1950 CONGRES.SIONAL RECORD-SENATE 933' Navy, Marine porps, and Air Force;- to the By Mr. GRANAHAN: Committee on Armed Services. H. R. 6992. A bill for the relief of Kirocor SENATE H. R. 6979. A bill to establish an Armed­ Haladjian, Tacouhi Haladjian, Gulunia Ha• Forces Reserve Co"mmendation Ribbon; to ladjian, and Virginie Haladjian; to the Com• THURSDAY, JANUARY 26, 1950 the Committee on Armed Services. mittee on the Judiciary. By Mr. GORSKI: _ By Mr. KARST: United States Court of Appeals for the H. R. 6985. A bill to amend Veterans Regu­ Fourth Circuit; to the Committee on the MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT lation No. 1 (a) with respect to the compu­ Judiciary\ Messages in writing from the President tation of estimated costs of teaching per­ 1726. By Mr. COLE of New York: Petition of the United States submitting nomina­ sonnel and supplies for instruction in the of residents of Canisteo, N. Y., for the en­ case of colleges of agriculture and the me­ actment of legislation to prohibit. the trans­ tions were communicated to the Senate chanic arts; to the Committee on Veterans' portation of alcoholic-beverage advertising in by Mr. Miller, one of his secretaries. Affairs. interstate commerce and the broadcasting of MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE By Mr. WHEELER: alcoholic-beverage advertising over the H. R. 6986. A bill :relating to the acquist­ radio; to the Committee on Interstate and A message from_the House of Repre­ tion and addition of certain lands to Fort Foreign Commerce. sentatives, by Mr. Swanson, one of its Frederica National Monument, in the State 1727. ·By Mr. LECOMPTE: Petition of Mrs. reading clerks, announced that the House of Georgia, and for other purposes; to the H. A. Cordes and other citizens of Moravia, had passed a bill California: compulsory health insurance or any system Butler Gillette Kefauver H. R. 6989. A bill for the relief of Harry E. Byrd Graham Kem of political medicine designed for national Capehart Green Kerr Lauder; to the Committee on the Judiciary. bureaucratic control; to the Committee on Chapman Gurney Kilgore By Mr. ANGELL: . Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Connally Hayden Knowland H. R. 6990. A bill for the relief of Christina 1733. Also, resolution of Junior Club of Cordon Hendrickson Langer Karamanos Demas and Antonia Karamanos Kenosha, Kenosha, Wis., protesting against Donnell Hickenlooper Leahy Demas; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Douglas Hill Lehman any form of compulsory health insurance or Downey Hoey Lodge By Mr. BYRNE of New York: any system of political medicine designed for Dworshak Holland Long H. R. 69Ul. A bill for the. relief ·of E. G. national bureacratlc control; to the Com­ Eastland Humphrey McCarran Morris; to the Committee on the Judiciary. mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.. Ecton Hunt McCarthy 934 CQN_GRESSIONAL. RECORD-. SENATE JANUARY 26 . McClellan O'Conor Thye By Mr. GREE'N: they so justly deserve for their hard McFarland O'Mahoney Tobey A resolution of the General Assembly of labor. McKellar Pepper Tydings the State of Rh'bde Island; ordered to lie on There being no objection, the resolu­ McMahon Robertson Vandenberg the table: Magnuson Russell Watkins tion was referred to the Committee on Martin Saltonstall Wherry "Resolution memoriali~ing Congress with Agriculture and Forestry, and ordered Maybank Smith, Maine Wiley relation to the United States constitution· Millikin Smith, N. J. Williams al amendment on equal rights for women to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: Sparkman Withers RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS Mundt "Whereas after years of effort and innU· Murray Stennis Young OF DAIRYLAND POWER COOPERATIVE FRIDAY, Myers Taylor merable hearings, with never an "Gnfavorable Neely Thomas, Utah committee report and with strong recom· JANUARY 20, 1950 mendations for its passage, the equal-rights The board of directors of Dairyland Power Mr. MYERS. I announce that the amendment to the United States Constitu­ Cooperative has given consideration to bill Senator from New Mexico [Mr. CHAVEZ] tion has now reached the stage where its . H. R. 6782, introduced by Congressman is absent on official business. passage by Congress and submission to the TACKETT on January 16, 1950, and to his press The Senator from Louisiana [Mr. States seems close at hand; and release issued in connection therewith. ELLENDER] and the Senator from Illinois "Whereas early in the first session of the We are firmly convinced that the passage present Congress, the Senate Judiciary Com­ of this bill would be against the best interests [Mr. LUCAS] are necessarily absent. mittee, composed wholly of lawyers, favor­ of farmers and rural electrification and The Senator from Oklahoma [Mr. ably reported the equal-rights amendment should be unalterably opposed. The effect o! THOMAS] is unavoidably absent. without a dissenting vote and presiding at · this bill would be to cripple the right of Mr. SALTONSTALL. I announce that this meeting was the chairman of the com­ farmers to generate their own power and to the Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. mittee, Senator PAT McCARRAN, and included purchase cheap power Government-owned BRIDGES] is necessarily absent. among its members voting the favorable re­ hydro developments. port, was Senator J. Howard McGrath, then We urge our Congressmen and Senators to The Senator from Washington [Mr. chairman of the Democratic national com­ oppose bill H. R : 6782. CAIN], the junior Senator from Kansas mittee, now .United States Attorney General; [Mr. DARBY], the senior Senator from PRESIDENT'S CIVIL-RIGHTS PROGRAM­ and RESOLUTION OF FAR ROCKAWAY DEMO· Kansas [Mr. ScHOEPPEL], and the Sena­ "Whereas progress is truly being made; tor from Ohio [Mr. TAFT] are absent by support for the cause has gained steadily CRATIC CLUB, NEW YORK leave of the Senate. since the amendment was first introduced in Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I pre­ The Senator from Nevada [Mr. MA­ 1923: Now, therefore, be it sent for appropriate reference, and ask "Resolved, That the general assembly of unanimous consent to have printed in LONE] and the Senator from Oregon·[Mr. the State of Rhode Island and Providence MORSE] are absent on official business. Plantations now goes on record in support the RECORD, a resolution adopted by the 1 The VICE PRESIDENT. A quorum is of the submission of a United States consti­ Far Rockaway Democratic Club of New present. tutional amendment on equal rights for York, favoring the President's civil­ women which shall say: . rights progTam. MEETINGS OF COMMITTEES DURING "'EquP.lity of rights under the law shall There being no objection, the resolu­ SENATE SESSION not be denied or abridged by the United tion was ordered to lie on the table and On request of Mr. HAYDEN, and by States or by any State on account of sex. to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: " 'Congress and the several States shall unanimous consent, the Committee on have the power, within their respective juris­ Whereas one or the foremost planks of the Foreign Relations was authorized to meet dictions, to enforce this article by appro­ Democratic Party in the 1948 national elec­ during the session of the Senate today. priate legislation. . tions consisted of the enactment of civil­ On request of Mr. McKELLAR, and by " 'This amendment shall take effect 1 year rights legislation; and after the date of ratification'; and the Sena­ Whereas the Honorable Harry S. Truman, unanimous consent, the Civil Functions President of these United States has repeat­ Subcommittee of the Appropriations tors and Representatives from Rhode Island in the Congress of the United States are ear­ edly urged upon the Congress of the United Committee was authorized to meet dur­ nestly requested to work for the passage of States, passage of adequate civil-rights leg­ ing the session of the Senate today, this constitutional amendment; and the islation; and Whereas the Far Rockaway Democratiq TRANSACTION OF ROUTINE BUSINESS secretary of state is hereby authorized and directed to transmit to said Senators and Club, in its campaign activities and support By unanimous consent, the following Representatives from Rhode Island duly cer­ of the Democratic candidates for office, routine business was transacted: tified copies of this resolution." pledged itself to further the enactment of adequate measures of this kind, to the mem. REPORT ON FOREIGN EXCESS PROPF.'RTY RURAL ELECTRIFICATION bers of the community: Now, therefore, be a DISPOSAL BY NAVY DEPARTMENT Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, there is Resolved, That the Far Rockaway Demo­ now pending before the House Agricul­ cratic Club reiterates its support of the Presi­ The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the dent's civil-rights program and urges upon Senate a letter from the Secretary of tural Committee a new bill, H. R. 6782, the Representatives and Senators represent­ ·the Navy, transmitting, pursuant to law,· introduced by Representative TACKETT. ing our community to support and assist the a report on the disposal of Navy excess I have ah·eady heard from many rural­ President of the United States in obtaining property in foreign areas, for the period electrification cooperatives in my State the passage of H. R. 4453 and S. 1728, morEt July 1 to December 31, 1949, which, who have expressed their. deep concern popularly known as the Fair Employment over this legislation and their strenuous Practices Commission law, together with any with the accompanying report, was re- other measures of the President's program . f erred to the Committee on Expenditures objection to it. I have in my hands, for example, a very fine message which I that may come before the Congress; and be in the Executive Departments. have received from my friend, Mr. R. L. it further PETITIONS Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be Cleaves, of Cornell, Wis., manager of the forwarded to all the Members of Congress Petitions, etc., were laid before the Chippewa Valley Electric Cooperative. from this district together with a copy to Senate, or presented, and referred as Another message comes in the form of a William M. Boyle, Jr., Chairman of the Demo­ indicated: resolution from Mr. W. E. Rabe, secre­ cratic National Committee. ~ary of the Dairyland Power Cooper~­ Respectfully submitted. By the VICE PRESIDENT: WILLIAM KATZ, A letter in the nature of a petition, signed tive. I believe that this resolution will be of interest to my colleagues, and I President. by Michael B. Brubaker, secretary, Voters' MARTIN STECHER, League, of Port Trevorton, Pa.,, relating to ask unanimous consent that its brief Recording Secretary. present-day pricing systems; to the Com­ text be printed in the RECORD at this mittee on Banking and Currency. point, and appropriately referred. Tl:IJ!i FAR EAST-RESOLUTION OF MAN­ Resolutions adopted by the BradentoIJ, I have previously commented on the PVS~ W· H.) YOUNG REPUBLICANS Townsend Club, No. 1, of Bradenton, th~ Senate floor on the vital role of rural Mr. TOBEY. Mr. President, I present Daytona Beach Townsend Club, No. 2, of Day­ tona Beach, and a mass meeting of citl.Zens electrification on the American agricui­ for appfoprfate reference, and ask unani­ at Sarasota, all in the State of Florida, favor" tufal scene, and the necessity for its :ritNumber," delivered by Lyle F. tion was referred to the Committee on e. 2931. A blll for the relief of George Papa­ Watts, Chief, United States Forest Service, yanakl; to the Committee on the Judiciary. at the dedication of the Gifford Pinchot 'Foreign Relations, and ordered to be By Mr. McCARRAN: National Forest, on October 15, 1949, and an printed in the RECORD, as follows: S. 2932. A bill for the relief of Julia. San­ address delivered by Mrs. Gifford Pinchot on Resolved, That the Manchester Young Re­ chez Andaluz; to the Committee on the the same occasion, which appears in the publicans denounces the present policy of Judiciary. Appendix.] passive retreat in the Far East and places Mr. By DWORSHAK: DOUBT AS TO SOUNDNESS OF OLD-AGE itself on record as favoring the taking of S. 2933. A bill authorizing an appropria­ affirmative steps by the execut.ive branch of tion for the construction of a high school SYSTEM-ARTICLE FROM THE CHICAGO our Government, pursuant to appropriate and junior high-school building at Black­ TRIBUNE legislative mandate, to help hold the line foot, Idaho, for district No. 65, Bingham [Mr. CAPEHART asked and obtained leave against communism by holding the island County, embracing the southeast portion of to have printed in the RECORD an article en­ of Formosa through whatever .means may be­ Bingham County and including the Fort Hall titled "Casts Doubt on Soundness of Old-Age come necessary, including but not limited to Indian Reservation; to the Committee on System," from the Chicago Tribune of Jan­ the use of United States naval protection, Interior and Insular Affairs. uary 25, 1950, which appears in the Ap­ and United States military advisers to the By Mr. TYDINGS: pendix.] Chinese Nationalist Government on Formosa S. 2934. A bill for the relief of Julius Elzas; as necessary. This association condemns the to the Committee on the Judiciary. YOUR DOLLARS FOR A DELUSION-EDITO­ appeasement and retreat which hs. ~ charac­ By Mr. MAGNUSON: RIAL BY E. F. TOMPKINS terized our foreign policy in China since Gen­ S. 2935. A b111 to amend the act of June 30, [Mr. CAPEHART asked and obtained leave eral (Ambassador) Hurley resigned in the fall 1945 (Public Law 106, 79th Cong.), as amend­ to have printed in the RECORD an editorial of 1945. The association finds ordinary ed, to provide true time and one-half for entitled "Your Dollars for a Delusion," writ­ people in this vicinity 0·1erwhelmingly in overtime and true double time for Sunday ten by E. F. Tompkins, and published in the favor of helping hold Formosa, and notes with and holiday duty, and for other purposes; and Chicago Sunday Herald-American of Janu­ amazement the apparent refusal of the Presi­ S. 2936. A bill to permit certain Govern­ ary 8, 1950, which appears in the Appendix.] dent of the United States and of the Secre­ ment employees to receive credit for miUtary THE STRANGE CAREER OF TEDDY HA YES tary of State to carry out this obvious will service; to the Committee on Post Office and of our people; and be it further Civil Service. [Mr. CAPEHART asked and obtained leave Resolved, That copies of the foregoing ·reso­ By Mr. MUNDT: to have printed in the RECORD an article en­ lution be sent forthwith to the President of S. 2937. A blll to establish the United titled "The Strange Career of Teddy Hayes," the United States, to the Secretary o~ State, States Air Academy at or near the Rapid City written by Joe Williams, sports columnist of to the Governor of this State, to the New Air Force Base, Rapid City, S. Dak.; to the the New York World-Telegram and the Sun, Hampshire congressional delegation, to the Committee on Armed Services. which appears in the Appendix.) Senate Foreign Relations Committee, to the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and to INCORPORATION OF FUTURE FARMERS IS mss ALONE?-EDITORIAL FROM THE the Secretary of the United States Senate. OF AMERICA-ADDITIONAL COSPONSOR INDIANAPOLIS STAR REPORTS OF COMMITTEES OF BILL [Mr. CAPEHART asked and obtained leave to have printed in the RECORD an editorial The following reports of committees Mr. KERR. Mr. President, I ask entitled "Is Hiss Alone?" from the Indian­ were submitted: unanimous consent that the name of the apolis Star of January 22, 1950, which ap­ Senator from Kansas [Mr. DARBY] be pears in the Appendix.) By Mr. TYDINGS, from the Committee on added as a cosponsor of the bill CS. 2868) Armed Services: SOCIALISM IN BRITAIN HITS CHURCH S. 2911. A bill to authorize the. President to incorporate the Future Farmers of America, and for other purposes. AND HOME-ARTICLE BY STEPHEN C. to appoint Lt. Col. Charles H. Bonesteel as NOLAND Executive Director of the European Coordi­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob­ nating Committee under the Mutual De­ jection to the request of the Senator from [Mr. CAPEHART asked and obtained leave fense Assistance Act of 1949, without affect­ to have printed in the RECORD an article en­ ing his military status and perquisites; Oklahoma? The Chair hears none, and titled "Socialism in Britain Hits Church and without amendment (Rept. No. 1238). it is so ordered. Home," written by Stephen C. Noland and By Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado, from the PROPOSED CHANGE IN METHOD OF ELEC­ published in the South Bend (Ind.) Tribune Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com­ TION OF PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESI­ of January 19, 1950, which appears 1n the merce: DENT-AMENDMENT Appendix.] S. 2507. A bill to authorize the United States Maritime Commission to grant to the Mr. HUMPHREY submitted an amend­ SHAKY UNITED STATES ECONOMY RE­ East Bay Municipal Utillty District, an ment in the nature of a substitute in­ SULTING IN NEW KIND OF ISOLATION­ agency of the State of California, an ease­ tended to be proposed by him to the joint ISM-ARTICLE BY CONSTANTINE BROWN ment for the construction and operation of resolution

Custodian of Senate Office Building from MOSCOW RADIO DENOU~CED MY DEFENSE PLEA ·resentatives announcing its disagreement 1929 1933 to 1 and has remained in that For years now, so-called wise guys have to the amendment of the Senate to the branch of work to this time-February 1950. sneered at the warnings which others and I bill Austria, or porations in the United States, or pat­ mania, Estonia, Poland, and many some of the other countries to which I ents and copyrights owned by German other countries, as well as Germany­ have referred. Our Government has nationals, and property rights that came provided they were subject to political, taken it away from them. into being from American citizens. I racial, or religious persecution, amount­ Since the end of the war, American want to make· that very clear. I am not ing to a denial of their rights of citizen~ citizens of German birth have made un­ talking about money sent into the United ship. Under this law, to my knowledge, told sacrifices to assuage the hunger States by German nationals. I am not no properties have been returned by and need of their kin in Germany. For talking about patents secured by Ger­ the Alien Property Custodian to German instance, in the month of October a man citizens residing in the United . nationals. Property has been returned year ago they shipped 41,000,000 pounds States. I am talking about American. by the Custodian's ofiice to certain Ger­ of food and clothing to Germany and to citizens of German ethnic origin, 33,- man charitable and religious institutions Austria. I might call the attention of 000,000 of them, some of whose fore­ and, of course, to residents and former the Senate to the fact that we have in fathers had come to this country 150 residents of Germany who lost their the United States 33,000,000 of such years previously. They wanted to take citizenship by the Hitler decrees. Americans of German ethnic origin, in­ care of relatives in Europe who were We have here in the United States, cluding many leaders in the Army and against Hitler and who fought Hitler and Mr. President, many millions of good the Navy, and leaders• in the arts and were opposed to everything he stood for. citizens who emigrated to our country the sciences. The very man who de­ They wanted to take care of their rela­ from Germany, Austria, and other cen­ signed the dome of this Capitol Building tives by a little remembrance in a will tral European countries. They are found was one of them. The man who de­ or bY a devise, leaving an estate that in every field of endeavor. They are signed the Library of Congress was an­ would· produce, let us say, $100 a month. farmers, laborers, craftsmen, in business, other of them. The man who built the American citizens of German extraction and in the professions. The greater ma­ post office next to the Union Station was throughout the United States feel that jority have been good and faithful one of them. There are others, includ­ a distinction should be made between American citizens, as testified to by their ing Eisenhower, Spaatz, Willkie, Stassen, the kinds of property I have mentioned. record and the record of their sons and whose names I need not mention. I know of one case-and there are daughters in the service of the United Many of them were no more responsi­ many more like it-where a young man States during the recent war. ble for Hitler and the Nazi Party than emigrated from Germany to the United These people have next of kin in Ger­ you, Mr. President, or I. There have States shortly before we entered the war. many. They have there mothers, fa­ been to the best of my knowledge, ap­ He had only a mother living in Germany. thers, sisters, brothers, cousins, friends proximately 10,000 estates in the United He intended to become a good American of their school days or preschool days. States, throughout the 48 States, in citizen and then bring his mother to the In many cases, these American citizens, which American citizens of German United States. The war broke out arid realizing that the terrible aftermath of birth left sums of money to help their he joined our armed forces. He wa~ the war, with the total defeat of Hitler, relatives and friends in-the old country, killed in action fighting for the United would bring great suffering and misery and in many of these cases they did so, States, but the little property he left anq to thelr relatives and friends, tried to even though they had children in the his insurance were taken by the United _provide for them. Those who felt that United States. They thus decreased the States Government, and his poor mother, they would continue to live are providing amount that they left to their own fami­ who , was the beneficiary and his sole for them today, but those who were lies in order to help their other kin in heir, was left in dire straits, simply be­ getting older and who knew they only the old country. And now that the cause she happened to be a resident of had a short time to live tried to provide United States Government has taken the .Germany. for their kin by making wills. properties which, under the circum­ Under the present law she cannot re­ The property thus provided by these stances mentioned, an American citizen ceive his inheritance, or his insurance, American citizens, through their own in­ may have left to his mother, or to his unless she, as an old lady, can prove that dustry and hard work and thrift, was father, or to his other kin in a foreign she was denied substantial rights of citi­ ·American property, created by American country, an extra burden is placed upon zenship by the Nazis. It is not enough citizens. It was not Nazi property or the surviving members of the family in for her to prove that the.Nazis made her property of German nationals, but Ger­ America. life miserable because she had a son man nationals received only an interest Except for the fact that that good fighting in the United States Army. It in that property upon the death of that American citizen, father or mother, who · is not enough that she might have been American citizen, by will, through be­ died had such great faith in the United discriminated against in the giving out quest or devise, in trust, or otherwise, or States of America, other arrangements of food rations. It is not enough for her by gifts in contemplation .of death and which the United States Government to prove that she was taken from her the like. · could not stop would have been made. home and the home turned over to To make the matter clear, Mr. Presi­ A father could have called in his son Nazis. The way the law reads today she dent, let me state the case of a man of and said, "John, grandma is in dire practically had to be in a concentration German ethnic origin, who lived in Mon­ straits," or "Aunt Susie is in dire straits camp in order to qualify for a return of tana, and had lived in the United States · in Germany. I want to take care of the property to her. for 50 years. Perhaps his sons had her. If I make a will and give her $500, There are in the United States thou­ served in the United States Army in then the United States Government will sands of cases of American citizens who, both World Wars. If that man had take it away. Therefore, I am going to as far back as 1920 and 1925, in the early living in the old country a brother who give an extra $500 or an extra $1,000 thirties, before Hitler, provided in tnefr hated Hitler and figured that Hitler was to you so that you will be able to take wills for trust arrangements whereby leading Germany to ruin, the American care of her." certain small sums would be paid to citizen living in Montana might well say He could have done that, but he did needy relatives in Germany. Even these to himself, "I have made considerable not do it because he had faith and-con­ trusts were vested by the Alien PropertY money in Montana. I am going to make fidence in the fairness of the United Custodian, and not only was the income a will or bequest or devise. I am going · States Government, he believed that the taken but the entire trust was taken. to leave $100 a month so that my brother United States Government would. hold Surely that American citizen who was in Germany"-or Austria, or Rumania, inviolate his right to dispose of his prop­ the testator had no intention of helping or one of the other central European erty by devise or bequest, or by gift in Hitler. or the Nazis. He only wanted to countries-"will not be hungry, because, contemplation of death, where the trans­ eliminate and alleviate human suffering after all, he is my brother." fer could not aid the enemy and could and to help the needy. Now what has happened, Mr. Presi­ not be made until hostilities came to an Our Government set a cut-off date dent? Our Government has divested end. after which the interest of German ria­ not only the ownership of the property American people of German extrac­ t1orials.would no longer be vested by tE.e formerly in the name of German na­ tion thrpughout the United States feel Un.ited States. That cut-off date w~ tionals; -but has· taken the· property of that· a distinction .should· be made be­ January i, 1947; 1% years after the end American citizens simply because they tween properties which represented in­ of hostilities in Germany. In other were unfortunate enough to have rela- vestments by German nationals in cor- , words, if an American citizen. with rela-. 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 939 tives in Germany, was unfortunate The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ statement, word, design, devise, sound, or any enough to have died at 11 p. m. on De­ out objection, it is so ordered. combination thereof, but also the extent to which the advertisement fails to reveal facts cember 31, 1946, the small interest he Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, a few material in the light of such representations might have provided in his will for his days ago there was a hearing on Senate or material with respect to consequences relatives in Germany would be taken by bill 1847, introduced by me, to prevent which may result from the use of the com­ the United States Government. How­ the advertising of liquor in newspapers, modity to which the advertisement relates ever, if he had good doctors who could over the radio, and by television, in inter­ under the conditions prescribed in said ad­ have kept him alive until 1 a. m. Janu­ state commerce. I have here an article vertisements, or under such conditions as are ary 1, 1947, the United States Govern­ entitled "Warnings in Liquor Ads-The customary or usual." ment would not take what he provided Wide Horizon," written by W. Lowrie That beer, whisky and certain other bev­ in his will or what might have gone to 21, erages contain alcohol is an established fact. Kay, which appeared on January Mr. Plymat holds illegal, under the act, ad­ his next of kin by the laws of descent 1950, in the Christian Science Monitor. vertising of such products which "fails to and distribution. Anyone can see how It is an article which I believe every reveal facts material, • • • with re­ unfair that is. Senator should read. It brings to the spect to consequences· which may result from The amendment to the act which is attention of the Seriate and, I believe, the use of the commodity." At one stroke, here proposed provides that return of the to the attention of the Department of he indicts all such advertisements which property may be made by the United Justice, a statute which has not been cross State lines. States Government in cases where the in­ enforced apparently up to the present Care is taken by manufacturers of com­ bustible products to warn users regarding terest of the German national in the time, and which will make the passage of possible results, the products being de­ property arose through gift, devise, be­ the bill which I introduced unnecessary. scribed as "inflammable" or "explosive." quest, or the laws of descent and distri­ The article is as follows: Not only is such information required by law, bution in the estate of an American citi­ A heart-warming and challenging inter­ but it is a precaution in the interest of pub­ ~en, provided that the German national pretation c>f provisions of the Federal Trade lic and personal safety. was not a member df the Nazi Party. Commission Act covering false advertising That the manufacturer and advertiser of This amendment should be made in jus­ was offered in Washington, January 12, dur­ a beverage containing alcohol, itself inimical tice to American citizens who have passed ing Senate hearings on the Langer bill. If to both personal and public welfare and accepted and enforced, the interpretation safety, may boldly advertise his product on and to their next of kin in this country would have broad consequences in the adver­ without warning of the consequence of its who have assumed the. burdens of their tising of alcoholic beverages. It should pro­ use, and yet escape prosecution under the deceased relatives here to take care of mote temperance and abstinence. Trade Commission Act, is a matter of public their kin in the old country. Advertisements of alcoholic drinks would concern. Surely the Des Moines' lawyer's The amendment to the act would not be required to warn consumers of the conse­ interpretation is sufficiently valid to war­ only secure inheritances to Gerinan na­ quences of using the product-such as possi­ rant at least a test case in the Federal courts. tionals, but it would also secure them f ot ble addiction, intoxication, or lllness. The A striking point in Mr. Plymat's testimony warning statements would be compulsory to was his pinioning of alcoholic-beverage ad­ nationals of other enemy countries in vertisements slanted to create new cus.:. central Europe, such as Hungary, Bui:. prevent the advertisements from being mis­ leadi~g in a material respect. tamers. Many such customers, he pointed garia, and Rumania. William N. Plymat, Des Moines lawyer and out,·are youths who are unaware of the dis­ The amendment further provides that insurance executive, read before Senator astrous results of drinking these products. where an American citizen is the suc­ MAGNUSQN's committee section 315 of the To them especially is owed the duty of com­ cessor in interest to the European na­ act, dealing with misleading advertising plying with the act's provision against failing tional such American citizen could secure which is illegal in interstate commerce as an to reveal material facts. unfair method of competition. The section Were the Trade Commission Act enforced for himself the property taken by the ls explicit. · in this manner in interstate advertising of Alien Property Custodian. For exampie, alcoholic beverages, there would be less need if an American citizen left a certain sum I submit, Mr. President,. that the pres­ . for the Langer bill-successor to the Capper to relatives in Germany and that sum ent law has been ignored, just as has bill. The proposed legislation would forbid was taken by the Alien Property Custo­ been the Sherman Antitrust Act. The all interstate ·advertising of liquor-a step dian, and thereafter the person in Kurope Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in beyond requiring warning of consequence of died, leaving a will, or by intestacy-it 1891, nearly 60 years ago.· It particu­ its use. makes no difference-leaving his prop­ larly provides that where a group of per­ To publish warnings within the advertise­ ments themselves would, however, serve a erty to an American citizen, such Ameri­ sons get together in order to raise the good purpose. It would not be surprising if can citizen should be entitled to have price of a commodity, so as to establish some readers would promptly come to the the property returned to him as succes­ a monopoly, they can be put in jail for logical conclusion, why, if the beverage is sor in interest. 1 year. There have been Republican so potentially harmful that the law requires There are many American citizens in Attorneys General and Democratic At­ a warning, should it be used at all? If an the United States whose relatives here torneys General since that act was alcohol beverage is capable of producing in­ provided for their mutual relatives in the passed, but not a single person has ever toxication, 1llness, or addiction, why go to old country. The provisions for their been put in jail· under that provision. bat with two strikes on themselves? relatives in the old country fell with the Yet Eugene Debs was put in jail for Mr. President, I hope the subcommit:. taking of the property by the custodian. violating an injunction. tee of the Committee on Interstate and This amendment would permit · the We find another case, Mr. President, Foreign Commerce which is considering American citizen, as successor in interest, and I submit that law has not been en­ this question will report to the full com­ as heir at law, or ~s devisee or legatee, to forced. Of course, under the antitrust mittee and that within a short time the take that interest. statutes, if a soldier came home from bill will be brought to the floor of the Mr. President, ~ respectfully suggest World War II and found his family hun­ Senate so that we. may have a chance to that the appropriate committee take this gry, and he could not get a job, and he vote on it. amendment and give it very prompt and stole three or four loaves of bread, he Mr. President, I now desire to refer to immediate attention, so that the Ameri­ would be put in jail; but if four or five another matter. can citizens who are anxious to get their men get together and raise the price of The PRESIDING OFFICER. The property back may get it back at the bread, the price of ice cream, or t.he Senator from North Dakota has the :floor. very earliest opportunity. · prices of other food products, so that widows and orphans cannot afford to THE SITUATION CONFRONTING THE · The PRESIDING OFFICER. The MINING. INDUSTRY bill has heretofore been referred to the buy them, they would not be put in jail. appropriate committee. They might receive diplomatic .Posts. Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I wish One of them might be sent as Ambassa­ to discuss an article appearing in the WARNINGS IN LIQUOR ADS-ARTICLE BY dor to Argentina, as was Mr. Bruce a November 1949 issue of the Mining Con­ W. LOWRIE KAY while ago. gress Journal, entitled "Going, Going, Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, there is I read further from this article: Gone!" It is a very interesting article, another serious matter which I wish to "In determining whether any advertise­ and it reads as follows: discuss. I ask unanimous consent that ment is misleading," the act says, "there shall In May 1948 we questioned "Must Mercury 1n the RECORD it may appear under the be taken into account (among other things) Die?" Since then inaction at home and re­ heading "Warnings in liquor ads." not only representations made by suggested valuation of foreign exchange have given this 940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-'SENATE JANUARY 26 vital metal-mining industry a further push THE BRANNAN PLAN FOR AGRICULTURE had three increases in wages, and is ask­ down the road to oblivion. A few operations ing for a fourth increase. Wages have cling on doggedly in the hope that some last Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, there is minute action may revitalize them. In the another subject which I wish to discuss gone up, and up, and up. meantime, one principal producer is mining at this time. I refer to the so-called What about industry? The other day its shaft pillars and another plans to follow Brannan plan for agriculture. the United States Steel Corp. raised the suit in the spring. Mr. President, when Congress con­ price of steel $4 a ton. The steel indus­ try has continually increased the price I call this to the attention of every vened I had just returned from a 2 months' trip through the United States. of steel. Steel is the barometer of in­ Democrat in this Chamber, Mr. Presi­ dustry. As a matter of fact, the price dent, because it relates to the action of I understand that a great many other Senators went to Europe. Some of them of steel has dropped only 4 percent since the Democratic Party. The fur industry the war ended. After World War I, as has already been ruined. The mining went to China. I felt that I could do more good here in the United States every Senator knows-and this is the industry is now being ruined, and if the pattern that is now being followed-the Democrats are not careful they will ruin than.by chasing to any foreign country. Very humbly and most respectfully, I price of wheat dropped from almost $3 the farming industry. I read further suggest to my colleagues that they would a bushel to 20 cents a bushel. However, from the article: be doing a much better job for their con­ the price of farm machinery which the Evidence was shown in these columns in stituents by remaining in the United farmer had to buy did not drop a single June 1948 that tungsten was next on the index point. All that the farm-machin­ list for tough sledding and possible exclusion States and taking care of the 150,000,000 from the roster of domestic metal mining people in the United States than by chas­ ery companies had to do was to get to­ industries. Revaluation speeded up the pa­ fog all over the world trying to promote gether and agree not to manufacture a tient's decline when the price of foreign the idea of 7 percent of the people sav­ surplus. tungsten ores dropped to $18.50 to $19.50 ing the other 93 percent. But the farmer is not in such a fortu­ per short ton unit of WOa. a price which no I found to my surprise that approxi­ nate position. He has his farm, his land, domestic mine can meet and still realize a mately half of the Senators whom I and he must do something with it. He profit. interrogated had never even been in must raise a crop. He has his money Immediately following revaluation, the invested in the land and he must do price of antimony plummeted almost over­ North Dakota, but they had been all over night from 40 % to 26 cents per pound, Europe, visiting the crowned heads over something with it. The result was that with extensive offerings at this low figure. there, dining and wining and being en­ there was a surplus. The price of wheat An obvious result of the absence of a pol­ tertained by them, going from one coun­ dropped from nearly $3 a bushel to 20 icy protecting these industries is complete try to another, visiting the rulers. As a cents, and we had a terrible depression. dependence on Spain, Italy, and Yugoslavia matter of fact, they do not understand During the past few summers as I went for mercury; on Communist China, Korea, their own country at all. along through many States, ·including and Bolivia for tungsten; and similar un­ When it comes to agriculture, I found the Northwestern States as far as the certain sources for antimony. as I went along that the people of this Pacific coast, and down south in Texas, We have long depended upon the Philip­ pines, Turkey, and Africa for chromium and country did not thoroughly .understand I visited practically every State except upon Russia, Africa, and India for manga­ what is known as the Brannan plan. the New England States. I found that nese, two other minerals equally important Let me say first of an that both the Re­ people knew nothing about the Bran­ to national defense. publican and Democratic Parties. when­ nan plan. I would walk into a banker's Why ·no positive policy has been developed ever they want the farmer's vote, when office and find that all that the bankeri to prevent utter dependence on foreign they want the votes of the farmers in knew about the Brannan plan was that sources we know not. Without adequate the dairy State of Wisconsin, when they he was against it. When asked what supplies of these five metals we cannot fight want the vote of the wheat-producing it was, he did not know any more about a war, and yet if these mines finally close it farmer in the Northwest, say what a it than I know about what kind of food may well take as much as 4 years to again Julius Caesar ate. But the bankers reach maximum production~far too long great friend they are of the farmer. in this atomic age. A healthy nucleus of Not only in 1948, 1944, and 1940, but were against it. They were against it production should be maintained in order to in times past, the platfarms of both because the big-business interests and perfect the techn!ques for utilizing marginal parties have said that they stand for the newspapers were against it. or subeconomic resources so they may serve absolute parity, absolute equality, be­ When I asked them what the law pro­ in an emergency. If this basic policy is not tween agriculture, industry, and labor. vided for they did not know. They had implemented, and another emergency arises, That statement is found in all the plat­ no idea. I received petitions from club­ the economy doctors that dismembered these forms. I have them before me. women saying that they were against the strategic metal-producing industries will have some unburied corpses to explain. What is the situation today? Take my Brannan plan because it was socialistic.­ own State of North Dakota. In the first When they asked me if I would send I say, again, that I call the matter to 9 montns of this year our farmers re­ them a copy of it, I found that they had the particular attention of the Demo­ ceived $131,930,000 less for their prod­ not even read it. cratic Party, because that party is to ucts than they received during the first Being a Republican Senator, I decided blame for the fact that today every mer­ 9 months last year. What I say about thoroughly to educate the people and to cury mine in America is closed. Prac­ my State holds true all over the United advise with any of my colleagues who tically every tungsten mine is closed, and States because the farmer's income has may wish to consult with me relative to the antimony mines are going to be decreased approximately one-third. It 'the Brannan plan. One thing is cer­ closed within a short time. I wonder if is true in Oklahoma; it is true in Ten­ tain, and that is that until the term of the average Senator realizes that this nessee; it is true in Wisconsin. If the the present President of the United country was very seriously handicapped farmers in North Dakota had received States expires, he is going to name the by the lack of tungsten, and if it had not the $131,930,000 which they received the Secretary of Agriculture. One thing is been for the fact that in Idaho, at about previous year, who would get the benefit as certain as that two and two make the time of the beginning of the war, of it? The businessmen. The farmers four, and that is that the Secretary of tungsten was discovered, with the result can buy more radios, more automobiles, Agriculture will be a Democrat. It is as that approximately 92 percent of ail the more luxuries of life than they can buy certain as that three and three make six tungsten we had in this country was pro­ if they have not got those $131,930,000. that no agricultural law will be enacted duced in the State of Idaho, we would So it seems to me that the business­ which is not endorsed by the Secretary; have been in a very bad situation. men ought to be just as much interested of Agriculture, appointed by a Demo- Enough was produced to keep us going. as the farmer, if not more so, in seeing cratic President. · If it had not been for that fact, we would that the platforms of the Republican The prices of farm products are al­ have had to import from Africa every and Democratic Parties are carried out. ready down 33 or 34 percent and are still single ton we used. What is the situation today.? I re­ going down. The cost cf labor is going Mr. President, it is my purpose now to peat, the Republican and ·Democratic up, and industry is making more and discuss the so-called Brannan pian. platforms say that they stand for equal­ more money all the time. Both the Re­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen­ ity and parity between agriculture, in­ publican and the Democratic platfarms ator· from North Dakota has the :fioor. dustry, and labor. Labor has already state that .they stand for equalit.y and 1950 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-- SENATE 941 parity between agriculture, industry, and if it were the, most important existing en­ CANNON, of Missouri, when he declared at labor. In making my investigation of deavor of mankind? a House Appropriations Committee hearing: "You cannot burn down the kitchen where the Brannan plan, for which I declaired I may say that question is asked by the farmer is working and expect the rest myself, and which is the plan proposed many hundreds of people. It is asked of the house to stand. Sooner or later t:Qe by the Secretary of Agriculture_, I de­ by many who are receiving one wage in­ fire spreads to the parlor, where labor and in­ cided to let the American people ask me crease after another. I am not talking, dustry and finance and transportation are questions, which I in turn could answer. . however, about the white-collar work­ sitting on the plush with their feet on the The first question which they asked was, ers. Heaven knows they are starving. mantelpiece. If the kitchen burns, the par­ What is the so-called Brannan plan, The white-collar class is worse off than lor wlll bum with it." which the newspaper columnists call the farmers. I am talking about persons I now come to question No. 3, which one of the most significant questions who belong to unions, who have received people ask me relative to the Brannan before the Congress? My answer to three wage increases, and are asking for plan. I may repeat that the question that question is as follows: a fourth. has come to me from all over the coun­ Answer. The name "Brannan plan" has The answer to the second question is try, and I say that the question will be bec0me attached to the administration's as follows: answered correctly, so that the people farm program, which is based upon the Sec­ Answer. The welfare of agriculture, as a will no longer be deceived as to what the retary of Agriculture's recommendations for basic productive industry, vitally affects the changes in our price-support system to adapt Brannan plan really is. The third ques­ welfare of the rest of the Nation's economy. tion which has been asked me is ~ it more realistically to the needs and condi­ Farmers are only asking economic justice, tions of the present. It 1s no panacea or not special privilege. They are only seek­ follows: cure-all. It is a set of forward-looking prin­ ing a fair share of the national income in Question No. 8: The United States has ciples which would help farmers to keep proportion to what they contribute to that grown strong through the competitive en­ going ahead with their revolutionary prog­ income. terprise system, where each individual can ress of recent years. It ls aimed at provid­ As a matter of fact, the main reason agri­ engage in the economic activity of his choice. ing farm purchasing power with the realis­ culture does need Government intervention Why cannot the farmer supply the experi­ tic protection necessary to prevent farmers to achieve a fair position of equality with ence and judgment necessary to make his from bringing back the old and was_teful other groups is because these other groups enterprise function, and accept the risk. of methods that add to the Nation's food bill have been given special legislative treatment success or failure, the same as any other the very real but hidden cost of resources in the past to upset the normal economic businessman? lost through overworking our farms and our relation between groups. Industry, com­ farm families. merce, financial institutions, labor have all This is the answer: The Brannan plan . starts from the . con­ been given special protection at various Answer. Farmers are confronted with many cept that there ls a point below which it is times in our history, making similar action hazards entirely beyond tlleir control that in the public intereat not to let farm pur­ necessary for agriculture to restore the make agriculture's situatron far different chasing power fall. proper balance. from that of any other business or industry, Most industries can quickly adjust them­ In other words, Mr. President, it car­ What did President Truman say to selves to changed conditions of supply and ries out the platforms of the Republican Congress in his last message relating to demand, shutting down almost overnight if and Democratic Parties. I repeat, Mr. excise taxes? He called attention to the products are in excess supply. President, the politicians want the farm­ fact that in the oil industry an individual For example, if United States Steel, er at election time. They woo him at can make $1,000,000 a year, but does not election time; they say what a lovely have to pay any income tax on it. But with all its manufacturing plants, pro­ · man he is, and how much he does for duces too much steel, the corPoration the poor farmer, who may have had no shuts down. A farmer cannot do that, the country, But the records show that crop for 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 years-and dur­ because his land is his capital invest­ just so soon as the election is over they ing the drought farmers did not have a ment, and he is obliged to do something forget about him until the next election, crop for 9 years; I may say, Mr. Presi­ · with it. as proved by the fact, I repeat, that the dent-the poor farmer who happens to I continue to read my answer to ques- prices the farmers receive for their prod­ have a good crop· this year is soaked, he tion No. 3: · ucts have already dropped one-third, must pay an income tax· on what he And when industry restricts production to while everything the farmers buy has earns. The farmer is not permitted to maintain profitable prices, its heaviest fixed gone up in price. Labor has received off set his good years by his poor years. costs of labor and raw materials are cut three wage increases and now wants a Yet in the oil industry, as President Tru­ proportionately. But not so with the farmer. fourth, and is striking to obtain it. man stated in his message on excise Nature does not always cooperate. The I continue the answer to the first ques­ taxes, a man may receive an income of farmer cannot adjust as quickly to necessity tion: a million dollars a year, and may receive for change, and even when he does try to such an income for five continuous years, curtail production his fixed costs are rela­ It seeks to maintain that purchasing tively inflexible and continue high. He can­ power more realistically by using an income and yet not be obliged to pay an income nrt fire his wife and children. Bumper crops objective as the standard for support prices, tax on it. and crop failures are often the results of con­ and would broaden our support system ~o I continue my answer to question ditions entirely outside of the farmer's con­ extend such protection to perishable com­ No. 2: trol, and occur without regard to market modities producing three-fourths of our The city man has just as much stake in n eeds. farm income instead of just the basic com­ a sound· farm economy as the farmer. Pros­ modities producing only one-fourth of tha.t perity in the farm market always means more Let us consider, for example, a drought. income. It adds production payments to the dollars in real wages in cities and towns. Certainly the farmer is not to blame present purchase and loan methods of sup­ When farm purchasing power is up, indus­ when a drought occurs. porting prices to the producer, so that the try and labor can count upon a steady mar- I am particularly delighted to see pres­ consumer need not be penalized by vast -ket for- the indispensable tools of an effi­ ent the leader of the minority [Mr. quantities of food being held off the market. cient agriculture-tractors and corn pick­ WHERRY] who comes · from the great That is the answer to question 1. I ers, electric motors, milking machines, gaso­ farming State of Nebraska. I hope he may say, Mr. President, that I shall line and oil, insecticides and weed killers, fertilizers and lime, and so on through all will listen carefully so that he may . invite every Member of the Senate, and the assorted equipment and supplies needed finally come to understand what the every Member of the House of Represent­ in modern farming. The Nation would find Brannan plan really is. I may say that ativ~s. all 435 of them, to write me ask­ itself strei;igthened to resist the paralysis he is not alone in not thoroughly under­ ing any questions they may want to . of depression. We might discover little real standing it. As I said in the beginning about the Brannan plan, and I shaU see need to use the support prices by which the of my speech, very few people in the to it that their questions are answered. plan would protect farm income. entire country know what it really is. I come now to the second question the But when farm prices start falling, like I repeat: If any Senator or any Repre­ they are doing now, it's everybody's con­ people of the ccuntry ·are asking. It is cern-not just the farmers. Because col­ sentative wishes to ask me any questions as follows: lapse of farm purchasing power can start about the Brannan plan I should be glad Question No. 2: What ts there about farm­ the fammar old spiral into depression. to have them write me. The writer will ing or agriculture which makes Congress I think the entire thing was summed up receive an answer containing a thorough continually treat it as a special subject as pretty well last week by Representative-" explanation of his question. 942 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 26 I now read the fourth question I have industrial enterprises. The pursuit of agri­ prosperity, and secure social and political been asked by the people: culture, however, has at no time enjoyed stability. protection such as was extended from the Question No. 4. How long has our Govern­ very beginning to commerce and industry But, Mr. President, where were those ment carried on a program of providing spe­ through national legislation. gentlemen when a Republican President cial. protect ion for agriculture? vetoed the McNary-Haugen bill-vetoed If one reads newspapers he finds that Mind you, Mr. President, that is. the it twice, in fact. Where were they? much is written in them about free statement of businessmen. I am sorry Talk with the leaders of any farm or­ enterprise. Some call the Brannan plan there are not more businessmen now on ganization today, and they say the en-· socialism. They say that if the Brannan the floor of the Senate. Of course, there tife trouble of agriculture in the twenties plan is enacted it will mean the end of is not a single laboring man in this body, stemmed from the fact that the Mc­ free enterprise, that it will result in regi­ not a single Senator who carries a union Nary-Haugen bill was vetoed. mentation. What is the real fact, Mr. card, so far as I know. Yet the laboring men are doing all the work, of course. Mr. President, in my travels during President? It is to b~ found in my the past year I was asked another ques­ answer. We hear men shout what a bad man John Lewis is and what a bad man tion, as follows: Answer. Our Government's interest and Bill Green is and what· a bad man Phil Question No. 5: It is my understanding concern for agriculture dates back far in our that at the present time the Government history. A Federal Department of Agricul­ Murray is. There are in this entire body carries on a price-support program to pre­ ture was founded in 1862, but it was actually only four or five farmers. In this en­ vent disastrous declines in farm income. the result of almost a hundred years of pre­ tire body there is not one laboring man, How does the price-support program work? liminary steps. Growth of industrialization and only four or five farmers. As I re­ put agriculture on the defensive and business call, approximately two-thirds of the Mr. President, to my amazement, let enterprise on the ascendency after the Civil Members of the Senate are lawyers. me say, I found that very few of the tax­ War, resulting in frequent farm revolts for When Senators speak in favor of agri­ payers know how the price-support pro­ legislative protection starting with railroad gram works. And I may say, Mr. Presi­ reform and regulation. culture and the farmer, sometimes it seems to me--I say this most respect­ dent, many citizens do not care how it Mr. President, I remember the time fully-as though we were in the hopeless works. They are far more interested in when there did not exist even a railroad minority. going to a night club, having a good commission in the various States, when I repeat some of the statement by the time, rather than in sitting down and there did not exist even a tax commission Businessmen's Commission on Agricul­ studying the price-support program and in the various States, and it took old ture, of the United States Chamber of what it really is. fighting Bob La Follette, of Wisconsin, to Commerce, in 1927: To the questions I have been asked get them for U;S. When Bob La ·Follette The pursuit of agriculture, however, has at about the program, I have replied as ran for President and said that the rail­ no time enjoyed protection such as was ex­ follows: roads should be evaluated so that the tended from the very beginning to com­ Answer. The present price-support pro• people would not have to pay more than merce and industry through national legis­ gram applies to a limited number of com• a fair rate on the railroads as passengers, lation. modities, with prices supported to a flexible or for freight, do Senators know what he Mr. President, in the old days the Sen­ percentage of a parity tied to a fixed period was called by the New York newspapers? in the past. The prices are supported ate took care of industry. Senators and through Government purchases and l-0ans, He was called an anarchist, Mr. Presi­ Representatives in the old days took care withholding sufficient quantities from the dent. If anyone has any doubt about of the business interests. But, as the market to force market prices up to the de· that, let them read the newspaper reports Businessmen's Commission on Agricul­ sired levels. Such methods work fairly well on the speeches he delivered at that time. ture, of the United States Chamber of for storable commodities, but are not satis· J'hey did not say he was a socialist; they Commerce, declared in 1927, agriculture factory for the perishable commodities mak­ did not say he was an IWW; they said was neglected. ing up three-fourths of our farm income. he was an anarchist, trying to overthrow I read further from their statement: In other words, the price-support pro­ the Government of the United States. Only now- gram applies to only one-fourth of the I further answered by saying: farmers' products. The price-support The agrarian reform movement spread In 1927- program does not apply at all to three­ around the turn of the century, but it was have we come to recognize the need of more f ourths of the farmers' products. But the collapse of agricultural prices in 1920 · equitable conditions, if agriculture is to sus­ that proved to be a turning point that com­ tain its position of relative importance in the liow many persons know that? pelled a reorientation of our entire farm entire economic system. It constitutes a I further answered as follows: economy. Growing demand and pressure on challenge to modern statesmanship; and The fact that present legislation is inade• lawmakers for equality for agriculture, con­ whatever else may be true, it is clear that quate to accomplish the objective of main­ tinuing through the years, has been pri­ the solution will not be had upon conven­ taining fair farm-purchasing power is re• marily responsible for the sweep of farm tional lines. fiected in the present trends of farm prices' legislation from the early 1920's to the present and farm income. Farm prices have dropped day. Recognition of agriculture's right to Mr. President, the statement I am now an average of 23 percent in less than 2 years Government intervention in its behalf, in reading is not the statement of WILLIAM and are still going down. the Nation's interest, came from the Busi­ LANGER, not the statement of a Commu­ nessmen's Commission on Agriculture of the nist or a Socialist or an anarchist or an In my State farm prices ilave dropped :United States Chamber of Commerce in 1927. rWW, but this is a statement by the nearly 34 percent, Mr. President. I repeat that in the first 9 months of That statement came from business­ ·Businessmen's Commission on Agricul­ ture, of the United States Chamber of this year the farmers of North Dakota. men, Mr. President, just as I say that got $131,930,000 less than they got in the today businessmen should be more in­ Commerce. I continue to read from their statement, issued in 1927: first 9 months of last year; and condi­ terested in the Brannan plan than the tions are no different in Nebraska, Ten­ farmer himself should be, because the We dare not forget what has been done for nessee, or any other farm State. 1 Brannan plan may mean the business­ financial and industrial development. Why man's very survival. The very chambers not for agricultural interests? The farmer's We hear politicians and orators shout cause is the businessman's,. from both the that the Brannan plan is no good, that of commerce should be studying the 1 Brannan plan and should be petitioning humanitarian and the economic point of it is socialism, that it is regimentation. the Congress to pass it, instead of calling view. We are forced to the con9lusion that But, Mr. President, they offer nothing in the accepted economic measures do not fit, itS place. They Criticize, criticize, criti-· it socialism, regimentation, an enemy of E\? least do not cover the farmer's cas~; an~ free enterprise, and all the other names that this situation presents a new challenge clZe; but nothing constructive comes' . that businessmen are calling that plan., to economic and political advisers that can­ from tlieir lips. . Mr. President, what did the Business­ not be evaded or met with slogans. Agri­ Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the men's Commission on Agriculture, of Ul'e culture is affected with a clear and unques­ Senator yield? tionable public interest, and its status is a Mr. LANGER. No; I refuse to yield. United s tates Chambe~ of Commerce, matter Of national concern, call1ng for de• say in 1927? It declared : liberate and far-sighted national policies, The distinguished Senator will have am.. Agricult ure was left largely to the mercy not only to conserve the natural and human :Ple time upon this floor to explain his of laissez faire, while governmental support resources involved in it, but to provide for opposition to the Brannan plan when the went to t he building up of commercial and t!!-e natioJ?:al secur_ity, promote a well-rounded time comes. 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 943 Mr. President, I might add that the than· $1,000 a year, how do you think I now come tO question No. '1. It is Republican Party was in power in the they will vote, Mr. President? what the average man says who has not Congress for from 1947 to 1949-2 years. I continue the answer: studied the Brannan plan. I read: They passed their agricultural bill on the Even at the peak of agricultural income, Question No. 7: Congressman MoNRONEY last day of the session. The Senator total per capita income of persons on farms of Oklahoma says, "This program, the more from Vermont [Mr. AIKEN] said they was only about 60 percent as high as for I study it and look at it and see it, makes did not have time, and he was not satis­ persons not on farms. In 194.9 this income me think of OP A-production payments, sub-. fied with it, and put it off 2 years. That gap was widened, and in 1950 it ts expected sidles, low consumers' prices, high producers' to become still more disproportionate. prices, billions from the Treasury. It seems is the treatment the farmer got. Then to me we are inadvertently drifting back to Republicans wonder why Iowa and some The farmer will be worse off. the old days of the CPA again.'' Do you of the other States went Democratic. . The people on farms make up 20 percent of see any similarity to CPA? The Republican Party might as well real­ the Nation's population, yet they get less Answer. No; riot at all. The CPA was ize today, Mr. President, that one of the than 10 percent of the national income. aimed at preventing inflation, and put a main issues in 1950 is going to be the ceiling on prices. The Brannan plan seeks Brannan plan, whether they like it or do Are there those who think, in these to maintain the purchasing power of farm­ not like it. That is going to be an issue days of the radio, when some of us fight ers, but leaves a free market for the del\ler for the farmers, and when we fight to and consumer. It takes the Government out in the farm States. Any Republican who get on the radio, that we will not let the of the food-brokerage business tn perishable is interested merely has to take a trip farmers know about the situation? If farm products. The CPA curbed the normal among the farmers-I care not whether any politician in America thinks that trends of supply and demand, but the Bran­ he goes among the farmers of Nebraska is going to happen, he will have another nan plan would allow prices to find their or of South Dakota, or of North Dakota, think coming. natural supply and demand level. or of Montana, or of Wisconsin-and he will find that what I have said is correct. Another question asked me as I went Then, as I went through the country, That- is the issue. throughout the country was this: I was asked another question: I repeat, Mr. President, that in reply Question No. 6: Many opponents of the Question No. 8: The philosophy of the Brannan plan say that it will give tq the Brannan plan seems to be . a high income to the fifth question I was asked during farmer an actual cash subsidy or dole, in­ for the farmer and cheap prices to the con­ my recent trip, I said that- stead of price support for his products, and suqier. That sou:nds, of course, like magic. The fact that present legislation is inade­ will make the farmer a public beggar for a Many critics of the proposal say that some­ quate to accomplish the objective of main­ fair income. What is your comment? body ts going to have to pay the bill. Is taining fair farm-purchasing power 11 re­ Answer. Certainly no one should imply there a danger that the cost of the program flected in the present trends of farm prices that assurance of a fair return for the farm­ will be ruinous? and farm income. Farm prices have dropped er's product is a dole, and the farmer cer­ an average of 23 percent in less than 2 years tainly cannot be called a public beggar in How often have we heard these words and are still going down. But farmers still accepting such assurance. upon ·the Senate floor? Here is the have to pay within 4 percent as much for The Brannan plan rewards individual answer: what they buy as they paid 2 years ago. In initiative, rewards efficiency in producing Answer. There is a difference between 1947 farm operators had a net income of high-quality products and in sound market­ cheap prices and normal prices, which is all nearly $18,000,000,000. Last year it was down ing; it does not reward the inefficient or those the Brannan plan proposes. Of course, some­ to around fourteen billion. The forecast for too lazy to produce. body is going to have to pay the bill for any 1950 is for a net income of under $12,000,- Government aid to agriculture--they have to 000,000. We know of the criticism of the Bran­ nan plan. They will pay you for not pay it right now. But the real cost of any A drop of one-third, Mr. President. raising pigs. They will pay you for not Government farm program is the total food I merely venture to suggest that per­ raising crops. I say not a word of it is bill plus the Government expense. And the haps some of the Senators who are today Brannan plan's proposal to allow consumers true. I continue the answer: to share tn the abundance of perishable prod­ absent may wish they had -been present, We have a minimum-wage law because we ucts would not only avoid artificially main­ when the votes are counted in 1950. Do believe it is sound national policy, but it cer­ tained high food prices, but would save the they think the farmers are going to ac­ tainly isn't a dole; the man who refuses to Government the tremendous present cost in cept a cut of one-third, that they will work or is inefficient tn his work ts replaced transporting, handltng, processing, and accept a reduction of their income from with someone else. storage of perishable products. The cost in $18,000,000,000 in 1947, to an income of The least we can do is provide the same the tax bill would be offset to a great extent less than $12,000,000,000, a drop of $6,- kind of protection to agriculture--to see by savings in the food bill, instead of the con­ 000,000,000, in 1950, and not rebel? Do that the efficient producer gets fair returns sumer being penalized by paying double as at for his toil, even if it means Government present-both in taxes and higher food costs. they think the farmers will not get rid aid when conditions beyond the farmer's of Senators and Representatives re­ control prevent such fair returns in the Mr. President, the present prices are so sponsible for this drastic reduction? If normal market. high in some instances that recently it Senators and Representatives think that We don't regard tariffs as "dole" for In­ was stated upon the floor of the Senate way about it, then in my judgment they dustry; we don't consider those using the that one-third of the population is still underestimate the intelligence of the mails "beggars" because the Government assumes a share of the costs. undernourished. producers in the United States. I con­ On this question of cost, we must also tinue the answer: Look at Time, Fortune, Newsweek, consider the bigger question of avoiding a That is a decline of one-third in net farm Life magazine, which cost the taxpayer farm-led depression which would be far more income at a time when national income is at $9,000,000 a year by way of postage to costly than any f~rm aid now. or near its all-time peak. Even in 1948, be­ send through the mail. The magazines Instead of ruinous costs, as the question fore the present declining trend got into fu!l and newspapers do not come within implies, the administration program could in swing, the Bureau of Census estimated that $9,000,000 of paying their postage. The effect be self-supporting by helping maintain 3,300,000, or about half of all the families in taxpayers pay it. We do not call it a the general economy at a full-employment agriculture, received family cash lucomes level, increasing the national income and from both farm and nonfarm sources of less dole, do we? But if the farmer is given a small amount, it is a dole, it is a sub­ thereby increasing Government revenue with­ than $2,000, and that one-fourth received out more taxes. less than $1,000. sidy. We say to the airplane companies who fly their planes all over the country As I went around the country, Mr. For whom do Senators think the farm­ and who carry the mail, "We will give President, I was asked question No. 9, ers are going to vote under those circum­ you $45,000,000 a year. We will give it which is as follows: stances? President Truman says, "We to you as a subsidy." And the air lines want the Brannan plan." The Republi­ Question No. 9: Senator AIKEN has charac­ get it. When the farmer gets a little terized the Brannan plan as an attempt to cans say, "Oh, no"-and they are joined something, it is a dole, and he is a beggar. subsidize the food bill of all the American by many Senators on the other side of t continue reading my answer: people and charge the cost up to a farm­ the aisle-"you cannot have it. It is so­ I think it is unfair to use such terms 1n support program. Do you think the Brannan cialism. It is against free enterprise. regard to aid to agriculture that has been plan will make the farmer appear to be the It is regimentation." With one-fourth justided by historic tradition and economic recipient of benefits which are really derived of all the farm families r~c~iving less necessity. by other people? 944 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 26 Here is my answer to that question, wm be staggering? Price supports do not If Congress enacts the Brannan plan, it will go into effect, under the Brannan plan or any make good on this compact with the people. Mr. President: other plan, until the prices of farm com­ Let me point out also that tJ:ie Brannan Perhaps the best answer to that is to quote modities go down out of line with the prices plan includes exactly the same kind of price­ Senator AIKEN. As you know, he is a good that farmers pay for the things they have support program we· now have for the stor­ friend of the American farmer, although to buy. able crops. It includes loans and purchase there are some points of difference between agreements for cotton, corn, wheat, and to­ .him and certain other friends of the farmer. It is only when the price of grain goes bacco just as we have now. How can any­ down and the price of farm machinery Mr. President, I doubt that there is a body say that a program continuing what goes up that the Brannan plan would we have now would make farmers dependent better friend of the American farmer apply. on Congress for annual appropriations? sitting upon the Senate floor-I mean, I continue reading: They base their unfair charge upon the when the Senators are all present. fact that the Brannan plan proposes to ex­ [Laughter.] · In other words, price supports do not go into effect until farm commodity prices be­ tend mandatory price support to some com­ I repeat: come unfairly low. The cost of price sup­ modities that can't be adequately supported As you know, he is a good friend of the port cannot be staggering before farmers are with our present legal machinery. American farmer, although there are some in a depression, which is just one step from Mr. President, as I said a moment ago, points of difference between him and certain national depression. Those who say that other friends of the farmer. - the cost will be staggering are really saying at the present time loans are included on Senator AIKEN said in Senate committee that we are going to have a depression and cotton, corn, wheat, and tobacco. What hearings where Secretary Brannan's recom­ had just as well make up our minds to it. does the Brannan plan include in addi­ mendations were being discussed that there tion? were not irreconcilable differences. He went They are not optimists, Mr. President; These commodities include some of the on to say, and this I am quoting: "As far as on the contrary, they are pessimists. most important ones from the standpoint of I am concerned, we can make a few minor They say, "There is bound to be a de­ farm income-milk- amendments to title II of the Agricultural pression." We have been hearing that Act of 1948 and let it go into effect on Jami­ for at least 18 months. Even some of Why should not the consumers, the ary 1 and say that three-quarters of the the persons who send out little pamphlets women and the children, get milk Brannan plan is now in operation." That for which they charge from $15 to $18 cheaply?- ends the quotation. a year have been prophesying a depres­ hogs, beef cattle, lambs, eggs, and chickens. · Again, let me say that there might be dif­ True enough, the Brannan plan proposes to ferences of opinion about the accuracy of sion. support these perishables by means of pro­ that statement, but it indicates how Senator In the Brannan plan, the administration duction payments, because that seems to be AIKEN was thinking. ls seeking to swing the full force of the Na­ The question is whether the people of this the only means of supporting them without tion's effort into the fight against the start taking them away from the consumers who country would really charge the production of depression. That is far different from want more of these nutritious foods. payment part of the Brannan plan 'against. waiting for a depression to develop before the farmer as they now charge against the starting to fight. The people who want very The people in the cities want milk, farmer the outlay for loans and Govern­ low, or so-called stop-loss price supports, they want eggs, chickens, lambs, and ment purchases. Person~lly, I think the are really saying, "Let's wait until depres­ beef. Why should they not get them at town and city people of inis country will see sion ge.ts here before we do anything." that the payments are the sensible means of fair prices? supporting perishables because they protect I might say, Mr. President, that some It is also true that payments will require farm returns and let consumers buy at regu­ of my Republican colleagues, aided by congressional appropriations. But the con­ lar market prices. Our friends in organized a few Senators on the other side of the sumers wm be able to see direct benefits to labor have indicated this makes good sense to themselves from this type of price support. them. Many of them have always supporteq. aisle. think in that way. City Congressmen will gladly vote for this farm price-support legislation because they Let me point out something else about type of price support because it makes such thought it served the general welfare even this business of "staggering cost." A lot de­ good sense. Farmers will have.new allies in though it sometimes seemed to be hard on pends on whose viewpoint you use to look their efforts to maintain a decent farm in­ low-income workers. at the problem. I think farm organizations come. Now the farmer has a chance to make even should be expected to use the farmer's view­ Some people try to tell you that tax money closer friends of the American laboring men point. And from the farmer's viewpoint for payments would be a subsidy while tax and women, because this proposal by Secre­ the cost is staggering whenever prices become money for commodity loans and Government tary Brannan makes good sense to labor as unfair. Compared with 1947, farmers lost purchases of farm commodities does not well as to agriculture. $2,000,000,000 of purchasing power in 1948 amount to a subsidy. But that is drawing But before anybody gets any funny ideas and another $2,000,000,000 of purchasing such a fine line that you can't see the line. about that, let me say that the Brannan plan power in 1949. They are likely to lose an­ does not propose to subsidize consumers. It other $2,000,000,000 of purchasing power in The PRESIDING OFFICER Wendell Willkie, and the book which .not know that the Communists were go­ rupt practices in connection with such pri­ mary or general elections. was written telling how that nomination ing to get nine-tenths of all that ma­ "SEC. 9. This article shall be inoperative was secured. I talked with some of the terial." Let them go out among the unless it shall have been ratified as an delegates and was informed that they voters who have to pay income taxes and amendment to the Constitution by conven­ were paid $25 apiece to sit in the gallery explain why they voted to send billions tions in the several States as provided in the from morning until night and to chant upon billions of dollars to almost every Constitution." "We want Willkie." They were headed foreign country on the face of the globe. Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, very by Tom Lamont of the House of Morgan, The United States Government has given briefly stated, the substitute provides for who went to Philadelphia to secure the away a sum larger than the assessed the abolition of the electoral college and ·nomination of Wendell Willkie, a great valuation of 11 States of the Union. We for direct election of the President and power magnate. have given away $3,750,000,000. . Vice President of the United States by What did we see in Chicago when Mr. Some persons have had the temerity to the direct vote of the people of the coun­ Roosevelt was nominated again? A man say, "If you do not vote for it, we will have try. Yesterday, when the distinguished was stationed in the sewer with broad­ war." They said, "We are for peace." Senator from Massachusetts was speak­ casting equipment, and at the appropri.. I voted against it, Mr. President. I ing in behalf of his resolution, he very ate time he shouted, "We want Roose­ said the Democratic Party ought to throw kindly yielded to me for a question. I velt.'' It was planned by a gang in away the donkey emblem and the Re .. asked the Senator this question: Chicago when the Democratic Conven .. publican Party ought to throw away the tion took place. I call .them gangsters, Is it not true that if the election of a elephant emblem, and both parties President were to be decided on the. basis of for want of a better term. Some people should agree on the same emblem, name­ .the popular vote, there would be a much call them politicians. Anyway, a simi­ ly, the scoopshovel. greater attentlance at the polls than there lar gang nominated Wendell Willkie on Surely, Mr. President, we are all famil­ would be if the measure sponsored by the the Republican ticket. A couple of iar with the book written by Mary Sparks Senator from Massachusetts should go into weeks later, after meeting in a smoke­ telling about the meeting arranged by effect? filled room, after they had made their ·Whitelaw Reid and Mrs. Reid in New I may say the Senator had just been deals, the other party nominated a man. York at which the British Ambassador, showing that for quite a number of years There was not much choice. The big Lord Halifax, was present. Whom did there had been in some of the States of business interests nominated both of they invite to that little, select group? the Union a very, very light vote for the them, and the leaders of the big business The Senator from Ohio [Mr. TAFT] and candidates for various offices, and that interests went to a cocktail room and Mrs. Taft. A waiter was standing be­ the voting was, and is, at a very low ebb. drank their gin and bourbon and said to hind each chair. One of the greatest The junior Senator from Massachu­ the American people, "Go out and fight things BOB TAFT ever· did in his life setts replied to my que.stion as follows: and see which of the two will be elected." occurred when they wanted to commit They did not care; much, which of the · Mr. LODGE. I think that is true. I think him to the British policy of plunging this there would be a greater attendance, yes. two it would be. Nation into war and giving away money As the Senator from North Dakota knows, I That is the kind of thing, Mr. Prest.. to Great Britain. BOB TAFT walked out have been in favor· of a direct popular vote, dent, that my substitute amendment is of that room. He was too big an Amer.. but, being a realist, I discovered some years designed to stop. Surely, when our fore­ lean to stay there. Some people say that ago that it was an impossibility to achieve, fathers came to this continent they in­ when he walked out he lost to Wendell because it did away with the principle of tended to make this Government a gov .. Willkie the Republican nomination ·for equality of .States in the Senate. But I think ernment of, for, and by the people. the Presidency. unquestionably a direct popular vote would In my substitute I have gone further increase interest very much. Mr. President, I introduced this sub­ than to provide a direct primary in stitute as an original bill 4 years ago, 3 Naturally, Mr. President, I appreciated which any man or woman may be nomi.. years ago, and 2 years ago. The last the open and frank statement of the nated for President. I have gone further, time I introduced it, the Christian Sci.. distinguished Senator from Massachu­ and have provided that even though that ence Monitor published an article en­ setts. As always, he was frank in his man or woman shall become the candi­ titled "Let the People Elect the Presi­ answer. date of the party, anyone else who can dent." Mr. President, by direct vote of the get a certain percentage of signers to a I ask unanimous consent that this people we elect the mayors of our cities; petition may also run, if he so desires. article may be printed at this point in we elect the governors of our States; My distinguished friend from Massa­ my remarks. we elect Representatives in Congress and chusetts [Mr. LODGE] stated yesterday we elect United States Senators. Nb that in one State only 1 % percent of There being no objection, the article good reason has ever been shown to me the people voted. Think of it, Mr. Presi­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, why the people of the United States dent, only 1 % percent of the people voted. as follows: should not go to the polls and elect their One gang names one candidate, the other LET THE PEOPLE ELECT THE PRESIDENT-VOTERS President and Vice President by direct OF UNITED STATES URGED TO RISE UP AND gang names another candidate, and then DEMAND ABOLITION OF ELECTORAL COLLEGE vote. Surely the heads of good, patrio .. they call on the American people to cam­ (By Hon. WILLIAM LANGER, United States Sen- tic Americans must hang in shame when paign for their election. The people do ator from North Dakota) we think back to the Republican conven .. not have a thing to say as to whom the The Republican Party hopes next year to tion at Chicago at the time when Gen.. candidate will be. Why should they be elect its first President in 16 years. But, eral Leonard Wood and some other Re .. interested? What.difference has it made even though its candidate polls a clear-cut publicans were running for the Prest .. in the past three or four elections, so far majority of the total popular vote and wi~s dency, and it was shown that some of the as policy was concerned, who would be the election in more than two-thirds of the delegates were paid as much as $100,000 President? · States, he still may never become President. 950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 26 Instead, his Democratic opponent could _be To offset this Democratic victory in 12 number of letters which I received from declared the victor and sworn in for a 4-year States, suppose the Republican candidate all over America. term, and the Republicans would be helpless carries all the other 36 States and rolls up a There being no objection, the letter to do anything about it. thumping total of 60,000,000 in the popular You may say that for that to happen would vote. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, be a rank miscarriage of justice; a violation After counting up these respective votes, as follows: of the principles of democratic government. the logical assumption would be that the PASADENA, CALIF., July 10, 1947. Very true. But it has happened before and final curtain had come down on the New Deal Hon. WILLIAM LANGER, can happen again. Twelve of our 32 Presi­ and that the RepubUcans would be moving United States Senator, dents have been elected to that high office into the White House next January. Washington, D. C. without the benefit of a majority of the poP­ Such would not be the case. An election DEAR SIR: I have read, reread, and carefully ular vote. All because we have neglected to ts never won until the last vote is counted, considered your most valuable and interest­ make a very necessary change in the Con­ and in this instance the electoral college ing article in the magazine section of the stitution and to replace a worn-out part of casts the last vote-and the only vote tha~ Christian Science Monitor of June 21. the election machinery which it set up. counts. We would have a Democratic Presi­ It gives me a ray of hope. For some time I think the people of the United States wlll dent for another 4-year term. I have felt that it was of no use for me to make that change if given an opportunity to The 12 States carried by the Democratic vote, and yet I have .kept up the habit of do so. To afford them that opportunity, I candidate would have 268 electoral votes. years. have introduced in the Senate a constitu­ The 36 States carried by the Republicans It would be a pleasure to me to aid in the tional amendment to abolish the electoral would ·have 263 electoral votes. promotion of a change such as your article college and provide for the election of the The fact that the Republicans had piled up suggests. I am today writing to our Senator President and the Vice President by a direct a 35,000,000-vote majority in the popular and Representative in Congress, and coul.d popular vote of the people. vote would have no bearing whatsoever on write to others if I had their Washington My resolution woUld make one other very the final outcome. Thus we see that the addresses. important change; it would take the job of electoral-college system, instead of protect­ I have called the attention of a few friends nominating the candidates for President and · ing democracy, could actually become the here to the proposed change, and in my cor­ Vice President out of the hands of the politi­ instrument for its destruction. respondence with friends in the East, will cians and place that solemn responsibility There are many other reasons why this mention your plan . and suggest that they where it belongs-squarely .on .the shoUlders obsolete, dangerous, and completely illogical write to their respective Congressmen. of the American people. I think we ought method of electing the President should be The idea of the President and Vice Presi­ to take the selection of our highest executive abolished. It concentrates too much politi­ dent being elected directly by the people officers out of the atmosphere of smoke-filled cal power in too few States. It lends itself agrees perfectly with that of the people's sec­ back rooms and politic.al horse-trading. too easily to the machinations of crooked tion of the United Nations, which is being I want to make absolutely certain that the politicians and has helped spawn the big­ ably promoted by Mr. Carlyle Morgan. As man sworn into the Presidency of the United city bosses and their political machines. It you may have notfoed, his reports of prog­ States is the man that the majority of the is a constant threat to majority rule of the ress ar(l from time to time published on tha people want. people, and could very readily provide the editorial page of the Christian Science We certainly have no guarantee of that back-door entrance for the rise of a dictator Monitor. now, under the electoral-college system. In in this country. With best wishes for a successful outcome, most States, the people never have a chance The electoral college is a relic of the stage­ I am, · to vote directly for either President or Vice coach era. In fact, one of the primary rea­ Very respectfUlly, . President. They vote for electors who in sons for its adoption in the first place was (Miss) EL~ M. KINSLEY. turn are pledged, but not legally bound, to the lack of facilities for rapid communica­ cast their ballots for the respective candi­ tion and transportation. It took months to Mr. LANGER. I have before me an dates of the Republican or Democratic Party? complete the count on the popular vote. editorial which appeared in the Times Each State has the same number of elec­ Electors, on the other hand, could be readily Leader of Wilkes-Barre, Pa., on April 17, toral votes for President as it has Represent­ determined in most States on the basis of 1947. I should like to read a few lines atives in Congress. My State (North Dako­ voting trends. The rise of polltical parties from the editorial: ta), for example, has four. Wyoming has and the emergence of the two-party system, developments which the founding fathers In the 157 years since the Constitution was 3, New York 47, Massachusetts 17. ratified, four amendments have been passed Under the unit or bloc-voting system of did not foresee, has further eUminated the need for continuing the electoral-college which affected the methods or participants the electoral college, each State is required of national elections. The twelfth amend.. to cast all its electoral votes for one candi­ system. Let me point out also that if my amend­ ment made the office of Vice President sub­ date, the candidate having the highest pop­ ment is adopted, it will not be the first ject to election, rather than giving it to the Ular vote. If the Republican candidate car­ change we have made in the manner of elect­ losing candidate in the race for President. ries New York, he gets all 47 of the State's The fifteenth amendment gave the vote to electoral votes, even though his margin over ing the President. Originally, the Consti­ tution provi~ed that the .candidate who re­ Negro citizens; the seventeenth provided for the Democratic candidate in the popular vote ceived the highest electoral vote should be popular election of Senators; the nineteenth may be only a single ballot. the President and the one receiving the next lagalized woman suffrage. To see what a threat to democracy this highest vote should become Vice President. Now Senator LANGER; of North Dakota, has electoral-college system ·is, and how easily The twelfth amendment to the Constitution, proposed another change. He would give th.e the will of the people could be thwarted, let's adopted in 1804, changed that to provide for people the privilege of selecting candidates take a look at what might conceivably happen separate ballots for each office. for President and Vice- President through di­ in the presidential election next year. I hope that the people of the United States rect national primaries conducted by both A bitter battle is now r.aging in Congress major parties. over labor legislation. Regardless of the out­ will rise up in their might and demand the abolition of the electoral colleg~; that they In the rush of recent events, Mr. LANGER's come of that battle, the labor question is will insist· upon their fundamental right to suggestion hasn't caused much popular ex­ going to be one of the burning issues of the nominate and elect the President and the citement. Yet it is sound enough to merit 1948 campaign. The election could very well Vice President by a direct popular vote. wide discussion. , turn on that one issue. · The biggest, most obvious advantage o! In the heat of that congressional battle, The people can have that right if they want it, and as soon as they want it. But the proposal would be to remove the chance you are likely tci see the two great labor for bosses or small political groups to frus­ organizations, the CIO and the AFL, welded they will never get 1t if they wait for the politicians to give it to them on a silver trate the people's will. This is not the rule, together in a solid front for the next cam­ but it has been done. paign. In that union, it is obvious that platter. They must flg~t for it. They must prod Congress into action. The all-impor­ Theodore Roosevelt's defeat in the 1912 neither love nor votes will be wasted on the Republican convention was pretty clearly a Republican Party. tant first step ls to get the amendment ap­ proved by the Senate, and I hope that an defeat for rank-and-file sentiment. Warren Suppose that labor, solidly united behind a.roused public opinion will bring that about a: Harding emerged from the fog of a smoke:­ the Democratic candidate, concentrates its at. the present session. filled room as a boss-picked Republican can­ vote drive on 12 pivotal States in which it didate in 192CJ. There is reason to believe swings the balance of power-Pennsylvania, Mr. LANGER. At the same time, Mr. that Al Smith, not John W. Davis, was the Illinois, California, Mis.souri, Kentucky, Indi­ President, from all over the country I re­ popular· Democratic choice in 1924. In fact, ana, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Massachu­ ceived thousands of letters. I ask unan­ Wendell Wlllkie's nomination is about the setts, Texa.:i, and Wisconsin. imous consent to have one of them print­ only recent example of direct public influ.­ Assume that this rev~nge campaign of labor ence 1n picking a new candidate. ts successful and that the Democratic candi­ ed in the RECORD at this point as a part date for President carries these 12 States, and of my rem~rks. It was written to me by Mr. President, that was done by Tom that he gets a total popular vote of more Miss Ella M. Kinsley, whom I have never Lamont. He went to Philadelphia and than 25,000,000. met. The letter is typical of a great took charge, paying $25 to every man 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 951 and woman who went in the gallery and amendment was offered and was de­ Orde1·ed, by unanimous consent, That on shouted, "We want Willkie; we want feated, I voted for the Lodge joint reso­ the calendar day of Wednesday, February 1. Willkie." I say that because Republi­ lution. I wish to say very frankly that 1950, at the hour of 3 o'clock p. m., the Sen­ ate proceed to vote, without further debate can delegates who were there told me if my substitute cannot be adopted, I upon amendments to the joint resolution about being participants in handling intend to support the Lodge joint reso­ (S. J. Res. 2) proposing an amendment to some of the money and hiring some of lution. I believe I cast the deciding vote the Constitution of the United States pro­ the people. to report the joint resolution from the viding for the election of President and Vice I ask unanimous consent that the en­ Committee on the Judiciary. President, and upon the final passage of the tiie editorial may be printed as part of I might say that this proposal is noth­ said joint resolution: Provided, (1) That no my remarks at this point. ing new. A Democratic Senator, Sena-­ amendment that is not germane to the sub­ tor Smith, of South Carolina, tried to ject matter of the said joint resolution shall There being no objection, the editorial be received; (2) that no vote on any amend­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, get such a resolution adopted years ago, ment shall be taken prior to the said hcur as follows: as the records of the committee will of 3 o'clock; and (3) that no amendment DIRECT PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARIES show. George Norris, of Nebraska, de­ shall be in order which has not been formal­ In the 157 years since the Constitution voted weeks, when he was chairman of ly offered or submitted as a proposed amend­ was ratified four amendments have been the Committee on the Judiciary, to get­ ment prior to the hour of 1 o'clock p. m. on passed which affected the methods or par­ ting this kind of an amendment to the said day. ticipants of national elections. The twelfth Constitution adopted, but he could not Ordered further, That the time between 1 . amendment made the office of Vice President g~t it through the Senate. I have read o'clock and 3 o'clock p. m. on said day be subject to election; rather than giving it to and reread every single word of the de­ equally divided between the proponents and the losing candidate in the race for Presi­ the opponents of the said joint resolution bates uttered on this floor on that sub­ and controlled, respectively, by the Senato1• dent. The fifteenth amendment gave the ject. The measure introduced by poor vote to Negro citizens; the seventeenth pro­ from Massachusetts [Mr. LODGE] and the vided for popular election of Senators; the George Norris was amended and amend­ Senator from Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON]. nineteenth legalized woman suffrage. ed and amended and amended upon the floor of the Senate until he coUld not Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ Now Senator LANGER, of North Dakota, has sent that that proposal be agreed to. proposed another change. He would give recognize it himself. Each amendment the people the privilege of selecting candi-. offered, if it had been adopted, would . The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there dates for President and Vice President have taken more power away from the objection? through direct national primaries conducted people of the United States. Mr. McCARRAN. Mr. President, I by both major parties. Mr. President, before we come to a vote notice a new phase in the proposed In the rush of recent events Mr. LANGER's upon this subject, I intend to speak upon agreement, the phase dealing with ger­ suggestion hasn't caused much popular ex­ it again. The speech I intend to deliver maneness. It is the first time it has been citement. Yet it is sound enough to merit brought to my attention that the ques­ wide discussion. is all prepared, but I think I have said The biggest, most obvious advantage of the enough at this time so that any of my tion of germaneness has arisen here. proposal would be to remove the chance for colleagues who are interested in giving The requirement of germaneness has bosses or small political groups to frustrate the people the power to elect their own never been made by the Senate. In other the people's wlll. This is not the rule, but President wilJ be put upon notice and ·words, we have never excluded amend­ it has been done. will not be able to say later that my ments on the ground of nongermane­ Theodore Roosevelt's defeat in the 1912 proposal came up without their knowl­ ness, if they were at all in keeping with Republican convention was pretty clearly. a edge, or before they had sufiicient time the subject matter; Notwithstanding defeat for rank-and-file sentiment. Warren to digest it thoroughly and study it. that fact, perhaps I might not object to G. Harding emerged from the fog of a smoke­ the unanimous-conse_nt agreement, ex­ filled room as a boss-picked Republican can­ Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I sug­ didate in 1920. There is reason to believe gest the absence of a quorum. cept that it seems to establish a prece­ that Al Smith, not John W. Davis, was the The PRESIDING OFFICER tion of the Senator from Michigan [Mr. his very valuable and able counsel and to amend the Hatch Act; agreed to the VANDENBERG] from the joint committee. advice as a member of the Senate's Spe­ conference asked by the Senate on the At the request and on the recommenda­ cial Committee on Atomic Energy, and of disagreeing votes of the two Houses tion of the Republican steering com­ the joint committee, and the great and thereon, and that Mrs. NORTON, Mr. mittee, and the Republican committee far-reaching contributions his judgment HARRISON, and Mr. LECOMPTE were ap­ on committees, under a policy which they and wisdom have made in the activities pointed managers on the part of the · have adopted, the Chair appoints the of the committees, continuing through House at the conference. distinguished Senator from Ohio [Mr. for some time, I personally am sorry, as EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED BRICKER]. I know the other members of the joint Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, in A$ in executive session, committee are sorry, that circumstances The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the connection with the appointment of the will cause us to lose his services and ad­ Senator from Ohio [Mr. BRICKER] to the vice, espacially in times -0f doubt and Senate messages from the President .of Joint Atomic Energy Committee, I wish difficulty in this field. the United States submitting sundry to say that he was at one time a mem­ nominations, which were referred to the I am certain, from his statements to appropriate committees. ber of that committee, but lost his mem­ me, that he stands ready in any way he bership because of a change of commit­ can to contribute his counsel and advice to make his address on Monday at noon, To be lieutenant commanders IN THE .ARMY instead of proceeding this evening? Axel B. Axelson Thomas N. Kelley APPOINTMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY Mr. FERGUSON. Because of the Ashton H. Barnes Arthur M. Davison AND IN THE REGULAR ARMY lateness of the hour, the Senator from Martin D. Berg William R. Sayer Brig. Gen. Ernest Marion Brannon, 012292, Michigan would prefer, having obtained Frederick B. Thatcher William B. Durham for appointment as The Judge Advocate Gen­ the floor, to proceed at noon on Monday. To be assistant professor witn the grade o/ eral, United States Army, and for appoint­ Mr. McMAHON.. Some Members of lieutenant commander ment as major general, Judge Advocate Gen­ Robert E. Reed-Hill eral's Corps, in the Regular Army of the the Senate have considerable office work United States. to do and numerous appointments to To be commissioned instructor with tht Brig. Gen. Franklin Prague Shaw, 08168, keep, and, since it suits the convenience grade of lieutenant for appointment as Assistant Judge Advo­ of the Senator from Michigan, I now Raymond J. Perry cate General, United States Army, and for move that the Senate take a recess until To be lieutenants appointment as major general, Judge Advo­ Monday next at 12 o'clock noon, at which Nathan L. Fendig Clyde J. Miller cate General's Corps in the Regular Army time the Senator from Michigan will be Edwin S. Radford Alfred J. Unger of the United States. recognized. Andrew J. Grogard John M. Nagy TEMPORARY APPOINTMENTS IN THE ARMY Oi' The motion was agreed to; and

Bennett F. Avery (civilian college grad­ Lieutenant Richard L. Stenshoel Wendell N. Vest uate) to be a commander in the Medical Clarence W. Bowman Alexander M. Stewart Paul G. White Corps of the Navy. The following-named officers to the grades Samuel T. Stumbo Robert M. Wilkins The following-named (civilian college indicated in the Nurse Corps of the Navy: Joel D. Sugg David W. Wilkinson graduates) to be lieutenants (junior grade) Oral R. Swigart, Jr. Walter G. Wilson 1n the Medical Corps of the Navy: Lieutenant Aubrey W. Talbert, Jr.William B. Wilson, Jr. John D. Bealer James J. Humes Emma H. Lichtenwald Arvin C. Te,schner Edwin W. Wislar Richard L. Thompson Frederick M. Woeller Deck E. Chandler Maurice N. Johnson Lieutenants (1unior grade) Konstantin H. Geo- Billy D. McKneely William S. Torrance Roger Wolin earls Donald J. MacPherson Kathryn C. Duprea Dallas B. Trammel James L. Wood Robert C. Hastedt Pierce P. Newman, Jr. Mae I. Schumm Richard :Ii:. Tremblay Kenneth W. Yonkman Dale A. Hudson Joseph A. Witt IN THE MARINE CORPS Thomas G. Troxel, Jr. Thomas S. Young III George F. Tubley Marvin H. Zelibor The following-named women (civilian col­ QUARTERMASTER GENERAL Edward F. Tucker Joe F. Zuccarello lege graduates) to be ensigns in the Supply Maj. Gen. William P. T. Hill, United States Thomas A. Tweedy Corps of the Navy; Marine Corps, to be Quartermaster General Elizabeth Baker Alys I. George of the Marine Corps, with the rank of major Patricia E. Blakely Barbara J. Peterson ge_neral, for a period of 2 years from Febru­ Elizabeth Campion Elizabeth C. Schwartz ary l, 1950. Rut:p. A. Dinsmore The following-named (Naval Reserve Offi· HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The following-named (civilian college cers' Training Corps) to be second lieuten• graduates) to be ensigns in the Supply Corps ants in the Marine Corps from the 2d day of THURSDAY, JANUARY 26, 1950 of the Navy from the 3d day of June 1949: June 1950: Frederick B. Bunke Robert T. Mayo Robert G. Acheson Albert B. Jeffers, Jr. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. Stephen R. Edson, Jr. Elvin L. Van Zee Peter F. C. ArmstrongHomer E. Johnson Rev. Bernard Braskamp, D. D., pastor Alfred S. Kulczycki . Edwin H. Arnaudin, Warren R. Johnson of the Gunton-Temple Memorial Pres­ Chester T. Radecki (civlUan college grad­ Jr. Gale A. Katz byterian Church, Washington, D. C., of· uate) to be an ensign in the Civil Engineer Harold Arutunlan Paul X. Kelley fered the fallowing prayer: Corps of the Navy frotn the 3d day of June Joe M. Barnes Kenneth J. Killgore 1949. Robert H. B::irkshire Raymond H. Koch Almighty God, Thou art man's refuge The following-named (civilian college James L. Blaclt Jered Krohn in the stillness of the night and his Malcolm R. Blakeslee, Ronald H. Laack strength in the struggles of each new graduates) to be lieutenants (junior grade) Jr. Richard E. Lafreniere in the Dental Corps of the Navy: . day. James M. Brannaman Richard M. Larsen Milton C. Kohler Ray A. Rigterink Paul W. Brosman, Jr. Robert L. Larsol;l We are again approaching Thy throne PhUip E. McLaughlin Frederick F. Brower, James S. LeVoy through the old and familiar way of The following-named (civilian college Jr. Richard D. Lindow prayer which is never closed to those who graduates) to be ensigns in the Medical Serv­ Francis A. Brewster Robert A. Louis come with a humble spirit and a contrite ice Corps of the Navy: Robert H.-Brunker Louis P. Louro heart. Travis W. Drummond Richard H. Burnett Nolan Lushington May this be a day of unclouded vision Ray F. Paige Franklin K. Burns Paul F. McBain James B. Callahan Bain Mcclintock when we shall see more clearly the peer­ Vera L. Ortynsky (civilian college grad­ less worth of the ideals and principles uate) to be an ensign in the Medical Service Donald A. Campbell Darrell L. McCormick Corps of the Navy, Richard E. Campbell Robert F. McCulloch of democracy and the certainty of their Gary J. Carle Keith E. McKee ultimate triumph. The following-named to be ensigns in the Ralph W. Carver Paul S. Maeder Grant that our President, our Speaker, Nurse Corps of the Navy: Bruce Chandler Robert B. March Helen M. Balashek Dolores G. Irion Will J. Clardy, Jr. Jerry F. Mathis and all the chosen representatives of our Ella Barber Kathryn D. Kutina William F. Clarkson, Eric T. Miller beloved country may have the guidance Mirtis R. Beaudrot Betty J. Lewis Jr. Roddey B. Moss of Thy spirit in their deliberations and Dorothy E. Blackmore Gloria L. Mcintyre John T. Cooper Stewart A. Munroe, Jr. decisions. · Lola C. Bull Mildred J. Pastrana · Lawrence G. Copeland Walter F. Murphy, Jr. Inspire them with those desires which Mattie L. Chandler Ruth A. Petchesky Eugene T. Corcoran Harvey A. P. Myers III Thou dost delight to satisfy and may Irene M. Chulack Onis Spinks John E. Courtney James W. Myers Audrey M. Devaney Vivian I. Tedder James P. Cowley Hal S. Needham they hold their own wishes in abeyance Mary T. Duhamel Loraine H. Tourvllle Randle C. Cox Murray L. Nelson until Thou dost declare Thy will. Bernice E. Fenn Joan Warmack James J. Creamer Aloysius E. O'Flaherty May we be loyal partners with all who Pearl Y. Gasper Fern R. Warnes James P. Cruis.e III are seeking to bring in that glorious Helen M. Gustas Charlene T. Yasiunas David I. Curtis Howard B. Olson day when men and nations everywhere Eva V. Haring JoycElaine M. Zim- John S. Daggett Glenn E. Omholt shall walk together the highways of Ollve J. Haskew merman Albion C. Deane III Peter G. Paraskos Betty J. Hogan Adela DeL. Zubke Claude E. Deering, Jr. Davis R. Parker brotherhood and good will. Mary N. Hood Lawrence E. Donegan, David A. Patriquin Hear us in the name of the Prince of The following-named oftl.cers to the grades Jr. Robert C. Phelps Peace. Amen. indicated in the Medical Corps of the Navy: Tommie G. Dudley Jack N. Phillips Maurice G. Duncan Reagan L. Preis The Journal of the proceedings of yes­ Commander William D. Duryea II Robert E. Presson terday was read and approved. - LeRoy F. Friend Robert A. Eccles, Jr. Kenneth F. Provost MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE Lieutenant commender Robert LaM. Egbert David J. Pudas Vernon G. Eisenbraun Joseph D. Reed A message from the Senate, by Mr. George M. Bell Adolf F. Ems · James L. Rice Carrell, one of its clerks, announced Lieutenants Robert B. Farrell Nicholas E. Ries, Jr. tha;t the Senate had- passed without David J. Greiner Don P. Ferguson Elmer P. Rieser amendment a concurrent resolution of Harold V. Palmer James J. Ferro Harvey F. Robbins the House. of the following title: William B. Fleming Ray c. Roberts, Jr. Lieutenants (junior grade) Ernest C. Friesen, Jr. Donald E. Ross H. Con. Res. 152. Concurrent resolution Richard H. Lee Willard P. Arentzen Winfield P. Fuller, Jr. Philip F. Ruppel authorizing the printing of additional copies Markham J, Anderson Donald T. Kelley Robert B. Gawne Richarq W. Scott of the hearings relative to the Federal Fair Walter Gibbs, Jr. W111iani E. Shackel- Employment Practice Act for the use of the The following-named officers to the grades Committee on Educatior.. and Labor. indicated in the Dental Corps of the Navy: Hobart C. Gottlieb .- ford Edward F. Green Donald DeL. Shrier Lieutenant The message also announced that the Herman H. Hamilton Charles A. Sloan, Jr. Senate .nad passed a joint resolution of Thomas J. Hanson Orville W. Hampton Erin D. Smith the following title, in which the concur­ Lieutenant (funior grade) Eugene F. Hertling Richard J. Smith William L. Heuser, Jr. James E. Spangler rence of the House is requested: James E. Naser John H. Hews . David M. Staples S. J. Res. 25. Joint resolution proposing an The following-named oftl.cer to the grade Charles J. Hoffman Johns. Steel amendment to the Constitution of the indicated in the Medical Service Corps of.the Kenneth D. Horn- Richard B._Steinmetz, United States relative to equal rights for NQivy: bacher Jr. men and women.