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SIERRA LEONA Operacion Barras 2000 TeoríIa de la Guerra SIERRA LEONA Operacion Barras 2000 TRABAJO FINAL 2017 Teoría de la Guerra 2017 E-mail: [email protected] - Facebook: Teoría Pensamiento Militar - Blog: https://bellumratio.wordpress.com - Blog: Militar Pensamiento Teoría E-mail: [email protected] - Facebook: 2 Teoría de la Guerra 2017 Operacion E-mail: [email protected] - Facebook: Teoría Pensamiento Militar - Blog: https://bellumratio.wordpress.com - Blog: Militar Pensamiento Teoría E-mail: [email protected] - Facebook: Barras INTRODUCCION de ancho y se eleva a 100 m sobre el nivel del mar. En el extremo occidental de la península Aberdeen Creek El amanecer del 10 de septiembre de 2000, en el estado divide la península de Aberdeen al norte de Freetown. de África Occidental y ex colonia británica de Sierra Mientras que había recaladas excelentes no había tierra Leona, fue el escenario de una operación de rescate plana para construir un campo de aviación así que este de rehenes de alto riesgo por parte de los hombres del fue construido en el pueblo de Lungi en la penínsu- Escuadrón D, del 22 Special Air Service Regiment (22 la separada de Freetown por la boca del río de Sierra SAS) Coy) y la Compañía A, del 1er Batallón del 1er Leone. El acceso al aeródromo era en ferry de Freetown Regimiento de Paracaídas (1 Para). El nombre en clave a la aldea de Tangrin y de allí por carretera, o más tarde de la misión fue la Operación Barras. directamente en helicóptero. El aeropuerto jugaría un Las condiciones que condujeron a la Operación Ba- papel importante en la evacuación de civiles de Sierra rras habían comenzado casi 550 años antes cuando Leona y el rápido movimiento de tropas al país durante el explorador marítimo portugués Pedro da Cintra, las operaciones Palliser y Barras. navegando cerca de la costa occidental de África, vio Freetown, la capital y principal centro político y co- una península montañosa y serrana cubierta de selva mercial de Sierra Leona, tiene la densidad de población que asomaba fuera de la costa baja circundante. Se dice más alta. Después de la independencia y el estallido que a su tripulación el rasgo se asemejaba a un león de la guerra civil la población creció mientras que los agazapado y así por esta asociación se convirtió en Serra refugiados internos inundaron el interior de la zona Lyoa y más tarde en Sierra Leona. El litoral fue desa- rural circundante. rrollado por los esclavistas europeos en los siglos XV y En el momento en que el país dejó de ser una colonia y XVI y por un tiempo el pequeño país fue un impor- se independizó el 27 de abril de 1961, sin embargo, tante puerto de salida para los esclavos destinados a las todo parecía muy prometedor. Sierra Leona fue des- plantaciones de América del Norte. crita como "la Suiza Atlántica". Durante un tiempo la La península en forma de león protegía un excelente democracia y el estado de derecho florecieron, ya que la puerto natural que hacía de Sierra Leona un punto clase media indígena había disfrutado de una excelente obvio para una etapa de los largos viajes por mar a educación tanto en el país, con una escuela ganando el la India y el Este antes de la construcción del Canal sobrenombre de Eton de África y en las universidades Uso Exclusivo Docente Colegio Militar de la Nación - © Mg Jorge Ariel Vigo Ariel - © Mg Jorge de la Nación Colegio Militar Docente Exclusivo Uso de Suez, y así el país floreció. En 1787, después de la británicas. abolición de la esclavitud por los británicos fue estable- DIAMANTES Y CONFLICTOS cido como un refugio para los esclavos liberados y el nombre de "Freetown" fue dado al puerto al pie de la Sierra Leona es la fuente de considerables riquezas montaña. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial fue el minerales, incluyendo diamantes de calidad gema e punto crucial para que los convoyes aliados hicieran el industrial, bauxita (mineral de aluminio) y rutilo (mi- peligroso viaje por el Atlántico Norte al Reino Unido. neral de titanio). A comienzos del siglo XXI, se habían Sierra Leona tiene una superficie total de 71.740 ki- producido unos 450.000 quilates de calidad de gemas y lómetros cuadrados, aproximadamente del tamaño de 150.000 quilates de diamantes de calidad industrial y el Escocia o Carolina del Sur. Comparte una frontera te- oro también se exportaba en pequeñas cantidades. Esta rrestre de 306 km con Liberia en el este y sureste y una riqueza debía ser la causa de muchos de los problemas frontera de 652 km con Guinea al norte y al noreste. del país como el nepotismo y la corrupción, esto últi- Tiene una línea de costa de 402km del Océano Atlán- mo impulsado por el fácil acceso a los diamantes - joyas tico que estira de la frontera guineana en el noroeste a que eventualmente serían conocidas como “Diamantes la boca del río de Mano y de la frontera liberiana en el de Conflicto” o “Diamantes de Sangre” - arrastrarían al este. país a través de La inflación hasta la guerra civil. La Península de Freetown, el sitio del asentamiento ori- Un golpe militar derrocó al gobierno civil en 1967, ginal, tiene aproximadamente 40 km de largo y 16 km y los militares fueron a su vez reemplazados por un 3 Teoría de la Guerra 2017 E-mail: [email protected] - Facebook: Teoría Pensamiento Militar - Blog: https://bellumratio.wordpress.com - Blog: Militar Pensamiento Teoría E-mail: [email protected] - Facebook: gobierno civil un año más tarde. El país se declaró ron. El RUF había sido establecido en Liberia a finales república el 19 de abril de 1971. Un intento de golpe de los 80 por Foday Sankoh, un cabo del ejército a principios de 1971 llevó al entonces primer ministro, descontento. Durante 1994, el RUF escaló la guerra de Siaka Stevens, a convocar tropas del ejército vecino guerrillas y en 1995, cuando capturó una mina de ruti- de Guinea, que permaneció durante dos años. Stevens lo económicamente vital, la guerrilla controló la mayor convirtió al gobierno en un estado de un solo partido parte del territorio. bajo la égida del Partido del Congreso de todos los En 1996, otro golpe militar expulsó al líder militar y Pueblos en abril de 1978. En 1992, los soldados rebel- presidente del país. Ese año se celebró una elección des derrocaron al sucesor de Stevens, Joseph Momoh, presidencial multipartidista, y el candidato del Partido pidiendo el regreso a un sistema multipartidista. Popular Ahmad Tejan Kabbah ganó con el 59,4% de En 1991, en el Distrito de Kailahun, en la Provincia los votos. El gobierno británico firmó un acuerdo con Oriental, el notoriamente brutal Frente Revoluciona- Sierra Leona para entrenar a dos batallones del Ejército rio Unido (RUF) inició una campaña armada contra el de Sierra Leona (SLA). Esta fue la base para el Equipo gobierno corrupto y los regímenes militares que siguie- de Entrenamiento de Corto Plazo del Ejército Británi- 4 Teoría de la Guerra 2017 co (STTT). propias por las azules de la ONU. Otras tropas de Un violento golpe militar expulsó al gobierno de Ka- la ONU vendrían de la India y Jordania. En febrero bbah en mayo de 1997. El líder del golpe, el Tenien- de 2000, la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Sierra te Coronel Johnny Paul Koroma, asumió el título Leona (UNAMSIL) aumentó a 11.000 soldados y dos de Jefe del Consejo Revolucionario de las Fuerzas meses después se desplegó en los 12 distritos que cons- Armadas (AFRC). Koroma comenzó un reinado de tituían Sierra Leona. terror, destruyendo la economía y asesinando a sus A pesar de este gran número de tropas en el país, el enemigos. La Commonwealth de Naciones exigió la RUF aún tenía la iniciativa, tomabarehenes, asediaba reinstalación de Kabbah y el Grupo de Vigilancia de bases de las Naciones Unidas y derribó un helicóptero la Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África de la ONU. Sankoh, que ahora vivía en Freetown, se Occidental (ECOMOG), la fuerza de mantenimiento convirtió en el foco de una demostración masiva de E-mail: [email protected] - Facebook: Teoría Pensamiento Militar - Blog: https://bellumratio.wordpress.com - Blog: Militar Pensamiento Teoría E-mail: [email protected] - Facebook: de la paz nigeriana, intervino en febrero de 1998. El 30.000 personas por parte de la población contra el ECOMOG agravó los problemas de Sierra Leona con RUF. Los guardias abrieron fuego y él hizo una bre- su propia corrupción, siendo activo en (y más tarde ve huida antes de ser declarado culpable de) contrabando de diamantes, robo capturado y arrestado. y extorsión. Mientras tanto, el RUF, Oponiéndose a las fuerzas de Kabbah, miembros de la una fuerza potente y peli- junta militar destituida conocida como SOBELs - Sol- grosa en el país, continuó dier Rebels - y el RUF continuaron lanzando ataques atacando y socavando acompañados por el terror sobre miles de civiles, inclu- las operaciones de la yendo a innumerables niños, usando tortura, violación UNAMSIL. Fue durante y brutal amputación por machete. Un humor espanto- esta lucha que circularon so caracterizó estas amputaciones - una mano que fue informes de las Fuerzas cortada fue descrita como una “manga larga” mientras Especiales británicas di- que si el brazo fue cortado en el codo fue una “manga rigiendo las operaciones corta”. Los rebeldes fueron apoyados por el presidente de un grupo anti-RUF de Liberia, Charles Taylor, que planeaba controlar Los y, por lo tanto, un grupo ricos campos de diamantes de Sierra Leona. El 10 de libremente proguberna- marzo de 1998, después de diez meses de cárcel, Kab- mental que incluía a ex soldados de la SLA (Ejército bah fue devuelto al poder tras la presión de la comuni- de Sierra Leona), en una acción crucial en Jonction dad internacional, especialmente de los Estados Unidos Rogberi, una ciudad ocupada que había crecido Al- de América.
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