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Doctoral Dissertation Template UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE CHALLENGES OF THE AFRICAN UNION MISSION IN SUDAN: GROUNDED THEORY CASE STUDY 2004-2007 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF US SENIOR OFFICIALS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By JOSEPH Q. MARTINELLI Norman, Oklahoma 2017 CHALLENGES OF THE AFRICAN UNION MISSION IN SUDAN: GROUNDED THEORY CASE STUDY 2004-2007 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF US SENIOR OFFICIALS A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE COLLEGE BY ______________________________ Dr. Susan F. Sharp, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Trent E. Gabert ______________________________ Dr. Young Yun Kim ______________________________ Dr. Aimee Franklin ______________________________ Dr. Trina Hope © Copyright by JOSEPH Q. MARTINELLI 2017 All Rights Reserved. I wish to dedicate this dissertation to my family (Mom, Jimmy, Marie and Marlene). I am happy to acknowledge their influence on their son and little brother growing up in Petaluma, California. A special dedication in remembrance to my big brother Jimmy who passed away in August 2012 and to my loving mother, Aline L. Martinelli-Heath who passed away in July 2015—incredible losses in my life. Acknowledgements A warm thank you to Dr. Susan Sharp, the chair of this dissertation, for her continual support and enthusiasm for this dissertation. I wish to acknowledge and thank the dissertation committee members, Dr. Young Kim, Dr. Aimee Franklin, Dr. Trent Gabert and Dr. Trina Hope, all of whom were such a strong part of this dissertation. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Alex Kondonassis, who retired before this dissertation was completed. A special thanks to Dr. Kirby Gilliland and Dr. Joe Rodgers, the directors of the doctoral program in Organization Leadership, and all the wonderful faculty members and Graduate College personnel who added to my knowledge of organizational leadership. A thank you to Magen Badnar and the Bizzell Library staff who helped with formatting the dissertation and with assistance in locating scholarly research. I want to recognize the Graduate College, especially Don “the Don” Rodgers, Dean Lee Williams and Dean Randall Hewes, for all of their support and encouragement. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... x List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xi Abstract ........................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 .......................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Background ........................................................................................................... 1 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................ 5 Context of the Problem ......................................................................................... 5 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................. 6 Scope and Limitations .......................................................................................... 7 Assumptions ......................................................................................................... 9 Research Question ................................................................................................ 9 Key Sub-questions .............................................................................................. 10 Justification for Research ................................................................................... 10 Definitions .......................................................................................................... 12 Data Collection Strategy ..................................................................................... 13 How this Study is Unique ................................................................................... 14 Study Layout and Chapter Design ...................................................................... 14 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................ 17 Review of Literature ....................................................................................................... 17 Overview .................................................................................................................. 17 v The African Union .................................................................................................... 17 Historical Background of the AU ....................................................................... 17 Organization of the AU ...................................................................................... 21 Leadership of the AU ......................................................................................... 23 US Support to the AU ......................................................................................... 25 Communications of the AU ................................................................................ 27 Review of the African Union Mission in Sudan ...................................................... 27 Historical Background of AMIS ........................................................................ 27 Organization of AMIS ........................................................................................ 29 Leadership of AMIS ........................................................................................... 30 US Support to AMIS .......................................................................................... 30 Communications of AMIS ................................................................................. 32 Review of Leadership Theories ................................................................................ 32 Historical ............................................................................................................ 33 Transformational Leadership .............................................................................. 35 Contingency Theory ........................................................................................... 38 Emotional Intelligence ........................................................................................ 40 Management versus Leadership ......................................................................... 42 Charismatic ......................................................................................................... 45 Culture of Leadership ......................................................................................... 47 Review of Communication Theory .......................................................................... 50 Cross-Cultural Communication Theory ............................................................. 51 Theory of Organizational Communication ......................................................... 57 vi Review of the Research Design ................................................................................ 59 Conclusion and Identification of Gap in the literature ............................................. 61 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................ 64 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 64 Methodological Overview ........................................................................................ 64 Study Sample ...................................................................................................... 64 Interview Procedure ............................................................................................ 67 Study Design and Analysis ................................................................................. 70 Research Design ................................................................................................. 71 Analytical Strategy ............................................................................................. 71 Validity ............................................................................................................... 71 Assumption and Scope ....................................................................................... 72 Researcher as Interviewer ................................................................................... 73 Limitations of the Methodology ......................................................................... 74 Post-interview Procedures .................................................................................. 74 Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................................ 76 Analysis of the Data ....................................................................................................... 76 Study Parameters ...............................................................................................
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