SIERRA LEONA Operacion Barras 2000
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1 Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone – Researched and compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 18 March 2010 Information as to what recent wars Sierra Leone has been involved in and when they ended. In a section titled “History” the United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office country profile for Sierra Leone states: “The SLPP ruled until 1967 when the electoral victory of the opposition APC was cut short by the country's first military coup. But the military eventually handed over to the APC and its leader Siaka Stevens in 1968. He turned the country into a one -party state in 1978. He finally retired in 1985, handing over to his deputy, General Momoh. Under popular pressure, one party rule was ended in 1991, and a new constitution providing for a return to multi-party politics was approved in August of that year. Elections were scheduled for 1992. But, by this stage, Sierra Leone's institutions had collapsed, mismanagement and corruption had ruined the economy and rising youth unemployment was a serious problem. Taking advantage of the collapse, a rebel movement, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) emerged, with backing from a warlord, Charles Taylor, in neighbouring Liberia, and in 1991 led a rebellion against the APC government. The government was unable to cope with the insurrection, and was overthrown in a junior Officers coup in April 1992. Its leader, Capt Strasser, was however unable to defeat the RUF. Indeed, the military were more often than not complicit with the rebels in violence and looting.” (United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office (25 February 2009) Country Profiles: Sub-Saharan Africa – Sierra Leone) This profile summarises the events of the period 1996 to 2002 as follows: “Strasser was deposed in January 1996 by his fellow junta leaders. -
Sierra Leone
SIERRA LEONE 350 Fifth Ave 34 th Floor New York, N.Y. 10118-3299 http://www.hrw.org (212) 290-4700 Vol. 15, No. 1 (A) – January 2003 I was captured together with my husband, my three young children and other civilians as we were fleeing from the RUF when they entered Jaiweii. Two rebels asked to have sex with me but when I refused, they beat me with the butt of their guns. My legs were bruised and I lost my three front teeth. Then the two rebels raped me in front of my children and other civilians. Many other women were raped in public places. I also heard of a woman from Kalu village near Jaiweii being raped only one week after having given birth. The RUF stayed in Jaiweii village for four months and I was raped by three other wicked rebels throughout this A woman receives psychological and medical treatment in a clinic to assist rape period. victims in Freetown. In January 1999, she was gang-raped by seven revels in her village in northern Sierra Leone. After raping her, the rebels tied her down and placed burning charcoal on her body. (c) 1999 Corinne Dufka/Human Rights -Testimony to Human Rights Watch Watch “WE’LL KILL YOU IF YOU CRY” SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE SIERRA LEONE CONFLICT 1630 Connecticut Ave, N.W., Suite 500 2nd Floor, 2-12 Pentonville Road 15 Rue Van Campenhout Washington, DC 20009 London N1 9HF, UK 1000 Brussels, Belgium TEL (202) 612-4321 TEL: (44 20) 7713 1995 TEL (32 2) 732-2009 FAX (202) 612-4333 FAX: (44 20) 7713 1800 FAX (32 2) 732-0471 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] January 2003 Vol. -
Profile of Internal Displacement : Sierra Leone
PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : SIERRA LEONE Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 15 October, 2003) Also available at http://www.idpproject.org Users of this document are welcome to credit the Global IDP Database for the collection of information. The opinions expressed here are those of the sources and are not necessarily shared by the Global IDP Project or NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Chemin Moïse Duboule, 59 1209 Geneva - Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 799 07 00 Fax: + 41 22 799 07 01 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PROFILE SUMMARY 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND OF DISPLACEMENT 9 BACKGROUND TO THE CONFLICT 9 CHRONOLOGY OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS SINCE INDEPENDENCE (1961 - 2000) 9 HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF THE FIRST EIGHT YEARS OF CONFLICT (1991-1998) 13 CONTINUED CONFLICT DESPITE THE SIGNING OF THE LOME PEACE AGREEMENT (JULY 1999-MAY 2000) 16 PEACE PROCESS DERAILED AS SECURITY SITUATION WORSENED DRAMATICALLY IN MAY 2000 18 RELATIVELY STABLE SECURITY SITUATION SINCE SIGNING OF CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT IN ABUJA ON 10 NOVEMBER 2000 20 CIVIL WAR DECLARED OVER FOLLOWING THE FULL DEPLOYMENT OF UNAMSIL AND THE COMPLETION OF DISARMAMENT (JANUARY 2002) 22 REGIONAL EFFORTS TO MAINTAIN PEACE IN SIERRA LEONE (2002) 23 SIERRA LEONEANS GO TO THE POLLS TO RE-ELECT AHMAD TEJAN KABBAH AS PRESIDENT (MAY 2002) 24 SIERRA LEONE’S SPECIAL COURT AND TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION START WORK (2002-2003) 25 MAIN CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT 28 COUNTRYWIDE DISPLACEMENT -
Sierra Leone Assessment
Sierra Leone, Country Information http://194.203.40.90/ppage.asp?section=...erra%20Leone%2C%20Country%20Information SIERRA LEONE ASSESSMENT April 2002 Country Information and Policy Unit I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III HISTORY IV STATE STRUCTURES V HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES VI HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS VII HUMAN RIGHTS - OTHER ISSUES ANNEX A: CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS ANNEX B: POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS ANNEX C: PROMINENT PEOPLE REFERENCES TO SOURCE MATERIAL I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1. This assessment has been produced by the Country Information & Policy Unit, Immigration & Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources. 1.2. The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to catalogue all human rights violations. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3. The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4. It is intended to revise the assessment on a 6-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum producing countries in the United Kingdom. 1.5. An electronic copy of the assessment has been made available to the following organisations: Amnesty International UK 1 of 43 07/11/2002 5:44 PM Sierra Leone, Country Information http://194.203.40.90/ppage.asp?section=...erra%20Leone%2C%20Country%20Information Immigration Advisory Service Immigration Appellate Authority Immigration Law Practitioners' Association Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants JUSTICE Medical Foundation for the care of Victims of Torture Refugee Council Refugee Legal Centre UN High Commissioner for Refugees 2. -
G U I N E a Liberia Sierra Leone
The boundaries and names shown and the designations Mamou used on this map do not imply official endorsement or er acceptance by the United Nations. Nig K o L le n o G UINEA t l e a SIERRA Kindia LEONEFaranah Médina Dula Falaba Tabili ba o s a g Dubréka K n ie c o r M Musaia Gberia a c S Fotombu Coyah Bafodia t a e r G Kabala Banian Konta Fandié Kamakwie Koinadugu Bendugu Forécariah li Kukuna Kamalu Fadugu Se Bagbe r Madina e Bambaya g Jct. i ies NORTHERN N arc Sc Kurubonla e Karina tl it Mateboi Alikalia L Yombiro Kambia M Pendembu Bumbuna Batkanu a Bendugu b Rokupr o l e Binkolo M Mange Gbinti e Kortimaw Is. Kayima l Mambolo Makeni i Bendou Bodou Port Loko Magburaka Tefeya Yomadu Lunsar Koidu-Sefadu li Masingbi Koundou e a Lungi Pepel S n Int'l Airport or a Matotoka Yengema R el p ok m Freetown a Njaiama Ferry Masiaka Mile 91 P Njaiama- Wellington a Yele Sewafe Tongo Gandorhun o Hastings Yonibana Tungie M Koindu WESTERN Songo Bradford EAS T E R N AREA Waterloo Mongeri York Rotifunk Falla Bomi Kailahun Buedu a i Panguma Moyamba a Taiama Manowa Giehun Bauya T Boajibu Njala Dambara Pendembu Yawri Bendu Banana Is. Bay Mano Lago Bo Segbwema Daru Shenge Sembehun SOUTHE R N Gerihun Plantain Is. Sieromco Mokanje Kenema Tikonko Bumpe a Blama Gbangbatok Sew Tokpombu ro Kpetewoma o Sh Koribundu M erb Nitti ro River a o i Turtle Is. o M h Sumbuya a Sherbro I. -
Culture Under Cross-Examination
CULTURE UNDER CROSS-EXAMINATION International Justice and the Special Court for Sierra Leone Tim Kelsall CAMBRIDGE w UNIVERSITY PRESS CHAPTER 1 WHITE MAN’S JUSTICE? SIERRA LEONE AND THE EXPANDING PROJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW I The Special Court for Sierra Leone stands on a sprawling site in central Freetown, shielded from the rest of the country by imposing grey walls. An oLiter wall, ranging between five and eight feet in height, displays : signs warning people that to park or even stand in the court’s vicinity : forbidden; an inner one, about fifteen feet tall, is crowned by coils of razor wire. A policeman brandishing an AK-47, accompanied by other security personnel, guards the entrance from a sentry post; above it, a sand-bagged gun turret takes aim at the main road. Visitors who pass : through the court’s steel gate are obliged to acquire a security pass from a razor-wired concrete reception area in the shape of a pill box, then walk through a car park area and into the court’s inner compound through two sliding, steel doors; vehicles, meanwhile, are subjected to bomb checks. Inside, to the left, stand the prefabricated huts of the Office of the Prosecutor, reminiscent of a military barracks or prisoner of war camp, six-feet high fence carrying signs that read : ringed by razor wire and a ‘ID Cards Must be Shown at All Times’, ‘Restricted Access’, ‘Authorised Personnel Only’, ‘Visitors Must Be Escorted’. At various junctures gun- toting Nigerian soldiers stand guard, wearing dark sunglasses, blue hel ; ; tnets and military fatigues; sometimes they conduct drills and simulate ! combat situations. -
Sierra Leone Beyond the Lomé Peace Accord
Sierra Leone beyond the Lomé Peace Accord Edited by Marda Mustapha and Joseph J. Bangura sierra leone beyond the lomé peace accord Copyright © Marda Mustapha and Joseph J. Bangura, 2010. All rights reserved. First published in 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe, and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978-0-230-10285-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Scribe Inc. First edition: August 2010 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America. To Hajaratu Yabome, Joseph, Josratu, Jaribu, Jabari; to Eric and Doris Mustapha for their sacrifice; and to the memory of Abdul Nafieu Mustapha and the victims and survivors of the Sierra Leone Civil War This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments vii Prologue ix Introduction 1 Marda Mustapha and Joseph J. Bangura Part I Destination Lomé 1 Sierra Leone beyond Lomé: Challenges and Failures 17 Tunde Zack-Williams 2 The Anatomy of Peacekeeping: ECOMOG’s Role in the Sierra Leone Civil War 35 Joseph J. -
Sierra Leone: Information on the 1997 Coup D'etat, ECOMOG
Resource Information Center Sierra Leone: Information on the 1997 coup d'etat, ECOMOG... Page 1 of 4 Sierra Leone Response to SLE01001.SND Information Request Number: Date: 05 January 2000 Subject: Sierra Leone: Information on the 1997 coup d'etat, ECOMOG harassment of civilians, and the current situation in Sierra Leone. From: INS Resource Information Center, Washington, DC Keywords: Sierra Leone / Armed conflicts / Armed forces / Civil wars / Collective punishment / Cruel punishment / Internal strife / Military government / Military alliances / Military intervention / Military occupation / Military repression / National defence / National security / Paramilitary forces / Repression methods / Rule of Law / Uprising Query: Please provide information on the 1997 coup d'etat, the actions of ECOMOG forces in the aftermath of that coup, and the current situation in Sierra Leone. Response: 1997 COUP D'ETAT On 25 May 1997, the government of President Ahmed Tejan Kabbah, who had been elected president in March 1996 in the first multi-party elections for nearly three decades in Sierra Leone, was overthrown by a group of soldiers from the Sierra Leone Army (SLA) who had formed the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC). The leader of the coup and head of the newly formed AFRC, Johnny Paul Koroma, had been among nine soldiers charged with attempting to overthrow the government in September 1996. The armed forces were joined by the rebel Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and formed what became known as the People's Army. In effect, AFRC soldiers (formerly SLA soldiers) and rebel RUF soldiers jointly ruled Sierra Leone until February 1998 when ECOMOG (Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group) troops stormed Freetown and returned President Kabbah to power. -
The Political Economy of Internal Conflict in Sierra Leone
Working Paper Series Working Paper 21 The Political Economy of Internal Conflict in Sierra Leone Paul Richards Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Conflict Research Unit August 2003 Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague Phonenumber: # 31-70-3245384 Telefax: # 31-70-3282002 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl/cru © Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightholders. Clingendael Institute, P.O. Box 93080, 2509 AB The Hague, The Netherlands. Table of Contents Foreword 5 I. Introduction - The Political Economy of ‘New War’ 7 II. The War in Sierra Leone 9 2.1. The Protagonists 9 2.2. The Course of the War 12 III. A War Fought With, or Over, Diamonds? 19 3.1. ‘Greed not Grievance’? 20 3.2. Diamonds and War in Sierra Leone 22 3.3. The Heart of the Matter? 23 3.4. Poverty, Corruption and Bad Governance 25 3.5. Diamonds and the RUF 25 3.6. Summary: Bad Boys or State Collapse? 26 IV. The Political Economy of War and Recovery: Recent Evidence 27 4.1. The Egalitarian World of the RUF 27 4.2. The Individualist Legacy of the CDF 30 4.3. A New Model Army? 32 4.4. ‘Truck and Chuck’? The Political Economy of Rural Reconstruction 33 V. -
The Transition and Reinvention of British Army Infantrymen May 2018
The Transition and Reinvention of British Army Infantrymen Dissertation for PhD School of Social Sciences Cardiff University May 2018 Barrie Meek For Missy & The man that bridged the Rhine 1 Abstract Social sciences approaches to the study of Armed Forces Veterans and their capacity to cope with social reintegration, have tended to focus on medicalised accounts of post-service trauma, characterized by Veteran mental health, homelessness, and suicide amongst our Short Service Leavers. Whilst the findings of these largely quantitative projects continue to present new and compelling data, they have a tendency to neglect key aspects of observable phenomenon and often fall-short in representing the broader experience of Veterans transitioning from martial to civilian space. By contrast this study drawns on a mixed- methods approach to reveal a more authentic picture of resettlement, indeed the project proposes that resettlement is better understood when viewed as a component of a much broader occupational life-story; one that has a past, a present and importantly a future. With few notable exceptions (Ashcroft, 2014; Walker 2012; NAO, 2007) research into the British experience of Armed Forces resettlement is extremely difficult to locate, in a sense the process is hindered further by the outsourcing of Resettlement to Right Management Limited in 2015 and delivery, at a cost of £100 million, of the ‘Career Transition Partnership’ (CTP). And whilst the CTP claim to have helped thousands of veterans into sustainable employment within six months of leaving the Armed Forces; beyond such un-evidenced claims made in their own literature, neither UK government nor CTP has published any evidence based research representative of the degrees of success claimed by the CTP, in delivering cost effective programmes of resettlement. -
Two Decades on Conflict and Democracy in Sierra Leone
SITUATIO n REPORT • 13 A P RI l 2 0 1 2 i nstitute for Security Studies SiT TuA ion rEporT oor governance, mismanagement, endemic corruption, exclusion and marginalisation, especially P of the youth, were causal factors that led Foday Sankoh, an ex-corporal of the national army, to take up arms against the feeble government of President Joseph Momoh, TWO DECADES OF himself a former chief of the Sierra Leone armed forces. Sankoh’s Revolutionary United Front (RUF) enticed many CONFLICT AND disillusioned youths into its ranks and by the mid-1990s the country was effectively partitioned between the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC), which had overthrown DEMOCRACY IN Momoh in April 1992, and the RUF, which controlled the south-east of the country by means of a reign of terror. SIERRA LEONE By 1996, opposition to both the RUF and the NPRC, and the presence of the peacekeeping force and ceasefire 1 A personal experience monitoring group of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), abbreviated as ECOMOG, provided a modicum of stability that facilitated the holding of democratic elections. As a retired United Nations (UN) civil There is little doubt in my mind that international servant I won the presidential polls held in the same year. But ethnic tensions and perceived fears about the disbandment intervention during the difficult times of the 1990s in of the national army and the creation of a private militia Sierra Leone represents a success story in ending called the Civil Defence Forces (CDF) provided the impetus for certain soldiers, led by Johnny Paul Korma, to stage a a brutal war that engulfed this small West African military coup in 1997 that forced me and my government to seek refuge in neighbouring Guinea, a favourite refuge for country for over a decade. -
SIERRA-LEONE ASSESSMENT Oct2002
SIERRA-LEONE COUNTRY ASSESSMENT APRIL 2003 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE Home Office, United Kingdom Sierra Leone-April 2003 CONTENTS 1 Scope of the document 1.1 – 1.4 2 Geography 2.1 3 Economy 3.1 4 History 4.1 – 4.2 5 State Structures The Constitution 5.1 – 5.2 Citizenship 5.3 – 5.5 Political System 5.6 – 5.8 Judiciary 5.9 – 5.13 Legal Rights/Detention 5.14 Death Penalty 5.15 Internal Security 5.16 – 5.19 Border security and relations with neighbouring countries 5.20 – 5.22 Prison and Prison Conditions 5.23 – 5.25 Armed Forces 5.26 – 5.29 Military Service 5.30 Medical Services 5.31 – 5.34 People with disabilities 5.35 – 5.36 5.37 – 5.38 Educational System 6 Human Rights 6a. Human Rights issues Overview 6.1 – 6.2 Freedom of Speech and the Media 6.3 – 6.8 Journalists 6.9 – 6.10 Freedom of Religion 6.11 – 613 Religious Groups 6.14 Freedom of Assembly and Association 6.15 – 6.18 Employment Rights 6.19 – 6.23 People Trafficking 6.24 – 6.26 Freedom of Movement 6.27 – 6.28 Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) 6.29 – 6.32 6b. Human rights – Specific Groups Ethnic Groups 6.33 – 6.36 Women 6.37 – 6.40 Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) 6.41 – 6.45 Children 6.46 – 6.52 Child Care Arrangements 6.53 – 6.54 Homosexuals 6.55 Revolutionary United Front (RUF) 6.56 – 6.61 6.62 – 6.63 Civil Defence Forces (CDF) 6c.