DOCSLIB.ORG

Jeremiah 34 Zedekiah's Proclamation of Liberty. Jeremiah 35 The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Jeremiah 34 Zedekiah's Proclamation of Liberty. Jeremiah 35 The Jeremiah 34-39 Crossroads Foursquare Gospel Church God’s Favor May 16,2021 Mike Norton To understand the rest of Jeremiah it would help if we went to 2Kings 22-23:27, the story of King Josiah. King Josiah died at Megiddo fighting Pharaoh Necho which God did not tell him to do, 2 Kings 23: 29-30 cp. 2 Chronicles 35:20-27. Jehoahaz reigned three months in Jerusalem, v 31. Put in prison by Pharaoh Necho, vs. 32-33, then later took him to Egypt where he died, v.34 cp. To 2 Chronicles 36:1-8. Pharaoh Necho made Eliakim king but changed his name to Jehoiakim, v.34. 2 Kings 24: 1-6. Nebuchadnezzar came and made Jehoiakim a vassal, but he rebelled, so God sent raiding bands of Chaldeans, Syrians, Moabites, People of Ammon because of the sin of Manasseh, vs. 2-4. Jehoiachin reigned next, 24:6-16. Nebuchadnezzar took him prisoner and much of the temple treasure plus the valiant men, craftsmen, and smiths to Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar made Zedekiah king, vs. 17-20. See 2 Chronicles chapter 36 Jeremiah 34 Zedekiah’s proclamation of Liberty. 1. Zedekiah was a weak king in that he did not enforce his own commands. 2. They were to free the Hebrew slaves Jeremiah 35 The examples of the Recabites in the days of Jehoiakim, King of Judah. 1. A tribe, descended from Recab, who are mentioned during the time of Moses (1 Chronicles 2:55; Numbers 10:29-32; Judges 1:16) 2. They adhered to their ancestor’s command. A. Drink no wine, v.6 B. No houses, v.7 C. No sowing, v. 7 D. No vineyards, v. 7. E. To dwell in tents and sojourn, v. 7 F. Every family member adhered to this from generation to generation, vs. 8-10 G. Temporarily in Jerusalem because of the Chaldeans, v.11 3. God’s example to Jerusalem’s disobedience, vs. 12-17 4. God’s reward to the Recabites, vs. 18-19 Jeremiah 36 Jehoiakim burns Jeremiah’s Book. 1. At this time Jeremiah had been prophesying for 23 years, from the 13th year of Josiah to the 4th year of Jehoiakim. 2. He was commanded by God to gather these prophecies into a book so that they can be read to the people, because Jeremiah was imprisoned, v. 5. Baruch did the writing as Jeremiah dictated. 3. It took a year or so to write the book, vs. 1 & 9 4. Some of the officials were impressed, vs. 9-19 5. Jehudi read the scroll to the king, at which time he knifed the scroll and tossed it into the fire, vs. 20-25 6. The king ordered that Baruch and Jeremiah be seized but God hid them, v. 26 7. Jeremiah was ordered by the LORD to write everything on another scroll, vs. 27-32 Jeremiah 37-38 Jeremiah’s Imprisonment. 1. When the Babylonians had temporarily withdrawn, Jeremiah leaves the city to go to Anathoth to claim his property, v. 12 2. Jeremiah was put in the dungeon, vs. 16 3. King Zedekiah takes him out and puts him into the court of the prison, vs. 17-21 4. The princes ask the king to have Jeremiah thrown into the dungeon to die, chapter 38:1-5 5. They put him in the mire of the dungeon, v. 6 6. Ebed-Melech the Ethiopian rescued him, vs. 7-13; 28 Jeremiah 39 Nebuchadnezzar takes the city & sets Jeremiah free 1. The city is taken, vs. 1-3 2. Zedekiah captured, blinded, sons killed, and carried to Babylon, vs. 4-7, all the princes are killed. 3. Burned the city, vs. 8-10 4. Nebuchadnezzar orders that Jeremiah be looked after, vs. 11-14 LAST WORDS : 39:18 God’s promise to Ebed-Melech the Ethiopian to save him , “…Your life shall be as a prize to you, because you have put your trust in Me, says the LORD.” GOD CAN RESCUE ALL OF US AS WELL. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Prophet Jeremiah As Theological Symbol in the Book of Jeremiahâ•Š
    Scholars Crossing LBTS Faculty Publications and Presentations 11-2010 The Prophet Jeremiah as Theological Symbol in the Book of Jeremiah” Gary E. Yates Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lts_fac_pubs Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Ethics in Religion Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, History of Religions of Western Origin Commons, Other Religion Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Yates, Gary E., "The Prophet Jeremiah as Theological Symbol in the Book of Jeremiah”" (2010). LBTS Faculty Publications and Presentations. 372. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lts_fac_pubs/372 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in LBTS Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ETS, Atlanta 2010 “The Prophet Jeremiah as Theological Symbol in the Book of Jeremiah” Gary E. Yates, Ph.D. Introduction Timothy Polk has noted, “Nothing distinguishes the book of Jeremiah from earlier works of prophecy quite so much as the attention it devotes to the person of the prophet and the prominence it accords the prophetic ‘I’, and few things receive more scholarly comment.”1 More than simply providing a biographical or psychological portrait of the prophet, the book presents Jeremiah as a theological symbol who embodies in his person the word of Yahweh and the office of prophet. 2 In fact, the figure of Jeremiah is so central that a theology of the book of Jeremiah “cannot be formulated without taking into account the person of the prophet, as the book presents him.”3 The purpose of this study is to explore how Jeremiah the person functions as a theological symbol and what these motifs contribute to the overall theology of the book of Jeremiah.
    [Show full text]
  • Jeremiah Chapter 39
    Jeremiah Chapter 39 Verses 1-10: The fall of Jerusalem occurred in July 587 B.C., after an 18 month siege by the Babylonians. Another account of the fall of Jerusalem appears (in chapter 52), as the appendix to the Book of Jeremiah. Verses 1-2: “In the ninth year … in the eleventh year” (compare 34:1, and see note there; compare 52:1-7; 2 Kings 25:1-4). This siege of 30 months involved the enemy’s surrounding the city walls, cutting off all entrances and exits, all food supplies, and as much water as possible, so that famine, thirst and disease would eventually weaken the beleaguered city dwellers and they could be easily conquered. Jeremiah 39:1 “In the ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the tenth month, came Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and all his army against Jerusalem, and they besieged it." Several details (in chapter 39), are paralleled in other accounts of Jerusalem’s fall. Thus, for the siege of “Jerusalem”, the breeching of its walls, and Zedekiah’s flight (verses 1-7; see 52:4-11 and 2 Kings 25:1-7). For the looting of the city and the capture of its citizens (verses 8-10; see 52:12-23; 2 Kings 25:8-17; 2 Chron. 36:18-19). We see from this, that Jeremiah prophesied for about 40 years. Jeremiah is one of the few prophets who actually saw his prophecy fulfilled. Zedekiah reigned for approximately 11 years. This siege on Jerusalem lasted about 18 months. Jeremiah 39:2 "[And] in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth [day] of the month, the city was broken up." The month Tammuz, which answers to part of June, and part of July.
    [Show full text]
  • The Imprisonment of Jeremiah in Its Historical Context
    The Imprisonment of Jeremiah in Its Historical Context kevin l. tolley Kevin L. Tolley ([email protected]) is the coordinator of Seminaries and Institutes of Religion in Fullerton, California. he book of Jeremiah describes the turbulent times in Jerusalem prior to Tthe Babylonian conquest of the city. Warring political factions bickered within the city while a looming enemy rapidly approached. Amid this com- . (wikicommons). plex political arena, Jeremiah arose as a divine spokesman. His preaching became extremely polarizing. These political factions could be categorized along a spectrum of support and hatred toward the prophet. Jeremiah’s imprisonment (Jeremiah 38) illustrates some of the various attitudes toward God’s emissary. This scene also demonstrates the political climate and spiritual atmosphere of Jerusalem at the verge of its collapse into the Babylonian exile and also gives insights into the beginning narrative of the Book of Mormon. Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem Jeremiah Setting the Stage: Political Background for Jeremiah’s Imprisonment In the decades before the Babylonian exile in 587/586 BC, Jerusalem was the center of political and spiritual turmoil. True freedom and independence had Rembrandt Harmensz, Rembrandt not been enjoyed there for centuries.1 Subtle political factions maneuvered The narrative of the imprisonment of Jeremiah gives us helpful insights within the capital city and manipulated the king. Because these political into the world of the Book of Mormon and the world of Lehi and his sons. RE · VOL. 20 NO. 3 · 2019 · 97–11397 98 Religious Educator ·VOL.20NO.3·2019 The Imprisonment of Jeremiah in Its Historical Context 99 groups had a dramatic influence on the throne, they were instrumental in and closed all local shrines, centralizing the worship of Jehovah to the temple setting the political and spiritual stage of Jerusalem.
    [Show full text]
  • Narrative Parallelism and the "Jehoiakim Frame": a Reading Strategy for Jeremiah 26-45
    Scholars Crossing LBTS Faculty Publications and Presentations 6-2005 Narrative Parallelism and the "Jehoiakim Frame": a Reading Strategy for Jeremiah 26-45 Gary E. Yates Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lts_fac_pubs Recommended Citation Yates, Gary E., "Narrative Parallelism and the "Jehoiakim Frame": a Reading Strategy for Jeremiah 26-45" (2005). LBTS Faculty Publications and Presentations. 5. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lts_fac_pubs/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in LBTS Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JETS 48/2 (June 2005) 263-81 NARRATIVE PARALLELISM AND THE "JEHOIAKIM FRAME": A READING STRATEGY FOR JEREMIAH 26-45 GARY E. YATES* I. INTRODUCTION Many attempting to make sense of prophetic literature in the Hebrew Bible would echo Carroll's assessment that "[t]o the modern reader the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel are virtually incomprehensible as books."1 For Carroll, the problem with reading these books as "books" is that there is a confusing mixture of prose and poetry, a lack of coherent order and arrange­ ment, and a shortage of necessary contextual information needed for accu­ rate interpretation.2 Despite the difficult compositional and historical issues associated with the book of Jeremiah, there is a growing consensus that
    [Show full text]
  • 10-A Study of Jeremiah (2016)
    5/31/16 A Study of JEREMIAH Lesson Seven – Chapters 33-36 GREAT AND MIGHTY THINGS Jeremiah 33:1-13 • How does verse four illustrate the seriousness of Judah’s condition as the siege continued? • How do you explain the change between the anger, fury, and death of verse 5 and the health and peace of verse 6? Why the change? (Rom 11:22) • Verse 8 speaks about cleansing and pardon of iniquities. What does such forgiveness presuppose? Based on all you know about God, what must happen before such cleansing? • What, according to verses 9-11, was to cause God to be glorified? • When Old Testament prophets like Isaiah and Jeremiah prophesy, is it more likely to be about (a) the fate of the nation, (b) the coming Messiah, or (c) both? 1 5/31/16 A BRANCH OF RIGHTEOUSNESS Jeremiah 33:14-18 • What does the inclusion of “the house of Israel” in the prophecy of verse 14 suggest to you about how/when this prophecy is fulfilled? Was there ever a time when the physical nation of Israel (i.e., the ten Northern tribes) were reconstituted and blessed by God? • Regarding the Son of David (v15-18) • Was there ever a time after the exile when Judah was again a free monarchy ruled by a descendant of David? • Who was the last son of David to seat on the throne in Jerusalem? • How then was this prophecy fulfilled? (Matt 1:1; Acts 2:30) THE EVERLASTING PRIESTHOOD Jeremiah 33:18 “Nor shall the priests, the Levites, lack a man to offer burnt offerings before Me, to kindle grain offerings, and to sacrifice continually.” • This is clearly a Messianic prophecy • But
    [Show full text]
  • Learn Nach Yomi with the Orthodox Union 2015-2017 | U”Ist - V”Ist
    Learn Nach Yomi with the Orthodox Union 2015-2017 | u”ist - v”ist MARCH 2016 3/21 II Samuel 20 3/1 I Samuel 31 3/11 II Samuel 10 3/22 II Samuel 21 3/2 II Samuel 1 3/12 II Samuel 11 3/23 II Samuel 22 DECEMBER 2015 12/21 Joshua 5 12/27 Joshua 11 3/3 II Samuel 2 3/13 II Samuel 12 3/24 II Samuel 23 Joshua 6 ---- N E V I ’ I M -------- 12/22 12/28 Joshua 12 3/4 II Samuel 3 3/14 II Samuel 13 3/25 II Samuel 24 12/17 Joshua 1 12/23 Joshua 7 12/29 Joshua 13 3/5 II Samuel 4 3/15 II Samuel 14 3/26 I Kings 1 12/18 Joshua 2 12/24 Joshua 8 Joshua 14 3/6 II Samuel 5 3/16 II Samuel 15 3/27 I Kings 2 12/19 Joshua 3 12/25 Joshua 9 12/30 3/7 II Samuel 6 3/17 II Samuel 16 3/28 I Kings 3 12/20 Joshua 4 12/26 Joshua 10 12/31 Joshua 15 3/8 II Samuel 7 3/18 II Samuel 17 3/29 I Kings 4 3/9 II Samuel 8 3/19 II Samuel 18 3/30 I Kings 5 JANUARY 2016 1/21 Judges 12 3/10 II Samuel 9 3/20 II Samuel 19 3/31 I Kings 6 1/1 Joshua 16 1/11 Judges 2 1/22 Judges 13 1/2 Joshua 17 1/12 Judges 3 1/23 Judges 14 1/3 Joshua 18 1/13 Judges 4 1/24 Judges 15 APRIL 2016 1/4 Joshua 19 1/14 Judges 5 1/25 Judges 16 4/1 I Kings 7 4/11 I Kings 17 4/21 II Kings 5 1/5 Joshua 20 1/15 Judges 6 1/26 Judges 17 4/2 I Kings 8 4/12 I Kings 18 4/22 II Kings 6 1/6 Joshua 21 1/16 Judges 7 1/27 Judges 18 4/3 I Kings 9 4/13 I Kings 19 4/23 II Kings 7 1/7 Joshua 22 1/17 Judges 8 1/28 Judges 19 4/4 I Kings 10 4/14 I Kings 20 4/24 II Kings 8 1/8 Joshua 23 1/18 Judges 9 1/29 Judges 20 4/5 I Kings 11 4/15 I Kings 21 4/25 II Kings 9 1/9 Joshua 24 1/19 Judges 10 1/30 Judges 21 4/6 I Kings 12 4/16 I Kings 22
    [Show full text]
  • (Jeremiah 36). a Response to Friedhelm Hartenstein
    chapter 5 King Jehoiakim’s Attempt to Destroy the Written Word of God (Jeremiah 36). A Response to Friedhelm Hartenstein Lida Panov This paper provides a summary and commentary to Friedhelm Hartenstein pre- sentation “Prophets, Princes and Kings: Prophecy and Prophetic Books accord- ing to Jeremiah 36,” which was held at the Jeremiah conference on July 22–26, 2014 on the Monte Verità, Switzerland. The issues discussed by Hartenstein are outlined as follows: The process of innerbiblical reworking and interpretation in Jer 36, the structure of Jer 36, the importance of oral prophecy in Jer 36, the challenges of a messenger in maintaining loyalty to the king and to God, and the theological aspects arising in Jer 36. After summarizing these issues, three points of Hartenstein’s presentation are resumed and supplemented in this paper. First, the negative picture of Jehoiakim and its theological impact is examined. Second, the obligation of simultaneous loyalty towards the king and God is discussed with reference to a related case in the book of Isaiah. Finally, the structural feature of the balance between oral prophecy and writ- ten prophecy will be investigated. In the beginning of his paper, Hartenstein emphasizes the most widely discussed aspects of Jer 36 in past research. He emphasizes that the book of Jeremiah in particular demonstrates the phenomenon of innerbiblical inter- pretation and the reception of other biblical texts.1 This process of rework- ing concerns, first of all, textual exegesis inside the book of Jeremiah itself. It seems that the scroll mentioned in Jer 36 functions as a recapitulation of all the prophetic sayings in the book of Jeremiah when looking at v.
    [Show full text]
  • God's Judgment for Inconsistency in Repenting (Jeremiah 34:1-22)
    THRU THE BIBLE EXPOSITION Jeremiah: Prophet Of Judgment Followed By Blessing Part LXI: God's Judgment For Inconsistency In Repenting (Jeremiah 34:1-22) I. Introduction A. When Babylon began to attack Jerusalem and all hope seemed lost, Judah's king Zedekiah made a covenant with the people to release their fellow Hebrew slaves in obedience to the Mosaic Law. However, when the Babylonian army temporarily withdrew its attack, the people reneged on their commitment of repentance. B. This greatly displeased the Lord, so He promised seriously to punish these people, providing us a big lesson: II. God's Judgment For Inconsistency In Repenting, Jeremiah 34:1-22. A. When the Babylonian army first began its attack on Jerusalem, Jeremiah was sent by God to Judah's king Zedekiah to announce the unedifying news that the Babylonians would capture Jerusalem, setting the city on fire and taking Zedekiah captive to Babylon, Jeremiah 34:1-3. B. The good news in all this was that Zedekiah would not die by the sword, but in peace, and the people would build a bonfire at his death to lament his passing, an honorable deed also done to his father, Jeremiah 34:4-7. C. Concerned about pleasing the Lord in hope that God might show more mercy unto them, king Zedekiah made a covenant with the people in Jerusalem to release their fellow countrymen, fellow Hebrews they wrongly held as slaves who were supposed to have been released after six years of servitude according to the Mosaic Law, Jer. 34:8-10; Ryrie Study Bible, KJV, 1978, ftn.
    [Show full text]
  • Syllabus, Isaiah and Jeremiah
    The Major Prophets, Part 1 Isaiah and Jeremiah Raphael. The Prophet Isaiah, detail (fresco), c. 1511. Basilica of Sant’ Agostine, Rome. with Dr. Bill Creasy Copyright © 2021 by Logos Educational Corporation. All rights reserved. No part of this course—audio, video, photography, maps, timelines or other media—may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval devices without permission in writing or a licensing agreement from the copyright holder. Scripture texts in this work are taken from the New American Bible, revised edition © 2010, 1991, 1986, 1970 Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Washington, D.C. and are used by permission of the copyright owner. All Rights Reserved. No part of the New American Bible may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the copyright owner. 2 The Major Prophets, Part 1 Isaiah and Jeremiah Traditional Author: Isaiah Traditional Dates Written: c. 740-686 B.C. Traditional Periods Covered: c. 740-539 B.C. Traditional Author: Jeremiah Traditional Dates Written: c. 626-586 B.C. Traditional Periods Covered: c. 626-586 B.C. Introduction The Hebrew Scriptures (or the Old Testament) feature three main characters: king, priest and prophet. Of course, God is to be Israel’s king: in the beginning, God makes an irrevocable covenant with Israel; he leads the Israelites out of Egypt in the Exodus; reaffirms the covenant at Mount Sinai; tests the Israelites throughout their 40-year wilderness experience; and finally, under Joshua’s leadership, moves them into the land of Canaan—the “Promised Land”—where they dislodge (to some degree) the indigenous people who live there: the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites (Judges 3: 5-6).
    [Show full text]
  • Jeremiah Dr. R. Wade Paschal
    Jeremiah Dr. R. Wade Paschal Jeremiah, p. 2 Dr. Paschal takes us deep into the book of the prophet Jeremiah. One of the strengths of these lessons is the connections that are made throughout the Bible that both place Jeremiah in the Old Testament context, and also thematically as a whole. In the materials, you will find timelines, backgrounds, and cross-references that provide you the teacher a wealth of knowledge in which to teach from. There are more materials in each lesson, then you could possibly teach in a normal session, so you the teacher will have to make tough decisions on what to cut out in the materials. As with most teaching, one of the hardest decisions that you will make is what not to say or teach. Dr. Paschal also provides some questions that you can use to help people go deeper into the text. If you are looking for an orderly book, Jeremiah is not it, so the thematic based approach that Dr. Paschal uses is very helpful to understand the big concepts. Please familiarize yourself with the Historical overview in lesson one, which I found to be extremely helpful. Here is an overview of the lessons. Lesson 1: The Life and Times of Jeremiah, Part One Lesson 2: The Life and Times of Jeremiah, Part Two Lesson 3: The Life and Times of Jeremiah, Part Three Lesson 4: The Prayers of Jeremiah Lesson 5: The Failure of Leadership Lesson 6: The Problem of Sin Lesson 7: The Return of Israel after 70 Years Lesson 8: Messiah and Future Salvation Jeremiah, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Jeremiah Part 2 Leader Guide (NASB and ESV)
    Jeremiah Part 2 Leader Guide (NASB and ESV) WHEN GOD’S JUDGMENT FINALLY COMES (Chapters 25–52) i Jeremiah Part 2 Leader Guide (NASB and ESV) © 2010, 2013, 2018 Precept Ministries International Published by Precept Ministries of Reach Out, Inc. Chattanooga, Tennessee 37422 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the U.S.A. Unless otherwise noted Scripture quotations are from the New American Standard Bible® © The Lockman Foundation, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995. Used by permission. www.lockman.org Scripture quotations marked ESV are taken from ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®) © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved. 3rd Edition (3/2018) ii USING LEADER GUIDES Leader Guides are intended for you, the leader, to guide your Precept Upon Precept® and In & Out® discussions. They are designed to help you reason through the content of the lessons and to ensure you have understood what your group should have learned from their study. The guides offer effective plans for leading discussions. The Holy Spirit is your guide as you prepare. He is the one who knows what your group needs to apply to their lives. Pray for them as they study and for yourself as you prepare to lead the discussion. These guides can be used for either the NASB or the ESV edition of the courses.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons for the Leader Session at a Glance Jeremiah Wrote God's Words
    Week of September 9, 2012 Lessons for the Leader How often do you read the words Jeremiah and the other Bible writers wrote? Do you hear the message God conveys repeatedly: repent and follow Me? This was the message for the people of Judah. • Read Jeremiah 36:1. Throughout the Book of Jeremiah, the writer makes it known these are not his words but God's. Who gives you the words to say? Do you always say things God wants you to say? • Read Jeremiah 36:2-3. What did God tell Jeremiah Wrote Jeremiah to do? What did God want the people of Judah to hear and do? God's Words • Read Jeremiah 36:4-7. Whom did Jeremiah seek to write the words for him? Scribes were Focus Passage: Jeremiah 36:1-4,22-24, people who could write and were important to 27-28,32 leaders. Many times close relationships developed Key Bible Verse: Jeremiah 36:2 between scribes and leaders. Not only did Life Application Jeremiah have Baruch (BAY rook) write for him, I can learn people wrote God's words in Jeremiah requested Baruch to read aloud the the Bible. scroll at the temple. Level of Biblical Learning (Bible) • Read Jeremiah 36:22-24. The scroll was taken People wrote God's words in the Bible. and read to the king. The king used a scribe's knife to cut apart the scroll and burn the pieces. The probable irony here is that the scroll was destroyed by the same type of knife used to make scrolls.
    [Show full text]