Index A Acute chest syndrome, 2501 Abdominal aortic aneurysm, 1405–1419 Acute cold stress, 378 ABR. See Auditory brainstem response (ABR) Acute cytokines, 3931 Abyssinones, 4064, 4073 Acute estrogen deprivation, 1336 Accelerated atherosclerosis, 3473, 3474, Acute ischemic stroke (AIS), 2195, 2198, 3476, 3478 2209, 2246–2252, 2265 Accidental hypothermia, 376 Acute kidney injury (AKI), 2582–2584, ACEIs. See Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2587–2591 inhibitors (ACEIs) Acute respiratory distress syndrome, 635 A549 cells, 177, 178 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Acyl-CoADH), 307 Acetaldehyde, 651, 653, 1814 AD. See Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Acetaminophen, 630–631, 1825 Adaptation to intermittent hypoxia (AIH), N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), 2213–2214 1771, 1773–1775 Adaptive immunity in interstitial lung N-Acetylaspartate, 2436 disease, 1616 Acetylcholine (ACh), 2277, 2278, 2280, 2281, Adaptive response, 1796–1798 2286, 2910, 2915 Adaptor protein SchA, 915 Acetylcholine receptor (ACh-R), 2910 AD assessment scale, cognitive scale Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, 2356, (ADAScog), 2362 2359, 3684 Ade´liepenguins (Pygoscelis adeliae),53 N-Acetyl-L-cysteine, 3588–3590, 3592 Adenine, 900, 902, 932 Acetyl radical, 2761 Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), 900, Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), 2382–2383 902–905, 917, 918, 921, 922, 928 ACh. See Acetylcholine (ACh) Adenosine, 382, 387, 1951, 1953–1954, 2915 Acid b-oxidation, 798 Adenosine deaminase, 2436, 2440 Acidosis, 380–381, 3950, 3951, 3954–3956 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 3383–3386 Aconitase, 94, 95 Adenosine nucleosides, 1744, 1951 ACR classification criteria, 2540, 2541 Adenosine-50-triphosphate (ATP), 175, 246, Acrolein, 825, 834, 2454, 2456–2458 251, 254–256, 438, 439, 1953, 1981, Acrosome reaction, 2745, 2816, 2817 1982, 1987, 2662, 2884, 3323, 3324, Actin, 94–96, 100 3383–3385, 3955 Actin cytoskeleton, 95–96, 100 hydrolysis, 906 Action potential repolarization, 1070 levels, 2803, 2806, 2807 Action potentials, 361, 362, 364, 1050, 1063, synthesis, 901, 903, 904, 906, 2795, 3101 1067–1071 Adenoviral delivery, 466 Activated dendritic cells (DCs), 3679 Adenoviral vectors, 3574 Activator protein-1 (AP-1), 181, 184–186, 551, ADHD. See Attention deficit hyperactivity 730–732, 742, 745, 1242, 1797–1798, disorder (ADHD) 3444, 3790, 3793 AdhE. See Alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhE) Actomyosin fibrils, 339 Adherent junctions (AJs), 2050, 2055, 3395 I. Laher (ed.), Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 4109 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 4110 Index Adhesion molecules, 1908–1910, Aerobic organisms, 297, 303, 582 1913, 1916 Age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass, Adipocytes, 792, 795, 796, 800, 803, 804, 2928, 2939 806, 880, 881, 1022–1024, 1028, 1396, Ageing, 2276, 2279, 2280, 2282–2284, 2941 2521, 2529 AGE in reproductive tract, 2799 Adipocytokine, 3834 AGE-RAGE. See Advanced glycation end Adipogenesis, 2529 product-receptor for advanced glycation Adipokines, 797, 802, 804, 805, 3835, end products (AGE-RAGE) 3836, 3843 AGE–RAGE interactions, 3383, 3386 Adiponectin, 795–797, 804, 805, 1027, 3453, Age-related conditions, 3902, 3906–3908, 3917, 3457, 3835–3837, 3843 3921, 3922 Adipose tissue, 792, 795, 798, 800, 804, Age-related decline, 2943 805, 807 Age-related hearing loss (AHL), 3562, 3564, Adiposity, 793, 795, 797, 802 3567–3568, 3581–3593 ADMA. See Asymmetric dimethylarginine Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), (ADMA) 3626–3637, 3639, 3641, 3642, 3905, ADMA demethylating enzyme (DDAH), 3906, 3908, 4035 1191–1192 AGEs. See Advanced glycation end products ADMA hydrolyzing enzymes, 1191 (AGEs) Adolescence, 792 Aggregation, 213, 216, 220, 3145–3147, 3150, ADP. See Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 3151, 3153–3156, 3158–3161 ADP phosphorylation, 894 Aging, 96, 153–166, 187, 191, 195–198, 219, ADP-ribose, 365 280, 286, 289–290, 345, 348, 624, ADP-ribose hydrolase, 365 634–636, 776–777, 1051, 1057, 1071, ADR. See Angelicae dahuricae radix (ADR) 1327, 1331, 1335, 1336, 1385, a2C-Adrenergic receptors (a2C-ARs), 1714–1716, 2148, 2153–2154, 378–379 2291–2292, 2300, 2301, 2927–2944, a2-Adrenoceptors, 378–379 2998–2999, 3001, 3002, 3010, ADRF. See Adventitial-derived relaxing 3012–3015, 3019, 3406, 3409–3412, factor (ADRF) 3565, 3567, 3568, 3572, 3900–3905, Advanced glycation end product-receptor for 3908, 3910, 3912, 3917, 3921, 3922 advanced glycation end products Aging/neurodegeneration, 361, 368 (AGE-RAGE), 2669 Aging process, 3900–3904, 3922 Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), 742, AGI-1067 succinobucol, 1388 801, 805, 1100–1102, 2211–2212, a-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase 2637, 2794, 2799, 2964–2967, 2969, (a-GPDH), 307 3378, 3380, 3382–3384, 3388, 3390, Aglycone, 4029 3394, 3400, 3405–3413, 3442, 3837, AHI. See Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 3838, 3845 AHL. See Age-related hearing loss (AHL) mechanism, 3405–3413 AHR. See Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) Advanced glycation end products and receptors AIDS, 3217–3233 (AGE/RAGE), 1094, 1100–1102, 1113 AIH. See Adaptation to intermittent hypoxia pathway, 3471, 3478–3479 (AIH); Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) Adventitia, 1287–1297 Airborne particulate matter (PM), Adventitial cells, 1899 2854–2856 Adventitial derived reactive oxygen species- Air pollution, 1558–1559, 1562–1576 vascular function, 1293 Air quality guidelines, 1561 Adventitial-derived relaxing factor (ADRF), Air quality index, 1561 1296 Airway epithelial cells, 3244, 3246 Adventitial fibroblast, 1289, 1295–1296 Airway epithelium, 1647, 1649–1652, 1656 Adventitial reactive oxygen species, Airway fibrosis, 1653 1287–1297 Airway hyperrespon siveness/ Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), 2877, 2879 hyperreactivity, 191 Index 4111 Airway remodelling, 1644, 1647, 1649, Alpine swifts (Apus melba),56 1651–1653, 1655, 3247 ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral AIS. See Acute ischemic sclerosis (ALS) stroke (AIS) Altered gene transcription, 1655–1656 AJs. See Adherent junctions (AJs) Aluminum, 1791, 1799 AKI. See Acute kidney injury (AKI) Alveolar development, 608 Akita mouse model, 332 Alveolar macrophages, 1565–1567, 1576 Akt, 175, 181, 185, 1351, 1352, 1355, 1357, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 176, 177, 191–193, 1967, 1968, 1970, 2712, 2713, 2879, 196, 463, 631, 1896, 1899, 1906, 1910, 2880, 2884, 2899, 2903, 2913, 3745 1914–1917, 2147–2162, 2176– 2180, Akt phosphorylation, 2903 2182, 2193–2198, 2201–2203, 2205, ALADIN II, 2361 2206, 2208–2217, 2224, 2230, 2232, ALADIN III, 2361 2236, 2252–2253, 2258, 2263–2265, Alb-Cre. See Albumin-Cre transgenic mice 2275–2286, 2291–2293, 2296–2302, (Alb-Cre) 2326–2330, 2333–2335, 2337–2339, Albumin, 12, 14, 15, 19, 24, 29, 805, 2350, 2352, 2356, 2359–2360, 3680, 3683 2362–2363, 2876, 3590, 3592, 3856, 3909 Albumin-Cre transgenic mice (Alb-Cre), 477 AM-36, 2013 Albuminuria, 2585, 2626 Amantadine, 2382 Alcohol, 629, 630, 645–661, 1702–1703, AMD. See Age-related macular 1933–1934, 1936, 1938 degeneration (AMD) Alcohol consumption, 582, 587, 2761, Ames dwarf mice, 1387 2763, 3886 Amifostine, 3037, 3041–3042 Alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhE), 93, 94, Amino acid residues lysine, 2936 1188, 2761 Amino acids, 1699–1700, 3147–3148, Alcoholic steatosis, 1814 3153, 3158 Aldehydes, 70, 71, 1413 2-Aminoethoxy-diphenylborate, 1266 Aldehyde stress, 825–826 Aminoglycoside antibiotics, 3569 Aldo-keto reductase, 362 Aminotransferases, 4095 Aldose reductase, 634, 1244, 2966 Amiodarone, 1825 Aldosterone, 802, 1275, 1276, 1279 5’-AMP-activated kinase, 932 a-Linolenic acid (ALA), 1506, 1510 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), 421, Alkaline phosphatase, 2978, 2983 424, 425, 428–430, 2212, 2914 Alkoxyl, 8 Amphetamines, 2423, 2424, 3883 Alkylresorcinols, 4064, 4066–4067 AMPK. See AMP-activated protein Allantoin, 25 kinase (AMPK) Allopurinol, 380, 897, 924, 926, 927, 1006, Amplex Red, 301, 316–318, 1429, 1437, 1487–1489, 1818, 1824, 2593, 2597, 1444, 1447 3573, 3841 Amplitude, 246, 249, 250, 252, 253, 256, 257, All-or-none quantal events, 249 2072–2073, 2077 Alloxan, 2792 Amyloid-b (Ab), 192, 193, 338, 2194–2196, Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4- 2201, 2208, 2210, 2212–2215, 2227, propionate (AMPA) glutamate, 3148, 2236, 2237, 3908 3149, 3154, 3156, peptide, 98, 1914, 2178, 2179, 2182, 4034 3158, 3159 protein, 2149–2152, 2155–2157 Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, 283 Amyloid-b precursor protein (APP), 2148–2151, Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), 778–779, 2154, 2155 1463–1533, 1701, 1714, 2058, 2635, Amyloidogenesis, 2149–2151 2638, 3447, 3451, 3483, 3588, 3590 Amyloid plaques, 191, 192, 2277–2279 Alpha-tocopherol, 3756, 3757 Amyloid precursor protein (APP), Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer 463–464, 2213 (ATBC) Prevention Study, 1246, 1247, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 90, 98, 3906, 3908 463–465, 467, 2177, 2184, 2193–2195, 4112 Index 2197, 2229–2240, 2258, 2264, 2265, Anoxia, 381–382 2457, 2912, 3168–3183, 3590, 3592 ANS. See Antenatal glucocorticoids (ANS) Anabolic response, 2943 ANT. See Adenine nucleotide translocase Anaerobes, 3876 (ANT) Anaerobic, 600 Antenatal glucocorticoids (ANS), Anaerobic glycolysis, 543, 3877 607, 608 Analytical validation, 77 Antennapedia, 1356 Anas platyrhynchos,56 Anthocyanidins, 4026 Angelicae dahuricae radix (ADR), 2458 Anthocyanins, 52–53 Angeli’s salt, 1038 Antiaging, 837 Ang II. See Angiotensin II (Ang II) Antiapoptotic, 1861, 1862, 2551 Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs), 1411 Antiapoptotic signaling networks, 1967 Angiogenesis, 288, 957, 968, 1223, 1357, 1669, Antibiotics, 98, 101, 315, 316 1670, 1955, 2235, 2519–2524, 2526, Anticancer agents, 3029 2530–2532, 2857, 2858, 2876–2879, 2884 Antidepressants,