DOCSLIB.ORG

Preventing Mass Atrocities in West Africa Jaclyn D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Preventing Mass Atrocities in West Africa Jaclyn D Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect Occasional Paper Series No. 6, September 2015 Preventing Mass Atrocities in West Africa Jaclyn D. Streitfeld-Hall The Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect was established in February 2008 as a catalyst to promote and apply the norm of the “Responsibility to Protect” populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. Through its programs and publications, the Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect is a resource for governments, international institutions and civil society on prevention and early action to halt mass atrocity crimes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Occasional Paper was produced with the generous support of Humanity United. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Jaclyn D. Streitfeld-Hall is the Research and Publications Officer at the Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, overseeing the R2P Monitor and all of the Global Centre’s major publications. For the past five years she has conducted research on populations at risk of mass atrocities, focusing primarily on West Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as civilians affected by the Lord’s Resistance Army. Prior to joining the Global Centre, Ms. Streitfeld-Hall was a Research Assistant at the Cline Center for Democracy and taught International Relations and Comparative Politics at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. She received her M.A. in Political Science from the University of Illinois, where she is currently a Doctoral student studying International Organizations. COVER PHOTO: Peacekeepers from the UN Mission in Côte d’Ivoire prepare weapons surrendered by ex-fighters for destruction in Abidjan, during a July 2012 disarmament campaign following the 2010-2011 post-election crisis. (Photo by SIA KAMBOU/AFP/GettyImages) © Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, 2015. All Rights Reserved CONTENTS 3 Executive Summary 5 Introduction 6 National Mechanisms for Mass Atrocity Prevention 6 Liberia's Decade of Reform 7 Ghana's National Architecture for Peace 8 The Role of Regional and Sub-regional Organizations 8 African Union 9 Economic Community of West African States 10 International Preventive Capacity and Support 11 Sierra Leone's Reconciliation and Rehabilitation 12 Post-Crisis Structural Reform Case Studies: 12 Côte d’Ivoire 17 Guinea 21 Lessons Learned in West Africa 22 Conclusion PREVENTING MASS ATROCITIES IN WEST AFRICA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY During the late 1990s and early 2000s populations across In the case of Côte d’Ivoire, following a 2011 post-election crisis several West African countries endured civil war, violence that that resulted in more than 3,000 deaths, the new government spilled over borders and mass atrocities perpetrated by both promised wide-ranging reforms to ensure that the country did armed rebels and governments. The repercussions of identity- not relapse into conflict. While many of these reforms have had based conflict ensured that inter-communal divisions, socio- positive results, an incomplete accountability and reconciliation economic instability and weak or corrupt governance remained process threatens the long-term stability of the country. pervasive throughout the region even after the conflicts had ended. Today, however, actions taken at all levels are changing In Guinea, long-delayed parliamentary elections, a history the pattern of conflict and governance in West Africa and of violent conflict and previous atrocities committed by the countries that previously experienced mass atrocity crimes are security forces created serious risks ahead of the 2013 legislative now implementing structural reforms to ensure that violent elections. While many worried that the government had not conflict does not recur. undertaken sufficient reforms, the elections that took place in September 2013 were relatively peaceful. As the country This occasional paper from the Global Centre for the approaches a crucial presidential ballot, the case study Responsibility to Protect assesses institutions that play a examines the role of sustained engagement at the regional and role in mass atrocity prevention at the national, regional and international level in aiding Guinea in its preventive efforts. international level in West Africa. From Ghana’s National Peace Council to the Early Warning Response Network of Together these cases show that prevention, which is at the core the Economic Community of West African States, diverse of the Responsibility to Protect, has been embraced by a variety actors throughout the region are taking critical steps towards of West African states. While not all prevention and protection safeguarding populations from mass atrocity crimes. needs have been resolved, the paper argues that investments that result in incremental changes have significant value in Case studies of Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone helping societies become more resilient to mass atrocities. review preventive mechanisms undertaken after mass atrocities Finally, the persistence of West African countries in pursuing have occurred, addressing the gaps between the need and decades-long reforms demonstrates that while prevention is desire to rebuild and the reality of post-conflict government neither an easy nor a fast process, sustained commitment is capacity. This paper is being published at a moment that will essential to addressing the root causes of conflict and protecting serve as a critical test for preventive efforts undertaken by vulnerable populations from mass atrocity crimes. Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire as both countries prepare for October 2015 elections. OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES | 3 Canary Is. (SPAIN) MOROCCO ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF ECOWAS member WESTERN AFRICAN STATES ECOWAS area ALGERIA HQ UN Misson HQ LIBYA Western Sahara MAURITANIA CAPE HQ UNOWA / CNMC VERDE MALI NIGER Praia Dakar SENEGAL CHAD Niamey GAMBIA Bamako Lake Chad Banjul BURKINA FASO Bissau GUINEA-BISSAU Ouagadougou GUINEA HQ ECOWAS HQ UNIOGBIS B E G T Conakry H N O A I Abuja SIERRA N Freetown CÔTE - N G LEONE D'IVOIRE A O HQ UNIPSIL NIGERIA Monrovia Yamoussoukro Accra CENTRAL Members: LIBERIA Abidjan e Porto AFRICAN m Novo Benin Ghana Niger Lo REPUBLIC Burkina Faso Guinea Nigeria CAMEROON Cape Verde Guinea Bissau Senegal HQ UNMIL HQ UNOCI Cote d’Ivôire Liberia Sierra Leone Gambia Mali Togo EQUATORIAL GUINEA SAO TOME AND 0 500 1000 1500 km PRINCIPE 0 500 1000 mi ATLANTIC GABON CONGO The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance OCEAN by the United Nations. Annobón Map No. 4350 Rev. 2 UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support August 2012 Cartographic Section 4 | GLOBAL CENTRE FOR THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT PREVENTING MASS ATROCITIES IN WEST AFRICA INTRODUCTION hen United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Ban responsibility (Pillar II) – are primarily preventive. In order for WKi-moon delivered his Five-Year Plan on 25 January a state to uphold its sovereign responsibilities it must possess 2012, outlining five “generational imperatives” that the UN the capacity to prevent mass atrocities, and in upholding needed to address, conflict prevention was prioritized.1 The Pillar II responsibilities the international community agrees Secretary-General particularly emphasized early warning and to provide the support necessary to ensure that national expeditious action aimed at preventing violent conflict and preventive mechanisms are effective. Only the final pillar of violations of human rights, including through advancing the R2P explicitly addresses coercive measures when preventive Responsibility to Protect (R2P). efforts have failed. The Secretary-General’s "imperatives" reflected two significant The heightened emphasis on prevention is possibly the trends in international politics – the widening dialogue on most critical element in ensuring that R2P changes the R2P and a commitment to take prevention of mass atrocity way the world confronts mass atrocities. By contrast with crimes seriously. Unlike conflict resolution and crisis response, the idea of “humanitarian intervention,” R2P was never which have more easily measurable indicators of success, states envisioned solely as an international military response to and international organizations have historically struggled to ongoing crises or as simply a new means of raising public evaluate successful preventive action. Nevertheless, political awareness of mass atrocities. Pillars I and II emphasize actors at the national, sub-regional, regional and global level are that above all else, states can and should be developing and now implementing targeted measures to prevent the occurrence strengthening mechanisms that prevent atrocities before - or recurrence - of widespread and systematic violations of they occur. human rights. The prevention of mass atrocities involves a synergistic During the 2005 UN World Summit, when member states relationship between conflict prevention and human rights adopted the Responsibility to Protect concept, they accepted protection, whereby all sectors of government, the security three important principles, which were later explicated as apparatus and society more broadly, need to be sensitized R2P’s three “Pillars” in the Secretary-General’s 2009 report, to respect human rights and eliminate discrimination. Implementing the Responsibility to Protect.2 The first two Governments must ensure that if conflict prevention fails principles – every state has the primary responsibility to and violence results, there
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Protection of Civilians in African Peace Missions
    Protection of civilians in African peace missions The case of the African Union Mission in Sudan, Darfur Peter Kagwanja and Patrick Mutahi ISS Paper 139 • May 2007 Price: R15.00 Introduction by war. The legitimacy and viability of the proposed mission will largely depend on a comprehensive peace The war that broke out in the Western Sudan agreement between Chad and the rebels fighting the region of Darfur in February 2003 has thrown Deby government, as well as a tacit approval of the into the international spotlight the challenges of deployment by the governments of Chad and the protecting Darfur’s 4 million people now trapped Central African Republic, and probably political buy-in in the complex emergency. Four years on, a mix by the AU. With 18 missions across the globe, excluding of attacks by government forces, state-sponsored the proposed Darfur mission, analysts are pointing to militias, Darfur rebels, diseases and malnutrition have a serious problem of over-stretch confronting the killed an estimated 200 000 to 400 000 people, UN. Some member states are now calling on the while 2.5 million others have been forced to flee UN to consider seriously deepening peacekeeping their homes, either as internally displaced persons partnerships with regional organisations such as the (IDPs) in camps strewn across Darfur or AU by availing resources to enable them as refugees in Chad. The neighbouring to carry out the responsibility to protect Chad and the Central African Republic civilians in their region. have also become sucked into the The challenge depths of this regionalised conflict, of protecting In the meantime, insecurity in Darfur is which has metamorphosed into one of civilians in Darfur getting out of hand; forcing humanitarian Africa’s deadliest humanitarian crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Update
    ML Strategies Update David Leiter, [email protected] ML Strategies, LLC Georgette Spanjich, [email protected] 701 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Sarah Mamula, [email protected] Washington, DC 20004 USA 202 296 3622 202 434 7400 fax FOLLOW US ON TWITTER: @MLStrategies www.mlstrategies.com SEPTEMBER 18, 2014 Africa Update Leading the News West Africa Ebola Outbreak On September 10th, the United Nations (U.N.) World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the number of Ebola cases in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) had doubled over the past week to total 62 cases. Thirty-five of the patients infected with Ebola have died, including seven health care workers. The Ebola outbreak in the DRC is separate from the worsening Ebola crisis in West Africa. All of the cases in the DRC are localized in Jeera country and can all be traced to one initial case that was reported on August 26th. The new statistics for the Ebola outbreak in the DRC were posted here. On September 11th, Liberian Finance Minister Amara Konneh held a press conference on the impacts of the Ebola outbreak in Liberia, warning that the country is at war with an enemy that it cannot see. Minister Konneh’s remarks echo those delivered last week by Liberian Defense Minister Brownie Samukai, who cautioned that the Ebola crisis poses a serious threat to Liberia’s national existence. Both ministers reported that the epidemic has disrupted the country’s ability to function normally and put further strains on Liberia’s already weak health care infrastructure. Excerpts from both press conferences were highlighted here.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Secretariat
    OPCW Technical Secretariat External Relations Division S/482/2005 17 March 2005 ENGLISH only NOTE BY THE TECHNICAL SECRETARIAT COMMUNIQUÉ BY SUDAN 1. The Permanent Representation of the Sudan to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, on behalf of the African Group, has requested the Technical Secretariat to bring to the attention of Member States the conclusions and recommendations of the Workshop on the Chemical Weapons Convention, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 20 to 22 April 2004. 2. The aforementioned conclusions and recommendations are annexed hereto. Annex: Conclusions and Recommendations of the Workshop on the Chemical Weapons Convention, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 20 to 22 April 2004 CS-2005-4287(E) distributed 17/03/2005 *CS-2005-4287.E* S/482/2005 Annex page 2 Annex Conclusions and Recommendations of the Workshop on the Chemical Weapons Convention Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 20 – 22 April 2004 1. To promote universal adherence to and full implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in the African Continent, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), in collaboration with the Government of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia and the Commission of the African Union, organised the above-mentioned Workshop, attended by the following countries and regional and international Organisations: Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, France, Gambia, Ghana, Iran, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Zimbabwe, European Union Council Secretariat, League of Arab States, and UNHCR.
    [Show full text]
  • Saïd Djinnit
    Saïd Djinnit United Nations: Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for the Great Lakes Region (September 2014 to 31 March 2019) In this capacity, he led and coordinated the United Nations efforts in support of the implementation of the Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the region (“Framework Agreement”), signed in February 2013 in Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia. Working in co-operation with the other Guarantors of the Framework Agreement, namely the AU, ICGLR and SADC, Said Djinnit supported and promoted regional efforts to curb the activities of the illegal armed groups and initiatives aimed at addressing the root causes of conflicts in eastern DRC and the region, including addressing the illicit exploitation and trade of natural resources, fighting impunity, promoting the role of women and strengthening the contribution of the private sector in peace efforts. Further to the decision of the leaders of the region in 2017, he facilitated, together with the AU Special Representative and in cooperation with the other Guarantors, the launch and work of the Follow-up Mechanism on the repatriation of disarmed combatants in eastern DRC, Rwanda and Uganda. He also supported dialogue processes in the region, including in Burundi and the DRC to create conditions for peaceful, democratic and credible elections. He promoted aligned regional and international approaches in support of peaceful solutions in these two countries. In Burundi, he initiated and facilitated the Inter-Burundi dialogue from April to June 2015. Ambassador Djinnit initiated and supported the reform of the governing mechanisms of the Framework Agreement, following which the annual Summits bringing together the leaders of the region were hosted by one of the signatory countries, resulting in greater regional ownership and commitment to implement the Framework Agreement.
    [Show full text]
  • West African Conflict Early Warning and Early Response System: the Role of Civil Society Organizations
    West African Conflict Early Warning and Early Response System: The Role of Civil Society Organizations By John Mark Opoku1 KAIPTC Paper, No. 19, September 2007 German Technical Cooperation/GTZ 1 Mr. John Mark Opoku is a Technical Officer on the German Technical Cooperation/GTZ Project at the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC). 2 Acknowledgement This paper constitutes the author’s research output as the premier participant in the West African Graduate Internship Programme of the KAIPTC, sponsored by the German Technical Cooperation/GTZ. He expresses his immense gratitude to the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) and GTZ for the opportunity to work at the KAIPTC. Individually, the author is grateful to Mr. Prosper Addo, Mr. David Nii Addy, Dr. Thomas Jaye and Dr. Kwesi Aning for their guidance and insights towards the production of this paper. Further thanks go to Mr. Emmanuel Bombande of the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) for reviewing an earlier version of this work and to Ms. Thelma Ekiyor of the Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR) for sharing her insightful seminar paper on early warning towards this work. Having said, the author claims responsibility for every idea contained in this paper. 2 3 List of Abbreviations/Acronyms AU – African Union CADSP – Common African Defence and Security Policy CBP I & II – Capacity Building for Conflict Prevention COMMISSION – Commission of ECOWAS, formerly known as ECOWAS Secretariat CPAPS – Commissioner for Political Affairs,
    [Show full text]
  • Consolidating Peace Liberia and Sierra Leone Consolidating Peace: Liberia and Sierra Leone Issue 23 Accord 23 Issue an International Review of Peace Initiatives
    Accord Logo using multiply on layers 23 issue issue Logo drawn as Issue editors seperate elements Accord with overlaps an international review of peace initiatives coloured seperately Elizabeth Drew and Alexander Ramsbotham 2012 Consolidating peace Liberia and Sierra Leone Consolidating peace: Consolidating peace: Liberia and Sierra Leone Liberia and Sierra issue issue 23 23 Accord issue an international review of peace initiatives Consolidating peace Liberia and sierra Leone March 2012 // Issue editors Elizabeth Drew and Alexander Ramsbotham Accord // Issue 23 // www.c-r.org Published by Conciliation Resources, to inform and strengthen peace processes worldwide by documenting and analysing the lessons of peacebuilding Published by Acknowledgements Conciliation Resources Conciliation Resources would like to give 173 Upper Street, London N1 1RG special thanks for editorial and project advice and assistance provided by Carolyn Norris and www.c-r.org Sofia Goinhas. Telephone +44 (0) 207 359 7728 In addition we extend grateful thanks to our Fax +44 (0) 207 359 4081 authors, peer reviewers, photographers and Email [email protected] all those who have contributed to the conception UK charity registration number 1055436 and production of this publication: Eldridge Adolfo, Harold Aidoo, Ecoma Alaga, Editors Natalie Ashworth, Conrad Bailey, Catherine Elizabeth Drew and Alexander Ramsbotham Barley, Abu Brima, Rachel Cooper, Lisa Denney, Executive Director Said Djinnit, Sam Gbaydee Doe, Rasheed Draman, Andy Carl Comfort Ero, Richard Fanthorpe, Lans
    [Show full text]
  • Download 2020 Annual Report
    Contents List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Message from the Minister for Defence and Chairman of the Governing Board of KAIPTC ................................................................................................................ 4 Message from the Commandant ................................................................................................................... 6 Overview of the Security Situation in West Africa in 2020 .................................................................... 8 The story of KAIPTC ........................................................................................................................................... 11 • Vision ............................................................................................................................................... 12 • Mission ............................................................................................................................................. 12 • Key Statistics on Training and Academic Programmes ....................................................... 12 • Strategic Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 13 Overview ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 Key Results ..........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Civil Society Peacebuilding in West Africa
    Regional civil society peacebuilding in West Africa A conversation with Emmanuel Bombande Emmanuel Bombande is co-founder and Director of the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) sort of response capacity. It is indigenous and integral to our way of living. Building the national institutions of the modern state must take into account these indigenous capacities that promote dialogue and consensus. We formed WANEP in 1998. When Freetown almost fell into rebel hands in January 1999, we worked with several Sierra Leonean civil society organisations to develop capacities to respond. A priority at that time was to build social cohesion. We organised a series of roundtable consultations with different grassroots groups, including victims, ex- combatants and traditional leaders. Meetings discussed what Sierra Leone should become in the next 5–10 years. Consultations were voluntary and informal. These are the emmanuel Bombande speaks at the Open Day on Women, Peace and sorts of situation where people begin to reconnect and look security, held to mark International Peace day, Accra, september 2011 to their shared future, and that for me is at the heart of peacebuilding work. How and why was WANeP established? In the 1990s ECOWAS (Economic Community of West Africa Our strategies were tailored to countries’ specific States) intervention in Liberia through ECOMOG (ECOWAS peacebuilding needs. In some countries focusing on Monitoring Group) was purely military and lacked a clearly peace education was more urgent than focusing on women defined strategy even for rebuilding the state. There was a and peacebuilding; in others vice versa. The network need for peacebuilding and conflict prevention efforts, but has grown organically across the region.
    [Show full text]
  • The AU and the Search for Peace and Reconciliation in Burundi and Comoros
    Th e AU and the search for Peace and Reconciliation in Burundi and Comoros The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD Centre) is an independent mediation organisation dedicated to helping improve the global response to armed confl ict. It attempts to achieve this by mediating between warring parties and providing support to the broader mediation community. The HD Centre is driven by humanitarian values and its ultimate goal to reduce the consequences of violent confl ict, improve security, and contribute to the peaceful resolution of confl ict. It maintains a neutral stance towards the warring parties that it mediates between and, in order to maintain its impartiality it is funded by a variety of governments, private foundations and philanthropists. © Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2011 Reproduction of all or part of this publication may be authorised only with written consent and acknowledgement of the source. Front cover photography: © African Union, 78th PSC Meeting on Comoros, 9 June 2007 | © Lt. TMN Turyamumanya / Afrian Union, TFG Soldiers in Somalia queue for their fi rst organised payment exercise supervised by AMISOM troops in Mogadishu | © African Union, Water provision to neighbouring villagers in Mogadishu Th e AU and the search for Peace and Reconciliation in Burundi and Comoros Table of contents Part I Foreword 02 Acknowledgements 04 — Burundi case study Introduction 05 Part I: Burundi case study 09 Part II Executive summary 09 1.1 Context 10 case study — Comoros 1.2 OAU/AU intervention in the Burundi crisis 12 Part II: Comoros
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Provisional Seventy-Fourth Year
    United Nations S/ PV.8491 Security Council Provisional Seventy-fourth year 8491st meeting Tuesday, 26 March 2019, 3.30 p.m. New York President: Mr. Delattre .................................... (France) Members: Belgium ....................................... Mr. Pecsteen de Buytswerve China ......................................... Mr. Wu Haitao Côte d’Ivoire ................................... Mr. Moriko Dominican Republic .............................. Mr. Trullols Yabra Equatorial Guinea ............................... Mrs. Mele Colifa Germany ...................................... Mr. Schulz Indonesia. Mr. Syihab Kuwait ........................................ Mr. Almunayekh Peru .......................................... Mr. Meza-Cuadra Poland ........................................ Ms. Wronecka Russian Federation ............................... Mr. Polyanskiy South Africa ................................... Ms. McBride United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .. Mr. Hickey United States of America .......................... Mr. Cohen Agenda The situation in the Great Lakes region Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework for the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Region (S/2019/229) . This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons Learned from Mediation Processes from Pre-Talks to Implementation
    From Pre-Talks to Implementation: LESSONS LEARNED FROM MEDIATION PROCESSES From Pre-Talks to Implementation: LESSONS LEARNED FROM MEDIATION PROCESSES Eemeli Isoaho, Suvi Tuuli This document has been produced with financial assistance from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of CMI. May 2013 Language editing by Stephen Thompson Graphic design by Hiekka Graphics. Printed by Yliopistonpaino. CMI INTRODUCTION Crisis Management Initiative (CMI) is a Finnish, independent, non-profit organisation that works to resolve conflict and build sustainable peace across the globe. Our tireless mediation and peacebuilding efforts are based on the strong belief that all conflicts can and should be resolved. As a private diplomacy organisation, CMI works to prevent and resolve violent conflict by involving all actors relevant to achieving sustainable peace. We do this by supporting regional mediation capacity and skills, by bringing together local actors and facilitating confidence-building dialogues, by strengthening the sustainability of peace through new approaches for conflict prevention, and by rapidly providing flexible mediation support at different stages of the peace process. Over the past years, CMI has built its capacity in peacebuilding and developed partner- ships with local and regional actors, including the European Union and the African Union. Founded in 2000 by President and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Martti Ahtisaari, CMI has grown significantly in recent years. We now have a team of over 70 professionals dedicated to conflict prevention and resolution, and field offices in several regions of the world, in addition to our offices in Helsinki and Brussels. CMI has recently been recognised internationally as one of the most influential private diplomacy organ- isations.
    [Show full text]
  • Doctoral Dissertation Template
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE CHALLENGES OF THE AFRICAN UNION MISSION IN SUDAN: GROUNDED THEORY CASE STUDY 2004-2007 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF US SENIOR OFFICIALS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By JOSEPH Q. MARTINELLI Norman, Oklahoma 2017 CHALLENGES OF THE AFRICAN UNION MISSION IN SUDAN: GROUNDED THEORY CASE STUDY 2004-2007 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF US SENIOR OFFICIALS A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE COLLEGE BY ______________________________ Dr. Susan F. Sharp, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Trent E. Gabert ______________________________ Dr. Young Yun Kim ______________________________ Dr. Aimee Franklin ______________________________ Dr. Trina Hope © Copyright by JOSEPH Q. MARTINELLI 2017 All Rights Reserved. I wish to dedicate this dissertation to my family (Mom, Jimmy, Marie and Marlene). I am happy to acknowledge their influence on their son and little brother growing up in Petaluma, California. A special dedication in remembrance to my big brother Jimmy who passed away in August 2012 and to my loving mother, Aline L. Martinelli-Heath who passed away in July 2015—incredible losses in my life. Acknowledgements A warm thank you to Dr. Susan Sharp, the chair of this dissertation, for her continual support and enthusiasm for this dissertation. I wish to acknowledge and thank the dissertation committee members, Dr. Young Kim, Dr. Aimee Franklin, Dr. Trent Gabert and Dr. Trina Hope, all of whom were such a strong part of this dissertation. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Alex Kondonassis, who retired before this dissertation was completed. A special thanks to Dr.
    [Show full text]