, 3587, 3590, 3592, 3593 2590, 2591, 2593–2595, 2645, 2646, Cochlear antioxidant system, 3562–3564 2649, 2650, 2654 Cochlear cells, 289 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder Cochlear disorders, 3562, 3565–3571, 3573 (COPD), 179, 189–191, 441, 442, 444, Cochlear nuclei, 3583, 3584, 3592 446, 448, 449, 1647, 1653–1662 Cocoa, 1489 Chronotropic, 2070, 2071 Coenzyme Q (CoQ), 14, 22–24, 332, 2176, Cigarette smoke, 189–191, 768, 1634–1636, 2181, 2387 1638–1640, 2854, 2857–2860, Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), 192, 1314, 1483, 3245, 3246 2036, 2039–2043, 2045, 2158, 2195, Cigarette smoke extract, 427, 428 2198, 2200, 2202–2203, 2205–2209, Ciliary neurotrophic factor, 3158 2218, 2224–2228, 2252–2253, Ciliated epithelium, 1566, 1567 2255, 2261, 2262, 2265, 3447, 3590, Circulating endothelial progenitor cells 3779–3780, 3794, 6451–6452 (EPCs), 1570, 1571 Coenzyme Q analogs, 2206 Circulating progenitor cells, 3844, 3845 Cofilin, 94, 100 Circumventricular organs (CVOs), 1259, 1260 Cognition, 2279, 2280, 2286 Cirrhosis, 630 Cognitive decline, 3908, 3909 Citalopram, 2379, 2380 Cognitive dysfunction, 2004, 2009 Citric acid cycle, 94, 95 Cognitive functions, 2004, 2006, 2008–2009, Citrin deficiency, 702, 703 2433, 2443–2444, 3861 Citrobacter rodentium, 1704 CO2 insufflation, 3949–3951, 3954, 3956 Citrullinated epitopes, 3504 Cold exposure, 377–379, 381–383 c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), 174, 185, 198, Cold response, 378 1505, 1506, 1966, 1967, 1969, 2180, Cold stress, 376, 377 2184, 2213, 2238, 2880, 3790 Colitis, 358, 364 CK. See Creatine kinase (CK) Collagen, 954, 968, 1289, 1294–1296, CKD. See Chronic kidney diseases (CKD) 2975, 2976, 2978, 2981, 2982, 3776, CL. See Cardiolipin (CL) 3779–3780 “Classical” protein kinase C isoforms (cPKCs), Collateral growth, 1218–1219 1788–1790 Collecting lymphatic vessels, 2070 Class I carcinogen, 1872 Colon cancer, 1693, 1699–1700, 1702, 1713 4Cl-DZP. See 4-Chlorodiazepam (4Cl-DZP) Colonic inflammation, 358–360, 363, 364, 368 Clearance, 1560, 1561, 1567, 4029 Colonization resistance, 1704 Clinical outcomes, 77–79 Combined treatments, 3573–3574 Clinical trials, 326, 333, 337, 347, 348, Comformational changes, 507, 523, 527 2284–2286, 2461, 2462, 3008–3013, Commensal, 3874, 3876 3015–3018, 3020, 3021, 3905, Comorbidities, 792–795, 798–807 4122 Index

Compartmentalization of GSH, 620–624, 627 Cornea, 3600–3602, 3608–3610, 3614 Compensatory responses, 3018 Coronary arteries, 1023, 1025–1026 Complement, 3600, 3613, 3615, 3616, Coronary artery disease (CAD), 896–898, 925, 3627–3630, 3634 1186, 3658, 3839–3840, 3842, 3844–3846 Complement factor H (CFH), 3613, 3614, 3616 Coronary atherosclerosis, 1026–1028 Complexes I and III, 1050, 2662, 2663 Coronary blood flow, 1025–1026, 1028 Complex I, 297, 300–304, 893, 903, 906–908, Coronary ischemia, 933 912, 917, 918, 920, 921, 929, 930, Cortex microvessels, 2055 1438, 2415–2417, 2419, 2422, 2424, Cortical neurons, 2443 2544, 2546 Corticosteroid resistance, 190 Complex II, 300, 304, 305, 307, 903, 907 Corticosteroids, 833, 836, 2246 Complex III, 303–305, 310, 314–315, 332, Cortisol, 3353–3354 336, 347, 459, 464, 465, 903, 907, 908, COS. See Controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) 929, 1438 Cosmeceuticals, 3774, 3776, 3778, 3779 Complex IV, 891, 893, 903, 907, 911, 918, 2078 Cosmetics, 3772–3763, 3774 Complex V, 894, 903, 932 Coupling state of eNOS, 1196 Complicated pregnancies, 2773–2781 COX. See Cyclooxygenases (COX) Compound I, 1429 COX-2. See Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Compression, 3379, 3392, 3393, 3395–3396 Coxsackie B viruses, 3501 Computational modeling, 1063, 1064, 1067 CPAP. See Continuous positive airway Conditional deletion, 2197 pressure (CPAP) Conenzyme Q, 995–996 CPB. See Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) Confounding, 1638–1639 CpG DNA methylation, 444 Congenital dyserythropoietic anemias (CDAs), CpG islands, 73 2501, 2502 cpYFP, 246, 250, 252 Congenital goiter due to DUOX gene CR. See Calorie restriction (CR); Calretinin (CR) abnormalities, 3532 C12R1, 334, 335, 338 Congenital malformations, 2792, 2805 CRAC. See Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ Conjugated dienes, 1735, 3605 channels (CRAC) Connective tissue, 341 C-reactive protein, 2759, 4032 Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), 3739, Creatine, 2033–2046 3741, 3743 Creatine kinase (CK), 1413–1415, 1418, o-Conotoxin, 361 2437, 2439 Contamination, 315–317 Creatinine, 332, 338 Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), CREB. See Cyclic AMP response element- 3658–3660, 3662–3664, 3667 binding protein (CREB) Contractile dysfunction, 953, 955, 961, 963, CREB-binding protein, 829, 830, 832–833 964, 970–972 Cre-lox, 477, 2196 Controlled hypothermia, 376, 377, 386 Crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus),56 Controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), Cristae, 3384, 3385 2750–2753, 2755 Critical state, 1059 COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary Crocin, 2059 disorder (COPD) Crohn’s disease, 632, 1693, 1698–1699, 1708, Copper (Cu), 93, 96, 98, 605, 609, 2544, 2545, 1717, 3198, 3201, 3202 2554, 3219–3222, 3231, 3902 Cross-sectional area (CSA), 2928, 2939, 2941 Copper and zinc SOD (CuZnSOD), 2079 Cross talk between mitochondrial ROS Copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) SOD, 2377 formation and NADPH oxidases, 1176 Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase Cryopreservation, 2755, 2758–2759 (Cu,ZnSOD), 1057, 2229, 2235 Cryopreserved samples, 2819, 2824 CoQ. See Coenzyme Q (CoQ) Cryptoxanthin, 1635, 1636, 1640 CoQ10. See Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Crystalline lens, 3611 Core and penumbra zone, 2057–2058 CSA. See Cross-sectional area (CSA) C9ORF72, 3143, 3153 CsA. See Cyclosporine A (CsA) Index 4123

CSF. See Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Cyclosporine, 1410 CSF/plasma amino acid ratio, Cyclosporine A (CsA), 254, 903, 905, 915, 2216–2217 916, 918, 928, 1410 Csk. See C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) c-Yes, 2882 c-Src, 358, 359, 1256, 1259, 1351–1352, CypD. See Cyclophilin D (CypD) 1355–1356, 2882, 2883 CYP2E1. See Cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), 1351, 3510 CYP epoxygenases, CYP 2C11, CTLs. See Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) 1950–1952, 1954 Cucumis melo, 3686, 3687 CYP-mediated metabolism, 174 Culture media, 2756–2757 CYP omega-hydroxylases, CYP 4A, 1949 Cumulus cells, 2805–2807 Cys. See Cysteine (Cys) Cumulus-oocyte complexes, 2757 Cystatin B knockout mouse, 2242 Curcuma longa, 2384 Cysteamine, 2758 Curcumin, 449, 1662, 1816, 1821, 1823, Cysteine (Cys), 157–161, 163, 165, 353–360, 2451, 2452, 3199, 3202, 3206–3207, 363, 364, 366–367, 2758, 2760, 3029, 3755, 3761 3032–3033, 3035–3040, 3043 Curvularia tuberculata, 3779–3780 reduction, 2276, 2278 Cu-Zn, 2757 residues, 250, 253, 1049, 1056, 1057 Cu/Zn-SOD1, 2229 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, CuZn-SOD/SOD1, 1541 1791 Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), 17, Cytochrome, 1861 461–464, 466, 476, 484, 885 Cytochrome b-245 alpha polypeptide Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1p), (CYBA), 2632 93, 98 Cytochrome c, 120, 123–124, 282, 286, CVOs. See Circumventricular organs (CVOs) 625–629, 631, 633, 722, 724, 735, 736, CYBA. See Cytochrome b-245 alpha 892, 893, 899–901, 903, 905, 907–910, polypeptide (CYBA) 914, 917, 920, 921, 928, 931, 2078, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 2204–2205, 2208, 2218, 2249, 2662, 2350–2351 2666, 2807, 2879, 2880, 3150–3151, Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein 3383 (CREB), 359 Cytochrome c. Calbindin, 2240 3’–5’ Cyclic guanosine monophosphate Cytochrome c oxidase, 2875, 3150 (cGMP), 2214–2215, 2219, 2882, 2897, Cytochrome c reduction, 1430, 1440–1441 2899, 2903, 2904, 2910, Cytochrome oxidase, 379 Cyclic hydroxylamines, 1426–1427, 1441 Cytochrome P450 (P450), 545, 1509–1511 Cyclic hydroxylamine spin probes, 1426–1427 drug metabolism, 1760, 1761, 1765 Cyclin, 2714, 2717 oxidase, 545 Cyclin D, 2901 system, 2746 Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors ubiquinol, 1761 (CDKIs), 1239 Cytochrome P450–2E1 (CYP2E1), 177, 178, Cyclodextrin-based polymers, 466 630–631 Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), 1327, 1332–1333, Cytokines, 725–729, 731, 733, 739, 742, 1962, 1965 744, 1406, 1408, 1409, 1413, 1417, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 544, 554, 2239, 1418, 1908–1913, 2199, 2201, 2202, 2240, 2245, 2247, 2381, 2382, 2384, 2206, 2215, 2217, 2226, 2241, 2244, 2386, 2387, 2711, 2859 2246, 2248, 2250–2252, 2260, 2352, Cyclooxygenases (COX), 543, 554, 795, 1327, 2354, 2357, 2975, 2977, 2980, 2982, 1337, 1408, 1509–1510, 1897, 1898, 3031, 3034–3039, 3043–3044, 3679, 1900–1901, 1905–1906, 1913, 2068, 3681, 3687 2245, 2364, 2450, 2451, 3788, 3793, Cytokines/chemokines, 698 3795, 4053 Cytokines in interstitial lung disease, 1616–1617 Cyclophilin D (CypD), 254, 258, 900, 904, Cytoplasmic, 1428, 3145, 3146, 3148, 3150, 905, 915, 928 3153, 3157, 3158 4124 Index

Cytoplasmic (cont.) Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt- ATP/ADP ratio, 1067 induced hypertension, 1187, 1196, H2O2, 1440 1197, 1199 mitochondrial aggregation, 2755 3-Deoxy-D-erythro-2-hexosulose, 3408, 3409 mRNA synthesis, 2754 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (2-DG), 2401, 2405–2406 Cytoprotection, 215, 217, 218, 1955, 3041 Deoxyglucosome, 3407, 3410 Cytoskeletal remodeling, 1221 DEP. See Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) Cytosolic Ca2+ elevations, 1794, 1796 Depigmented, 3678, 3683 Cytosolic GSH, 619, 622, 623 Depression, 2369–2388, 2412, 2414–2416, Cytotoxic, 3877–3879, 3881, 3882, 3884 2418, 2421–2425 Cytotoxic aldehydes, 1700 Depressive disorders, 2370–2376, 2378–2381, Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells), 1698 2384, 2385 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), 1698 Desferoxamine, 3452 Desferrioxamine (DFO), 466, 3977 Detection of eNOS uncoupling, 1188, D 1193–1197 DAergic neurons. See Dopaminergic neurons Detection of free radicals, 525–526 (DAergic neurons) Detoxification of free radicals, 3573 Dark chocolate, 1249 Developmental disorders, 582, 587, 590 Darwinian fitness, 41 Dexpramipexole, 465 db/db mouse, 3474, 3475 2-DG. See 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (2-DG) DBM. See Dibenzoylmethane (DBM) DGC. See Dystrophin-glycoprotein 1,2-DCB. See 1, 2-Dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB) complex (DGC) DCF. See Dichlorodihydro-fluorescein (DCF) DGLA. See Dihomo-g-linolenic acid (DGLA) DCs. See Dendritic cells (DCs) DHAA. See Dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) D-dimer, 3225–3228, 3232 DHE. See Dihydroethidium (DHE) Deacetylase, 418, 423, 425, 427–429 DHFR. See Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) Death receptor pathway, 119–120, 126, 1859 DHLA. See Dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) Declarative and working memory, 2376 Diabetes, 187, 193, 195–197, 211, 213, 214, Defensive peroxidases, 3876, 3879, 3880 220–225, 229, 286–287, 332, 600, 602, Deferoxamine, 1333, 1991, 1992, 2207, 2510 626, 634, 851, 854, 856, 857, 859, Degenerative mitochondria, 3385 861–864, 1387, 1395, 1396, 1558, 1559, Deglutathionylation, 620 1564, 1575, 2194, 2198, 2199, 2208, Degradation, 3002–3003, 3005, 2209, 2236–2237, 2243, 2626, 2631, 3006, 3015 2632, 2635, 2639, 2659–2670, 2773, Dehydratases, 93, 94 2775, 2776, 2789–2807, 2876, 2885, Dehydration, 3883 3320, 3321, 3328, 3342–3346, Dehydroascorbate, 3008, 3009 3348–3350, 3352, 3354, 3361–3370, Dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), 69, 3008, 3376–3377, 3380–3381, 3384, 3009, 3273, 3610, 3611 3388, 3391, 3395–3396, 3399, 3400, Dehydrogenase, 93–95 3437–3458, 3877 isocitrate, 94, 95 Diabetes-associated atherosclerosis, 1101, 1110, succinate, 94, 95 3467–3485 Dementia, 2023–2031, 2085, 2087, 2090, Diabetes mellitus, 32, 1336, 1527, 1529, 2962, 2109, 2115, 2148, 2149, 2157–2160, 2964–2966, 2970, 3287, 3291, 2195, 2203, 2210, 2215, 2216, 2362 3302–3305, 3468, 3832–3838, Dendritic cells (DCs), 1648, 1649, 1651, 1652, 3842–3845 1694, 1698, 3242, 3245, 3247, 3248 Diabetic, 1328, 1330, 1332, 1333, 1336 Denervation, 2912 cardiomyopathy, 744 Denitration, 359–360 kidney, 2647, 2648, 2650–2654 Dentate gyrus of postmortem hippocampi, 2377 myocardium, 743 Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt, nephropathy, 2632, 2633, 2659–2670, 3483 856, 858, 860, 861, 864 patients, 1185–1186, 1198 Index 4125

vascular disease, 3480, 3483 7,8-Dihydro-8-oxoguanine, 103 Diabetic neuropathy (DN), 1530, 2350, 7,8-Dihydro-8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase 2357–2359, 2361–2363, 3444, 3451 (OGG1), 3105–3107 Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), Dihydropyridines, 361 3375–3400 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 2837, 2838 Diabetogenic, 3495, 3504, 3507, 3508 Dihydroxyacid, 94 Diabetogenic viruses, 3496, 3502, 3513 1,2,5 dihydroxyvitamin D3, 2975 Diacylglycerol (DAG), 3292–3838 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 476–480, 484, 3841 Diallyl sulfide, 179 Dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), 2633 Diamagnetic and paramagnetic metals, 522–523 Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), 1425 Diastolic dysfunction, 954 Dinitrophenol (DNP), 1060 Diatoms, 3774, 3777, 3778 1,3, Di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG), 2252 Dibenzoylmethane (DBM), 3761, 4054 1,1 Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), DIC. See Dicarboxylate (DIC) 3775–3779 a-Dicarbonyls, 3405–3413 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 4091, Dicarboxylate (DIC), 623 4093, 4094 1,2-Dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB), 177, 178 Disability, 3001, 3002, 3904, 3905, 3912, Dichlorodihydro-fluorescein (DCF), 252, 257 3917, 3918 2’–7’-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate Discoid lupus, 2541 (DCF-DA), 1444 Disease severity, 629–631, 633–634, 1051, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DTT), 360 1071, 1840, 1841, 1845, 2352–2353, Dieldrin, 2222–2223 2599 Dieldrin-induced proteasomal dysfunction, 2223 Disorganized neoangiogenesis., 1357 Diesel exhaust particles (DEP), 3245–3247 Disposable soma theory, 1385 Diesel particles, 3204–3205 Distal tublar, 2591, 2592 Diet, 44, 47, 49, 51–53, 55, 56, 59, 773–776, Disulfide, 100, 3029, 3034, 3036–3040, 1693, 1695, 1697, 1699–1704, 3042–3043 1709, 1711–1712, 1715–1716, 1718, bond, 1057 3301–3303, 3844 bridges, 1033, 1035, 1037, 1041 Dietary 5-5’-Dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) antioxidants, 1661, 2818–2819, (DTNB), 360 2821–2824, 2827, 2840, 2847 Dithiocarbamate fungicides, 1930 intake, 3000, 3016, 3017 Dithiothreitol, 1039 restriction, 3411–3412 D-methionine (D-Met), 3572, 3573 supplements, 1524, 1525, 1531, 1532, DN. See Diabetic neuropathy (DN) 3447, 3451, 3754, 3755, 3903 DNA, 210, 212–215, 220, 221, 226–227, vitamin supplementation, 3572 394, 398, 400, 401, 892, 893, 899, Differentiation, 2518–2521, 2525–2529, 912, 917, 923, 1307–1310, 2532 1316–1318, 2434, 2439, 2441, Digalloylresveratrol (DIG), 4056 2444, 2854–2865 Dihomo-g-linolenic acid (DGLA), 1508 adducts, 2863, 2865 Dihydrobiopterin (BH2), 1185, 1186, 2875 breaks, 2441–2443 Dihydroethidine fluorescence, 1486 change, 2841 Dihydroethidium (DHE), 1427–1430, 1437, damage, 173–175, 180, 181, 184, 1440, 1442–1443, 1446–1447, 2526 187–189, 385, 459–460, 1391, 1394, Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), 856–858, 1857, 2006, 2009, 2013, 2543, 2544, 862, 864, 1264, 1265 2837, 2841, 2843, 2844, 2877, 2881, 2-(3’,4’-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-2’,5’,7’,8’- 2882, 3098, 3104–3108, 3350, 3351, tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2’-yl) 3354, 3566, 3568, 3754, 3759, 3952, ethyl triphenylphosphonium 4031, 4032 (MitoVitE), 326, 330, 331 damage increased, 411, 413 Dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), 1525–1532, damage kinase, 2196 2350–2352, 2359, 2360 demethylases, 441 4126 Index

DNA (cont.) DTT. See Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane fragmentation, 2200, 2204, 2206, 2207, (DTT) 2223, 2249, 2250, 2752 Dual oxidase (DUOX), 3876, 3877 histone methylation, 1655–1656 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 2912 methylation, 73–75, 441, Duct system (obstructive jaundice), 1820 443–447, 2863 Ductus arteriosus, 544, 557 mutation, 2854, 2857, 2859 Duodenal ulcers, 18511853, 18541859 oxidation, 92, 101–104, 173, 174, 180–181, DUOX. See Dual oxidase (DUOX) 184, 189, 192 Duox2, 1695–1696, 1706 oxidative lesions, 2881 Dwarf hamster Phodopus campbelli, repair, 67, 68, 103, 1879–1881, 2877, 343, 345 2881, 2882, 3759, 3760, 3859, 3860, Dynamic functional block, 1070 4031, 4032 Dynamics, 2660, 2661, 2664, 2665, 2667 repair enzymes, 2881, 3859, 3864 Dynamin-related peptide-1 (Drp1), 1863, repair pathways, 3105, 3106 2666–2667 strand breaks, 2855, 2861, 2863 Dynamitin, 2237 DNA CpG methylation, 440, 441 Dysbiosis, 1699, 1704, 1712 DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), 441, Dysfunction, 219–225, 3145, 3149–3154, 3160 443, 445 Dysplasia, 1874, 1880, 1882–1884 DNMT1, 445 a-Dystrobrevin, 2909, 2910 DNP. See Dinitrophenol (DNP) Dystrophin, 1221, 2909, 2910, DOCA-salt, 1261, 1263 2912, 2914 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 1506–1507, Dystrophin-deficient mice, 2912 1509–1511, 2385, 2386, 3013, 3631, Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), 3639, 3640, 3777, 3778 2909, 2910, 2912 Domoic acid, 2263 L-Dopa, 193 Dopamine neurons, 3592 E Dopaminergic neurons (DAergic neurons), EAAT2. See Excitatory amino acid 2197, 2200, 2205–2207, 2217–2220, transporter-2 (EAAT2) 2222–2225, 2228, 2254, 2264 EADs. See Early after depolarizations (EADs) Dorsal root ganglion, 360, 2439, 2443 EAE. See Experimental autoimmune Dorsolateral striatum, 2013 encephalomyelitis (EAE) Double-strand breaks, 1877 Early after depolarizations (EADs), 362, 368 Down’s syndrome (DS), 2195, 2265 Early growth response gene 1 (EGR-1), Dox. See Doxycycline (Dox) 733–734 Doxorubicin, 175, 177, 182, 332 Early Onset Alzheimer’s Disease (EOAD), ® Doxorubicin (Adriamycin ), 174 2148, 2149, 2151 Doxycycline (Dox), 1411, 2219 EB. See Embryoid body (EB) D-penicillamine, 3979 EBC. See Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) DPN. See Diabetic peripheral Ebselen, 331, 1111, 1114, 1990–1992, 3448, neuropathy (DPN) 3481–3485, 3573, 3970 Drosophila melanogaster,53 Ebselen analogues, 3483 Drp1. See Dynamin-related peptide-1 (Drp1) E-cadherin, 74, 2883 Drug Ecklonia species, 3775 addiction, 2198, 2205–2206, 2224–2228, ECM. See Extracellular matrix (ECM) 2252–2258, 2261 Ecoimmunology, 57 intake, 3019 E. Coli, 1706–1708 targeting, 3008 ecSOD. See Extracellular superoxide Drug-induced toxicity, 1825 dismutase (ecSOD) Drug-related lupus, 2542 Ectopic lipid accumulation, 799 Dry-eye syndrome, 347, 348 Ectotherms, 376, 378, 381–382 DS. See Down’s syndrome (DS) ED. See Erectile dysfunction (ED) Index 4127

Edaravone, 1990, 1992, 2058, 2059, 2458, Electro-withdrawing (EW) groups, 4057 3453–3454, 3975 Elemental ROS signaling events, 245, 255–258 EDCFs. See Endothelium-derived contracting ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent factors (EDCFs) assay (ELISA) EDHF. See Endothelium-dependent Embryo cryopreservation, 2755 hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) Embryo development, 2805, 2806 EDR. See Endothelium-dependent Embryogenesis, 586–587, 2706, 2713, relaxation (EDR) 2714, 2717 EDRF. See Endothelial-derived relaxation Embryoid body (EB), 2521, 2528 factor (EDRF) Embryonic stem cells, 2441 EDSS. See Expanded Disability Status Encephalomyocarditis virus, 3502–3503 Scale (EDSS) EndMT. See Endothelial-to-mesenchymal EEG, 376. See Electroencephalography (EEG) transition (EndMT) EGCG. See Epigallocatechin Endocannabinoid system, 3641 gallate (EGCG) Endochondral ossification, 2900–2902 EGR-1. See Early growth response gene 1 Endocochlear potential (EP), 3591 (EGR-1) Endocytosed, 3157 EHEC. See Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E. coli Endogenous and environmental stresses, 1391 Eicosanoids, 71, 173, 1506, 1507, 1510, Endogenous antioxidants, 14, 1475, 1476, 1511, 1962 1499–1500, 1511, 2039–2042, 2044, Eicosapentenoic acid (EPA), 1506–1507, 3424, 3565, 3571, 3574 1509–1511, 2385, 2386, 3013, Endogenous oxaloacetate, 310, 311, 313 3777, 3778 Endogenous oxidants in pulmonary fibrosis, Ejaculatory disorders, 2801 1617–1618 Elastase infusion, 1409 Endometriosis, 2747–2748 Elasticity, 3787 Endoneurial microangiopathy, 3297 Electrical propagation in the myocardium, 1070 Endoneurium, 3379, 3388–3393, 3395, 3396 Electro-donating (ED) groups, 4057 Endoperoxides (PGH2), 1328, 1331, 1337 Electroencephalography (EEG), 380, 2439, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 602, 1266, 1504, 2440, 2443, 2444 1505, 1509, 2443, 2588, 2797, 3145, Electromagnetic radiation, 3149, 3153–3154, 3156 2431–2445 and golgi, 3145, 3149, 3153–3154 Electron carriers, 300, 302 stress, 796–799, 807, 3497 Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) b-Endorphin, 3684 spectrometry, 1486, 1528 Endosomes, 3149, 3153–3154 Electron spin, 524–526 Endothelial, 212, 217, 218, 220–225, 766, 770 Electron spin resonance (ESR), 1437, 1440, 1441 aging, 1385, 1391, 1394 Electron transfer (ET), 567–577, 1925–1939 barrier dysfunction, 3268, 3269, 3271–3273 Electron-transfer chain (ETC), 245, 246, 251, capillaries, 3389 252, 254–255, 258, 1501, 1502, 1504 damage, 1394 Electron transfer protein flavoprotein (ETF) denudation, 1393 CoQ oxidoreductase, 283 DHE staining, 1194, 1195 Electron transfer reactions, 2744 dysfunction, 692, 693, 705–706, 792–794, Electron transport, 891, 894, 906–908 803, 807, 882, 1094–1096, 1098–1101, Electron transport chain (ETC), 66, 624–626, 1107–1109, 1177–1200, 1240, 628, 891–893, 901–903, 906–909, 911, 1242–1244, 1248, 1249, 1274, 1277, 913, 914, 916, 918–921, 924, 928, 1279, 1281, 1325–1338, 1344–1346, 930, 931, 1814, 1816, 2074, 2075, 1351, 1356, 1358, 1384, 1392, 1394, 2415–2417, 2419, 2420, 2423, 2424, 1910–1912, 1915, 2593, 2630–2631, 2587, 2597, 2967, 2999, 3014, 3150, 2636, 2798, 2800, 3439, 3441, 3447, 3151, 3365, 3370, 3383–3385 3452, 3455, 3456, 3458, 3469–3470, Electrophile metabolism, 3445 3472, 3475–372, 3479–3482, 3484, Electroretinography, 346 3832–3836, 3839–3841, 3848 4128 Index

Endothelial (cont.) Endothelium-derived relaxation factor, function, 1181, 1185–1186, 1196, 1200 1326, 1327 maladaptation, 1346 Endothelium-derived ROS levels, 1570 microparticles, 883 Endothermia, 383–384 Endothelial cells (ECs), 287, 1383–1397, 1527, Endotherms, 376–382 1529, 1898, 1901, 1907, 1908, 1911, Endotherms thermal homeostasis, 1913, 1914, 1916, 2520–2522, 378–379, 383 2524–2527, 2531, 2898, 2902, 2904, Endotoxemia, 3270–3273, 3275 2915, 3146, 3269–3273, 3379, 3382, Endotoxins, 1563, 1565 3386, 3389, 3390, 3394, 3395, 3398 Endovascular repair (EVAR), 1414–1418 dysfunction, 1343–1344, 1357 End-stage renal disease, 803 function, 1344, 1357 eNOS. See Endothelial nitric oxide injury, 1960–1962, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1971 synthase (eNOS) injury and vascular damage, 1971 eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin, 1346 survival, 1966, 1968 eNOS dimer/monomer ratio, 1188 Endothelial-derived relaxation factor (EDRF), eNOS dysfunction, 1345, 1346, 1349–1352, 1352, 1353 1355, 1356 Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), eNOS hyperactivation, 1346, 1347, 1349, 419–421, 430, 850, 851, 855–864, 1037, 1351–1352, 1356 1038, 1041, 1093, 1094, 1096, 1097, eNOS inhibitor ADMA, 1191–1193 1100, 1103–1104, 1106, 1113, 1256, eNOS or NOS3, 2898, 2901–2904, 2908, 1261, 1263–1265, 1337–1358, 1898, 2909, 2915 1900–1902, 1906–1908, 2052, 2054, eNOS polymorphism, 2976 2074, 2077, 2649–2650, 3470–3472, eNOS S-Glutathionylation, 1183, 1187, 3480 1189–1190 enzyme, 3380, 3386–3388, 3398 eNOS uncoupling, 850, 851, 855–859, uncoupling, 419–420 861–864, 1177–1200, 1900–1902, Endothelial NOS (eNOS, NOS3), 9 1906–1908 Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), ENS. See Enteric nervous system (ENS) 2525–2527, 3839–3841, 3844–3847 Enteric nervous system (ENS), 2243 Endothelial regeneration, 1335 Enterococcus, 1705 Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition Enterococcus faecalis, 1705 (EndMT), 1357 Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E. coli, 1707 Endothelin-1 (ET-1), 1025, 1129, 1132, 1138, Enteropathogenic (EPEC) E. coli, 1707 1218, 1673, 1674, 1676–1678, 2013, Enteroviruses, 3501, 3502 2778, 3743 Entrapment, 3378, 3379, 3394–3396 Endothelin-1 expression, 1294, 1295, 1297 Environment, 1386–1389, 1391, 1392, 1394, Endothelin-1-induced ischemic stroke 1396, 1397 angiogenesis, 2526 Environmental contaminants, 582 Endothelium, 1306, 1316–1318, 1326, Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), 1645, 1331–1333, 1335, 1337, 1385, 1390, 1649, 1650, 1652 1394–1397, 1502, 1564, 1570–1575 Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant, dysfunction, 1572–1575 598–599, 601, 611 maturation, 1390 Enzymatic antioxidants, 582, 584–586, 1736, surface layer, 1219 2432, 2437 Endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EDHF), 2775, 2778 (ELISA), 693, 699, 700, 705 Endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR), 739 EOAD. See Early-onset AD (EOAD) Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, 1026 Eosinophilic inflammation, Endothelium-derived and cyclooxygenase- 3243, 3247 dependent factors, 1330–1331 Eosinophil peroxidase, 3875 Endothelium-derived contracting factors EP. See Endocochlear potential (EP) (EDCFs), 1325–1338 EP1, 1330, 1337 Index 4129

EPCs. See Endothelial progenitor Essential hypertension, 1336 cells (EPCs) Estimated GFR (eGFR), 2585, 2594, 2596 EPEC. See Enteropathogenic (EPEC) E. coli 17b-Estradiol, 2460 Epicardial adipose tissue, 1023, 1027, 1028 Estrogen, 2161 Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs), Estrous cycles, 342, 343 1259, 1652–1653, 2653 ET. See Electron transfer (ET) Epididymal secretory function, 2801 ET-1. See Endothelin-1 (ET-1) Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), 2459, 3639, Etanercept, 1260 3795, 4090 ETA receptor, 1294 Epigenetics, 72–74, 437–449, 822, 837, 839, ETB receptor, 1294 2836, 2838, 2841 ETC. See Electron-transfer chain (ETC) alterations, 2548 ETC inhibitors, 252, 255 changes, 1884 ETF CoQ oxidoreductase. See Electron transfer dysregulation, 2863 protein flavoprotein (ETF) CoQ modifications, 827 oxidoreductase Epilepsies (Epi), 2193–2195, 2202, 2208, Ethanol, 2011–2012, 2196, 2224, 2226, 2228 2241–2242, 2265 Ether a` go-go-related gene 1, 364 Epilepsy, 2352, 2356–2357, 2362–2363, Ethidium, 1427, 1447 2397–2406 Ethnic disparity, 2838 Epileptogenesis, 2398, 2401, 2403, 2404, 2406 Ethyl-eicosapentaenoate, 2385 Epi-miRNA, 443 Etiopathogenesis, 3678 Epineurium, 3379, 3391, 3392 ETosis, 398–399 Epiphyseal growth plate cartilage, 2901 ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) Epithelial cells, 1852, 1856–1860, 1863 E3 ubiquitin ligases: MuRF-1, 2913 Epithelial ion transport, 803 EUK-8, 480, 481 Epithelium, 2584, 2589, 2591, 2592 EUK-193, 2219, 2222 Epithelization, 341 Eukarion family, 467 EPO. See Erythropoietin (EPO) EUROPA. See European Trial on Reduction of EPR with living cells, 526, 528 Cardiac Events (EUROPA) Equine oocytes, 2758 European blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla), ER. See Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 52–53 Erectile dysfunction (ED), 2800 European Trial on Reduction of Cardiac Events ERI. See ESA resistance index (ERI) (EUROPA), 1279 ERK. See Extra cellular signal-related kinases Evans blue, 2442 (ERK) Evan’s blue leakage, 2055 Ero1, 2716–2717 EVAR. See Endovascular repair (EVAR) Error-prone translation, 97 Evolution of senescence, 41 Erythematosus, 2539–2554 Excitation–contraction, 356, 359 Erythrocyte tocopherol, 2760 Excitation–secretion, 356 Erythro-phagocytosis, 2508 Excitation–transcriptional, 356, 359, 360 Erythropoiesis, 546, 548, 551 Excitatory amino acid transporter–2 (EAAT2), Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA), 2633 3147–3148, 3158–3160 Erythropoietin (EPO), 2202, 2227, 2249–2250, Excitotoxicity, 1982–1985, 2406, 3145, 2509, 3641 3148–3149, 3158 ESA. See Erythropoiesis-stimulating Exercise, 480, 779, 1038–1041, 3452, agents (ESA) 3855–3864 ESA resistance index (ERI), 2636 capacity, 3840, 3842, 3847 Escherichia coli, 399 disturbance, 451 Escin, 2059 training, 1490, 3831–3848 Escitalopram, 2379, 2380 Exercise-induced adaptation, 3856, 3858, 3860 E-selectin, 1413–1415, 1418 Exhaled breath condensate (EBC), Esophageal squamous cell carcinogenesis, 4096 1659–1660, 1662 ESR. See Electron spin resonance (ESR) Exofacial thiols, 3036 4130 Index

Exogenous antioxidantsas, 1499 FCCP, 335, 465, 1059–1062 Exogenous glutathione, 3571 18FdG, 2202, 2226, 2228, 2256–2257, Exogenous oxygen-derived free radicals, 1333 2259–2261 Exosomes, 878, 880–881, 883–885 18F-DOPA, 2200, 2206, 2225, 2227, 2228, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), 2360 2255, 2256, 2259 Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis 18F-DOPA and 18FdG uptake, 2202, 2226, 2228 (EAE), 2350, 2352–2354, 3504 Fecal microbial transplant, 1704 Experimental hypertension, 1216 Feces injection into peritoneum (FIP), Export of ADMA in endothelial cells, 3269–3270, 3276 1192, 1193 Feedforward, 1259, 1266, 1267 Expression of AOEs, 3351, 3352, 3354 Female fertility, 2724, 2736 Externalization and shedding of Fenton system, 7, 18, 25, 176, 178, 187, phosphatidylserine, 2504 189–190, 193, 197, 439, 507, 722, 1057, External lamina, 1289, 1297 1179, 1180, 2384, 2856, 2864, 3680, Extracellular glutamate, 2007, 2012 3875, 4093 Extracellular matrix (ECM), 953–955, 966, Fermentation, 4084, 4085, 4087, 4088, 968, 973, 975, 1223, 1224, 1227, 4091, 4096 1295–1297, 2050–2052, 2056, 3379, Fermented papaya preparation (FPP), 2511 3382, 3383, 3389–3392, 3396, 3400 Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), •À Extracellular O2 , 1436, 1440, 1441 4091, 4099 Extracellular ROS, 1436 Ferritin, 18, 382 Extra cellular signal-related kinases (ERK), Fertility rates, 2797 185, 195, 1223, 1224, 1505, 1506, 1967, Fertilization, 2706–2707, 2710, 2711, 2817, 1969, 3509 2819, 2820, 2824 Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD), FeS clusters, 95, 100–101 383, 462, 463, 883, 1547, 1567, 2079 Fe-SODs, 461 Extravillous cytotrophoblasts, 2776 FeS proteins of amino acid, 94 Extrinsic pathway, 625–628 FET. See Forward electron transfer (FET) Eye, 3599–3616 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), EYFP, 251 645–660 Ezetimibe, 633 Fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS), 603 FeTMPyP, 2053, 2059 F Fetus, 2772 FABP4. See Fatty acid-binding protein4 FFA. See Free fatty acids (FFA) (FABP4) FFT. See Fast Fourier transformation (FFT) Fabry’s disease, 2229–2230 FGF21. See Fibroblast growth factor 21 F-actin disarrangement, 1794 (FGF21) Factor kappa, 2986 Fibrillation, 1052, 1069 FAD. See Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) Fibrinogen, 3950 FADH2, 541 Fibroblast differentiation, 1295–1296 Fas, 3744, 3745 Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), 3458 FASD. See Fetal alcohol spectrum Fibroblasts, 479, 484, 1289, 1500–1501, 2520, disorders (FASD) 2521, 2523, 2527, 2915, 3950 Fas ligand (FasL), 120, 1859, 1860, 3745 Fibrocytes, 3744 Fast Fourier transformation (FFT), 2256, 2260 Fibromyalgia, 2376 Fast-twitch (or type II) muscle fibers, 2898, Fibronectin, 1295 2908, 2909 Fibrosis, 179, 184, 634–636, 954, 955, 961, Fatigue, 480, 2909, 2912, 2913 963, 971–976, 2585–2587, 2596–2599, Fatty acid-binding protein4 (FABP4), 3457 3379, 3391–3394, 3396 Fatty acids, 44–45, 47, 52, 53, 335, 796, 798, Filamentous actin, 1792 802, 804, 806, 1497–1513 Filtration coefficient (Kfc), 1354 o3Fatty acids, 797, 806 FIP. See Feces injection into peritoneum (FIP) Index 4131

FIRS. See Fetal inflammatory response Food frequency questionnaire, 3016 syndrome (FIRS) Food matrix, 4027–4028 F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), 70–72, 2456, 2543, Food supplements, 1483, 1489, 1490 2679 Forkhead box O (FOXO), 419, and MDA, 1635, 1639 427, 2913 Fitness, 3842 proteins, 186 Flashology, 258–259 transcription factors, 419, 427 FlashSniper, 253 Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), 419, 422, 425, Flavanol-epicathechins, 2181 428, 429 Flavanols, 4026, 4029, 4035 Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3), 419, 423, Flavan3-ols, 3774 427–429, 826, 836–838, 2712, 2713 Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 903, 909, Forkhead transcription factor (FOXO3a), 919, 1348, 1350 800, 915 Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), 1348, 1350 Forward (FET) and reverse (RET) electron Flavinoids, 3934 transport, 1057 Flavocytochrome, 1409 Forward electron transfer (FET), 907, 908 Flavones, 4026 FOXO. See Forkhead box O (FOXO) Flavonoids, 16, 28–30, 2439, 3207–3208, FOXO1. See Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) 4024–4026, 4029, 4030, 4032–4036 FOXO3. See Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) Flavonoids (General), 4070–4071 FPP. See Fermented papaya preparation (FPP) Flavonols, 4026–4027, 4029, 4034, 4035 Fracture healing, 2901, 2902, 2906 Flavopiridol, 4064, 4072–4073 Framingham Osteoarthritis Cohort Study, 3016 Flow cytometry, 2503–2504 FRAS. See Free radical analytical system Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), 793, 794, (FRAS) 1217, 1221, 1222, 2631, 2635, 3845, Free fatty acids (FFA), 3384, 3385, 3442, 3446, 3847 3837, 3838 Flow/shear, 2072 Free oxygen radicals, 3220, 3221, 3223 Fluidity, 624 Free radical analytical system (FRAS), 3285, Fluorescent bile-salt analogues, 3933, 3935 1792–1793, 1795 Free radicals (FR), 3–33, 172–174, 179, 188, Fluorescentdyes, 1437 192, 196, 670, 672–674, 680, 681, Fluorescent probes, 1442–1445 720–722, 777, 957, 1274, 1384, 1386, 8-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-((2E)-3-phenyl-2- 1395, 1452, 1457, 1876, 1878, propenoyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazolo 2049–2061, 2194–2196, 2198, 2202, [5,1-c][1,2,4] triazine (FR210575), 2014, 2221, 2239, 2245, 2253, 2254, 2257, Fluoxetine, 2378–2383, 2385, 2387 2261, 2265, 2402, 2581–2599, Fluoxetine treatment, 2378, 2379, 2855–2857, 2860, 2864, 2865, 2981, 2381, 2387 2982, 2985, 2986, 3145, 3149, 3150, Flupirtine, 3642 3152, 3339–3354, 3362, 3363, 3775, Fluvoxamine, 2379, 2380 3776, 3779, 3948, 3951, 3952, FMD. See Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) 3955–3957, 4030, 4031 Foam cells formation, 734 Free radical scavengers, 11, 680, 772, 775, 781, FOF1-ATPase, 254, 541 1139, 1440, 1444, 1457, 1597, 1738, Folate metabolism, 2749 1819, 1936, 1986, 1989, 1990, 2014, Folates, 1456, 1458–1459, 2749 2017, 2180, 2202, 2203, 2205, 2208, Folic acid, 656, 2821 2209, 2225, 2226, 2228, 2257, 2264, Folic acid (vitamin B9), 3441, 3450 2265, 2371, 2387, 2418, 2434, 2437, Folin–Ciocalteau method, 4087, 4088 2552, 2637, 2754, 3016, 3172, 3208, 1-Follicle-1-oocyte/embryo design, 2756 3350, 3458, 3573, 3682, 3939, 3941, Follicular fluid (FF)ROS, 2748, 4051, 4068, 4094 2750–2752 Free-radical theory, 196, 3900 Follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH), 2746, Free-radical theory of aging, 1051, 3581–3593 2750–2755 French paradox, 3909 4132 Index

Freshly isolated gastric mucosal cells, GCF. See Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) 1736, 1738 GCL. See Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, 385 GDM. See Gestational diabetes (GDM) Fruit and vegetable, 4025, 4030–4034 Gelatin-binding domain, 2057 FSH. See Follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH) Gene expression, 1310, 1317, 2204, 2206, FT Raman spectroscopy, 3680, 3683 2209, 2231–2232, 2235, 2840, 2844 FTX. See Funnel web spider (FTX) Gene knockout mice, 194, 196 Fucan, 3776, Fucoidan, 3776, Fucoxanthin, Gene microarray studies in interstitial lung 3776, 3777, 3794 disease, 1616–1617 Fumigants, 576, 1931 Gene polymorphisms, 1650, 1652, 1657 Fumonisin B1, 4096 General surgery, 3937 Functional and structural adaptation, 1213–1228 Generate ROS, 2662–2663, 2668 Functional hyperemia, 1949–1951, 1954 Gene therapy, 1819, 2462 Functional hypoxia, 2909 Genetic, 3678, 3679 Funisitis, 600, 605 approaches, 3574 Funnel web spider (FTX), 361 background, 345 FUS. See Fused in sarcoma (FUS) factors, 2154 Fused in sarcoma (FUS), 3143, 3145, 3147, models of PD, 2253, 2255, 2258 3152, 3153, 3160 mutations in mice, 1387 and phenotypic reprogramming, 1357 predisposition for pulmonary fibrosis, 1617 G variation, 3564, 3566, 3567 GAD65. See Glutamic acid decarboxylase–65 Gene transcription, 357, 359, 2512 (GAD65) Genistein, 2010, 4064, 4071, 4072 G93A-hSOD1Tg in congenic lines, 2231 Genome instability, 196, 2874, 2876, Gain-of-function, 3144, 3146, 3153 2881–2882 G93A(+) mice, 2232 Genomic, 67, 72–74, 76 GAPDH. See Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxidative damage, 2629 dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Gestation, 599, 600, 603–605, 609–610, 612 Gap junctions, 1070, 1071 Gestational diabetes (GDM), 2791–2792 Garden warblers (Sylvia borin),54 GFAP. See Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) Garlic acid, 2437 GFAP-Nrf2 mice, 2238 Garter snakes (Thamnophis elegans),45 GFP. See Green fluorescent protein (GFP) G93A-SOD1 ALS mouse, 2234 GFR. See Glomerular filteration (GFR) Gastric adenocarcinoma, 1850 G1/G2 check points, 2842 Gastric atrophy, 1854, 1858, 1859, 1863 gGCS. See g-Glutamylcysteine Gastric cancer, 1851, 1854, 1857, 1862, 1863, synthetase (gGCS) 1871–1884 Gibbs energy change, 1053 Gastric cytoprotection by retinoids, 1741, 1750 2.45 Gigahertz (2.45 GHz), 2431, 2432, Gastric epithelial cells, 1852, 1856, 1859, 1860 2437–2439, 2441–2444 Gastric mucosal biochemistry, 1738 Gilenya, 2353 Gastric mucosal biochemistry vs. ATP Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, 2205 breakdown and resysnthesis, 1742 GI mucosal damage produced Gastric mucosal microbleedings vs. atropine, by chemicals, 1734 cimetidine and Vitamin A, 1744 by ischemia/reperfusion, 1734 Gastric mucosal prevention by b-carotene vs. by physical agents, 1734 by prostacyclin, 1741 Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), 3874, Gastritis, 1850–1859, 1862, 1864, 3880–3882 Gastroduodenal pathology, 1851 Ginkgo biloba, 2434, 2440, 3639, Gastrointestinal diseases, 1864, 3021 3641, 3686 Gastroparesis, 1713 Ginseng, 656 Gating kinetics, 359 G127insTGGG (G127X) SOD1 mutant mouse GC. See Guanylate cyclase (GC) model of ALS, 2233 Index 4133

GKT136901, 2652 Glutamate spillover, 1947–1948 Glaucoma, 3600, 3614–3616 Glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65), Gliadin, 1710–1712 3504, 3505 Glial-derived neurotrophic factor, 3158 Glutamine, 1700, 1843, 1844 Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), 1946 g-Glutamylcysteine, 621, 634, 2547 Glial tumors, 1954–1955 g-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (gGCS), 546, Glibenclamide, 3452 3788, 3793, 3957 Glioblastoma multiform, L-g-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, 2550 1954–1955 g-Glutamyl transferase (GGT), 621, 622 Global ROS, 255, 257, 258 g-Glutamyl transpeptidase, 622, Glomerular filteration (GFR), 2583, 2585, 633, 634 2586, 2596, 2597 Glutaredoxin (Grx), 620, 621, 624, 627, 634, Glomerulopathy, 803 1034, 3084–3086 GLT-1, 2403, 3158–3160 Glutathione (GSH), 10, 11, 13, 16–22, 27, 28, Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), 446, 31, 66, 69, 70, 72, 74, 99, 102, 157–161, 835, 836 165, 166, 175, 177, 179, 180, 182–183, Glucocorticoids (GC), 446 193, 213, 215–216, 218, 219, 225, 227, Glucocorticoid sensitivity, 845 228, 378, 380–382, 385, 386, 458, 462, Glucoronyl, 4094 464–465, 541, 542, 545, 546, 600, 602, Glucose, 792, 798–804, 807, 2277, 2278, 605, 606, 608, 611, 617–637, 652–656, 2280–2281, 3320–3329, 3407, 3409, 658, 659, 825, 826, 828, 830, 893, 894, 3410, 3412–3413 905, 909, 910, 1033, 1034, 1409, 1413, homeostasis, 804 1485, 1486, 1499, 1789–1790, intolerance, 1318 1792–1793, 1795–1798, 1878, 2011, metabolism, 1527, 3341–3346 2078, 2195, 2196, 2202–2205, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 2207–2209, 2216, 2222, 2225, 2238, 545, 1248, 3682, 3683 2241, 2243, 2244, 2247–2249, 2265, deficiency, 2501, 2502 2278, 2281–2282, 2351–2352, Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion 2355–2360, 2400, 2401, 2404–2406, (GSIS), 3322–3329, 3344–3347, 2418, 2422–2424, 2434, 2440, 3351, 3354 2456–2457, 2628, 2633, 2634, 2637, Glucose toxicity, 3347 2710, 2726, 2728, 2731–2733, Glucose transporter (GLUT), 2744–2745, 2758, 2816, 2818, 2821, 1527, 2806 2826, 2840, 2845, 2857, 2861, 2865, Glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), 3470 2966, 2978–2985, 2999–3000, Glucose-triggered ROS production, 3322, 3014–3015, 3029–3030, 3032, 3327, 3328 3034–3040, 3042–3044, 3084–3087, Glucosone, 3407, 3408 3219–3224, 3229, 3231, 3386–, 3398, Glucotoxicity, 3379, 3384–3386, 3398 3440–3443, 3445–3448, 3450, Glucuronic acid, 555 3495–3496, 3504, 3512, 3563–3567, GLUT. See Glucose transporter (GLUT) 3569–3573, 3583–3585, 3590, 3592, GLUT-1. See Glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) 3600, 3604, 3607–3610, 3616, 3680, Glutamate, 606, 2001, 2007, 2012, 2015–2016, 3682, 3683, 3806, 3810, 3816–3818, 2194, 2197, 2213, 2220, 2222, 2232, 3824, 3964, 3970, 3975–3976, 2234, 2241, 2251, 2400–2401, 4095–4097, 4099 2403–2404, 2406, 3145, 3148–3149, ascorbate, 1759, 1765 3156, 3158–3160 degradation, 622, 632 Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), 621, 622, depletion, 624–631, 633, 636 631, 634 homeostasis, 619, 621–624, 629, 631 Glutamate + malate, 301, 306, 310, 314 levels, 4099 Glutamate + pyruvate, 311 lipid peroxidation (LPO), 1760, 1761, Glutamate + pyruvate + malate, 311 1765, 1767 Glutamate-related oxidative stress, 2379 precursors, 3038 4134 Index

Glutathione (GSH) (cont.) Glutathionylation, 426 redox balance, 624, 626, 635 GLUT1 glucose transporter, 3008 redox state, 622, 627–629, 635, 636 Glycated albumin, 3394, 3397 redox status, 4095, 4104 Glycation, 3380, 3382, 3390, 3393–3394, reductase, 1312 3475, 3478 Vitamin C, 1765, 1767 Glycemic control, 3301, 3303–3305 Vitamin E, 1765–1767 Glyceraldehyde, 3408, Glutathione disulfide (GSSG), 654, 655, Glyceraldehyde–3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2247, 2248 (GAPDH), 94, 95, 99, 801, 3383, 3386 Glutathione/glutathione disulfide Glycocalyx, 1219, 1353–1355 (GSH/GSSG), 1058, 1306, 1310–1312, Glycolysis, 315, 2399, 2405–2406, 1698, 3441, 4096 2573, 2967 ratio, 380, 3348 Glycolytic metabolism, 2914 Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), 16–20, 27, 31, Glyoxal, 2967 42–44, 56–57, 66, 69, 70, 72, 141, 142, Gly72Ser mutation, 2233 145, 284, 380–383, 385, 422, 423, GnRH agonist, 2750–2753, 2755 546–549, 553–554, 650, 653, 655, 656, GnRH analogs, 2752–2753 797, 1005, 1025, 1079, 1102, GnRH-antagonist, 2752 1106–1108, 1161, 1179, 1180, Golgi apparatus, 2588, 3145, 3149, 3153–3154 1498–1500, 1511, 1567, 1570, 1986, Gonadotoxins, 2820 1990, 1991, 2011, 2034, 2436, Gonadotropins, 2799, 2804 2439–2440, 2549, 2550, 2608, 2633, Gonogenesis, 2706 2708, 2709, 2744, 2750, 2752, 2756, Goto–Kakizaki (GK) rats, 2792, 2793 2757, 2816, 2932, 2982, 2983, 2985, G6PD. See Glucose-6-phosphate 3014–3015, 3084–3086, 3119, 3121, dehydrogenase (G6PD) 3123, 3322, 3325, 3328, 3420, 3429, Gp91 ds-tat, 3480–3481 3472, 3474–3476, 3481–3485, 3583, Gp91phox, 394, 395, 401, 1025, 1039, 1040, 3602, 3608, 3609, 3616, 3680, 3682, 1244, 3499 3683, 3705, 3755, 3760, 3762, 3838, gp91phox homologue, 1291–1294 3948, 3953, 3956–3958, 3990, 4048 G protein-coupled receptor, 1218 Glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1), 1107–1111, G-proteins, 730, 2715 1114, 3585, 3591, 3592 Gpx1. See Glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) Glutathione peroxidase/glutathione reductase GPX3, 102 system, 1058 GPX4, 2709 Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) mutant GPX5, 2709 mice, 2236 GPx1 activity, 3474–3475, 3482, 3483 Glutathione peroxide, 43–44 GPx1/ApoE double knockout mice, 3476 Glutathione redox, 3955 GPx1 deficiency, 3474–3476 Glutathione reductase (GR), 19, 27, 28, 368, GPx1 knockout mouse, 1107, 1108 619, 621, 653–655, 2241, 2243, GPx1 mimetic, 3481–3483 2247–2248, 3085, 3348, 3349, 3583, Gram (–) bacterium, 1851, 1852 3608–3609, 3632, 3948, 3953, 3957 Granulation, 341 Glutathione-S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1), Granulocyte, 1511 179–180, 3585, 3590, 3592 Granulosa cells, 2750, 2752–2755 Glutathione-S-transferase P (GSTP1), Graves’ disease and ROS, 3528–3529 1024, 3585 Green fluorescent protein (GFP), 2238 Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), 19, 31, 70, Green tea, 1489, 2986, 4030, 4032–4035 74, 382–384, 654, 655, 1796–1798, Green tea polyphenols (GTPs), 3755, 2196, 2243, 2554, 2984, 3014–3015, 3759, 3760 3029, 3040, 3608, 3609 Green/unfermented rooibos, 4085, 4087, 4089, Glutathione-S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1), 4092, 4097 3585, 3590, 3592 Ground squirrels (Spermophilus Glutathione system, 1067 tridecemlineatus),54 Index 4135

Growth factor, 1295, 1296, 3381, 3382, 3387, HCV core protein, 1813 3389, 3392, 3394, 3399 HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, 1814 Grx. See Glutaredoxin (Grx) HD. See Huntington’s disease (HD) GSH. See Glutathione (GSH) HDAC1, 445, 448 GSH/GSSG. See Glutathione/glutathione HDAC6. See Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) disulfide (GSH/GSSG) HDAC7, 442 GSH peroxidises (GSHPx), 620, 624, 627, 633 HDACs. See Histone deacetylases (HDACs) GSH reductase glutamyl-cysteine ligase Heart, 214, 217, 218, 220, 334, 335, 338–340, (GCL), 2377 343, 380, 383, 385, 386, 476–480, 891, GSH synthetase (GS), 619–624, 633, 634, 2637 892, 895–899, 902–904, 906, 908, 912, GSIS. See Glucose-stimulated insulin 914–916, 919–926, 931, 933, 1032, secretion (GSIS) 1035, 1037–1042 GSNO. See Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) disease, 71, 79 GSSG, 2753 mitochondria, 301, 302, 305, 308, 309, GSSG:GSH, 1704, 1718 317–318 GSTP, 3040–3041 Heart failure (HF), 720, 725, 742–746, 851, GTPCH-1 deficiency, 864 854, 856, 857, 863, 864, 1050, 1052, GTP cyclohydrolase, 420 1336, 2626, 2634, 3657, 3659 GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (GTPCH-1), 856, Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation 858, 859, 861, 1185–1187, 1264, (HOPE) Study, 1279, 1482, 1483, 1265, 1346, 1349 2635, 3449 GTPs. See Green tea polyphenols (GTPs) Heart protection trial, 1247 Guanine-rich sequence-binding factor 1 Heat shock protein (HSP), 74, 182, 186, 2246, (Grsf1), 553 2747, 2932, 3088, 3181 Guanylate cyclase (GC), 913, 930, 2899, 2910 Heavy metals, 582, 587–589, 2864 Gut-brain axis, 1709 (HECT)-type ubiquitin protein E3 ligase GW274150, 2908 (NEDL1), 2233 G127X SOD1 mutants, 2234 Heinz body, 182 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), 401, 1707, 1849–1865 H Helicobacter pylori 986 (HP986), 1876 Haber–Weiss cycle, 1179 Helicobacter pylori with indomethacin, 1737 Haber–Weiss reaction, 1793, 2840, 3680 Helminth, 3499 Hair cells, 3562–3564, 3566, 3573, Hematocrit, 2569 3583–3585, 3590–3592 Hematologic responses, 3041 Half-cell reduction potential, 1058 Hematopoiesis, 551, 552, 3032–3034, 3039, 3042 Halogen, 3878 Hematopoietic cells, 343 Haploinsufficiency, 91 Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), Harm-reduction, 77, 78 3031–3032, 3034, 3038, 3041–3042 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and ROS, 3531, 3533 Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), 3030–3035, HATs. See Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) 3039, 3041–3044 H2aX-positive cells, 2197 Heme, 214, 218, 225, 228, 1987 Hb. See Hemoglobin (Hb) Heme oxygenase, 545, 1025, 1241, 1244 HbA1c, 3843 Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), 828, 2455, 2932, Hb instability, 2506, 2509 3629, 3630, 3683 HBMEC. See Human brain microvascular Heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2), 1967 endothelial cells (HBMEC) Hemichromes, 2506 HbS. See Sickle Hb (HbS) Hemodialysis, 2594, 2596 HBV. See Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hemodynamic forces, 1213–1228 HCC. See Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Hemoglobin (Hb), 2500, 2501, 2505–2507, hCG, 2750, 2754–2756 2509, 2512 HCT 1032, 2914 b-Hemoglobinopathies, 2500–2501, 2505, 2506 HCV. See Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Hemolytic anemias, 2499–2512 4136 Index

Hemopexin-like C-terminus, 2056 Histidine, 357, 360 Hemorrhage, 2051, 2052, 2061 Histological damage, 1855 Hemorrhagic stroke, 1982–1985, 1987, 1991 Histomorphometry, 2963 Hemorrhagic transformation, 1982, 1991 Histone acetylation, 820, 829–833, 835, 839, Heparanase, 1354 Histone acetyltransferases (HATs), 820, 822, Heparan sulfate proteoglycans, 1354 830, 832–833 Heparan sulfates (HS), 1353, 1354 Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), 186, 442, Hepatic steatosis, 333 444–446, 448, 449, 820, 826, 830, Hepatic surgery procedures, 1817–1818 833–836, 839 Hepatitis, 68, 79, 3199, 3202 Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), 3147–3148 Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 1812 Histone deacetylases (HDACs), 96, 820–821, Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx), 1812 830, 832–837, 839 Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 333, 630, 1812–1814 Histone demethylases, 548, 549 Hepatobiliary function, 1792, 1795, 1799–1801 Histone modification, 820, 822, 832 Hepatocanalicular dysfunction, 1794–1795 Histone posttranslational modifications, Hepatocarcinogenesis, 1821 440, 441 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 633 HIV, 632 Hepatocellular cholestasis, 1785, 1820 HIV infection, 3218, 3219, 3221–3233 Hepatocytes, 477, 619, 622, 627–630, 1788, HK. See Hexokinase (HK) 1791–1796, 1799, 1801 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), Hepatoprotectors, 4094, 4095 1460–1462 Hepcidin, 447, 1813, 2545 4-HNE-VMAT2 adducts, 2423 Herbicides, 1928, 1930–1926 HNO. See Nitroxyl (HNO) Hereditary spherocytosis, 2501, 2502, 2506 hOGG1, 2376–2377 HETE. See Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic HOMA, 1532 acid (HETE) Homeostasis, 155–157, 178, 185, 196, Heterogeneity, 1297, 2072 2510, 2512 Heterotherms (hibernators), 378 Homoaconitase, 94 Hexahydroxystilbene, 4053 Homocysteine, 3632 3,3’,4,4,’5,5’-Hexahydroxystilbene (M8), 4053 Homozygous, 2551 Hexokinase (HK), 900, 902, 929 Homozygous weaver (wv/wv) mice, 2205, Hexosamine pathway, 801, 805, 2595, 2206, 2253, 2259 2794, 3837 HOPE-TOO, 1247 Hexosamine pathway flux, 3383–3384, 3387 Hormesis, 423, 1389–1391, 1395–1397, HF. See Heart failure (HF) 3018–3019, 3857, 3864 HHE. See 4-Hydroxyhexenal (HHE) Hormetic effects, 52, 1390, 1394–1395 Hibernation, 50, 54, 378, 383, 384 Hormetic response, 1384, 1390, 1391 Hibernators, 378, 383–384 Hormetic stresses, 1390, 1397 HIFs. See Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) Hormetic stressors, 1390 High altitude, 407–414 Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) High-fat diet, 3476, 3483 couplings, 4050, 4051 High-intensity interval training, 3847 Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), 297, 316–318 High-molecular-weight antioxidants, 16, 17, 21 Hospitalizations, 610 High resolution optical mapping, 1072 H2O2 stress, 95, 96 Hippocampal CA-3 and dentate gyrus, 2205, HPCs. See Hematopoietic progenitor 2225, 2253, 2255 cells (HPCs) Hippocampal neurons, 2386 H+ permeability, 1060 Hippocampus, 2206, 2214–2216, 2230, 2235, HPLC analysis, 1442, 1443, 1446, 1447 2246, 2249, 2373–2375, 2378, 2384, HP-neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) 2386, 2399–2405, 2437,,2440, 2443, genes, 1875 2444, 2454, 3863 HRP. See Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) Hippocampus CA1, 2004, 2006, 2009–2010 HS. See Heparan sulfates (HS) Histatins, 3876 HSC migration, 3034 Index 4137

HSC mobilization, 3032, 3042 3477, 3481, 3482, 3484, 3600, 3602, hs-CRP, 4103 3609, 3610, 3616, 3806, 3810, 3858, Hsp104, 94 3876, 3877, 3881, 3884, 3885, 3956 hTERT. See Human telomerase (hTERT) contamination, 315 HUCB cells. See Human umbilical cord blood measurements, 1429 (HUCB) cells Hydrogen pumping, 903, 904, 922 Human antigen R (HuR), 554 Hydrogen sulfide, 364 Human aortic endothelial cells, 3482 8-Hydroksyguanine glycosylase 1, Human brain microvascular endothelial cells 2376–2377 (HBMEC), 2248–2249 Hydrolipoperoxides, 3219 Human C-reactive protein (CRP), 3225, 3226 Hydroperoxides, 42–44 Human dopaminergic (SK,N-SN, SHSY5Y) Hydroquinone, 3684 cells, 2253, 2264 Hydrosalpinx fluid (HSF), 2748–2749 Human milk,611–612 D-b-Hydroxybutyrate, 2218 Human papillomavirus, 3886 5-Hydroxydecanoic acid, 1263 Human pathologies, 629 8-Hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), 68, Human pathology, 1314 1635, 1636, 1639, 1878–1881, 2589, Human peroxidases, 3877 2592, 2631, 2633–2634, 2638, 2968, Human skeletal actin (HSA)-Cre, 480 3104, 3859–3863 Human telomerase (hTERT), 1392, 1393 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-2dG), Human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) cells, 694, 700, 701, 703–705, 1988, 1991, 2251–2252 2200, 2204–2205, 2254, 2856, 2861, Humicola sp., 3779 2863, 2864, 2934, 2937–2939 Humoral immunity, 3615 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA), 2200, 2204, Huntingtin, 3098–3099, 3106, 3108, 3109 2222, 2227 Huntington’s disease (HD), 252, 253, Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), 2193–2195, 2197, 2208, 2211–2212, 1508, 1510 2239–2241, 2265 2-Hydroxyethidium, 1427–1428, 1430, HuR. See Human antigen R (HuR) 1442–1443, 1447 Hyaline inclusions, 3158 2-Hydroxyethidium quantification, 1194 Hydroethidine, 1427 4-Hydroxyhexenal (HHE), 3444, 3446 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 7–10, 13, 19, 21, Hydroxyl, 123, 957, 958, 974, 1453, 66, 99, 118, 120–126, 316–318, 397, 3679, 3680 538, 544, 545, 548, 555, 650, 654, 655, Hydroxyl (HO+), 2855–2857, 2861, 659, 880, 881, 893–897, 901, 907–910, 2864, 2865 912–916, 924, 931, 956–958, 1023, Hydroxylamine spin probes, 1426–1427, 1441 1033, 1039, 1041, 1049, 1051, 1053, Hydroxyl radical reactive oxygen 1054, 1056–1062, 1069, 1096, 1097, species, 4095 1106–1112, 1114, 1124–1127, 1129, Hydroxyl radicals (OH•–), 7–10, 13, 15, 20–22, 1131, 1133, 1135, 1137, 1139, 1140, 27, 66, 101, 102, 507, 602, 624, 650, 1213, 1222, 1240, 1242, 1244, 1333, 651, 653, 655, 1333–1335, 1558–1559, 1334, 1380, 1389, 1436–1440, 1566, 1674, 1678, 1985, 1987, 1991, 1444–1447, 1558–1559, 1566, 1674, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2015, 1697, 1702, 1705–1707, 1712, 1716, 2278–2279, 2565, 2646, 2647, 2649, 1897–1898, 1902–1908, 1910, 1912, 2654, 2760, 2896, 2978, 2984, 3083, 1963, 1965, 1970, 1985–1987, 1991, 3100, 3102, 3343, 3345, 3348, 3350, 2176, 2177, 2179, 2565, 2566, 2586, 3564, 3570, 3572, 3600, 3602, 2589, 2646–2648, 2651, 2744, 2745, 3605, 3610, 3616, 3746, 3876, 3951, 2751, 2754, 2760, 2839, 2840, 2843, 3956, 4092 2979, 2983, 2984, 3005, 3014, 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), 445 3083–3085, 3144–3146, 3158, 3322, 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-3-phenyl-1,3- 3324, 3325, 3328, 3343, 3345–3349, propanedione (HMBD), 4054 3352, 3469, 3471, 3472, 3474, 3476, 4138 Index

4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 102, 188, 825, Hypohalites, 3878, 3879, 3881, 3882 834, 2224, 2234, 2417, 2421, 2423, Hypohalous acid (HOCl), 3878, 3879, 3885, 3886 2454, 3444, 3446 Hypometabolic adaptation, 382 Hydroxyperoxyl radical, 299 Hypometabolic state, 378, 381–382 Hydroxystilbenes, 4051 Hypometabolism, 2084 Hyperbaric oxygen, 387 Hypoperfusion, 2003, 2006 Hyperbilirubinemia, 1794, 1799 Hypopnea, 3656–3658, 3660–3662 Hypercapnia, 3949, 3955 Hypotension, 3268, 3271 Hypercholesterolemia, 631, 724–726, 738–739 Hypothalamus–hypophysis–testicular HyPer-Cyto, 1445 function, 2799 Hyperexcitability, 3149 Hypothermia, 919, 932, 934 Hyperglycemia, 221, 222, 224, 363, 634, 1199, Hypothermic state, 376 2595, 2598, 2790–2796, 2800, Hypothiocyanite (OSCN–), 3879, 3881, 2803–2806, 2962–2965, 2967, 3288, 3882, 3884 3289, 3291–3296, 3299–3300, 3306, Hypoxanthine, 1265, 3955, 3956 3377, 3380–3383, 3385–3387, 3390, Hypoxia, 281, 284, 286, 359, 363, 364, 3393, 3399–3400 409–410, 414, 541, 549, 554, 556, 557, Hyperglycemia-induced cell damage, 2794 626, 630, 632–633, 854, 858–859, 1676, Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, 1677, 1962, 1964, 1970, 1971, 3469–3471, 3473 2213–2216, 2220, 2245, 2247–2248, Hyperglycemic damage, 2660 2251, 2567, 2572–2575, 2577, 2876, Hyperhomocysteinemia, 1389 2884, 3662–3666 Hyperlipidemic, 4097 Hypoxia defense mechanisms, 381 HyPer-Mito, 1445 Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), 179, 182, HyPer-Nuc, 1445 896, 1242, 2879, 2884–2885 Hyperosmotic stress, 250, 256, 257 Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs), 284, 285, Hyperoxia, 408, 599–602, 604, 608, 611, 288, 548, 1309 2571–2572 Hypoxia-inducing factor 1-a (HIF1-a), 288, Hyperparathyroidism, 2979, 2980 447, 3739 Hyperproliferative endothelial cells, 1357 Hypoxia/ischemia injury, 2245 Hyper-reactive cysteines, 1033, 1035 Hypoxia-ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, Hyperresponsiveness, 2253, 2258 384–385 Hypertension, 327, 328, 633–634, 792–794, Hypoxic-ischemic injury, 600 802–804, 807, 850–851, 856–858, Hypoxic kidney, 2573–2575 860–861, 863, 864, 1123–1142, 1181, Hypoxic stress, 381 1183, 1186, 1187, 1189, 1192–1200, Hypoxic vasodilatation, 1951 1239–1249, 1256, 1260–1264, 1267, 1327, 1328, 1332, 1333, 1335–1336, 1510, 1524, 1529, 1531, 1896, 1899, I 1901, 1906, 1908, 1910–1917, 2646, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, 3457 2651, 3657, 3658, 3661, 3665 ICC. See Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) Hypertensive heart failure, 897 ICH. See Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) Hypertensive patients, 1200 ICU. See Intensive care unit (ICU) Hyperthermia, 257 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 636, Hypertrophy, 953–955, 961, 963, 964, 1612–1614, 1616, 1617, 1620, 967–973, 975, 1256, 1261 1621, 1623 Hyperuricemia, 1389, 2593 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis histology, 171 Hypobromite, 3875 Idiosyncratic drug toxicity Hypochlorite, 3746 idiosyncratic drug reaction (IDR), 1776 Hypochlorite (OCl–), 3877, 3878, 3881, 3882 troglitazone, 1776 Hypochlorite anion, 2008 valproic acid (VPA), 1776 Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), 7–9, 13, 15, 21, 26 IDPc, 3683 Hypoglycemia, 220, 541 IFM. See Interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM) Index 4139

IGF-1. See Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) Inferior colliculus, 3583, 3592 IkB kinase (IKK), 3482 Infertility, 2707–2709, 2711 IL-6. See Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Infiltration of muscle by fat and connective IL-10. See Interleukin-10 (IL-10) tissue, 2939–2940 ILD. See Interstitial lung disease (ILD) Inflammasome, 2999, 3500 IL-8 release, 831, 835 Inflammation, 67, 68, 76, 170, 172, 183, IMAC. See Inner membrane anion 185–187, 189–191, 193, 194, 440, 442, channels (IMAC) 444–445, 599–601, 726–729, 731, IMAC blocker, 1069 733–735, 738–740, 742–744, 796, 799, IMM. See Inner mitochondrial membrane 817–839, 956–957, 1124, 1125, 1135, (IMM) 1137, 1139, 1163, 1167, 1170, 1240, Immune cell mediators, 3931 1242, 1243, 1249, 1258, 1260, 1267, Immune cells, 2350, 2352, 2353, 2570, 1369, 1370, 1373, 1389, 1390, 1395, 2575, 2577 1396, 1406, 1565, 1568, 1572, 1593, Immune cell trafficking, 2069–2070 1594, 1598–1604, 1695, 1697–1699, Immune complexes, 2543, 2552 1897, 1908, 1910–1914, 1916, 1917, Immune response, 1853, 1854 1962–1964, 1967–1969, 1981–1985, Immune system, 2550 1987–1989, 1991, 1992, 2194–2196, Immunoglobulin, 2552, 3877 2198, 2201, 2210, 2215, 2217–2218, Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 1413, 1414, 1416 2220, 2221, 2230, 2233, 2235, 2238, Immunologic, 3382, 3389, 3399 2239, 2243, 2244, 2246, 2247, Immunological synapse, 3503, 3505–3507, 2251, 2252, 2262, 2263, 2349–2363, 3509–3513 2375–2376, 2380–2385, 2607, 2615, Immunomodulation, 3030, 3037 2747, 2759, 2840, 2844–2846, 2855, Immunomodulators, 2353 2876, 2999–3001, 3003, 3005, 3006, Immunomodulatory treatments, 2357 3008, 3013–3016, 3018, 3121, 3122, Immunophilin, 2246 3129, 3131, 3362–3365, 3371, 3410, Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation 3411, 3421, 3600, 3611–3614, 3616, motifs (ITAMs), 3506–3510 3662, 3663, 3665, 3810, 4024, 4030, Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory 4032, 4036 motif (ITIM), 3510 and illnesses: ROS-OS, 3197–3211 Immuno-spin trapping, 1425–1426 in interstitial lung disease, 1613, 1616, 1617 Impaired endothelium-dependent Inflammatory, 2370, 2373–2374, vasodilation, 2777 2380–2383, 2385 Impaired insulin secretion, 2791 bowel diseases, 3201 Imposed flow, 2071–2073 cancer, 1872 + INa. See Na current (INa) cells, 1023, 1028, 1853–1855, Indirect antioxidants, 1499 1908, 1909 Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 11, cells mast cells, 1648 394, 397–398, 410, 1037, 1042, 1407, cytokines, 629, 2906 1409, 1504, 1505, 1695–1696, 1700, diseases, 1344 1703–1704, 1707–1708, 1714, 1718, genes, 1656 2372, 2373, 2378, 2381, 2382, 2386, insults, 1967 2898, 2902, 2904–2909, 2911–2307, joint diseases, 2897, 2898 2454, 3498, 3500, 3570, 3679–3681 markers, 2360 Inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (iNOS2), 191 mediators, 1900, 1913 Industrial chemicals, 1928, 1932–1933 molecules, 2075–2076 Ineffective erythropoiesis, 2500–2502, 2509 processes, 2381 Infarct area, 2180 reaction, 3951 Infarction, 372, 380 responses, 820, 822, 823, 826, 835–836, Infarct size, 891, 912, 924, 926, 927, 933 838–839, 913, 919, 925, 926, 1530, Infections, 582, 587, 588, 590, 591, 3268, 3880, 3885 1704–1710, 1718, 3268, 3276 signaling, 1348 4140 Index

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 1695, 2375–2376, 2383, 2387, 2711, 1700–1701, 1705, 1708–1709 3224–3226, 3228, 3232, 3681, 3684, Infliximab, 2460 3686, 3790, 3794, 4032 Inhibition of complex II, 314 Interleukin-8 (IL-8), 3684, 3686 Initial precipitating injury (IPI), 2242 Interleukin-10 (IL-10), 382, 1908, 1912, Innate and adaptive immune, 3495, 3513 2251, 2252 Innate and adaptive immune responses, 3496 Interleukin-12 (IL-12), 802 Innate immune, 3679 Interleukin-13 (IL-13), 3740 Inner ear, 3583, 3584, 3591, 3592 Interleukin-17 (IL-17), 3741 Inner membrane anion channels (IMAC), Interleukin-23 (IL-23), 3741 1063–1065, 1068, 1069, 1071 Interleukin 1b (IL-1b), 2201, 2205, 2381, Inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), 894, 2382, 2385, 2906, 3155–3157, 3224, 899, 901–907, 912, 921, 927, 929, 931 3497, 3498, 3500–3503 Inorganic, 3875, 3876, 3879, 3882 Interleukins (ILs), 1648, 1651, 1652, 1656, iNOS. See Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 2976, 2982, 3039, 3663 iNOS2. See Inducible nitric oxide Interleukins 1a (IL-1a), 3790, 3795 synthase 2 (iNOS2) Intermittent hypercapnia, 3665–3666 Inosine, 378 Intermittent hypoxia, 3660–3666 Inotropic, 2070–2073 Internal elastic lamina, 1288 Insufflations, 3949–3951, 3954, 3956 Interplay between ROS and Arachidonic Acid, Insulin, 634, 792–795, 798–804, 807, 1970–1971 2279–2281, 2790–2797, 2800, 2801, Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), 1710, 1713 2803, 2805, 3341–3347, 3350, Interstitial lung disease (ILD), 1612–1613, 3352–3354, 3362–3365, 3369, 3371, 1620, 1621 3468, 3470, 3473, 3474 diagnosis, 1613 action, 2796 histology, 1613 resistance, 792–794, 798–801, 804, 807, pathogenesis, 1613–1617 1527–1529, 1532, 1575, 1576, 2791, Interventional studies musculoskeletal, 2793, 2797, 2804, 2897, 2905, 2913, 3000–3001 2962, 3020, 3320–3321, 3323, 3327, Intestinal epithelial cell, 1694, 1697–1698, 3328, 3342–3344, 3347, 3352–3354, 1700–1701, 1707, 1716 3438–3440, 3446, 3450, 3451, 3458, Intra-articular injection, 3019–3020 3834, 3836, 3838, 3843 Intracellular Ca2+, 2007, 2008 secretion, 281–283, 286, 3288–3289, 3302, Intracellular H2O2, 1429 3304, 3320–3324, 3326, 3328 Intracellular nitric oxide, 727 •– sensitivity, 3835, 3843 Intracellular O2 , 1436, signaling, 799, 800, 807, 3322 1441, 1442 Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), 2205, Intracellular redox state, 1071 2227, 2251, 2252, 3158 Intracellular ROS, 1436, 1444 Insulin receptor (IR), 3346–3347 Intracellular signaling, 957, 961, 966, 970, 976, Insulin receptor substrate-1, 2913 2841, 3362, 3364, 3366–3368 Intensive care unit (ICU), 1416, 1417, 1419 Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), 1980, Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), 1982–1984, 1987, 1989–1992, 3472, 3473, 3476, 3480–3483 2243–2244 Interendothelial junctions, 1346 Intracranial pressure, 1984–1985 Interferon gamma (IFNg), 185, Intrafusal fibers, 2898, 2915 189, 2906 Intraluminal pressure, 1215–1220 Interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM), 996 Intramitochondrial, 295 Interleukin-1 (IL-1), 3952 Intraperitoneal injection, 334 Interleukin-2 (IL-2), 2883 Intrauterine growth restriction, 2773, 2776 Interleukin-4 (IL-4), 3741 Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), 606 Interleukin-6 (IL-6), 382, 796, 803, 1908, Intravenous injection, 334 1911–1913, 1916, 2205, 2223, Intravenous iron, 2634, 2636 Index 4141

Intravenous NAC, 1818 Ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury, 720, 723, Intravenous silibinin, 1814 725, 727, 731, 733–736, 743, 2050, Intrinsic aging, 484 2052–2053, 2055–2059 Intrinsic antioxidant capacity, 3563, 3569, Ischemia-induced neuronal death, 2010, 2013 3571, 3574 Ischemia-related arrhythmias, 1068 Intrinsic antioxidant defense system, 3565 Ischemia-reperfusion (IR), 282, 331, 332, Intrinsic lymph pump, 2070 339, 340, 384, 387, 556, 606, Intrinsic pathway, 625, 626, 628–629 889–934, 1306, 1308, 1309, 1312, Intrinsic variation, 3566–3567 1315, 1531, 1963, 2584–2585, Invasion/metastasis, 2876, 2882–2883 2589–2591 Invecchiare in Chianti (InCHIANTI) Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, 194, 854, study, 3917 857, 864, 889–934, 1078, 1080, 1167, In vitro fertilization (IVF), 2707, 2713, 1412, 1413, 1417, 1418, 2608, 2611, 2717, 2824 2682, 3570 In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes, 2750, Ischemic, 212, 216–220, 225 2757–2758 brain injury, 2001 + Inward rectifying K channel (IK1), 1071 core, 1980 Ion channels, 351–364, 2403 heart disease, 3657 b4-subunit, 1947 injury, 1052, 1063, 1069, 1070, 1072 Ionizing radiation (IR), 2877, 2878 post-conditioning, 736, 738, 926–927 Ion transporters, 904, 914 Ischemic/hemorrhagic injury, 2006 IPC. See Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), 736, IPF. See Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) 926–927, 1390 IPI. See Initial precipitating injury (IPI) Ischemic stroke, 1980–1984, 1987–1992, Ipsilateral hemispheres, 2055 2182–2183, 2354 IR. See Insulin receptor (IR); Ischemia- Isoflavones, 4027, 4029, 4035–4036 reperfusion (IR) Isoflavonoids, 4026, 4027, 4029 Iron, 93, 100–102, 178–179, 184, 189–190, IsoFs. See Isofurans (IsoFs) 193, 197, 381, 382, 439, 446, 447, 602, Isofurans (IsoFs), 2402 606, 609, 1524, 1526, 1674, 1675, 1983, Isoketals, 361, 362 1985, 1987, 1991, 2278–2279, Isolated perfused rat livers, 1792–1794, 1801 2282–2283, 2545, 2546, 2855, 2856, Isoleukotrienes, 1964 2860, 2864, 3452, 3605, 3610, Isopropylmalate isomerase, 94 3636–3637 8-iso-Prostaglandin F2a, 2375, 2458 Iron-binding proteins, 1567 8-Isoprostane, 71, 824, 1328, 1331, 2588, Iron excess, 2506 2589, 2596, 3742 Iron homeostasis, 553 Isoprostanes, 607, 792, 793, 795, 806, 1126, Iron-induced damage, 2015 1137, 1242, 1486 Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), 553 Iso-prostanoids, 1964 Iron sequestration, 396, 397 ITAMs. See Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based Iron-sulfur (FeS) clusters, 93, 95, activation motifs (ITAMs) 100–101, 1056 IUGR. See Intrauterine growth retardation Iron utilization, 2637 (IUGR) IRPs. See Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) IVF-embryo transfer, 2752, 2753 Irradiation, 2876 Irritable bowel disease, 1693 Ischaemic myocardium, 734 J Ischemia, 193, 196–198, 363, 374, 382, JB6 skin epidermal cell line, 3760 384, 385, 1412–1419, 1910, JHDM, 447 1912–1917, 1980, 1982–1985, Joint inflammation, 3006, 3014 1987–1989, 1991, 2350, 2352, Joint pain, 3001, 3002, 3016 2354–2355, 2362–2363, 2400, 3856, Junctional integrity, 1346 3857, 3860, 3951 Jun-nuclear kinase (JNK), 1000, 1001, 1006 4142 Index

K Leptin, 2793, 2794, 3835, 3836 Kainic acid, 2263, 2400–2401 Leukocyte-endothelial interactions, 3472, 3476 KATP channel blocker (glibenclamide), 1068 Leukocytes, 1569–1570, 2386, 2772, 2774, KATP channels, 928, 929, 1951–1952 3880, 3885 KD. See Ketogenic diet (KD) Levcromakalim, 364 KEAP1-Nrf2 pathway, 443–444, 449 Level of aspalathin, 4091 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), Levetiracetam, 2404 443–445, 448, 826, 828, 838, 1112 Lewy bodies, 2203, 2217–2219, 2263, 2264 Ketogenic diet (KD), 2405–2406 LH. See Luteinizing hormone (LH) a-Ketoglutarate, 94, 95 Li+. See Lithium (Li+) K+ flux, 1947–1948 Libido, 2798, 2804 Kidneys, 332, 338, 477, 483, 2563–2577, Life extension, 3918 2645–2654 Life history, 40, 48–50, 52, 54, 57, 59 disease, 2572, 2577, 2661, 2670 Life history trade-offs, 4054–42, 48 failure, 2582, 2584–2586, 2592 Life quality of the elderly, 2928 stones, 3275 Lifespan, 155–157, 160–163, 1386–1389, Kinases, 820, 822, 826–831, 833, 838, 839 1391, 1394, 3856 Kinase-type receptor, 2715 Lifestyle, 2148, 2154, 3284 Kindling radicals, 1182–1183, 1196, 1198 Lifestyle diseases, 4084 Kinin system, 1277 Ligand binding, 356 KIT protein, 3684 Ligand-gated ion channel, 367 Knockout studies, 543–545 Lignans, 3774 Krebs cycle, 3383 Limb ischemia, 2521–2522 Ksp1.3-Cre, 483 Linker for activation of T cells (LAT), 3505, Kynurenine metabolites, 2630 3508–3512 Linoleic acid (LA), 1503, 1506–1508, 1510, 1511 LIP. See Labile iron pool (LIP) L Lipid-derived aldehydes, 1568 LA. See Linoleic acid (LA); Lipoic acid (LA) Lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), 3605–3609 Labile iron pool (LIP), 2504, 2507, 2511 Lipid peroxidation (LPO), 47, 53, 67, 70–72, Lactate, 541, 543 92, 100–102, 104, 330, 412–414, 459, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 1413, 1414, 460, 463, 499, 500, 797, 820, 824–826, 1418, 2249 829, 1166, 1387, 1388, 1408, 1409, Lactic acid-producing bacteria, 1706 1412, 1414, 1416–1418, 1500, Lactobacillus, 1704–1705, 1714, 1717 1502–1503, 1529, 1531, 1558, Lactobacillus delbruecki, 1717 1567–1569, 1635, 1636, 1987–1990, Laminin 332, 3794 2139, 2178–2180, 2194–2196, 2199, Laparoscopic surgery, 3937, 3947–3959 2200, 2204–2206, 2215, 2224, 2225, LAT. See Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) 2234, 2239–2240, 2242, 2278, 2280, Late-onsetAD (LOAD), 2148, 2149, 2151, 2154 2285, 2372, 2375–2376, 2378, Lateral wall, 3562, 3563, 3569 2383–2385, 2387, 2401–2402, 2405, Lavender, 1717 2453–2455, 2457, 2458, 2460, 2461, Lck-Cre, 484 2542, 2543, 2546–2547, 2553, 2609, LC/MS, 1950, 1953 2613, 2685, 2745, 2747, 2749, 2751, LCMV. See Lymphocyte choriomeningitis 2754, 2761, 2799, 2800, 2803, virus (LCMV) 2816–2818, 3102, 3347–3348, 3350, LDH. See Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 3409–3410, 3423, 3424, 3426, 3566, LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 3567, 3572, 3573, 3602, 3604–3610, LDL-mediated proinflammatory events, 733 3612–3614, 3680, 3682, 3723, 3951, Lectin like oxidized LDL receptor-1 3958, 4092–4095, 4099, 4103, 4104 (LOX-1), 2779 Lipid peroxyl radical (LOO•–), 2454 Left ventricular remodeling, 3847 Lipids, 66, 67, 70–72, 773–776, 892–895, 898, Lens, 3600–3602, 3604–3611 901, 903, 907, 909, 912, 917, 918, 921, Index 4143

928, 931, 934, 1693, 1697, 1699–1702, Local blood circulation, 3570 1708–1709, 1711, 1715–1717, 3441, Longevity, 41, 45, 46, 49–50, 59, 1384, 1385, 3444, 3446, 3449, 3451, 3454, 3457, 1388, 1390, 3917–3918 3458, 3680 Longevity factors, 3018 absorption, 2069–2070 Long-lived phenotype, 345 bilayer, 92 Long-QT syndrome, 364 mediators, 1409, 1960 LOOH. See Lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) membranes, 298, 299 Loss of heterozygosity, 72 methyl group, 2934–2935 Loss of myelin, 3390 oxidation, 102, 103 Lou Gehrig’s disease, 3153 peroxidation cascade, 2934–2935 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 634 peroxides, 1791, 1964, 1967, 1968, oxidation, 792, 793 1970, 1971 receptors, 1395, 2977 profile, 4099, 4104 Low environmental temperatures, 378, 379 rafts, 361, 3507, 3509, 3511, 3512 Lowlanders and highlanders, 412–414 Lipofuscin, 1412, 1413, 1415, 1417, 3629, Low melatonin syndrome, 2372 3630, 3637 Low-molecular-weight antioxidants, 16, 17, Lipoic acid (LA), 15, 806, 1499, 1818, 2159, 21–28 2221, 2244–2245, 2281, 2349–2363, Low oxygen pressure, 408, 410 2460, 2596, 3084, 3086, 3231, 3300, Low pathogen (LP) vivarium, 341 3413, 3441, 3451, 3542, 3641, 3942, LOX. See Lipoxygenases (LOX) 3958, 3977 LOX-1, 1243–1245 Lipoperoxidation, 10, 12, 23, 26, 27, 2076 5-LOX. See 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) Lipoperoxide ROOH (LPO), 2935–2936, 2941 LPO. See Lipid peroxidation (LPO) Lipophilic antioxidants, 387 L-type calcium channels and TRPC6 Lipophilic cations, 1312, 1313 channels, 1215 Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), 611, 2199, Lucigenin, 1424, 1429, 1441 2201, 2219, 2239, 2248, 2251, 2373, Lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, 2381, 2383, 3226, 3227, 3269–3272, 1195, 1486 3498, 3500 Lucigenin redox cycling, 1193 Lipoproteins, 1567, 1569 Luminal-mediated chemiluminescence, 334 Liposomal-encapsulated MT-1 promoter, 2263 Lung, 1558, 1560–1561, 1564–1569, Liposomes, 334 1575, 1576 Lipotoxicity, 1501–1505 ageing, 1658–1659 Lipoxidation, 361, 362, 2547 cancer, 442, 444, 446 Lipoxin, 1511 disease, 438, 440, 441, 443–444, 447, 449 Lipoxygenase (LOX), 543–544, 1509–1510, inflammation, 817–839 1897, 1900–1901, 2074 Lutein, 3629, 3639, 3780, 4025, 4028, 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX), 1103 4030–4032, 4034, 4035 12/15-Lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX), 1102, 1103 Luteinizing hormone (LH), 2746, 2750, 2752 Lipoxygenases (LOX), 1093, 1094, Lycopene, 10, 20, 3794, 4024–4025, 4028, 1102–1103, 1113, 1408 4031–4034 Lipoxygenases 1 (LOX-1) receptor, 1572, Lymphangions, 2070–2073 1574 Lymphatic system, 2075, 2076, 2078 Liquid diet, 649, 657, 658 Lymphatic tone, 2072, 2077 Lithium (Li+), 2422–2424 Lymphatic vessels, 3791 Liver, 331–333, 338, 476–478, 483, 484, 792, Lymphocyte choriomeningitis virus 794, 798–800, 807, 3857, 3860–3861 (LCMV), 3509 Liver mitochondria, 301, 318 Lymphocytes, 367, 1260, 2351–2353, 3154 LKB1, 429 Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase L-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 1439, (Lck), 3505, 3508–3512 2072, 2073, 2213 Lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), LOAD. See Late-onsetAD (LOAD) 3505, 3508 4144 Index

LYP. See Lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (LYP) (MALT) lymphomas, 1850, 1851 Lysosomes, 3089, 3090, 3152, 3153 Manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), 283, 284, 289, 461–464, 466, 467, 475–484, 624, 627, 724, 728, 1057, M 1099, 2079, 2375, 2399, 2402, 2546, MA. See Malonic acid (MA) 2663–2665, 2757, 2933, 2941, 2943, MAAs. See Mycosporine-like amino acids 3838 (MAAs) Mania, 2412, 2422, 2423 Macreophage/microglial media, 2251 Mannitol, 102 Macroalgae, 3775 MAP kinase, 1215, 1218–1219, 1223 Macromolecular crystal, 514, 515 MAPK kinase, 2880 Macromolecular homeostasis, MAPKs. See Matrix-associated protein 2069–2070 kinases (MAPKs) Macrophage phenotype, 2914 Marine sponge extracts, 3780 Macrophages, 178, 184, 189–191, 193, 194, Mast cell (MC), 3241, 3244, 3247, 767, 1096, 1101, 1102, 1109, 3392–3394, 3396 1112–1113, 1289, 1297, 1406, 1408, Maternal obesity, 2759 1411, 1544, 1695–1696, 1698, 1704, Maternal-placental-fetal interfaces, 612 1706–1708, 1710–1712, 2521, 2523, Maternal smoking, 2760, 2763 2898, 2905, 2911–2912, 2914, 2915, Matrigel, 2521, 2530, 2531 3472, 3476, 3477, 3482, 3495–3504, Matrix-associated protein kinases 3513, 3950, 3952 (MAPKs), 3772 Macrovascular disease, 3476 Matrix degradation, 1406, 1410, 1411 Macular degeneration, 635, 3601, Matrix metalloprotease, 1966–1968 3611–3614, 3616 Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, 3790, Magnesium, 2908, 3574 3792–3796 Magnesium orotate, 3942 Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 729, 739, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 3010, 740, 742, 743, 954, 1000, 1002, 1242, 3012, 3017 1243, 2049–2061, 3391, 3396, 3839 Mainly glutamate, 1981–1982 Maturation, 1390, 1394, 1396, 1397, 2509 Maintenance and repair systems, 1385, 1389 Maturation and maintenance, 1394 Major recurrent depression (MRD), 2370, MAVS, 3502 2371, 2374, 2382, 2384–2387 Maximum oxygen uptake, 3847 Malabsorption syndromes, 3008, 3021 Maximun life expectancy, 3918 Male fertility, 2725, 2726 MBEH. See Monobenzyl ether of Male health professionals’ study, 1246, 1247 hydroquinone (MBEH) Male infertility, 2724–2725, 2736, MC. See Mast cell (MC) 2815–2827 MCAO. See Middle cerebral artery occlusion Mallard, 55–56 (MCAO) Malnutrition, 2760 MCB. See Monochlorobimane (MCB) Malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis MDA levels, 4099 (MIA), 2630 mdx mouse, 2912–2914 Malonaldehyde (MDA), 3605–3607, 3613 Measurement of antioxidant capacity, Malonate, 301, 305, 307, 1439 3934–3935 Malondialdehyde (MDA), 102, 173–174, 181, Measurement of cell viability, 1737 188, 334, 335, 825, 826, 1412–1414, Mechanical forces., 1352, 1353, 1355, 1358 1416–1418, 1709, 1878, 1988, 1989, Mechanical loading of bones, 2901–2904 2076, 2244, 2246–2248, 2542, 2543, Mechanical stress, 1389, 3569 2546, 2547, 2589, 2592, 2630, Mechanical stretch, 1408, 1409 2634–2636, 2747, 2748, 2751, Mechanism, 953, 955, 956, 958, 959, 965, 970, 2753–2755, 2939, 2981, 2982, 3631, 971, 975, 976 3680, 3682, 3757, 4095, 4099 Mechanosensors, 1352–1355 Malonic acid (MA), 2239–2240 Mechanotransduction, 1352–1355 Index 4145

MED. See Minimal erythema dose (MED) acidosis, 381, 557 Median life span, 341–343 demand, 1947–1949, 1955, 2567–2568, Medications, 582, 587, 590 2571, 2573 Medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL), diseases, 286–287 2568, 2569, 2573, 2574, 2576 disorders, 1071, 2154, 2790, 2796 meHb, 2506 dysfunction, 3447 Meiosis II, 2746 endotoxemia, 1714 MEK3, 2880 enzymes, 93–95 Melanin, 3591, 3627, 3629, 3630 inhibition, 311 Melanocytes, 3678, 3681, 3683–3687 injury, 3378, 3382, 3383, 3385, 3386 Melanocyte-specific antibody, 3687 pathway, 3382, 3383, 3385–3387, 3396, Melanocyte specific microphthalmia- 3398–3400 associated transcription factor rate, 48, 49, 51, 53, 378–381, 383, 1049 (MITF-M), 3684 regulation of RET, 313 a-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH), sinks, 1069–1070 3684, 3789, 3792 specificity, 304–305 Melanogenesis, 3684 syndrome, 793–795, 804–805, 807, 882, Melanoma, 3756–3758 1200, 1318, 3452, 3456, 3458 Melatonin, 652–653, 656, 659–660, 671, 676, vasodilators, 1951, 1953 680–682, 1710, 2059, 2157–2160, Metabolically stressful, 1062 2198, 2200, 2203, 2208, 2216, 2225, Metabolism, 4027–4030, 4036 2245, 2249, 2371–2372, 2382, 2384, Metabolites, 2510, 2511, 4086, 4094, 4097, 2434, 2437, 2439, 2443, 2745, 2754, 4098, 4103 3627, 3629, 3633, 3948, 3956, 3957 Metabolomics, 76 Membranaceous ossification, 2900 Metadoxine, 1815 Membrane-bound subunits, 1291 Metal, 214 Membrane-pacemaker theory, 49 chelators, 2278–2279, 3177 Membrane permeability transition pores compounds, 569–573 (MPTP), 724 ions, 2194, 2196, 2200, 2202, 2203, 2206 Membranes, 379, 381, 383, 387, 891–894, 896, Metal-binding sites, 92 899–904, 906, 908, 910, 917, 921, 927, Metalloporphyrin, 2404 928, 930, 931 Metalloporphyrinic compounds, 3455 fluidity, 1509 Metalloproteinase–2 (MMP–2), 2883 phospholipids, 1949, 1951 Metalloproteinase in interstitial lung disease, potential, 314–315, 379, 381, 480, 481, 1615, 1621 891, 900, 1861–1863 Metalloproteinases, 1406–1408 Membrane unsaturation index, 1507 Metallothionein double-knockout (MTdko), Membrane viscosity, 618, 624 2200, 2205–2207, 2227, 2253–2255, Memory, 2276, 2280, 2283, 2284, 2286, 2257, 2261 2443–2444 Metallothioneins (MT-1, MT2) Menarche, 2804 Metallothioneins (MTs), 182, 183, 2195, b-Mercaptoethanol, 2758 2198, 2200, 2202–2203, 2206, 2207, Mercury, 367 2224–2228, 2248–2250, 2252–2257, Mesangial, 2647, 2648, 2650, 2651, 2654 2260–2265 Mesencephalic fetal stem cells, 2226, 2264 Metallothioneins over-expressing weaver mice Mesenchymal osteogenesis, 2899–2900 (wv/wv-MT), 2227–2228, 2256–2257, Mesenchymal progenitor cells, 343 2260–2262 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), 2240, Metallothionein transgenic (MTtrans) mice, 2250–2252, 2260, 2261, 2521, 2529 2200, 2202, 2203, 2205–2207, 2226, Mesenteric lymphatic vessels, 2071, 2072, 2227, 2253–2256, 2261 2075–2078 Metaloproteinases (MMPs), 1223–1225 Mesurements of lipid peroxidation, 1735–1736 Metals, 178–181, 183, 190, 192, 193, 1559, Metabolic 1562–1564 4146 Index

Metals and metal compounds, 1931–1932 2226, 2227, 2233, 2234, 2239, 2241, Metaplasia, 1858, 1859 2244, 2246, 2248, 2251, 2252, 2258, Metastasis, 288–289, 2848, 2859, 2876–2878, 2263, 3143–3146, 3148, 3174, 3176, 2882–2884 3177, 3182, 3183 Metformin, 806, 3353, 3450, 3453, 3454 Microglial activation, 611 Methamphetamine (METH), 2224–2226, 2228 Microglial cells, 2378, 2387 Methionine, 90, 92, 96, 98, 357, 363, 366 Micronutrients, 1699, 1702–1703 oxidation, 98, 3680 Microparticles, 878–880, 882–885 sulfoxide, 3629, 3630 MicroPET Manager, 2256, Methionine sulfoxide reductase A 2260, 2261 (MSRA), 3742 Micro-positron emission tomography Methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSR), 90, (MicroPET) neuroimaging, 2200, 92, 3680 2202–2203, 2225, 2226, 2228–2229, Methods for detecting oxidative stress 2255, 2256, 2259–2261 metabolites, 3284–3286 MicroRNAs (miRNAs), 75, 76, Methods for superoxide detection, 1423–1430 442–443, 805 Methyl-b-cyclodextrin, 1355 Microtubules, 1221 5-Methylcytosine (5-mC), 73, 445 Microvascular 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- barrier, 1353–1354 butanone (NNK), 2857 complications, 2660, 2664, 2670, 3380 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+), 174, dysfunction, 862, 1574, 3268, 3269, 3275 176, 177 Microvesicles, 877–885 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) ion, Microwaves, 2436–2437, 2442, 2444 2253, 2254, 2264 Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 2013–2014, 2054, 2061, 2245, (MPTP), 176, 193, 2199, 2202, 2247–2252 2204, 2207, 2218, 2220, 2227, Mild hypothermia, 380, 381, 386 2253–2257 Mild uncoupling, 335 Methylprednisolone, 2461 Mild-uncoupling hypothesis, 1059–1060 Methyl radical, 2761 Milnacipran, 2380 Methylstilbenes, 4050 MIM. See Mitochondrial inner Metrigel plugs, 1954 membrane (MIM) Mfn2, 1863, 1864 Mineral, 2952–2954, 2956 mGSH. See Mitochondrial GSH (mGSH) Mineralocorticoid receptor blockers MHC class I and II molecules, 3687 Minimal erythema dose (MED), 3786, MI. See Myocardial infarction (MI) 3790, 3795 MIA. See Malnutrition-inflammation- Minocycline, 465, 2059, 2202, 2227, atherosclerosis (MIA) 2244, 2246 Micelles, 334, 337 miRNA expression, 3566 Microalgae, 3777, 3779 miRNAs. See microRNA (miRNAs) Microarray, 75 MIS. See Mitochondrial intermembrane Microbial defense mechanisms, 400 space (MIS) Microbial transplant, 1704, 1718 Miscar-riages, 2792, 2805 Microbiota, 1693, 1695, 1698–1699, Mismatched repair (MMR), 1703–1706, 1708–1709, 1712, 1714, 3106, 3107 1716–1718, 3874, 3875 Mistranslation, 96–98, 104 Microbiota-immunity nexus, 1703 MITF-M. See Melanocyte specific Microcirculation, 1216, 1223 microphthalmia-associated Micrococcus sp., 3779 transcription factor (MITF-M) Microenvironments, 3876 Mitochondria, 93, 94, 99–102, 114, 119, 123, Microflora, 4029 124, 156–159, 172, 174–178, 189, 192, Microglia, 192, 365, 366, 2201–2202, 2212, 193, 196, 197, 209, 210, 212, 243–259, 2215–2217, 2219, 2220, 2222, 2223, 266–275, 281, 283, 284, 286–289, Index 4147

296–317, 409, 410, 420, 421, 459, biogenesis, 421, 430, 2795, 3088 461–465, 538, 540–543, 545, 547, 553, Ca2+, 899, 903, 904, 918–923, 927, 930 600, 602, 604, 606, 620, 622–631, Ca2+ concentration, 385 633–635, 850, 851, 854, 858–859, complexes, 409 861–864, 891–893, 895, 896, 898–909, complex I, 882 911–926, 928–934, 994–997, 1001, criticality, 1063, 1065, 1066, 1069 1009, 1010, 1048–1052, 1056–1066, dynamic, 1863 1069–1071, 1093, 1094, 1099–1101, dysfunctions, 325, 1813, 1816–1817, 1820, 1105–1107, 1112, 1126–1131, 1133, 1825, 2374–2375, 2387, 2411–2425, 1138, 1257, 1261–1264, 1307–1310, 2664, 2999, 3020, 3097–3109, 3364, 1312–1318, 1424–1428, 1525–1529, 3369, 3371, 3592 1856, 1859–1865, 1900, 1901, electron transport, 300, 301, 304, 2433, 1906–1907, 2025–2030, 2152–2154, 2840, 2875 2156, 2158–2161, 2330–2331, 2333, genome, 625 2337–2338, 2341, 2372, 2374–2375, H2O2, 315–317, 1262 2397–2406, 2454, 2455, 2458, 2460, H2O2 emission, 1057, 1061, 1062 2462, 2472, 2473, 2475, 2476, 2479, matrix, 297, 299, 326, 336 2480, 2484, 2487, 2564, 2569–2575, membrane potential, 312, 313, 891, 1052, 2586–2588, 2590, 2591, 2593–2595, 1055, 1059, 1060, 1063–1072, 2253, 2597, 2598, 2662–2667, 2709–2712, 2254, 2265 2716, 2717, 2897, 2898, 2909, 2911, membranes, 298, 299, 302, 305, 312, 313, 2913, 2929, 2930, 2932, 2933, 722–723, 735, 891, 892, 894, 899, 2936–2939, 2943–2944, 3058–3060, 902–903, 928, 931 3062–3063, 3065–3067, 3070–3071, metabolism, 1527–1529, 2664 3170, 3173, 3178–3182, 3382–3388, morphology, 2665, 2795, 2796, 2807 3390, 3439, 3441, 3443, 3451, 3457, network, 1050–1051, 1063, 1065–1070, 3458, 3469–3472, 3474, 3484, 3485, 1072, 1862, 1863 •– 3600, 3603–3604, 3606, 3609, 3611, O2 , 1261–1264, 1426–1428 3616, 3627, 3633–3636, 3639, oscillations, 1063, 1064, 1067, 3835–3838, 3840, 3844, 3847, 1069–1071 3856–3850, 3904, 3905, 3908 oscillator, 1063–1065, 1067 c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), 1769–1771, oxidative stress, 798, 801, 806 1774, 1775 pathway, 114, 118, 122, 123, 125, 1859 iron, 1762, 1764, 1767, 1774, 1775 permeability, 892, 904–906 isoniazid (INH), 1776 redox potential, 1065 lysosome, 1774 redox status, 1263 mitogen activated protein kinase respiration, 722–724, 739, 2009 (MAPK), 1769 respiration metabolism, 3582, 3592 oxidative stress, 1760, 1761, 1767–1774 respiratory, 1987, 1992 respiration, 2627, 2628 respiratory chains, 301–304, 1262, 3244 rifampicin/rifampin, 1776 SOD, 411 superoxide dismutase (SOD), 1761–1763 superoxide, 2663, 2664 Mitochondrial, 1047–1072, 2646–2648, 2650, swellings, 3143, 3146, 3152 2965, 2967, 3833, 3837, 3838, 3840, therapeutic drugs, 928–930 3844, 3847 therapy, 928–930 aconitase, 2247–2248 transmembrane potential, 1504 “action potential”, 245, 253 Mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) aggregation, 2204 protein, 3513 aldehyde dehydrogenase, 1182, 1189 Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium antioxidants, 1312–1317 channels (mitoKATP), 1439 BER, 3108 Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium bioenergetic capacity, 635 channels (mitoKATP), bioenergetics, 2226–2228, 2256, 2263, 2796 1262, 1263 4148 Index

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 287–289, 1308, Mitochondrion and DNA in vitro studies with 1309, 1316–1318, 2003, 2398, 2400, cell cultures and cell lines, 1733–1734 2401, 2548, 2795, 2806, 2807, 3101, Mitochondriotropic drugs, 930 3104–3108 Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Mitochondrial-driven apoptosis, 2211 550, 551, 829, 999, 1505, 1592, Mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), 1598–1600, 1603, 2714 330, 333, 2661, 2662 apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 Mitochondrial electron transport (ASK1), 1769, 1774 complexes, 3099 c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), 1769 Mitochondrial-encoded gene, 1316 mitochondria, 1769 Mitochondrial (dys)function, 1050–1052, Mitogen-and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1), 1062–1064, 1068, 1071, 1072 829–831 Mitochondrial genome knockout (RhOmgko) Mitoperoxidase, 3484 cybrids, 2202 MitoPY1, 318 Mitochondrial GSH (mGSH), 623–631, MitoQ. See Mitoquinone (MitoQ) 633, 635 MitoQ10, 1483 Mitochondrial inner membrane (MIM), 298, Mitoquinone (MitoQ), 330–338, 346, 347, 623, 626, 628, 2662, 2663 1313–1316, 2158, 2159 Mitochondrial intermembrane space (MIS), MitoSOX, 252, 1427, 1428, 1437, 1442, 1443, 625–626, 628 1446–1447 Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase MitoTEMPO, 331, 898, 928, 931, 1263, 1267 (mtNOS), 2374 MitoTEMPOL, 331 Mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) MitoTracker Red CM, 2075, 2078 permeabilization, 625–626, 628 MitoVit E, 931 Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), mitoYFP, 1443 892, 904–906, 1861 MKK6, 2880 Mitochondrial permeability transition pore MKP5, 2632–2633 (mPTP), 250–255, 258, 259, 892, M1 macrophages, 2912, 3498, 901–906, 910, 912, 914–916, 3500, 3502 918, 919, 921–923, 926, 928, M2 macrophages, 3498, 3499 931, 956 MMP2, 1406, 1408–1410 Mitochondrial ROS (mROS), 304, 311–315, MMP9, 1406, 1407, 1409–1411 396–397, 798–802, 807, 1093, 1094, MMR. See Mismatched repair (MMR) 1099–1101, 1105, 1106, 1111, 1112, Mn-SOD. See Manganese superoxide 1262, 1263, 1386, 2544, 2795, 2797, dismutase (Mn-SOD) 3242–3244 Mn-SOD/SOD2, 1541 Mitochondrial thioredoxin (Trx2), 1542 Mn(III) tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin Mitochondrial transcription factor A (MnTBAP), 380, 386 (mtTFA), 996 Mn(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins 2 (UCP2), chloride (MnTBAP), 466 195, 196 Mobile telephone, 2435 Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, 315, Moclobemide, 2380 323–348, 1183 Modiolus, 3562, 3563 Mitochondria-targeted derivative of spin trap Molecular impacts, 3566 a-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone Mole-vole Ellobius talpinus, 343, 346 (MitoPBN), 330 Monoamine neurotransmitters, 2420, Mitochondria-targeted drugs, 930, 931 2421, 2423 Mitochondria-targeted probe, 1426 Monoamine oxidase A and B Mitochondria-targeted therapy, 1816–1817 (MAO-A,B), 2372 Mitochondria-targeted version of the Monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), 176, superoxide dismutase mimetic M40403 2203–2205, 2219, 2263, 2264 (MitoSOD), 331 Monoamine oxidases, 544, 722–724, 2570 Mitochondrion, 1311, 3568 Monoamine theory of depression, 2370, 2371 Index 4149

Monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH), mt-cpYFP, 246, 247, 249–253, 256, 3684, 3687 258–259 Monochloramine, 363, 368 MTdko. See Metallothionein Monochlorobimane (MCB), 1569–1571 double-knockout (MTdko) Monocyte, 3155 mtDNA damage, 2747 Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), MT2 melatonin receptor, 2216 2201, 2227, 2241, 3155, 3740 mTOR, 2879 Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), MUCB5 gene in pulmonary fibrosis, 1617 1695, 3472, 3475, 3479, 4032 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, 1850 Monocytes, 766, 771, 882–884, 1486, 2370, Mucosal protection and adrenals, 1741 2375, 2381, 2386 Mucous glans hyperplasia, 1647, 1654, Monolayer permeability, 1354 1656–1657 Mononuclear (MNC) cells, 2250–2252 Multi-antioxidant supplementation, Mood stabilizers, 2422–2425 1415, 1418 3-Morpholinosydnonimine (SIN–1), 2200, Multi-assay approach, 4087 2202, 2227, 2263, 2264 Multicomponent formulation, 3903, 3921 Mortality, 2837, 2838, 3909–3911, Multicomponent supplementary therapy, 387 3913–3919, 3921 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 Mortality rate, 1391, 1396 (Mrp2), 1790, 1793–1801 Motoneuron, 3142–3161 Multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family, 620 Motor endplate, 2897, 2910, 2915 Multifactorial diseases, 2790 Motor neurons (MNs) disease, 2193–2194, Multiple fluorochrome comet assay, 2253, 2254 2229, 2235–2236, 3167–3183 Multiple origins of reactive oxygen species, Mouse leukemic cells, 4093 3381 Mouse models of Type 1 diabetes, 3471, Multiple sclerosis (MS), 632, 2195, 2258, 3473–3474 2264, 2265, 2350, 2352–2354, Mouse models of Type 2 diabetes, 2360–2362, 3198, 3204 3474, 3484 Multivesicular body pathway, 98 M-phase-promoting factor (MPF), 2714 Multivitamins, 1419, 3948, 3952, 3957 MPO. See Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Muscarinic antagonist, 2442 MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study, 1482 Muscle, 792, 798–800, 807, 3098–3102, 3104, MRD. See Major recurrent depression (MRD) 3108, 3109 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) atrophy, 2912, 2913, 3089–3092 mRNA, 74–76, 1799–1801 cell cultures, 3100, 3101 mRNA and miRNA, 881 contraction, 1050 mRNA processing, 3152 dystrophies, 2897, 2898, 2911–2915 mROS. See Mitochondrial ROS (mROS) fatigue, 3086–3088 MRP1, 1248 fibers, 2908–2912, 2929, 2932, 2934, 2936, Mrp2. See Multidrug resistance-associated 2939, 2941, 2944 protein 2 (Mrp2) function, 2929, 2931–2932, 2936, 2941 MRP family. See Multidrug resistance protein pathology, 3097–3109 (MRP) family spindles, 2915 MS. See Multiple sclerosis (MS) strength, 3904, 3905 MSCs. See Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) wasting, 3100, 3101 a-MSH. See a-Melanocyte stimulating Muscle creatine kinase (MCK)-Cre, 478, 479 hormone (a-MSH) Muscular rigidity, 2253, 2256, 2261 MSK1. See Mitogen-and stress-activated Musculoskeletal system, 2895–2916 kinase 1 (MSK1) Mutant, 1799 MS-PPOH, 1952 Mutation, 67, 68, 72–74, 218, 226 MSRA, 3683 Mutations of LRP5, 2977 MSRB, 3683 MYC, 2884 mTAL. See Medullary thick ascending Mycoplasma, 3221 limb (mTAL) Mycosporine glycines, 3779 4150 Index

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), 3774, NADH oxidase, 883 3777, 3779 NAD(P)H oxidases, 795, 796, 801–803, Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), 2501, 2074–2076 2503, 3041 NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase, 281 •– Myeloperoxidase (MPO), 14, 21, 395, 398, NADPH-dependent production of O2 , 1438 544, 603, 1003–1005, 2373, 2374, 2381, NADPH/NADP, 3442 3877, 3880, 3881, 3884, 3885 NADPH oxidase enzyme (NOX), 2000, 2004 apoptosis, 1767 NADPH oxidases (NOX), 281, 539, 544, 802, hypochlorous Acid (HOCl), 1767 850–855, 857–864, 893, 895–897, 906, necrosis, 1767 913, 919, 920, 932, 998–1000, 1006, Myeloproliferation, 3028, 3037, 3039–3040 1009–1011, 1039–1042, 1056, Myelostimulators, 3043 1092–1097, 1100, 1101, 1106, 1125, Myelosuppression, 3034, 3038, 3043 1127, 1129–1133, 1137–1142, 1178, Myocardial, 217, 218, 220 1180–1183, 1191, 1196–1199, conduction, 1068–1070 1241–1244, 1248, 1256–1261, 1263, ischemia, 376, 384 1264, 1266, 1290–1293, 1295–1297, stunning, 919, 3936 1347, 1350–1351, 1355, 1407–1410, Myocardial infarction (MI), 891, 895, 924, 927, 1424, 1428, 1485–1490, 1498, 933, 1181, 1316, 2519, 2522–2523, 1540–1541, 1544, 1674, 1676, 1677, 2528, 2626, 2635, 2876 1679, 1680, 1695–1696, 1701, Myocardium, 217, 225, 805, 1308 1706–1707, 1714, 1897–1901, 1906, Myoendothelial gap junctions, 2778 1908, 1910–1917, 1963, 1964, Myofibroblasts, 1289, 1294–1296, 1613–1616, 1966–1968, 1970, 2177, 2181, 2373, 1621, 1623, 3744–3746 2378, 2381, 2387, 2454, 2473, Myogenic 2475–2477, 2479, 2481–2484, 2487, autoregulation, 1952 2488, 2517–2532, 2661, 2662, constrictor, 1215, 1216 2668–2669, 2715, 2955, 2957, 3084, responses, 2073 3145, 3154, 3156, 3157, 3241–3243, Myoglobin, 2898, 2899 3245–3247, 3269, 3365–3369, 3439, Myometrial arteries, 2778 3442, 3456, 3459, 3470, 3471, Myxothiazol, 305 3475–3477, 3480–3481, 3484, 3485, 3495, 3498–3503, 3507, 3512, 3513, 3662, 3665, 3681, 3835–3837, 3839, N 3841, 3845, 3876 Na+/Ca2+ exchange, 904 activation, 2004, 2009, 2012 N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 74, 325, 340, activity, 1899, 1900, 1903–1905 610–611, 631, 632, 879, 880, 1307, complex, 3005 1313, 1392, 1393, 1810, 1812–1813, Kupffer cells, 1766 1816, 1818–1819, 1823, 1825, 1843, NADPH oxidase expression, 1900 1844, 2058, 2059, 2458, 2507, 2510, neutrophils, 1766 2553, 2596, 2598, 2635, 2637, 2711, NADPH oxidases 1 (NOX1), 193, 194, 851, 2821, 2824, 3032–3034, 3036–3039, 854, 858, 860–863, 1093–1095, 1097, 3087–3088, 3204, 3208–3209, 3450, 1113, 1130–1133, 1137, 1138, 1240, 3958, 3976 1244, 1258, 1259, 1264, 1540, 1541, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (L-NAC), 2727–2731, 1545, 1695–1696, 1706–1707, 1716, 2733, 2735, 2979, 2982, 3572, 3573 2519, 2521, 2527, 2529, 2650–2652 N-acetyl-p-quinoneimine (NAPQI), 630–631 NADPH oxidases 2 (NOX2), 193, 194, 394, N-acetylserotonin (NAS), 2384 395, 851, 854, 860–863, 999, 1000, + Na current (INa), 1068 1009, 1039–1042, 1093–1097, 1101, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), 2247 1104, 1113, 1130–1133, 1137–1139, NAD+, 365, 418, 423–426, 429–431 1240, 1242, 1244, 1258, 1259, 1261, NADH, 538, 542, 893, 903, 905–907, 909, 912, 1292, 1541, 1543–1546, 1897–1900, 919, 922, 934, 2445 1905, 1910–1915, 1967, 2004, 2009, Index 4151

2519–2525, 2527–2529, 2531, 2570, Neprilysin (NEP), 441, 3861 2575, 2650–2652, 3471, 3475, 3477, NER. See Nucleotide excision repair (NER) 3478, 3481, 3482 Nernst equation, 326, 1053, 1054, 1058 NADPH oxidases 4 (NOX4), 851, 854, 860, Nernst potential, 1058 863, 999, 1000, 1039, 1040, 1093–1094, Nerve, 2441 1096–1097, 1130–1133, 1137–1139, toxicants, 1928 1244, 1258, 1259, 1292, 1541, 1545, toxins, 1928 1546, 1897–1900, 1914, 1967, 2004, Nestin-Cre transgenic mice (Nes-Cre), 482 2009, 2519–2525, 2527–2529, 2531, N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM), 363 2570, 2650–2652, 2668, 2669 N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis, 2237 NADPH oxidases 5 (NOX5), 851, 854, 863, NETs. See Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) 1093–1094, 1096–1097, 1130, 1132, Network behavior of mitochondria, 1063, 1133, 1258, 1259, 2519, 2521, 2799 1069, 1070 NADPH phagocyte oxidase complex, NeuN (+) neurons, 2234 395–396 Neural progenitor cells (NPCs), 256, 258 NAEs. See N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) Neural stem cells (NSCs), 1961, 2240 NAFLD. See Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Neural tube, 547, 548 (NAFLD) Neuritic plaque, 2149–2151 Na+/H+ exchange, 904, 921 Neuro-AIDS, 2226–2227 Na+/K+-ATPase, 2007, 2399, 2403 Neuroanatomical and functional deficits, 646 Nampt, 424, 425, 429 Neuroblastoma cell line (IMR32), 2248–2249 Nanoparticles, 1574, 2261, 2263–2265, Neurocognitive dysfunction, 2383 3199, 3209 Neurodegeneration, 463, 476, 482, 2006, 2013, Nanotechnology, 3539–3554 2014, 2016, 2191–2265, 2305–2318, NAPQI. See N-acetyl-p-quinoneimine 3171, 3180–3182 (NAPQI) damage, 3615, 3616 Naringenin, 4064, 4072 Parkinson’s, 176, 177, 191–193 NAS. See N-acetylserotonin (NAS) Neurodegenerative, 3142, 3143, 3145, 3146, Na+-taurocholate cotransporting 3148, 3149, 3151, 3152, 3158, 3161 polypeptide, 1784 diseases, 26, 28, 384, 439, 441, 1926, 1928, National Acute Spinal Card Injury Study, 2461 1935, 3423, 3592, 3930, 3988, 3999 National Health and Nutrition Examination disorders, 2176–2178, 2180, 2184, 2193, Survey (NHANES), 3903 2198, 2202, 2204–2206, 2208–2210, Natural antioxidants, 4049 2215, 2217, 2228, 2230, 2232, Natural products, 4013–4018 2235, 2249, 2252, 2258, 2260, ncRNA. See Noncoding RNA (ncRNA) 2261, 2264, 2265 nDNA, 3104, 3105, 3108 Neurodegenerative a-synucleinopathies, 2202, Necrosis, 624, 625, 627–629, 631, 2544, 2547, 2203, 2261, 2264, 2265 2582, 2584, 2588, 2590, 2593, 2597 Neurofibillary tangles (NFTs), 191–192, Necrosis factor kappa-B (NF-kb), 2201, 2202, 2151–2152, 2210–2212, 2216, 2277 2204–2207, 2213, 2215, 2219, 2226, Neurofilament, 3143, 3145–3148, 2247, 2258, 2263 3150, 3152 NEDL1 cDNA, 2233 Neurogenesis, 2524, 2528–2529, 3861–3864 Negative feedback regulation, 1358 Neuroinflammation, 1962, 2201, 2212, 2215, NEM. See N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) 2217, 2224, 2226, 2229, 2236, 2248, Neoglycoenzyme, 466 2249, 2251, 2258, 2263, 2277, 3145, Neonatal diseases, 672, 678 3154–3157, 3170, 3174–3177 Neonatal lupus, 2542 Neurological Neonatal resuscitation, 606–608 damage, 2435 Neostriatum, 3099 diseases, 2359, 2362 Neovascularization, 2521–2523, 2527, 2531 disorders, 1949, 1961, 1962 NEP. See Neprilysin (NEP) dysfunctions, 2057 Nephropathy, 2595, 2598 Neuromelanin, 2203, 2207, 2257, 2258, 2261 4152 Index

Neuromodulation, 1955 Niche microenvironment, 3031 Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), 2235, 2237, Nickel, 446 3143, 3145, 3150 Nicorandil, 737 Neuronal Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide activation, 1947–1955 dehydrogenase (NADH), 2203, 2218, apoptosis, 2150, 2152, 2155–2156, 2226, 2263, 2570, 2573, 2662, 2663 2160, 2162 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate damage, 2004, 2005, 2011–2013 (NADPH), 176, 183, 190, 193, 721, degeneration, 648, 2009, 2012 723–728, 730, 735, 739–742, 879, 880, loss, 2149, 2152 883–885, 1023–1026, 1028, 1034, 1037, signaling, 1946–1948, 4034 1039, 1053–1056, 1058, 1217, 1219, tissue damage, 1955 1222, 1225, 1307, 1312, 1452–1454, Neuronal NOS (nNOS), 9, 1037, 1038, 2052, 1456, 1458, 1459, 1462–1464, 2054, 2898, 2902, 2904, 2905, 1567–1568, 1985–1987, 1991, 2004, 2909–2915, 3570 2008, 2011–2012, 2502, 2505, 2506, expression, 2976 2510, 2569–2571, 2573, 2577, 2627, Neurons, 212, 226, 2433–2436, 2439, 2632, 2646, 2649–2651, 2653, 2756, 2442–2445, 3143–3150, 3156–3158, 2841, 2965, 2967, 3380–3382, 3386, 3160, 3161, 3377–3396, 3398–3400 3387, 3389, 3390, 3638 Neuropathic pain, 3455 Nicotine and benzo[a]pyrene, 2760–2761 Neuropathies, 223, 2357–2358, 2595, Nigericin, 251, 252 3375–3400 NIHL. See Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) Neuroplasticity, 2412–2413, 2419 Nitrates, 3879 Neuroprotection, 1954, 1955, 1999–2017, Nitrate tolerance, 1182, 1186, 1187, 2282–2284, 2305–2318, 3175, 3180, 1189–1190, 1193, 1198, 1199 3182, 3183 Nitration, 8, 11, 213–214, 219–223, 226–228, Neuroprotective, 2418, 2422–2425 357–359, 911, 916–918, 924, 925, 1309 Neurotoxicity, 1925–1938, 3145, 3148, Nitric, 210, 212, 215, 221, 225 3154–3160 Nitric oxide (NO), 5, 6, 9–11, 99, 172, 173, Neurotransmission, 2414, 2419–2421, 2423, 178–179, 187, 189–191, 194, 195, 287, 2424, 3583, 3584, 3592 356, 358–361, 363, 368, 377, 379, 380, Neurotransmitters, 2206, 2209, 2222, 2226, 385, 386, 602, 606, 609, 611, 691–695, 2228, 2232, 2241, 2261 699, 701, 702, 723, 726–730, 735, 739, Neurotransmitter uptake, 1946–1948, 740, 742, 823, 825, 834, 891–893, 895, 1950, 1955 897–898, 910–912, 917, 921, 923–926, Neurotrophic, 3390, 3399 928–930, 932, 998, 1002, 1003, 1005, Neurovascular unit, 1960, 1961, 1972 1010, 1033, 1034, 1037, 1038, 1041, Neutrophil, 2584, 2593 1042, 1217, 1220, 1221, 1223–1225, Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (Ncf1m1J) gene, 1227, 1326, 1335, 1337, 1384, 1386, 3495, 3498, 3501–3503 1395, 1407–1409, 1645, 1659, 1879, Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), 398–399 1898, 1901–1904, 1906–1911, 1913, Neutrophilic gastritis, 1853 1915, 1916, 1926, 1932, 1934–1935, Neutrophils, 394, 395, 398, 399, 401, 603, 1951–1953, 1963, 2051–2056, 1648, 1652, 1654, 1657, 1658, 3496, 2072–2074, 2076–2079, 2176, 2177, 3499, 3500, 3876, 3880, 3885 2195, 2198–2199, 2201, 2205, Neutrophil tissue infiltration, 1413, 1418 2213–2215, 2219, 2220, 2224, 2231, Newborns, 669–682 2244, 2246, 2248, 2251–2252, 2265, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), 384, 2196, 2373–2376, 2379–2382, 2387, 2433, 2209, 2238, 2455, 2456, 2458 2439, 2440, 2572, 2593, 2627, 2631, NFTs. See Neurofibillary tangles (NFTs) 2709, 2712, 2772, 2775, 2777–2779, N-glycosylases, 103 2794, 2800, 2801, 2805, 2857–2858, NHEJ. See Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) 2975–2976, 3002–3003, 3005, 3014, N(epsilon)-(hexanoyl), 3742 3015, 3020, 3083, 3145, 3146, 3148, Index 4153

3150–3152, 3154–3157, 3343, 3380, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, 3382, 3387–3391, 3439–3445, 3447, 2372, 2382, 2383 3451, 3453–3455, 3469–3470, 3476, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor, 3477, 3565, 3570, 3631, 3632, 3661, 2007–2008, 2015, 2201, 2214–2215, 3662, 3665, 3666, 3743, 3880, 3951, 2219, 2220, 2226–2227, 2239, 3954, 3955, 3957 2246, 3148 monitoring of ROS, 1659 NMJs. See Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) pathway, 1502 nNOS. See Neuronal NOS (nNOS) toxicity, 3500 nNOSm, 2898, 2909 Nitric oxide radicals (•NO), 1178, 1179, 1181, NO. See Nitrogen oxide (NO) 1182, 1187, 1193, 1199 NO bioavailability, 727, 735, 739, 3470, 3475, Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 544, 721, 723, 3477, 3485, 3832, 3834, 3835, 3839, 726–727, 891–893, 897–898, 917, 3840, 3843 923–925, 1037, 1038, 1040–1042, NO/cGMP, 2899, 2903, 2904 1241, 1242, 1244, 1879, 2007–2009, NO/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway, 2899, 2017, 2198–2200, 2203, 2213, 2214, 2903, 2904 2224, 2231, 2236, 2373, 2454, 2462, NO/cGMP/protein kinase G-II, 2903 2566, 2575, 2858, 2874, 2875, 2878, Nociceptive, 360, 366–368 2882, 2883, 2885, 2975, 2976, 3269, NOD-like receptors, 394 3343, 3954, 3957 NO donor, 2901, 2905, 2908 Nitrite, 3879, 3880 NOD.Rag1KO mice, 2231 Nitrite/nitrate, 693–695, 700–703 NO insufficiency, 2905 Nitrite reductase, 3880 Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), 3565, 3566, Nitrogen, 891, 3439, 3440, 3443, 3452 3568–3569, 3573, 3574, 3585–3590, 3592 Nitrogen oxide (NO), 539, 544, 1309, 1317 Nomenclature, 3678–3679 Nitroglycerin (GTN), 1181–1182, 1184–1187, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 1189–1191, 1198 1816–1817, 1822, 1824 Nitroglycerin (GTN)-induced endothelial “Non-cell autonomous”, 3144 dysfunction, 1184–1185 Noncoding RNA (ncRNA), 440, 442 7-Nitroindazole, 2199 Non-endothelial cell, 1294 Nitrosation, 214, 224, 228 Non-enzymatic antioxidants, 582, 584–586, Nitrosative-and oxidative-stress-induced 1734–1735, 2386, 2745, 2748 endothelial dysfunction, 1358 Nonenzymatic antioxidants vs. acute gastric Nitrosative damage, 2906–2908, 2912, 2913 mucosal damage, 1735–1736 Nitrosative stress, 439, 891, 892, 901, 902, 910, Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), 3106 912, 916, 918, 923, 1002–1003, Noninvasive neoplasia, 1874, 1884–1885 2895–2916, 3880 Nonlinear properties, 1063 Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), 1034, 1037 Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, 2792, 2801, Nitrosoperoxo carboxylate, 3954 3495, 3497–3499, 3503, 3511 Nitrosothiol, 1003 Nonsense-mediated decay Nitrosylation, 10, 11, 357–359, 361, 363, 364, Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 368, 1002, 3147, 3148, 3151, 3153, 441–444 3154, 3880 Nonspecific oxidation, 1443 S-Nitrosylation, 2077 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Nitrotyrosine, 694, 1003, 1410, 2076–2077, (NSAIDs), 3003, 3010, 3019, 3021 2634, 2638 Nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A), 1813 3-Nitrotyrosine, 2897, 2907 Non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI), Nitrotyrosine residues, 2776 2506, 2511 Nitroxyl (HNO), 1038, 1039 NO replacement therapy, 2898, NK (natural killer) cells, 3687 2905–2908, 2916 NLRP3, 396, 399 Normoxia, 410 NLRP3 inflammasome, 3687 NOS1AP. See NOS1-associated protein NLRX1, 396, 398 (NOS1AP) 4154 Index

NOS1-associated protein (NOS1AP), 2914 627, 633, 730–732, 742, 820, 822, 827, NO signaling, 1346, 1348, 1355, 1356 829–839, 862, 863, 1219, 1242, 1309, NOS inhibitor L-NAME, 1193–1194 1386, 1696, 1701, 1798, 2201, NOS uncoupling, 850, 856, 858, 859, 2204–2205, 2213, 2215, 2841, 2842, 861–864, 1264 2844, 2846, 2847, 2858, 2875, NO-synthases, 1257, 2751, 2753, 2755, 2898, 2877–2878, 2905, 2912, 2914–2915, 3832, 3833, 3835, 3837–3839, 3841, 2957, 3151, 3155, 3157, 3223, 3346, 3845, 3846 3444, 3446, 3454, 3500, 3502, 3506, NO-synthase uncoupling, 726–727 3638, 3663, 3665, 3758–3761, Nothofagin, 4085, 4087, 4088, 4090, 4092, 3859–3860 4094, 4098 Nuclear GSH, 622–623 NOV-002, 3037, 3039–3040, 3043–3044 Nuclear respiratory factors (NRF), 996 “Novel” PKC isoforms (nPKC), Nuclear spin, 519, 522, 525 1795–1796 Nucleic acids, 3680 NOX. See NADPH oxidases (NOX) Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, 428 NOX1. See NADPH oxidases 1 (NOX1) Nucleotide excision repair (NER), 103, 196, NOX2. See NADPH oxidases 2 (NOX2) 2862, 3106–3107 NOX5. See NADPH oxidases 5 (NOX5) Nurses’ Health Study, 1246 NOXA, 1097 Nutraceuticals, 1717, 2554 NOX-derived ROS, 3499, 3513 Nutrigenomics, 3006–3008 Nox4DFAD, 2522 Nutritargeting, 3006–3008, 3015–3018 Nox4/HIF1-a, 2523 Nutritional disorder, 792 Nox 1 inhibitor GKT13783, 862 Nutritional stress, 2263, 2264 Nox inhibitors, 3480–3481, 3485 Nutritional supplements, 3000, 3003 Nox isoforms, 851, 853–855, NXY-059 (disufenton sodium), 1990 862, 2668 NYHA functional class, 3847 NOX2 knockout animals, 2004, 2009 NOX subunits, 3471, 3476–3477 NPC1, 631 O •– NPCs. See Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) O2 , 1953–1954, 2373–2375, 2377–2379, NRF. See Nuclear respiratory factors (NRF) 2384, 2386, 3787, 3788, 3790, 3796 Nrf2 activation, 3173, 3181–3183 O2 (Oxygen molecule), 3787, 3788, 3790, Nrf2/ARE pathway, 2669 3794, 3795 Nrf2/Keap1, 3442, 3444, 3446 O3. See Ozone (O3) Nrf2/Keap pathway, 3481 OA. See Osteoarthritis (OA) Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response, OAT. See Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia 3326, 3327 (OAT) NS5A. See Nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) Oatps. See Organic anion-transporting NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory polypeptides (Oatps) drugs (NSAIDs) Obesity, 196, 774–776, 881, 1071, 1308, 1317, NSC23766, 2004, 2006, 2009 1395, 1396, 3001, 3002, 3017, 3020, NSCLC. See Non-small cell lung cancer 3361–3372, 3438, 3440, 3444, 3458, (NSCLC) 3656, 3657, 3659, 3832, 3834–3836, NSCs. See Neural stem cells (NSCs) 3842–3843, 3848 NTBI. See Non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) ob/ob mice, 1714 Nuclear and cytoplasmic matura-tion, 2757 Obovatol, 2248 Nuclear export, 93, 95 Obstructive cholestasis, 1788, 1802 Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 Obstructive jaundice, 1820 (Nrf2), 549–550, 826–828, 833, 835, Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 3655–3668 836, 838, 1112–1114, 1386, 2278, Occludin, 3272 2281–2282, 3326, 3328, 3329, 3788 O2 consumption, 2567, 2572, 2573, 2576 Nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), 181, 185, 386, 17-Octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA), 1954 440, 441, 444, 445, 449, 550–551, 625, Ocular disease, 4035 Index 4155

O2 delivery, 2567–2569, 2571, 2572 Organic compounds, 1563 ODLs. See Oxidative lesions of DNA (ODLs) Organic solvents, 576 17-ODYA. See 17-Octadecynoic acid Organophosphates, 1928–1929 (17-ODYA) Organotypic culture study, 3565 OFR. See Oxygen free radicals (OFR) Ornithine decarboxylase, 1876 2-OGC. See 2-Oxoglutarate (2-OGC) Oroxylin A, 2308, 2310, 2313–2318 OGD. See Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) Ortho-hydroxystilbene, 4051 6-OH-DA. See 6-Hydroxydopamine Orthopedic surgery, 3935, 3938–3939 (6-OH-DA) OS. See Oxidative stress (OS) 8-OH-dG. See 8-Hydroxy-deoxyguanosine OSA. See Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (8-OH-dG) Oscillations, 1051, 1063–1071 8-OH-2dG. See 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine Oscillatory shear stress (OSS), (8-OH-2dG) 856, 858 OH-radical adduct, 1441 O2 shunting, 2568, 2569, 2571–2572 OHSS. See Ovarian hyperstimulation Osmotic fragility, 2502, 2511 syndrome (OHSS) Osmotic injury, 2758 •– Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT), 2724, O2 specific signal, 1438, 1442, 1443 2725, 2733–2735, 2737 OSS. See Oscillatory shear stress (OSS) Oligoden-drocyte precursor cells (OPCs), 2244 Ossification, 2899–2902 Oligodendrocytes, 611, 3146 Osteoarthritis (OA), 2897, 2907, 2997–3021 Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, 3160–3161 Osteoblasts (OB), 2898–2908, 2916, 2952, Oligospermia, 2823 2954–2957, 2964–2965, 2968, Oliguric, 2584 2969, 2974–2979, 2983, 2985, 2986, Olivopontocerebellar neurodegeneration, 2255 3005, 3009 Olyphenols, 1702–1703, 1716–1717 Osteoclastic, 4035–4036 Omega-3 fatty acids, 1009, 2209, 2285, 2576, Osteoclastic cells, 2974 2597, 2653, 3010, 3013, 3202, 3305, Osteoclast maturation, 2905 3639, 3778, 3942 Osteoclastogenesis, 2954, 2956, 2981, Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids 2982, 2986 (PUFAs), 1009, 1503, 1506–1512, Osteoclasts, 2905, 2952, 2954–2957, 2964, 1700, 2385, 2386 2965, 2974–2976, 2978, 2980–2982, Omega-6 PUFAs, 1503, 1507–1513, 1700–1701 2985, 2986 OMM. See Outer mitochondrial membrane Osteocytes, 2898, 2900–2904 (OMM) Osteogenesis, 2529 Oncogenes, 2325–2342 Osteogenic markers, 2956 O&NS. See Oxidative and nitrosative stress Osteopenia, 2964, 2968, 2969 (O&NS) Osteopetrosis, 2981 Oocyte, 540–543, 549, 552, 556 Osteophyte, 3002, 3010 GSH content, 2756, 2758 Osteoporosis, 2897, 2898, 2905–2908, mitochondrial functionality, 2806 2952–2953, 2957, 2973–2986 quality, 2806, 2807 Osteoporosis, joint diseases, 2898 retrieval, 2753, 2763 Osteoprotegerin (OPG), 2955 OPCs. See Oligoden-drocyte precursor Ototoxicity, 3564, 3566, 3567, cells (OPCs) 3569–3574 Optimal energy dissipation, 1220 Otsuka long-evans tokushima fatty (OLEFT) Orai ion channels, 367 rats, 2793 Oral administration of L-arginine, 1193 Outer mitochondrial, 892, 894, 899 Oral antioxidants, 1474 Outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), 892, Oral cancers, 3883, 3886 894, 899–902, 904, 912 Oral cavity, 3874–3877, 3879–3887 Outward K+ current, 1071 Oral streptococci, 3877, 3884 Outward or inward, 1224, 1225 Organic anion-transporting polypeptides Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (Oatps), 1790, 1800 (OHSS), 2755 4156 Index

Ovarian stimulation protocols, 2750–2752 Oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), 891, Overnutrition, 798 892, 896, 899–902, 905, 906, 909–918, Overproduction, 3562, 3564, 3565, 3568–3570 923–932, 2369–2387 Overtraining, 3861, 3863 Oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) theory Oviduct, 540, 543 of depression, 2370 Ovulation, 2746, 2747, 2750, 2751, Oxidative DNA damage cell proliferation, 2753–2755 1871–1885 Oxaloacetate, 307, 310–311, 315, 1439 Oxidative/electrophilic stress, 3326 Oxerutins, 2058 Oxidative enzymes and the renin-angiotensin, Oxidant-antioxidant balance, 598–600, 612 1214, 1227 Oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis, 3678 Oxidative lesions of DNA (ODLs), 2198 Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, 1612, 1620, Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), 302, 1622, 1623 303, 312, 313, 315, 891, 902–903, 1050, Oxidants, 5, 7,–9, 15, 16, 24, 30, 31, 1052–1055, 1981, 2025, 2026, 211–213, 216, 217, 619, 622, 624, 2028–2030, 2751, 2756, 2760, 2897 625, 635, 636 Oxidative stress (OS), 17, 30–33, 65–79, 116, Oxidant stress, 2661, 3680 117, 121, 124, 127, 172, 174–196, 198, Oxidase, 210, 212, 221–224, 1407–1410, 1852, 244, 245, 256–258, 286–290, 296, 297, 1855, 2744, 2756 300, 311, 313, 355–368, 408, 412–414, Oxidase interactions, 849–864 417–431, 438, 439, 441–449, 581–591, Oxidation, 355–368, 3145, 3147–3157, 619, 620, 622–627, 629, 631–634, 636, 3160–3161, 3876, 3879, 3881 645–660, 669–682, 767–768, 817–839, b-Oxidation, 189, 1502, 1503 891, 892, 896, 899–901, 905, 906, Oxidation of proteins, 2178 909–911, 913–918, 923–932, 1051, Oxidation-reduction reactions, 1961 1052, 1061–1063, 1071, 1092, 1093, Oxidation-sensitive amino acid residues, 92 1096, 1097, 1099–1104, 1106–1114, Oxidation-sensitive proteins, 92–93, 98 1178–1183, 1191, 1192, 1197, 1200, Oxidative, 3283–3306 1217–1219, 1223, 1225–1227, 1274, burst, 183–184 1278, 1280–1282, 1306, 1308–1312, challenge, 1788, 1791–1793, 1802, 3858, 1315–1318, 1343–1358, 1405–1419, 3859, 3861, 3864 1430, 1451–1465, 1529–1531, damage, 90–93, 95, 96, 101–103, 1307, 1557–1576, 1611–1623, 1634–1636, 1309, 1313–1315, 1318, 1566, 1567, 1639, 1640, 1646, 1647, 1649–1660, 1635, 1636, 1638–1640, 1788, 1795, 1662, 1675, 1839–1845, 1855–1857, 1799, 1842, 2896, 2908, 3806, 3807, 1863, 1864, 1896, 1897, 1899, 1900, 3816, 3818, 3856–3858, 3860–3864, 1906–1917, 1961, 2000, 2001, 2004, 3900–3902, 3904, 3905, 3909, 3910, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 3917, 3920–3922 2015–2017, 2023–2031, 2051, 2053, DNA damage, 67–68, 102, 103, 1566, 2058–2060, 2083–2117, 2147–2162, 1988, 1991, 2543, 2819, 2824 2193–2195, 2197–2199, 2202, 2203, fluorescence microtopography, 1194 2206–2212, 2215–2224, 2227, inactivation, 603 2235–2237, 2239–2244, 2246, 2249, injury, 1955, 2434, 2649, 2652 2257, 2258, 2264, 2325–2342, 2350, metabolism, 2754, 2759 2356, 2358–2360, 2362, 2397–2406, metabolites, 1946 2411–2425, 2431–2445, 2451–2463, modification, 3500, 3508, 3512, 3605, 2499–2512, 2566, 2567, 2571–2577, 3606, 3610, 3611 2582, 2583, 2586–2599, 2724–2725, modifications, 507 2730, 2731, 2736–2738, 2791, NO synthesis, 2898 2793–2807, 2835–2848, 2951–2957, phophorylation, 172, 196 2963–2970, 2973–2986, 3000, 3001, photodamage, 3774, 3779 3005–3006, 3009, 3014, 3016–3019, protein damage, 92, 1388 3021, 3056–3057, 3059, 3061, 3063, PTM, 3495, 3503–3506, 3513 3065–3067, 3069–3071, 3099, Index 4157

3102–3106, 3109, 3170–3171, 3176, 8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), 3178, 3180–3182, 3283–3306, 3321, 1879–1880, 3244, 3246, 3322, 3325–3328, 3377–3381, 3383, 3859–3861, 3863 3385–3387, 3390–3392, 3397–3400, 4-Oxo-2-nonenal, 100, 2546 3405–3413, 3439–3459, 3469–3485, Oxygen, 209, 223, 228, 3600–3603, 3605, 3540–3542, 3544, 3545, 3553, 3554, 3609–3612, 3614, 3659, 3662, 3663 3561–3574, 3581–3593, 3600–3603, burst, 2371 3605, 3607–3612, 3614, 3616, desaturation, 3662, 3663 3661–3665, 3667, 3680, 3682–3684, radicals, 439 3686, 3755, 3759, 3761, 3772, 3777, species, 891 3875, 3880, 3951, 3958, 4006, 4012, tension, 2569, 2574, 2576 4013, 4018, 4019, 4024, 4030–4032, Oxygen-derived free radicals, 1331–1333, 4048, 4049, 4084, 4089, 4093, 1335, 1337 4095–4097, 4099, 4103 Oxygen free radicals (OFR), 1414, 1416, 2007, acetaminophen, 1762, 1770–1776 2011, 2563–2577 antioxidants, 1758–1760, 1763–1767, and anti-oxidants in vitro, 1729–1751 1777 vs. drugs in GI tract, 1733, 1744, 1750 and COPD, 1654–1659 vs. gastric mucosal energy systems, and diabetes, 3283–3306 1743, 1749 and diabetic complications, 3291–3293 Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), drug-induced liver injury, 1759, 1760, 2251, 2252 1764, 1777 Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), hepatotoxicity, 1757–1777 4088, 4092, 4095, 4099 homeostasis, 2846 Oxypurinol, 380, 1006, 1266 and insulin resistance, 3290–3291 OXYS rats, 345–347 in interstitial lung disease, 1620–1622 Oxysterols, 2759 markers, 2377, 2378 Ozone (O3), 173, 179–180, 189, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), 3875–3877 1758–1767, 1770, 1776, 1777 reactive oxygen species (ROS), 1758–1767, 1770, 1776, 1777 P responses, 90 p16, 1394 score, 703 p38, 2880 theory, 1386–1388 PAHs. See Polycyclic aromatic Oxidative stressors, 3321, 3322, 3326, 3329 hydrocarbons (PAHs) Oxide, 212, 225 Pain, 360 Oxidized DNA, 103 Palmitoyl-carnitine, 307, 312–314 Oxidized glutathione (GSSG), 619–622, 624, PAMPs. See Pathogen associated molecular 626, 627, 630, 635–636, 1034, 1035 patterns (PAMPs) Oxidized LDL (oxLDL), 733, 2775, 2777, 2779 Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 Oxidized lipoproteins, 2774 (PDX-1), 3350 Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL), Pancreatic b-cells, 798, 807, 3319–3330 880, 1317, 1506, 1546, 2747, 2985, Pancreatic cells, 1841, 1842 3472, 3473, 3477, 3479–3481, 3484, Pancreatic lymph node, 3499 3835, 3839 PAP. See Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL), 2546, 3614 Paralysis, 3142–3144, 3151, 3159 Oxidized products, 2153 Paraoxonase (PON), 2750, 3682 Oxidized pyrimidine, 4031 Paraoxonases (PONs), 18, 1006 Oxidized SHP-2, 3505, 3509, 3510 Paraquat (PQ), 176–177, 3564, 3565 Oxidized ubiquinone, 1059 Parathyroid hormone, 2975, 2979–2980 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine, 1708, Parenteral nutrition, 3274 3680, 3932 Parietal cell, 483 2-Oxoglutarate (2-OGC), 623, 624 Parkin-deficient (parkin-/-) mice, 2217 4158 Index

Parkinsonian symptoms, 2253, 2259 Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), 382 Parkinson’s disease (PD), 333, 463, 468, 631, Pentosidine, 694, 700, 701, 2965 2176, 2177, 2184, 2193–2195, Pentoxifylline, 2728, 2734–2735 2197–2209, 2214, 2217–2224, Penumbra, 1980, 1981 2227–2228, 2232, 2250, 2252–2258, Peppermint oil, 1710 2261–2265, 3590, 3592 Peptic ulcers, 1850, 1851, 1854, 1855, 1864 Paromomycin, 97 Percolation matrix, 1065 Paroxetine, 2380, 2381 Percutaneous coronary intervention Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), (PCI), 927 2501–2503, 2507, 2510, 2511 Perhydroxyl radical, 3679 PARPs. See Poly(ADP-ribose) Pericardial adipose tissue, 3834 polymerases (PARPs) Pericyte cell, 3388–3390, 3395 Particle Perinatal adaptation, 605 associated metals, 1563 Perineurium, 3379 clearance, 1561 Perinuclear mitochondria, 249 components, 1566 Periodontal, 3876, 3880, 3885 composition, 1561–1563 Periodontal disease (gum disease), 3883, deposition, 1559–1561 3885–3886 dose, 1561 Peripheral artery disease, 1192 mass concentration, 1561 Peripheral neuronal unit, 3377, 3379, 3380, number concentration, 1561 3390–3392, 3396, 3398–3400 size, 1559–1563 Peritoneal dialysis, 2596 surface area, 1562 Peritoneal injury, 3950 uptake, 1559, 1561 Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), Particle-induced lung disease, 1022–1027, 1296–1297, 1575 1565–1566 Perivascular fat tissue (PVAT), 3835–3836 Particle-induced oxidative stress, 1563 Perivascular pericytes, 1947 Particulate matter (PM), 1557–1576 Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), 607, levels, 1561, 1562 609, 611 toxicity, 1562, 1567 Permeability transition pore (PTP), 734, 735, Particulates (PM) glutathione epithelial tight 738, 892, 904–906, 1063, 1067, 1069 junctions, 1650 Permeable GSH prodrugs, 633 Partition coefficient, 298 Peroneal nerve, 3389, 3392, 3393, 3395, 3396 Parturition, 605 Peroxidase, 1133, 1137, 1140, 3880, Parvalbumin (PV), 2236 3882, 3884 Passive/extrinsic lymph, 2070, 2071 Peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide Patch-clamp technique, 2443 (H2O2), 2371 Pathogen associated molecular patterns Peroxidases, 2587 (PAMPs), 1698 Peroxidation, 361, 650–653, 656–660, Pathogen/damage-associated molecular 3151, 3154 patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs), 394 Peroxinitrite (ONOO–), 880 Pathological remodeling, 1350 Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2), 1111, 1114, 2248 Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), 394–396, Peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3), 1111, 1112 398, 1698 Peroxiredoxin I, 3742 PBEF. See Pre-B cell colony-enhancing Peroxiredoxins (Prx), 93, 99, 102, 103, 284, factor (PBEF) 382–384, 542, 545, 1179, 1180, PC. See Protein carbonyls (PC) 2715–2717, 2816, 2818, 3084–3086, PC12 cells, 2379 3348, 3349 PC-12 neuroblastoma, 2443 ferritin, 1764 PDZ domain, 2909, 2910, 2913 iron, 1764 Penetrating cation, 326–330, 333, 334 metalloprotein, 1764 Pentachlorophenol, 177, 178 metallothionein, 1764 3,5,30,4,050-Pentamethoxystilbene (MR-5), 4056 sulfiredoxin, 1764 Index 4159

thioredoxin (Trx), 1764 postconditioning, 906, 909, 926–927 vitamin C, 1764 treatment, 464–468 Peroxisome, 932 Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, 4096 Peroxisome proliferator (PP), 175, 188–189 Phenolic acids, 3774 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- Phenolics, 4049 alpha (PPARa), 175, 188–189, 1701 Phenols, 3199, 3201, 3205–3206, 3210, 3681, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta 3684, 3686 (PPARb), 2908 Phenotype, 3144, 3154, 3155, 3160 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g Phenylalanine, 357 (PPAR-g), 1711, 3444, 3446, Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), 3789, 3456–3458 3790, 3792 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors Phenylketonuria (PKU), 703, 707 (PPARs), 730, 732–733, 3444, Phlorotannins, 3774–3776 3456–3458 Phorbol ester, 2510 Peroxisomes, 2549, 2588 Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Peroxyl radical, 9, 11, 12, 23, 25–27 1351, 2879, 2884 Peroxynitrite (ONOO–), 8, 9, 14, 207–229, 356, Phosphatases (PTPases), 3346, 3347 359, 360, 368, 539, 555, 602, 603, 611, Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), 1351, 691, 694, 698, 723, 727, 739, 740, 879, 1352, 1355 882, 891–895, 898, 901, 910, 912, 913, Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt 917, 923–925, 931, 957, 958, 963, 998, pathway, 735, 738, 742 1002, 1003, 1094, 1098, 1104, 1105, Phosphatidylserine, 878, 879, 3292 1107, 1108, 1178–1180, 1182, Phosphocreatine, 3101 1185–1188, 1199, 1224, 1225, 1227, Phosphocreatine circuits, 1067 1262, 1264, 1290, 1346–1348, 1350, Phospho-cyclic AMP response element- 1351, 1356, 1440–1441, 1444, 1445, binding protein (CREB), 359 1452, 1454, 1458, 1526, 1897–1899, Phosphodiesterases, 429, 2899 1902, 1904, 1907, 1910–1913, 1963, Phosphoglcerate mutase 1 (PGAM1), 1025 1965, 2052, 2053, 2195, 2198–2200, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), 181, 2203, 2265, 2565, 2566, 2646, 2647, 184–185, 829, 838, 2879, 2884 2649–2650, 2654, 2773, 2776, 2858, Phospholipase, 2373 2874, 2875, 2885, 2899, 2906–2908, Phospholipase A2, 1962, 2210 2911–2914, 3005, 3014, 3015, 3083, Phospholipid bilayer, 334, 337 3085, 3145, 3146, 3148, 3151, 3152, Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione 3154–3156, 3158, 3268, 3271–3273, peroxidase (PHGPx), 102 3284, 3291, 3298–3299, 3440, 3441, Phospholipids, 362, 1507 3443, 3445, 3459, 3469–3472, 3474, Phosphorylated eNOS (pSer 1177), 1356 3481, 3680, 3880, 3954, 3955 Phosphorylation potential, 1055 Peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst (PDC), Phosphorylations, 891, 894, 902–903, 2053, 3455 914–916, 922, 929, 2751, 2756, 2760, Peroxyredoxins, 1697 3145, 3152 Pesticides, 573, 582, 587–589, 591, Photobiomodulation, 2243 1928–1930, 1937–1938 Photooxidated pterins, 3681 PG. See Prostaglandins Photooxidative damage, 3601 PGAM1. See Phosphoglcerate mutase 1 Photoreceptor, 333 (PGAM1) Photosensitization reactions, 13 PGF2a, 1328, 1329, 1331, 1335, 1336 Photosensitizers, 3601, 3612 pH, 246, 250–253 Physical activity, 780–781, 798, 800, 807, 2940, Phagocyte, 1291 2942, 2943, 3832, 3842, 3844, 3848 Phagocytes, 3242, 3247, 3495–3500, 3503 Physical disability, 3905, 3912, 3917 Phalloidin, 1793 Physical exercise, 1390, 3833, 3840, 3842, Pharmacokinetic, 3020 3844, 3917, 3921 Pharmacological, 457–468 Physical performance, 3905, 3917 4160 Index

Physical training, 1395 31P Magnetic resonance spectroscopy Physicians’ Health Study, 1247, 3906, 3908 (31P MRS), 2044 Phytochemical compounds, 4104 p38 MAP kinase, 833, 1967, 1969, 2215, 2219, Phytochemicals, 198, 3327–3329, 3755, 2258, 2263 3758–3761, 3763, 4023–4037 p38 MAPK pathway, 2219 Piceatannol, 4050, 4053 PMCA4b, 2913 PI-3 kinase, 1967, 1968, 2232, 2236, 2250 PMNs. See Polymorphonuclear neutrophils PI3-kinase/Akt, 2712 (PMNs) PI-3 kinase signaling, 2250 p-MPT, 253, 254 Pilocarpine, 2400–2405 31P MRS. See 31P Magnetic resonance PIP2, 2879 spectroscopy (31P MRS) PIP3, 2879 p53–/–mutant mice, 340 PKA. See Protein kinase A (PKA) PNEE. See Prenatal ethanol exposure (PNEE) PKB. See Protein kinase B (PKB) Pneumoperitoneum, 3948–3952, 3956 PKBa, 2880 p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), 2215 PKC. See Protein kinase C (PKC) PNH. See Paroxysmal nocturnal PKCa, 2669 hemoglobinuria (PNH) PKC-DAG, 3387 PoC. See Post conditioning (PoC) p38 kinases, 174, 185, 188 Podocyte injury, 2660–2661 PKM2, 2879 Podocytes, 2665–2666, 2668 PKU. See Phenylketonuria (PKU) Pollutants and pulmonary fibrosis, 1617 PLA2, 1949 Poly ADP-ribose (PARP), 801 Placebo-controlled studies, 2361, 2362, Poly(I:C), 3498, 3500–3502 4031, 4036 Polyadenylation, 552 Placenta, 51, 600, 603, 605, 606, 612, 2772, Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), 410 2774–2781 Polyamidoamine dendrimers, 611 Placental impairment, 2797, 2805 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Placental oxidative stress, 2776 1559, 2856 Placental trophoblasts, 2774 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), 2748, Placental vascular development, 2780 2750, 2755, 2757 Planar membranes, 334 Polyenylphosphatidylcholine, 1810 Plant-derived stilbenes, 4049 Polyethyleneglycolated superoxide Plaque progression, 1395 dismutase, 1198 Plaque regression, 1395 Polymorphisms, 72, 78, 462–463, 1650, 1652, Plaques, 2149–2151, 2157, 2158 1657, 3564, 3566–3567 Plasma, 4084, 4095, 4098, 4099, 4103 Polymorphisms of the VDR, 2980 Plasma b-carotene, 609 Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), 891, Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, 3499–3500 925, 926 Plasma extravasation, 3269, 3272 Polyol pathway, 801, 805, 2794, 2965–2967, Plasmalogen, 2632 3442, 3471 Plastic surgery, 3939–3940 Polyol pathway flux, 3384, 3386, 3390 Plastoquinone, 330, 333–335 Polyphenols, 1248–1249, 1661–1662, 2511, 10-(60-plastoquinonyl) decylrhodamine 19 2942, 2986, 3755, 3758, 3759, 3762, (SkQR1), 333–338 4007, 4009–4014, 4017–4018 Platelet activation, 1510 Polypodium leucotomos, 3686 Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), 3738, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 3740–3742 inhibitors, 3454–3455 Platinum, 3035, 3042–3043 Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), PM0.1, 1559, 1564, 1576 424–425, 3383, 3384, 3386 PM2.5, 1559–1561, 1564, 1569–1576, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases 1 (PARP-1), 2854, 2856 423–425, 3454–3455 PM10, 1559–1562, 1564, 1566, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases 2 (PARP-2), 425 2854–2856 Polysomnogram, 3657 Index 4161

Poly-substance abuse, 2202, 2226, 2253, 2255 Prednisone, 2553 Polysulfone, 2636 Pre-eclampsia, 555–556, 600, 603, 605, 1484, Polyubiquitinated, 3091 2771–2781 Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) Pregnancy, 582, 586–591, 647, 2773, 2774, metabolism, 2209–2210 2778, 2798, 2805, 2806, 2819, 2821, Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 101, 102, 2824, 2827 104, 383, 1700–1701, 1987, 2708, 2934, Premature aging, 821, 822 2935, 3219, 3224, 3437, 3441, 3602, Prenatal developmental outcomes, 582, 3604–3606, 3612, 3630–3631, 3779 586–591 POMC. See Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) Prenatal ethanol exposure (PNEE), 647, 648, PONs. See Paraoxonases (PONs) 653–655, 657–659 Positron emission tomography, 3154 Pre-osteoclast fusion, 2905 Post conditioning (PoC), 906, 909, 926–927 Presenilin 1, 2237 Postmortem brain, 2413, 2417, 2419 Preterm birth, 600, 612 Postoperative adhesion, 3952, 3956 Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 1819–1820 Postprandial oxidative stress, 4103 Primary brain injury, 1980 Postsynaptic density protein (PSD)-93, Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), 2214–2215 1819–1820 Posttranscriptional mechanisms, 1801–1802 Prion, 99 Posttranslational, 357, 359, 364 Prion protein (PrP), 2236–2237, 3145, Posttranslational modifications (PTM), 3147, 3157 426–427, 430, 431, 820, 821, 828, Pristane, 2543, 2552, 2554 833–838, 891, 892, 894, 895, 911–918, Pristane-induced, 2543, 2554 3503–3505 Pro-and antioxidant equilibrium, Potassium (K+) channels, 362–364, 1903, 2371–2381, 2387 1904, 1906 Proapoptotic, 1861–1863, 2544, 2551 PP. See Peroxisome proliferator (PP) Proapoptotic gene, 2750, 2754 PPAR agonists, 3456, 3457 Pro-apoptotic programs, 3500–3501 PPAR-g, 447, 806, 1528 Probiotics, 1717 PPAR-g coactivator-1a (PGC-1a), 1528-1529 Probucol, 1008, 3974–3975 PPARs. See Peroxisome proliferator-activated Processing bodies (P-bodies), 554 receptors (PPARs) Prognostic information about future p22phox, 1097, 1114, 1244, 2668, 2669, 3471, cardiovascular events, 1200 3476–3477, 3481–3482 Programmed cell death, 99, 102, 117–118, p40phox, 1039, 1040, 1097, 1113 2837, 2842, 2846 p47phox, 1023, 1025, 1039–1041, 1093, Progressive loss of redundant components, 2928 1096–1097, 1101, 1113, 1244, 3471, Progressive nigrostriatal dopaminergic 3475, 3477–3479, 3481, 3495, degeneration, 2199–2200, 2206, 2227 3501–3502 Pro-inflammatory, 1358, 3496–3498, p67phox, 1039, 1040 3500–3502, 3513 PPP. See Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) Pro-inflammatory cytokines, 795, 802, 803, PQ. See Paraquat (PQ) 2373, 2381, 2383, 2858, 2859, 2999, P/Q voltage-dependent calcium channels, 361 3002–3003, 3005, 3494–3498, 3500, Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor 3502, 3503, 3508 (PBEF), 424 Pro-inflammatory genes, 829–831, 833–835, Precancerous lesions, 1880, 1883 837–839 Preconceptional period, 2763 Pro-inflammatory mediators, 820, 829, 837, Preconditioning, 387, 905, 909, 912, 1218, 1219, 2350, 3477, 3479, 926–927, 3860 3482, 3483 antioxidants, 1759 Pro-inflammatory molecules, 2357 ischemia, 1759 Proliferation, 215, 220, 221, 226, 258, 619, N acetyl cysteine (NAC), 1759 620, 622, 624, 626, 632, 633, 2509, priming, 1759 2512, 2877–2879, 2882, 2883 4162 Index

Proliferator-activated receptor g co-activator Protein (PGC)-1a, 932 aggregates, 93, 96, 98–99, 104 Proline, 2936 carbonyls, 93, 95, 96, 3347–3348 Promoter hypermethylation, 73 code, 441 Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), 3684 conformation, 3396–3397 Pro-oxidants, 331, 334–336, 634–636, 1476, oxidation, 92–101, 104, 1987, 1988, 1990 1524, 1528, 1532, 3275, 4093 oxidative damage, 2936 Propofol, 228 structure, 512–514, 518, 522, 523, 525, 527 Pro-Q Diamond stain, 2245 synthesis, 96–97, 3088 Prorenin, 1278 thiols, 2628, 2635 Prostacyclin (PGI2), 1327–1329, 1331, turnover, 2937, 2943 1337, 2520 Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), 3507–3512 Prostacyclin synthase, 1179–1181 Protein tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK-2), 1191 Prostaglandin E2, 3788, 3793, 3795 Protein tyrosine kinase Lck, 3505, 3508–3511 Prostaglandin E (2) EP2 receptor, Protein tyrosine kinases, 1242 2238–2239 Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor 22 Prostaglandins (PG), 1408, 1508, 1510, (Ptpn22) gene, 3505, 3508 1512, 2859 Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), 2874, Prostate cancer, 2835–2848 2875, 3505, 3507–3510 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 2835, 2837 Proteinuria, 2583, 2597 Prostatitis, 2838 Proteolysis, 1265, 1266, 3082, 3090–3092 Prosurvival signaling networks, 1967 Proteolytic conversion, 1265, 1266 Protandim, 3755, 3761 Proteomic, 75–76 Proteasomal degradation, 93, 98, 2913, 2914 Prothrombin, 3950 Proteasome function, 93, 94 Proton-motive force, 1052, 1053, 1055, 1059 Proteasomes, 93, 94, 1245, 2544, 2547, 2588, Protonophores, 1060 3082, 3090–3092, 3154, 3858, 3859, Proto-oncogene bcl-2, 2551, 2554 3861, 3863, 3864 PrP. See Prion protein (PrP) Protectin, 1511, 1512 PRRs. See Pattern recognition Protective hypothermia, 376, 386, 387 receptors (PRRs) Protein 53 (p53), 175, 180, 181, 184, 185, Prx4, 2716–2717 1857, 2709, 2877–2879, 2882, 2884, PrxIII, 627 3680, 3757, 3759–3761 PSD-93. See Postsynaptic density protein t Protein, 2178 (PSD)-93 Protein carbonylation (PC), 93, 96, 2934, Pseudocatalase (PC-KUS), 3684, 3686 2936–2937 Pseudohalide, 3879 Protein carbonyls (PC), 609, 611, 1635, 1639, p66Shc, 283, 915–916, 1099, 1100, 2181, 2377–2379, 2385, 2629, 2634 2184, 2714, 3638 Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), 1024–1025, Psoralens, 12 2710, 2717 Psoriasis, 632 Protein-energy wasting, 2630 Psychological, 2804 Protein kinase A (PKA), 550 PTK. See Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) Protein kinase B (PKB), 1351 PTM. See Posttranslational modifications (PTM) Protein kinase C (PKC), 550, 730, 733, 738, PTPases. See Phosphatases (PTPases) 740, 742, 801, 829–832, 902, 913–916, PTP1B, 2712 1182–1183, 1185, 1191, 1198–1199, P-type Ca2+ channel, 361 1259, 1262, 2441, 2443, 2444, 2794, PUFAs. See Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) 2965–2967 Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), 882, Protein kinase-C-delta, 2223 1345–1347, 1672–1677 Protein kinase G-II, 2903 Pulmonary arteries, 1672, 1673, 1677–1680 Protein nitration, 1408, 1409 Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), 1672, 1673, Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), 2882, 3659, 3660 3272, 3273 Pulmonary disease, 635 Index 4163

Pulmonary edema, 410, 412–413 Radiation therapy, 3883 Pulmonary host defense, 1567 Radical scavengers, 1567, 1989, 1990 Pulmonary hypertension, 1671–1680, Radicals derived from oxygen (ROS), 3439, 3659, 3660 3440, 3442–3448, 3450, 3452, 3453, Pulmonary oxidative stress, 1557–1576 3457, 3458 Pulmonary surfactant, 599, 605 Radical theory of aging, 1384 Pulmonary vascular remodeling, 1678, 1680 Radio frequency, 2432–2436, 2442, 2443 Punctiform, linear, 247–249 Radiography, 3002, 3010, 3016 Punctiform phenotype, 1863 Radixin, 1794 Purine and pyrimidine, 2937 Raffinee, 2461–2462 Purkinje cells, 361 RAGE. See Receptor for advanced glycation Purkinje neurons, 2225, 2258 end products (RAGE) Purpurin-18, 3778 RAGE signaling inhibitors, 2212 Purpurin-18 methyl ester, 3778 Ragweed pollen, 3241, 3243, 3248, PUVA, 3686 3249, 3255 PV. See Parvalbumin (PV) Randomized controlled trial (RCT), 1841, PVAT-derived contractile factors (PVCF), 1297 1843–1845, 3011, 3017 PVAT-derived relaxing factors (PVRF), 1297 RANKL/M-CSF, 2985 PVCF. See PVAT-derived contractile Rapamycin, 1411, 2544 factors (PVCF) Rapid diagnostic tests, 703–705 PVL. See Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) Ras-cAMP-PKA, 100 PVRF. See PVAT-derived relaxing RAS inhibitors, 2639 factors (PVRF) Rate of living theory, 49 P2X2, 367–368 Rat hepatocyte couplets, 1792 Pycnogenol (PYC), 2216, 4033 Raxofelast, 1815 Pyrethroids, 1930 Reactive carbonyl intermediates, 2967 Pyruvate, 305, 311–314, 317, 541, 543, 900, Reactive carbonyl species (RCS), 2627 907, 914, 926, 932 Reactive metabolites (RM), 5–7, 12–15, 21, 25, Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), 900, 914 30, 32 Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), 171–198, 209, 210, 215–219, 223, 224, 244, 257, Q 356, 357, 359, 361, 362, 368, 437–449, Q10 (CoQ10), 2376 620, 631, 632, 636, 650, 651, 654, Q cycle, 282 721–725, 727, 732–733, 820, 823, 830, Q-cycle of complex III, 305 892–924, 934, 1409, 1498, 1559, 1576, Q-dots. See Quantum dots (Q-dots) 1589–1603, 1810, 1896–1897, 1907, Quantum dots (Q-dots), 2250 1910, 1917, 2001, 2006, 2010, Quercetin, 2059, 2209, 2212, 4026, 4029, 2050–2056, 2058–2060, 2195, 2196, 4034, 4035, 4064, 4068, 4073–4075 2215, 2247, 2350–2352, 2358, 2542, Quinolinic acid, 2239, 2381–2382 2544, 2547, 2839, 3284, 3286–3287, Quinone, 175, 177, 178, 192 3298–3300, 3343, 3348, 3352, 3439, Quinone-haptens, 3687 3440, 3445, 3446, 3449, 3454, Quinones, 1559 3678, 3875 antioxidant defense, 1759, 1763–1767 antioxidants, 1758–1760, 1763–1765 R fenton reaction, 1760, 1763 RA. See Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) mitochondria, 1760, 1762–1764, 1770, 1774 RAAS. See Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mitochondrial respiration, 1760 system (RAAS) nitric oxide (•NO), 1763 Rac, 1039, 1040 peroxynitrite, 1763, 1772, 1773 Rac1 GTPase, 2004, 2009 Reactive o-quinones, 3684 Rac GTPase inhibitor, 2004, 2009 Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), Radiation, 67, 570 410–411–, 1031–1042, 1178, 1182, 4164 Index

1183, 1185, 1198, 3141–3161, 3806, 3099, 3102–3105, 3107–3109, 3807, 3813, 3814, 3817–3823, 3825 3118–3119, 3239–3259, 3284, Reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs), 15, 3286–3298, 3301, 3302, 3319–3330, 2816, 3219, 3285, 3572, 3933 3343–3354, 3375–3400, 3406, 3407, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 41, 43, 66–68, 3409–3410, 3421–3425, 3427–3428, 70, 72–74, 114–127, 138–144, 146, 3467–3485, 3493–3513, 3582–3585, 171–198, 209, 210, 218, 223, 224, 3589–3592, 3600–3606, 3608, 3609, 228–229, 244–247, 249, 251, 252, 3611, 3612, 3614, 3616, 3661–3667, 254–259, 265–275, 437–449, 458–459, 3677–3680, 3697–3726, 3754–3756, 462, 463, 465, 466, 476–480, 483, 500, 3759, 3772, 3775, 3776, 3856–3863, 567–577, 582–591, 598–603, 619–620, 3873–3887, 3900, 3901, 3904, 3908, 622–625, 650–658, 691, 693, 694, 696, 3920, 3930–3941, 3950, 3951, 698, 701–703, 705, 707, 721–735, 3987–3999, 4006, 4017–4018, 4048, 739–744, 767–768, 771–773, 775–778, 4091, 4094–4096 820–824, 826, 828, 834, 837–839, 850, damage DNA, 2937 854, 857–864, 889–934, 994–1000, detection, 1436, 1438, 1442, 1444 1003–1006, 1023–1024, 1047–1072, emission, 895, 903, 908, 911, 914, 916, 1077–1088, 1123–1142, 1155–1170, 918–920, 922, 928, 930, 933 1239–1249, 1273–1283, 1287–1297, generation, 2004, 2008–2015, 2176, 2180 1306–1312, 1314–1318, 1325–1338, gradient, 3032 1347–1349, 1355, 1368–1369, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 1760, 1768 1371–1375, 1406–1410, 1412, 1413, hydroxyl radical, 1760, 1762 1430, 1435–1447, 1452–1457, imbalance, 1060, 1061, 1063, 1065, 1067 1460–1462, 1464, 1465, 1480–1481, indicator, 246, 252 1483, 1485–1491, 1498, 1499, measurement, 1435–1447 1501–1502, 1504–1506, 1509–1513, metabolism, 252, 256, 257 1524, 1526–1529, 1531, 1532, overflow, 1060, 1061 1558–1559, 1563, 1565, 1566, 1568, probes, 3325 1570, 1572, 1574, 1588–1603, production, 891, 892, 894–897, 899, 900, 1643–1662, 1671–1680, 1809–1825, 903, 906, 908–909, 911, 913–917, 1851, 1855–1859, 1861–1864, 1878, 919–921, 925, 929, 930, 933, 934, 1436, 1881, 1885, 1895–1917, 1925–1938, 1438, 1439, 1446, 3567–3570 1945–1955, 1960–1971, 1999–2016, propagation, 1065 2050–2053, 2056, 2058, 2059, 2061, pulmonary fibrosis, 1617–1619 2074–2077, 2176–2184, 2194–2196, scavengers, 1056–1063, 1067, 1069 2198–2201, 2205, 2207, 2209, 2211, signaling, 249, 254, 256, 258, 259, 2215, 2219, 2221–2226, 2232, 2241, 3322–3329 2248, 2251, 2278, 2279, 2281, superoxide, 1760, 1762, 1763, 1768, 1773 2350–2353, 2358, 2398–2406, 2413, Reactive sulfur species, 3875 2415–2424, 2431–2445, 2471–2488, Reactive transition metal ions, 1961 2500, 2504–2512, 2519–2529, 2532, Reboxetine, 2379, 2383 2545, 2547–2549, 2552, 2564–2566, Receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL), 2569–2571, 2582, 2586–2590, 2594, 2904, 2905 2595, 2597, 2598, 2606–2607, Receptor for advanced glycation end products 2645–2654, 2659–2670, 2675–2694, (RAGE), 1100–1102, 1109, 1113, 2724–2728, 2730–2733, 2736, 2737, 1916–1917, 2965, 2967, 3380, 3383, 2793–2801, 2805–2807, 2816–2820, 3386, 3394, 3469–3471, 3474, 3475, 2824–2827, 2837, 2840, 2848, 3477–3479, 3482 2928–2934, 2936, 2937, 2940, Receptor internalization, 1218 2943–2944, 2978, 2980–2984, Receptor-operated channels, 2443 2998–3001, 3003, 3005, 3006, 3008, Rechargeable antioxidants, 333, 336, 347 3014–3016, 3018–3020, 3029–3036, Recombinant a-galactosidase, 2229 3038–3039, 3041, 3044, 3081–3092, Recombinant FSH (r-FSH), 2750, 2751, 2753 Index 4165

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), signaling, 817–839, 1125, 1177–1200, 2633–2634 1452, 1454, 1456, 1457, 1461, 1465, Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator 1841, 1842, 3005, 3015, 3020, 3441 (rtPA), 2355 signal transduction, 721, 728–734 Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen states, 300, 303, 380, 385, 627–629, 636, activator, 2000, 2246 907–909, 912, 916, 919, 920, 922, 932, Recommended dietary allowance, 3903 2508, 3029, 3031–3034, 3036, Red blood cells (RBCs), 1570, 2291–2301, 3040–3041, 3044 2500–2503, 2505–2511 status, 1049, 1057, 1061, 1067, 2628 Redox-active metals, 1559, 1563 switches in eNOS, 1177–1200 Redox-active proteins, 526–528 Red wine, 781–782, 1489 Redox-dependent adaptor molecules, 3512 Ref-1. See Redox effector-1 (Ref-1) Redox-dependent pathways, 1256, 1261, 1267 Regeneration, 2517–2532 Redox-dependent signaling, 3494, 3495, Regenerative capacity, 3839, 3841, 3847 3506, 3513 Regulated kinases (ERK), 256, 258 Redox effector-1 (Ref-1), 551–552 Regulatory T cells, 3679 Redox-modulating therapeutics, 3030, 3036 Remodeling, 951–976, 1124–1125, 1132, Redox-optimized ROS Balance, 1133, 1137, 1138 1060–1062, 1067 Renal blood flow, 2567 Redox-sensitive, 1256, 1259, 1263 Renal cortex, 2568, 2569, 2571, 2572 Redox-sensitive adaptor molecules, 3507, 3512 Renal hypoxia, 2567, 2572–2574 Redox-sensitive cysteine moieties, 3507 Renal injury, 802–804, 807 Redox-sensitive TCR adaptor molecules, 3503, Renal medulla, 2568–2569, 2576 3505–3508 Renal oxygenation, 2565–2568, 2571, 2577 Redox-sensitive transcription factors, 3857, Renal replacement therapy (RRT), 3859, 3860, 3864 2626, 2632 Reduced glutathione (GSH), 1058, 2500, 2504 Renin, 1275–1279 Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system phosphate (NADPH), 2570, 2571, (RAAS), 1198, 1199, 3456 2573–2575 Renin-angiotensin system (RAS), 741–743, Reducing equivalents, 2794, 2796 796, 1243, 1249, 1275–1283 Reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphism, 2749 Reoxygenation, 378, 382 Reduction-oxidation (Redox), 153–166, Repair and cytoprotection, 1972 2650, 3027–3044, 3439–3442, 3448, Repeated ovarian stimulation, 2755 3450, 3451 Reperfusion, 196–198, 1412–1419, abnormality, 1333 1912–1914, 2001, 2004–2014, 2016 balance, 2965, 2967 Reperfusion injury, 187, 194, 197, 198, 1412, couples, 909–910, 2401, 3806 1413, 1417, 1418, 2354–2355, 2362–2363 cycles, 1053 Reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) cycling, 175–179, 1424, 1441, 2574, 2761 pathway, 738 dysregulation, 3029, 3039 Reperfusion-related arrhythmias, 1063, 1069 environment, 1048, 1049, 1053, Replicative senescence, 1391–1394 1058–1062, 1067, 1387–1389, 1394 Reproduction, 40–41, 44, 50, 56–57, 59 epigenetics, 822, 832–835, 839 Reproductive health, 2723–2738 gradient, 3031, 3033 Reproductive impairment, 2797, 2798, homeostasis, 3028–3029, 3034, 3043 2805, 2806 imbalance, 2546, 2552, 3680 Reproductive losses, 2797–2798 master switch, 1190 Resistance training, 2943 metabolism, 438–439 Resolvin, 1511, 1512 modifications, 1041–1042 Resorcinol, 4063–4075 potential, 245, 246, 903, 906, 922, Resorcinol stilbene derivatives, 4069 1052–1055, 1058, 1060–1062, 1065 Resorufin, 316–318, 1444, 1447 sensors, 184 Respirasomes, 302, 303, 994, 996, 997, 1009 4166 Index

Respiration, 376, 378, 380, 383, 3876 rHuEPO. See Recombinant human Respiratory burst, 1568, 2510, 3496, erythropoietin (rHuEPO) 3503, 3507 Ribosomal transcription, 3152 Respiratory chain, 297, 300–305, 459, Ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase (Rpe), 94 1049, 1051–1053, 1055, 1056, Right heart failure, 1671–1680 1058, 1060 Right-sided heart failure, 1673 Respiratory chain inhibitors, 267, 270–272 RIG-I. See Retinoic acid-inducible Respiratory flux, 1064 gene-1 (RIG-I) Respiratory lining fluid, 1566, 1567 Riluzole, 3148, 3158 Respiratory mitochondria, 247 RIRR. See ROS-induced ROS release (RIRR) Respiratory system, 1645, 1655–1659 Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, 1385, Respiratory tract, 1560, 1561, 1566 1389, 1392, 1395 Response to ESA, 2633, 2636, 2637 RM. See Reactive metabolites (RM) Responsive thiols, 1057 RNA (ORLs), 2198 Resting membrane potential, 361, 362 RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), 552 Restricting production of strong RNS. See Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) oxidants, 401 Robustness, 1050, 1070 Resuscitated with room air, 607 ROCK. See Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) Resveratrol, 179, 192, 611, 612, 781, 917, ROCK1, 3480 1248–1249, 1540, 2208, 2249, 2914, Rodent models, 648–649, 653–655, 3199, 3206, 3755, 3758, 3759, 3795, 657, 660 4050–4057, 4067–4069 Rofecoxib, 2381 RET-dependent ROS, 307, 313 RONS. See Reactive oxygen and nitrogen Reticular, 247–249 species (RONS) Reticuloendothelial macrophages, 2508 Rooibos plant, 4085, 4088 Reticulotubular phenotype, 1863 ROP. See Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) Retina, 346, 610, 3601, 3602, ROS. See Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 3607–3613, 3616 ROS-induced ROS, 910, 915–917, 922, 929 Retinoblastoma-like protein 2 (RBL2), 2882 ROS-induced ROS release (RIRR), 287, 910, Retinoblastoma protein (pRB), 1245, 2882 915–917, 922, 929, 1051, 1063, 1065, Retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-I), 1067, 1069 3502, 3503 ROS-mediated cell killing, 92 Retinoid X receptor (RXRa), 1795 ROS/RNS, 3681, 3688 Retinopathies, 345–347, 3539–3555 ROS-scavenging capacity, 3326, 3329 Retinopathy, 223, 2518, 2523–2524, 2595 ROS-sensitive fluorescent proteins, 1437, 1445 Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), 607, Rotenone, 251, 255, 301, 305–307, 309, 907, 610–611 908, 929, 2206, 2218, 2544 Reverse electron transport (RET), 281, Roxithromycin, 1411 307–310, 312–313, 907–909 Rpe. See Ribulose–5-phosphate r-FSH. See Recombinant FSH (r-FSH) 3-epimerase (Rpe) RG2 cells, 1954–1955 RRT. See Renal replacement therapy (RRT) Rheumatic, 3000, 3001 rtPA. See Recombinant tissue plasminogen Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 195–197, 632, activator (rtPA) 2897, 2907, 2953, 3000–3002, Runt-related transcriptional factor, 2979 3010, 3015, 3504, 3507, 3508, Ruptured AAAs, 1415 3511, 3512 Ruta chalepensis, 1712 Rheumatoid factors, 2552 Rutin, 2942 RhoA-Rho-kinase pathway, 1215 RXRa. See Retinoid X receptor (RXRa) Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), 3479, 3480 Ryanodine receptors 1 (RyR1), 1032, 1033, Rhodanese protein, 2632 1035–1037, 2913 Rho GTPase, 2004, 2009 Ryanodine receptors 2 (RyR2), 1032, 1033, Rho kinase (ROCK1), 2666–2667 1035–1042 RhO-Synko neurons, 2254 Ryanodine receptors 3 (RyR3), 1032 Index 4167

S Secondary Prevention with Antioxidants of Saccular phase, 608 Cardiovascular disease in End-stage S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), 621–622, 1815, renal disease (SPACE) trial, 2635 1820, 1823, 1824 Secondhand smoke (SHS), 1636–1639 Salen-manganese complexes, 466, 467 Secretase, 2149–2151, 2155, 2161 Salicylate hydroxylation, 2012, 2013 g-Secretase, 2149–2151, 2155, 2215 Saliva, 3874, 3877, 3879–3883 Sedentary behavior, 1389 Salivary glands, 3876 Seizures, 2215, 2236, 2241–2242, 2356, 2357, Salivary peroxidase (SPO), 3877, 3880, 3881 2398–2406 Salmonella, 396–397, 399, 400, 1707–1708 Selective estrogen-receptor modulator sALS. See Sporadic ALS (sALS) (SERM), 2754 Salvage pathways, 856, 861 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Salvianolic acid B, 2059 (SSRIs), 2377–2379 Saphenous vein, 1429, 1430 Selegiline, 2198, 2200, 2202–2205, 2227, 2264 Sarcoidosis, 3198, 3203–3204 Selenite-induced apoptosis, 257, 258 Sarcolemmal KATP channels (sarcKATP), 1067 Selenium, 606, 609, 2236, 243224342435, Sarcolemma-membrane dysfunction, 2437, 2439, 2440, 2729–2731, 2733, 729–730, 735 2735, 2738, 2821, 2824, 2999–3000, Sarcopenia, 2939–2943, 3371–3372, 3011, 3017, 3420, 3448, 3903–3905, 3904–3905, 3921 3910, 3911, 3913–3916, 3918, 3919, Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), 2909, 2913, 3948, 3996 2929, 2940, 3058–3062, 3066 Selenocysteine (Sec), 553, 554, 2709, 2710 Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, 998, 1002 Selenoprotein P (SePP), 2709 Saturated fats, 1700 Selenoproteins, 553–554 Saturated fatty acids (SFAs), 1503–1506, 1508, Self-organized behavior, 1063 1509, 1511–1513 Semen, 2816, 2818–2821, 2824, S100b-Positive astrocytes, 2222 2826, 2827 Scaffolding protein, 1349 Semen processing, 2824, 2827 Scavengers, 213, 214, 227–229, 1986, 1990 Seminal oxidative stress (OS), 2816, 2820 actions, 1738 Semiquinone radical, 299 actions without and with surgical Senescence, 175, 196, 22774841384, 1387, vagotomy, 1750 1391–1394, 1396, 1397, 1881, 2283, Scavenging, 211, 225, 227–228 2500, 2508, 2877, 2884, 3016 enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx, GSH), 3348 Senescence-associated b-galactosidase- of ROS, 1437, 1440 positive cells, 1393 systems, 895, 910, 915 Senile hair graying, 3683 SCD. See Sickle cell disease (SCD) Senile plaques, 2210 SCF. See Stem cell factor (SCF) Sensory epithelium, 3562–3564, 3568, 3569 Schizophrenia, 631 Sensory neurons, 360 Schwann cell, 3144, 3150, 3160–3161, 3379, Sepiapterin, 1186, 1196, 1198 3380, 3382, 3386, 3389, 3391–3393, Sepiapterin reductase (SPR), 856, 861 3397, 3399–3400 Sepsis, 332, 882, 885, 3267–3276 SCI. See Spinal cord injury (SCI) Septic shock, 3268, 3269 Sclerostin, 2903 Serine/threonine protein phosphatases, 95, 100 SCN5A, 361 SERM. See Selective estrogen-receptor SDH. See Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) modulator (SERM) SDS-resistant eNOS dimers, 1188 Serotonin, 1677–1678, 2206, 2371, 2374 SE. See Status epilepticus (SE) Sertraline, 2377–2378, 2380, 2383 Seaweeds, 3774–3776 Sevelamer, 2638 Secondary Prevention with Antioxidants Sevoflurane, 2059 of Cardiovascular Disease in End- Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), 2748 Stage Renal Disease (SPACE) Sexual function, 2798, 2804 rosiglitazone, 3449 Sexual signaling, 44, 54–56 4168 Index

SFAs. See Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) activity, 419, 422–430 SFs. See Sulfated fucans (SFs) expression, 419–426, 429, 430 S-glutathionylation, 363, 364, 620, 627, 634, transgenic mouse, 423 1033–1041, 1183, 1185, 1187, 1189, Site-specific Superoxide (O2•–) detection, 1190, 3029, 3037, 3039–3041, 3043 1426, 1428 S-glutathionylation of eNOS, 1187, 1189–1190 Sjo¨gren’s syndrome, 3869 SHBG. See Sex hormone-binding Skeletal and cardiac muscle, 3857–3860 globulin (SHBG) Skeletal muscles, 338, 2928–2943, 3840, 3841, shc family, 2184 3843, 3844, 3847, 3904, 3905 Shear stress, 1352–1353, 1355, 2902, 2903, Skeletogenic progenitors, 2897 3832, 3841, 3845 Skin, 3678–3681, 3683, 3684, 3687 Shift in cellular redox environment, 1387 cancer, 3753–3763 SHR. See Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) cancer prevention, 3754, 3756, 3762, 3763 SHRSP. See Stroke-prone spontaneously carcinogenesis, 4096 hypertensive rat (SHRSP) phototypes, 3789–3790 SHS. See Secondhand smoke (SHS) SkQ1, 326, 333–347 SHS exposure, 1637–1639 SkQs, 330, 343–348 SH-SY5Y cells, 2207–2208, 2213, 2223, 2232 SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) Sickle cell crisis, 2501 SLEDAI. See Systemic lupus erythematosus Sickle cell disease (SCD), 2500–2501, 2505, disease activity index (SLEDAI) 2506, 2508, 2510, 2511 Sleep disorder, 3656, 3658, 3667 Sickle Hb (HbS), 2501, 2506 SLP. See Substrate level phosphorylation (SLP) Signaling integration and cross-talk between Smac/Diablo, 626, 631, 633 oxidative stress and inflammation, 1971 SMACs. See Supramolecular activation Signal recognition particle (SRP), 92, 95 clusters (SMACs) Signal transduction/transcription protein Smad, 3739 (STAT-3), 930 Small Ca2+-sensitive K channels, 929 Silica particles, 3204 Small for gestational age, 2773 Silybin-phospholipid-vitamin E, 1817 SMC. See Smooth muscle cells (SMC) Silymarin, 652, 654, 656, 660, 3755, Smokers, 189–191, 193, 824–828, 830, 3759–3761 837, 2981 Simvastatin, 228 Smoking, 587, 590, 768–773, 793, 3630, SIN-1. See 3-Morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) 3634–3637, 3875, 3879, 3885 Single photon emission computerized cessation, 1640 tomography (SPECT) imaging, prevention, 1640 2228–2229 Smooth muscle, 358, 360, 363, 364, 368 1 Singlet oxygen ( O2), 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 23, 102, Smooth muscle cells (SMC), 1406–1408, 1410, 179–180, 3679, 3877 1412, 1906, 1916, 3469, 3475, 3476 SIPS. See Stress-induced premature senescence S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), 427 (SIPS) S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), 2881 SIR2 gene, 2230 S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine, 1817 Sir2/SIRT, 2194 S-nitrosothiols, 359 SIRT. See Sirtuin (SIRT) S-nitrosylated, 2879 SIRT1, 728, 1249, 2184, 3103, 3859. S-nitrosylation (SNO), 359, 363, 629, 836, 897, See Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) 911, 912, 929, 930, 1033–1041, 1346, SIRT3, 3103 2199, 2219, 2874–2876, 2878, 2880, SIRT1-Activating molecule, 2230 2881, 2883, 2884, 2897, 2899, 2907, SIRT1 activators, 837 2912, 2913 SIRT3 knockout mice, 1715 SNpc. See Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) Sirtuin (SIRT), 410, 418, 423, 424, 2184 Soay sheep (Ovis aries),51 proteins, 3103 Sod1, 93, 94, 98 Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), 417–431, 820, 826, 830, 834, Sod1–/–, 1106 836–838 SOD1 aggregation, 3179 Index 4169

SOD enzyme. See Superoxide dismutase Spinal cord, 3142, 3143, 3147, 3148, 3150, (SOD) enzyme 3151, 3153–3155, 3158, 3160, SOD1G93A mice, 3171, 3182 3169–3171, 3176–3181, 3183 SOD1/G93A(+) mice, 2232 Spinal cord injury (SCI), 2245–2246, SOD2 gene, 2754 2458–2461 SOD genes, 3633 Spinal cord mitochondria, 304, 308, 309, 316 Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-1 3-Spined sticklebacks, 56, 58 (SVCT), 3791 Spin probe, 1437, 1441 Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 Spin-trapping, 274, 330, 526–529, 570, 1313, (SVCT2), 3009 1425–1426, 1430, 1437, 1441, 2588, SOD-like mimics, 3448 2591, 3569, 3931 SOD1 (G93A) mice, 2232 Spiral arteries, 2772, 2776 SOD mimetics. See Superoxide dismutase Spiral ganglion (SG) neurons, 3583, 3584 (SOD) mimetics SPO. See Salivary peroxidase (SPO) SOD2 mutant, 1309, 1310, 1312, 1316–1318 Sponges, 2520, 2522 SOD1-overexpressing mice, 2235 Spontaneous diffusion, 2184 SODs. See Superoxide dismutases (SODs) Spontaneous dismutation, 299 Soluble components, 1564 Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), Soluble endoglin, 2779 1126–1129, 1137, 1138, 1189, Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, 2775, 2779 1196–1198, 1327, 1330–1332, 1334 Soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE), 3478–3479 Spontaneous miscarriage and ectopic Soluble guanylate cyclase, 2875 pregnancy, 2761 Soluble LOX-1, 1572 Sporadic ALS (sALS), 3143–3147, Somatomotor neurons, 482 3149–3150, 3152, 3153, 3157, 3160 Sorbitol, 2966 SPR. See Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) Soy foods, 4036 Sprague-Dawley rats, 2004, 2010 Spatial learning, 2180, 2444 SPs. See Sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) Spatiotemporal gradients of DCm, 1072 Squamous cell carcinoma, 3756, 3760, 3762 Specific absorption rate (SAR), 2434, 2435, sRAGE. See Soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE) 2442, 2444 Src, 2903 Specific pathogen-free (SPF) vivarium, 342 Src homology domain-containing protein Sperm, 55–56, 2725–2738, 2798–2801, 2803 phosphatase 2 (SHP-2), 3505, Spermatogenesis, 2798, 2801–2804, 3508, 3509 2817, 2820 SREBP-2, 631 Spermatogenic alterations, 2801 SRP. See Signal recognition particle (SRP) Spermatogenic gene expression, 2799 SSM. See Subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) Spermatozoa, 2816–2818, 2824, 2826–2827 SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake Sperm capacitation, 2820 inhibitors (SSRIs) Sperm chromatin compaction, 2827 StAR, 633 Sperm concentration, 2824 STAT-3. See Signal transduction/transcription Sperm DNA damage, 2816–2819, 2821, protein (STAT-3) 2824, 2827 Statins, 740, 806, 1406, 1411, 1419, 1484, Sperm DNA fragmentation, 2798, 2799 1487–1489, 2635, 2639, 2908, Sperm dysfunction, 2816–2819, 2969–2970, 3451, 3455 2821–2824, 2827 Status epilepticus (SE), 2400, 2402, 2404 Sperm hyperactivation, 2817 Steady-state concentrations of ROS, 2667 Spermine oxidase, 1876–1877 Steatohepatitis, 625, 629–630, 633 Sperm motility, 2816, 2817, 2821, 2826 Stem cell factor (SCF), 3684 Sperm–oocyte interaction, 2745, 2756 Stem cell niche, 2472, 2473, 2481–2485 SPF vivarium. See Specific pathogen-free Stem cells, 2198, 2200, 2226, 2240, (SPF) vivarium 2250–2252, 2260–2261, 2264, 2518, Sphingolipids, 1504 2519, 2521, 2524–2529 Sphinx, 250–253 Stem/progenitor cells, 2471–2488 4170 Index

Stereotypical, 246–249, 253 Sulfenic acid, 1057, 2714, 2716 Steroid resistance, 832–834, 839 Sulfhydration, 364, 368 Stigmatellin, 305, 306, 309, 310 Sulfonamide, 1057 Stilbenes, 4049–4051, 4053, 4054, 4056, 4057 Sulfonic acids, 1033, 1037, 1057 STIM1, 367 Sulfonylurea, 363, 364 STIM2, 367 Sulforaphanes, 2460, 3639 Stimulate, 3287–3290, 3293, 3295, 3296, Sulfur, 3042 3298, 3305 Sulfur atoms, 357 Store-operated channels, 2443–2444 Sunburn, 3772 Stratum corneum (SCCP), 3789, 3792 Sunlight, 3630, 3632–3633, 3637, 3886 Streptococcus mutans, 3879, 3880, 3883 Supercomplexes, 301–305 •– Streptomycin, 315 Superoxide (O2 ), 5–7, 9, 12, 15–20, 25, 31, Streptozotocin (STZ), 2216, 2237, 2243, 66, 69, 70, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 2792, 3473, 3475, 3476, 3479, 3480, 244–246, 250–255, 268, 272–274, 3482, 3483 295–318, 379, 380, 383, 457–468, 476, Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes, 1190 481, 482, 484, 538–539, 541, 542, 545, Streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats, 1195 624, 635, 891, 957, 958, 960, 1023, Stress granules, 554 1024, 1026, 1093–1096, 1098–1101, Stress-induced premature senescence 1103–1107, 1110, 1113, 1114, (SIPS), 1392 1124–1126, 1135, 1139, 1178–1180, Stress resistance, 155, 163, 164, 3018 1182, 1183, 1185–1196, 1198–1200, Striatal iron, 2261 1240–1245, 1248, 1255–1267, Stria vascularis, 3583, 3584, 3591 1346–1350, 1352, 1424–1430, 1436, Stroke, 211, 376, 384, 633, 634, 1899, 1902, 1437, 1440, 1442–1444, 1447, 1452, 1910, 1912, 1914, 1917, 1999–2022, 1459, 1479–1491, 1558–1559, 1566, 2176–2178, 2180–2184, 2350, 2352, 1567, 1653, 1654, 1656–1657, 1674, 2354–2356, 2362–2363, 3657 1675, 1897–1899, 1901–1907, Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat 1910–1914, 1985, 1986, 1991, (SHRSP), 1480, 1483 2399–2402, 2405, 2565, 2566, 2570, Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), 2251 2573, 2576, 2586, 2587, 2646–2651, Structural models, 512–513 2654, 2710, 2711, 2715, 2855, 2857, Structure-activity relationship (SAR), 2858, 2863, 2875, 3083–3086, 3089, 4050–4057 3100, 3103, 3144, 3145, 3325, STS. See Sodium thiosulfate (STS) 3343–3345, 3350, 3352, 3469–3471, STZ. See Streptozotocin (STZ) 3477, 3480–3481, 3484, 3609, 3665, Subacute cutaneous lupus, 2542 3666, 3875–3877, 3880 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 1982, 1984, 1987, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 1760, 1768 1990–1991 iron, 1761, 1762 Subfornical organ, 860–861 peroxisome, 1762, 1763 Subgingival, 3874–3876 superoxide dismutase (SOD), 1762, 1763 Subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM), 996, 997 Superoxide (SO) anion, 42, 101, 280–286, 325, Substantia nigra, 176, 193 331, 459–461, 538, 539, 650, 651, 655, Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), 2207, 1034, 1039, 1041, 1042, 1049, 1056, 2218, 2253, 2256–2253, 2261 1290, 1297, 1333, 1336, 2009, 2176, Substrate level phosphorylation (SLP), 922, 932 2177, 2453, 2454, 2457, 2458, Succinate, 300, 301, 304–307, 309–311 2646–2650, 2654, 2744, 2929, 2931, Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), 307, 310–312, 2937, 2954, 2955, 3005, 3015, 478, 2662, 2664, 2665 3221, 3564 Succinate-driven ROS, 307, 309 Superoxide a-tocopherol, 2016 Succinyl-CoA synthase (SULCA), 932 Superoxide detection, 1423–1430 Sulfated fucans (SFs), 3776 Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 5, 12, 15–17, 20, Sulfated polysaccharides (SPs), 3776, 3777 31, 42, 46, 56–57, 66, 69, 70, 72, 117, Sulfenic (R-SOH), 1033, 1037, 1038 177, 179, 182, 183, 191, 192, 195–196, Index 4171

210, 212, 228, 244–246, 250, 251, 258, Supplementation en vitamines et Mineraux 297, 299, 316, 330–331, 380, 383, 385, Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) 386, 457–468, 545, 556, 624, 629–630, study, 3912 632, 650, 653–655, 795, 893, 894, 897, Supplementation of scavengers, 1864 900, 909–910, 912, 913, 924, 933, 1005, Supragingival, 3874–3876, 3884 1011, 1024, 1052, 1053, 1056, 1057, Supramolecular activation clusters 1064, 1065, 1069, 1099, 1105, 1107, (SMACs), 3506 1126, 1129, 1133, 1135, 1137, 1139, Surfactant, 1564, 1567 1140, 1178–1182, 1185, 1193–1194, Surfactant protein C and A2 genes in 1196, 1198, 1217, 1225, 1240–1244, pulmonary fibrosis, 1617 1386, 1498, 1499, 1502, 1504, 1505, SVCT. See Sodium-dependent vitamin C 1511, 1541–1542, 1675, 1676, 1697, transporter-1 (SVCT) 1706, 1713–1714, 1717, 1897, 1898, Synaptic dysfunction, 2178, 2179 1906, 1911, 1915, 1963, 1985, 1986, Syndecan-1, 1354–1355 1991, 2052, 2194–2195, 2199, Synovitis, 3002, 3003 2203–2205, 2222–2223, 2235, Synthetic antioxidants, 1474–1476 2238–2239, 2243–2244, 2246–2247, a1-Syntrophin, 2909, 2910, 2912 2251, 2265, 2434, 2437, 2439–2441, a-Synuclein, 98, 463 2454, 2457, 2460–2462, 2586–2588, a-Synuclein aggregation, 2207 2631, 2633, 2708, 2710, 2713, 2714, a-Synuclein index, 2203, 2264 2729, 2735, 2744, 2747, 2750, a-Synuclein knockout (a-Synko), 2200, 2752–2754, 2757, 2760, 2816, 2818, 2207, 2261 2826, 2827, 2931–2934, 2941, 2968, a-Synuclein-metallothionein triple-knockout 2978–2979, 2981–2985, 3000, (a-Syn-MTtko) mice, 2206, 2227, 3014–3015, 3019, 3084–3085, 2256, 2261 3219–3222, 3325, 3440, 3447, 3452, Systemic effects of COPD, 1654 3453, 3583, 3608, 3609, 3616, 3629, Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 3632, 3635, 3641, 3681–3683, 3746, 3268, 3276 3755, 3760–3762, 3837, 3838, 3876, Systemic Lupus Activity Measures 3877, 3956–3958, 3968–3970, 3978, (SLAM), 2540 3979, 4048, 4094 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 632, Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), 421, 430, 2539–2554 431, 1105–1106, 1110, 1113, 1114, Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity 2177, 2229–2238, 2241, 2648, 2710, index (SLEDAI), 2541, 2543 2713, 2714, 3145–3147, 3150, Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), 632 3151, 3154–3161, 3584, 3585, Systemic oxidative stress, 1558, 1564 3590, 3592 Systems biology, 2583, 3007 Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), 419–422, Szeto-Schiller-31 peptide, 1009–1010 427, 430, 431, 476–484, 1099–1100, Szeto-Schiller (SS) peptides, 931 1106, 1262, 1263, 2240–2241, 2648, 2710, 3583, 3584, 3590, 3591 Superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3), 421–422, T 2648, 2710 T84, 1706, 1711 Superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic, 1069 TAA. See Trans-arachidonic acid (TAA) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, 1855, 1856 TAC. See Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics, 913, Tamoxifen, 2754 929, 1313, 2780, 3484, 3755, Tanshinone II, 2059 3759, 3762 TARDBP and FUS, 3143 Superoxide dismutase-mutant, 3568 Tardive Dyskinesia (TD), 2240–2241 Superoxide flashes, 243–259 TAR DNA-binding, 3143 Superoxide generating systems, 1297 Targeted deletion of, 3565 Supplementation, 2748, 2751, 2757, 2758, Targeted vascular therapies, 1972 2760, 2763, 3323, 4030–4033, 4035 Target population, 3920, 3921 4172 Index

Targets for antimicrobial activity, 400 Tetracyclines, 1411 TAS. See Total antioxidant status (TAS) Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), 215, 220, 223–225, Tau, 2149–2152, 2155–2157, 2162 420, 430, 850, 856–859, 861–864, 898, Tau hyperphosphorylation, 2151–2152, 1184–1188, 1192, 1196–1199, 1261, 2155, 2162 1264, 1265, 1439, 1440, 1452–1460, Tau phosphorylation, 2152, 2155 1463, 1465, 1485, 1489, 1901, 2575, Taurine, 2459 2874–2875, 3270, 3390, 3398, 3440, Tavocept, 3037, 3042–3043 3792, 3832, 3835, 3837, 3839 TBARs. See Thiobarbituric acid-reactive Tetrahydroneopterin (NH4), 1186, 1187, 1196 substances (TBARs) 2,4,30,50-Tetramethoxystilbene (TMS), 4056 TBI. See Traumatic brain Injury (TBI) 3,4,40,5-Tetramethoxystilbene (M4), 4053 tBid. See Truncated Bid (tBid) Tetraphenylphosphonium, 326 T-brachyury, 2900 TEWL. See Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) TCA. See Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle TGases. See Transglutaminases (TGases) T cell, 483, 3035–3039 TGF-b, 1614–1616, 1618, 1619, 1621, 1622 T cell hyporesponsiveness, 3511 Tg19959-MnSOD mice, 2211 T cell receptor (TCR), 3495, 3503–3513 TH. See Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) T cell receptor signaling, 731, 3494, 3496, TH2, 1647–1652 3505–3512 b-Thalassemia, 2500–2501, 2508, 2510 T-cells, 1138, 1544, 1546 Thamnophis elegans,45 TCR. See T cell receptor (TCR) TH1 and TH2 pathways, 1649, 1651 TD. See Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) Thapsigargin, 1266 T1D. See Type 1 diabetes (T1D) Th-17 cells, 3679 T2D. See Type 2 diabetes (T2D) T helper cell type 1 (Th1), 1698, 3036, 3038, T1DM. See Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) 3495, 3499, 3503, 3508 T2DM. See Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) T helper cell type 2 (Th2), 3036, 3038 Tears Naturale, 347, 348 Theory of aging, 1384–1388, 1391 Telintra, 3037, 3040–3041, 3044 Therapeutic intervention, 198, 3571–3574 Telomerase, 1881, 2884 Therapeutics, 209, 227–229, 629, 630, 636, Telomerase mutations in pulmonary 637, 1695, 1716–1718, 2552–2554, fibrosis, 1617 2652–2654 Telomerase reverse transcriptase Thermal hyperalgesia, 360 (TERT), 2884 Thermal processing, 4027, 4028 Telomeres, 45, 1392, 1393, 1881, 1882 Thermogenesis, 378, 383, 384, 386 Telomere shortening, 1315, 1391, 1392, 1394 Thermogenic adaptation, 379 Tempol, 228, 1261, 2015, 3484 Thermo-kinetic, 1058 Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), 2242, 2398, Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), 3457–3458 2400–2402, 2405 Thimerosal, 361, 367 Tendinopathies, 2915, 2916 Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances Tendocytes, 2898, 2915 (TBARs), 1005, 1126, 1137, 1242, Tendon healing, 2915 1569, 1570, 2225, 2387, 2630–2631, Teratogenesis, 555, 567–577 2982, 2985, 3954, 4092, 4094, 4096, Teratogenic exposures, 600 4099, 4103 Terminal nerve fibers, 1289, 1297 Thiol balance, 3029, 3035, 3044 TERT. See Telomerase reverse Thiol oxidation, 93 transcriptase (TERT) Thiol peroxidase, 101 Tertbutylhydroperoxide, 1791 Thiols, 1661, 3029–3031, 3033–3036, Terutroban, 1328 3042–3044, 3879 Testicular carcinoma, 2257 Thioredoxin (Trx), 158, 159, 161–163, 166, Testicular histology, 2800 227, 547, 600, 602, 604, 620, 624, 627, Testicular metabolome, 2803 691, 1034, 1053–1055, 1058, 1107, Testis, 2816, 2817 1110–1112, 1179, 1180, 1262, 1263, Testosterone, 2799–2801 1697, 2550, 2628, 2709, 2710, 2714, Index 4173

2716, 2745, 2968, 2980, 3029–3030, TJs. See Tight junction (TJs) 3035–3037, 3042–3043, 3084–3086, TLE. See Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) 3635, 3638 TLK 203, 3040 Thioredoxin 1 (TRX1), 419, 422, 431, TLR2-and TLR4/CD14, 3156–3157, 3159 1111, 2969 TLRs. See Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Thioredoxin 2 (TRX2), 1099, 1111–1112 TLR4 signaling, 3242 Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), 448 T lymphocytes, 367, 368, 883, 884 Thioredoxin peroxidases, 3085 t-MPT, 253–255 Thioredoxin peroxidase/thioredoxin reductase Tobacco, 3886 system, 1058 control, 1640 Thioredoxin/Peroxiredoxin (TRX/Prx) system, smoke, 1657 1110–1112 a-Tocopherol, 20, 21, 24, 25, 101, Thioredoxin reductase (TR), 158, 163, 547, 183, 192, 325, 326, 330, 347, 2549, 2550, 3084, 3085 2634–2636 Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TRXR1), 195 Tocopherol (vitamin E), 3440–3441, 3448 Thiyl radical, 10, 11 Tocopherols, 1712, 1717, 3756, 3772, 3774, Thread-grain transition, 336 3793, 3796 Three-vessel occlusion model, 2023–2031, a-Tocotrienol, 2209–2210 2037–2045 Tolerance, 1694, 1714, 2551 Threonin, 2936 Toll-like, 910, 913, 925 Threonyl-tRNA synthetase, 94, 97 Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), 3502 Thr58Ile, 463 Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 394–398, 910, 913, Thromboxane (TX), 1508, 1510, 1512 925, 2747 Thromboxane A2, 1328, 1329, 1335, Tooth enamel, 3874, 3883 1337, 2008 Topoisomerase 1, 3746 Thromboxane-prostanoid (TP) receptors, Torpor, 54 1327–1333, 1335–1338 Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 69, 145, 604, Th-1-type responses, 3679 609, 1569, 2437, 2440, 2589, 2594, Thymidine glycol, 68 2598, 2824, 3429, 4087, 4090 Thyroid cancer, 3531–3532 Total antioxidants, 2985, 3952 Thy1.2-YFP16/Wld(S) mice, 2237 Total antioxidant status (TAS), 2376, 2377, Tianeptine, 2380 2379, 2380, 2383 Tight junction (TJs), 2050–2053, 2055–2057 Total free radical-trapping antioxidant Tight junctional complexes, 1968 potential (TRAP), 605 Tight-junctional permeability, 1793 Total hydroperoxides (TP), 704 Tight-junctional structures, 1789 Total oxidant status, 2440 Tight junction proteins, 1694, 1702, 1909 Total polyphenol, 4087, 4088, 4091, 4096 Tight junctions (TJ), 3272, 3379, 3391–3397 Toxic oxidation cycle, 3107 Time-dependent decline, 2928 Toxin-mediated hormesis, 3018–3019 TIMP-2. See Tissue inhibitor of TP. See Total hydroperoxides (TP) metalloprotease-2 (TIMP-2) tPA. See Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) TIP (transferrin, insulin, putrescine, and TPP. See Triphenylphosphonium (TPP) progesterone), 2014 TR. See Thioredoxin reductase (TR) Tirilazad, 2461 Traditional/fermented rooibos, 4085, Tissue damage, 3879, 3880 4087–4089, 4099 Tissue engineering, 2518, 2530–2532 TRAIL, 1859, 1860 Tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-2 Transaminase reactions, 311 (TIMP-2), 2056 Trans-arachidonic acid (TAA), 1964, 1966 Tissue plasminogen, 925 Transcriptional expression, 3566 Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 925 Transcription factor 2 (Runx2), 2977 Tissue repair, 2517–2532 Transcription factor NF-kB, 2747 Tissue repair/regeneration, 2517–2532 Transcription factors, 721, 728–734, 739, 745, Tissue transglutaminase (tTG), 1223 1646, 1649, 1655, 2551, 3029, 4174 Index

3033–3034, 3036–3038, 3041–3042, Troponin-T, 3952 3044, 3857, 3859, 3860, 3862–3864 TRP. See Transient receptor potential (TRP) Transcriptomic, 75 TRP melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channels, 2439, 2443 Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), 3786 TRPV1 channels, 366–368 Transferrin, 14, 15, 18, 178, 2506, 2509 Truncated Bid (tBid), 120, 123 Transferrin receptor (TfR2), 382 Tryptophan, 357, 2372, 2384, 3680, 3681, 3683 Transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), L-Tryptophan, 3680, 3683 3738–3742, 3744–3746 tTG. See Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) Transgenic mouse models, 247, 249, 256, TTX-resistant Na+ channels, 361, 368 3568, 3574 Tube-like structure formation, 1954 Transglutaminases (TGases), 1711 Tubulointerstitial fibrosis, 2585, 2597 Trans-4-hydoxy-2-hexenal (HHE) species, Tumorigenesis, 2854–2858, 2862, 2865 1700 Tumor microenvironment, 1970 Trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 625, 627–630, species, 1700 884, 897, 1512, 2711, 2878, 3207, Transient ischemia, 1984, 1985 3663, 3938 Transient receptor potential (TRP), 366, 2439, Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), 179, 184, 2443–2445 193, 287, 386, 397, 398, 795, 798, channels, 364–368, 1221 802–804, 1000, 1001, 1003, 1259, 1260, Transient receptor potential melastatin type 2 2201, 2202, 2219, 2226, 2234, 2239, (TRPM2), 365, 368 2240, 2251, 2258, 2263, 2381, 2387, Transient receptor potential melastatin type 6 2647, 2906, 2908, 2976, 2980, (TRPM6), 366, 368 3155–3157, 3224, 3231, 3286, 3290, Transient receptor potential melastatin type 7 3295, 3345–3346, 3476, 3482–3483, (TRPM7), 366 3498, 3500, 3502–3503, 3679, 3681, Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins, 2207 3686 Transition metals, 2544, 2545 inhibitors, 725, 731, 733, 739, 744, 745 Transketolase activators, 3454 Tumor necrosis factor (TGF)-b, 2648, 2649, 2652 Translocation, 2666–2668, 3143, 3151 Tumor-suppressor gene, 72–74, 180, 185 Transmembrane potential, 2544, 3040 Tumourigenesis, 188 Transmission electron microscopy, 3377, 3384, Tunica intima, 1287 3388, 3394 Tunica media, 1288, 1573 Transport of GSH, 622–624, 630, 633 Tween Helicobacter, 1871–1885 TRAP. See Total free radical-trapping Two-photon scanning laser fluorescence antioxidant potential (TRAP) microscopy, 1063 Trauma, 3001, 3002 Two-signal hypothesis, 3241, 3242 Trauma surgery, 3937–3938 TX. See Thromboxane (TX) Traumatic brain Injury (TBI), 2243–2246 TXNIP. See Thioredoxin-interacting Treadmill, 480-–481 protein (TXNIP) Treatment, 1864, 1865, 2654, 3678, 3686, 3688 Type 1 diabetes (T1D), 856, 858, 861, Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, 303, 305, 1713–1714, 2790–2793, 2798–2804, 307, 3383 3320–3321, 3323, 3377, 3383, 3390, Tricarboxylic cycle, 302 3399, 3493–3513 Tricyclic anti-depressants, 2386 Type 2 diabetes (T2D), 195, 196, 792, Triglyceride, 795, 797, 799 801–802, 807, 862, 882, 1564, 1575, Triglycerides, 1503–1505, 1700 1576, 1713–1714, 2597, 2791–2793, 3,5,40-Trimethoxystillbene (MR-3), 4056 2797, 2801, 2803, 2804, 3320–3323, Triphenylphosphonium (TPP), 1308, 1312–1316 3327–3330, 3377, 3383, 3386, 3387, 3 Triplet oxygen ( O2), 3875, 3876 3399, 3438, 3440, 4098 Triterpenoids, 3182, 3183 Type II and type I fibers, 2932, 2936, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity 2941, 2943 (TEAC), 4090, 4103 Tyrosinase, 3679, 3681, 3683–3687, 3789, Trophoblast invasion, 2776, 2779 3791, 3793, 3795 Index 4175

Tyrosinase: methionine 378, 3683 Unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS), Tyrosine, 357–360 2374–2375, 2382, 2384, 2385 Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 2261 Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), 100, 1503, 2285 Tyrosine kinase, 358, 359, 730, 733, 740, 742 Unverricht-Lundborg disease (EPM1), 2242 Tyrosine kinase-type receptors (TNF), 2711 Upper airway obstruction, 3656, 3660 Tyrosine nitration, 358, 359, 610, 1181, 2875, UPR. See Unfolded protein response (UPR) 2876, 2878, 2897, 2899, 2906, 2907 Upregulate antioxidant systems, 598–600, 611 TZDs. See Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) UPS. See Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) Urea cycle, 702 Urea cycle defects, 702 U Urease, 1852, 1856 UA. See Uric acid (UA) Uremic toxins, 2593 Ubiquinol, 14, 15, 20, 22–24, 1307, Uric acid (UA), 14, 15, 24, 25, 27, 29, 42, 1313–1315 1004, 1008, 1989–1990, 1992, Ubiquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase, 282 3349, 3350 Ubiquinone, 22–24, 330, 332, 333, 903, Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), 1817, 1820 2662, 3451 Usual interstitial pneumonia, 1613, 1614 Ubiquinone-10, 2550 Uterine artery, 2772, 2774, 2775, Ubiquinone (NADH) oxidoreductase 2777–2779, 2781 (complex I), 2226 Uterine artery remodeling, 2777, 2779 Ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1), 3092 Uterine circulation, 2771–2781 Ubiquitin and aggregates, 3145, 3147, 3154, Utrophin, 2914 3159, 3160 UVA, 3771, 3772, 3777, 3780 Ubiquitination, 834–836, 839, 3687 UVB, 3757, 3759, 3760, 3772, 3775–3777 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), UVB-activated pseudocatalase PC-KUS, 3082, 3092 3684 Ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism, 98 UVB narrow-band, 3686–3688 Ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway, 122 UV light, 3630, 3637, 3639–3640 Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), 2224 UVR. See UV radiation (UVR) Ubiquitin protein ligase (E3), 3092 UV radiation (UVR), 3601, 3610, Ubisemiquinone (QH•), 1060 3611, 3681 Ubisemiquinone radical, 2007 UC. See Ulcerative colitis (UC) UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, V 1796–1798 Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) genes, Ulceration, 1850–1855, 1857–1859, 1864 1862, 1875 Ulcerative colitis (UC), 1693, 1698, VADCs, 254 1708, 1718 Val16Ala polymorphism, 2754 Ultrafine particles, 1559–1562, 1564, 1565, Valdecoxib, 2381 1575, 1576 Valproate (VPA), 2422, 2423 Ultraviolet B, 4097 Vanadate, 2907 Ultraviolet exposure, 3683 Vanilloid (VR1) receptor, 2247 Uncoupled eNOS, 884, 1059, 1060, 1128, Varicocele, 2725, 2733, 2734, 2737 1177–1200, 1241, 1263–1265, Vasa nervorum, 3387–3390, 3396 1900–1902, 1906–1908 Vasa recta capillaries, 2568 Uncoupling proteins (UCPs), 45–46, Vascular adhesion molecules, 3472 377, 379, 382, 895, 917, 1060, 1504, Vascular aging, 1384, 1385, 1394, 1397 2667, 2797 Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 Uncoupling proteins 1 (UCP1), 2667 (VCAM-1), 3472, 3474–3476, 3479, Uncoupling proteins 2 (UCP2), 289, 396–397, 3482–3483 2647, 2667, 3344–3345 Vascular complications, 3469, 3475, Unfolded protein response (UPR), 1001, 2211, 3480, 3484 3153–3154, 3684 Vascular dementia, 2023–2031 4176 Index

Vascular diseases, 727, 733, 734, 738, VEGF receptor, 2235 892, 896, 923–924, 1215, 1218, Veins, 2572 1344, 1357 Ventricular dilatation, 953, 964 Vascular endothelial adhesion molecules, Ventricular fibrillation, 1052 1412, 1413, 1418 Ventricular tachycardia, 1069 Vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin), Verapamil, 1818 1539, 1543, 1547 Vessel sprouting, 2531 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Viral hepatitis, 1812–1814 610, 2230, 2235–2236, 2240, 2251, Viral infections, 3495, 3496, 3501, 3502 2520, 2522–2525, 2879, 2884, 3387, Virulence factors, 1875–1877 3388, 3390, 3399, 3862 Visceral adipose tissue (VAT), 3834 Vascular endothelium, 1455–1456, Visfatin, 424 1458, 1465 Visomitin, 326, 347 Vascular homeostasis, 1338, 1357, 1358, 1453, Vitamin, 1874, 1878 1456, 1461, 1971 Vitamin A, 600, 609, 1702, 1712, 2440, 3010, Vascular hypertrophy, 1292, 1293 3011, 3017, 3021, 3587, 3902, 3905, Vascular inflammation, 1218–1219, 1227 3910, 3918 Vascular injury, 3382 Vitamin A,b-carotene-induced gastric mucosal Vascularization, 610, 2521–2524, 2527, defense, 1741 2530, 2531 Vitamin B9, 3587, 3589 Vascular longevity, 1385, 1390 Vitamin B12, 3587–3589 Vascular oxidative stress, 1569–1575 Vitamin C, 16, 22, 23, 26, 183, 325–326, 600, Vascular pathway, 3382, 3387–3390, 3396, 609, 656–660, 728, 740, 744, 1183, 3399, 3400 1185, 1245, 1246, 1306, 1310, 1311, Vascular redox signaling, 1456 1388, 1482, 1483, 1487, 1540, 1635, Vascular redox state, 1277 1637–1639, 1843, 1844, 2176, 2181, Vascular remodeling, 953, 957, 968, 1217, 2183, 2377, 2379, 2384, 2385, 2434, 1222–1225, 1292–1293, 1345, 2507, 2510, 2549, 2552, 2553, 2596, 1346, 1358 2598, 2628, 2634, 2637, 2726–2732, Vascular ROS, 1217, 1222 2735–2737, 2745, 2818, 2821, 2999, Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), 3000, 3008–3011, 3016, 3017, 3020, 1129–1133, 1139, 1288, 1290, 1292, 3021, 3220, 3222, 3229, 3440–3441, 1294, 1296, 1408, 1453–1456, 1461, 3448, 3480, 3572–3574, 3587, 3589, 1462, 1500, 1502, 1573–1574, 1899, 3603, 3609, 3610, 3754, 3755, 3776, 1901, 1906–1908, 1913–1914, 3902, 3903, 3905, 3906, 3909, 3910, 2520, 2527 3918, 3948, 3957, 3970, 3972–3973, Vascular stiffness, 1487 3989–3990 Vasculogenesis, 1969 Vitamin D, 2553, 2902, 2904, 3008–3009, Vasomotor response, 1293–1294 3011–3013, 3221, 3222, 3229, 3231, Vasospasm, 1984, 1985, 1990–1991 3755–3758 VAT. See Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) deficiency, 2979–2980 VCAM-1. See Vascular cell adhesion receptor, 2975, 2980 molecule-1 (VCAM-1) Vitamin deficiency, 2818 VDAC. See Voltage-dependent anion Vitamin E, 16, 22–23, 26, 44, 52, 55, 56, 181, channel (VDAC) 192, 222, 381, 600, 609, 653, 656–658, VE-cadherin. See Vascular endothelial- 660, 728, 740, 744, 1008, 1009, cadherin (VE-cadherin) 1246–1248, 1306, 1310–1313, 1388, VEGF. See Vascular endothelial growth 1411, 1412, 1414, 1415, 1418, factor (VEGF) 1481–1483, 1540, 1702, 1712, 1717, VEGF-A, 3791 2155, 2157, 2176, 2180, 2182–2184, VEGF-C/VEGFR-3, 3791 2377, 2386, 2404, 2434, 2440, Index 4177

2454–2456, 2460, 2511, 2549, 2552, Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), 2553, 2594–2596, 2628, 2634–2636, 2431–2445 2670, 2725–2732, 2735–2738, 2821, Wireless local area networks (WLANs), 2826, 2982, 2986, 2999, 3000, 2434–2435 3008–3011, 3016, 3017, 3020, 3021, Wist-to-hip ratio, 794, 802 3220–3222, 3230, 3349–3350, Wittig reaction, 4050 3352–3353, 3440, 3447, 3449–3450, WLANs. See Wireless local area 3457, 3480, 3572–3574, 3587, 3589, networks (WLANs) 3682, 3686, 3687, 3755–3758, 3762, Wnt/b-catenin, 2900, 2957 3902, 3903, 3905, 3906, 3908–3910, Wnt signaling, 2903 3918, 3921, 3958, 3969, 3970, Wogonin, 2307–2310, 2312, 2313, 3972–3974, 3979 2314–2318 Vitamin E (a-tocopherol), 2745 Women, 2933, 2935–2936, 2939, 2941 Vitamin E and C supplementation, 2942 Women’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study Vitamin E, Cataract and Age-Related (WACS), 1247 Maculopathy Trial (VECAT), Women’s Health and Aging Study, 3917 3906–3908 Women’s Health Study, 1246 Vitamin-E-coated membranes, 2636 Wortmannin, 2250 Vitamins, 1456–1457, 1459, 1461, 2155, wv/wv-MT. See Metallothioneins over- 2157–2158, 2999–3000, 3010, 3012, expressing weaver mice (wv/wv-MT) 3015, 3016, 3019–3021, 3755, 3762, 3882, 4006–4010, 4012, 4013, 4017, 4018 Vitamins C and E, 797, 806, 1857, 1864–1865 X Vitiligo, 3677–3688 Xanoxidase, 2074 Voltage, 356, 358, 361–363, 365 Xanthine, 1257, 1265–1267, 2074 Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), 1098, 1265, 465, 894, 899–905, 910, 912, 917, 918, 1266, 1440, 3955 922, 929 Xanthine oxidase (XO), 174, 193, 194, 380, Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, 410, 539, 556, 557, 795, 850, 851, 358–362 856–857, 859, 864, 882–884, 891, 893, Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, 2439, 896–897, 906, 924, 933, 959, 965, 967, 2443, 2445 972, 974, 997–998, 1006, 1010, 1042, Voltage-gated Na+ channels, 261–362 1093, 1094, 1098–1099, 1127–1128, Voltage-gated potassium channels, 362 1137, 1139, 1178, 1180, 1183, 1241, Voltage-operated Ca2+ channels, 3323 1244, 1265–1266, 1436–1440, 1444, Vorinostat, 448, 449 1485, 1488, 1810–1811, 1816, 1818, VPA. See Valproate (VPA) 1897, 1900, 1901, 1906, 1963, 2008, VR1. See Vanilloid (VR1) receptor 2224, 2372–2373, 2440, 2454, 2574–2575, 2593, 2597, 2650, 2653–2654, 2756, 3084, 3089, 3839, W 3841, 3857, 3858, 3955 Wall shear stress, 1215, 1220, 1223 Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, 744, Wall tension, 1215, 1218, 1219 1006–1008 Warburg effect, 2877, 2879, 2884 Xanthine oxidase system, 721, 723, 725, 727, Water maze test, 2444 735, 739, 744 Weight loss, 3100, 3101, 3104, 3843 Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), 544–545, Whisker barrel cortex, 1951, 1952 997, 2593 WHO. See World Health Organization (WHO) Xanthophylls, 3628–3629, 3639 Wi-Fi. See Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) X-box-binding protein, 3684 Wilson disease, 701, 702 XDH. See Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) Wilson’s disease gene, 1799 Xenobiotic-induced, 174, 181, 183, 184 4178 Index

Xenobiotics, 620, 622, 3993 Zeaxanthin vs. prevalence of Leiden mutation, Xenoestrogens, 582, 587, 589 1747–1748 Xerostomia, 3883, 3886 Zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), XOR. See Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) 56–58 Zinc, 606, 609, 1702–1703, 2200, 2225, 2229, 2235, 2250, 2263, 2544, 2553, Y 2727, 2730, 2731, 2734, 2736, 2821, Yeast, 91, 95–97, 99–103 3219–3222, 3229 Yeast deletion strain collection, 91 Zinc finger, 552 Yolk sac, 542, 544, 551 Zinc-sulfur complexes, 1188–1189 Zn(II)-glycine, 3795 ZNS. See Zonisamide (ZNS) Z Zonisamide (ZNS), 2220, 2222 Zeaxanthin, 3629, 3639, 4025, 4035 Zonula occludens (ZOs), Zeaxanthin vs. Leiden mutation in patients with 2051, 2057 GI disorders, 1747 Zygote, 540, 542, 2707