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Page 1 ED 320 484 AUTHOR TITLE INSTITUTION REPORT NO PUB DOCUMENT RESUME ED 320 484 HE 023 567 AUTHOR Winkler, Donald R. TITLE Higher Education in Latin America. Issues of Efficiency and Equity. World Bank Disci:.;ion Papers 77. INSTITUTION World Bank, Washington, D. C. REPORT NO ISBN-0-8213-1518-8 PUB DATE 90 NOTE 170p. AVAILABLE FROMThe World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433 ($10.95). PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not AvailablE from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Cost Effectiveness; Educational Policy; Efficiency; Enrollment; *Equal Education; *Financial Support; Foreign Countries; Government School Relationship; *Higher Education; Latin Americans; Private Colleges; Public Colleges; *Public Education; *Resource Allocation IDENTIFIERS *Latin America ABSTRACT The current state of higher education in Latin America is examined in discussion papers which attempt to identify the major problems in efficiency, finance, and equity in the area and offer policy zhcices for improving university performance and quality while maximizing society's return on its investment. The papers are organized as follows:(1) the institutional context which proviaes the boundaries for analysis and public policy debate; (2) efficiency in resource allocation within the higher education sector; (3) efficiency in resource allocation between higher education and other sectors;(4) equity in the distribution of access to and government subventions to higher education;(5) sources of finance for higher education (sections 2 through 5 focus on undergraduate instruction primarily in larger countries in Latin America); (6) issues in graduate education and research; and (7) a discussion of prescriptions for the improvement of equity and efficiency in Latin American higher education. Appendices include county -by- country breakdown of enrollments, higher education expenditures, and other statistics related to higher education that are indicative of specific countries. Contains 145 references. (GLR) *************************************************************x********* * Reproductions st.pplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** Plg rre ... World Bank Discussion Papers Higher Education in Latin America Issues of Efficiency and Equity Donald R. Winkler "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCETHIS U.S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION MATERIAL INMICROFICHE ONLY Oece of E tonal Research and Improv3ment HAS BEEN GRANTED BY ECU ONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) THE WORLD This document has been reproduced as BANK received from the person or organaation onginatinp rt O ',Amor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality TO THE EDUCATIONALRESOURCES Points of view o opiruons stated )r) this docu INFORMA noN CENTER ment do not neCeSsann 'epresent official (ERIC) 0E111 poSibon or policy BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2 RECENT WORLD BANK DISCUSSION PAPERS No. 25. 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All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing March 1990 Discussion Papers are not formal publications of the World Bank. They present preliminary and unpolished results of country analysis or research that is circulated to encourage discussion and comment; cit::ion and the use of such a paper should take account of its provisional character. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Any maps that accompany the text have been prepared solely for the convenience of readers; the designations and presentation of material in them do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank, its affiliates, or its Board or member countries concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of the authorities thereof or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or its national affiliation. Because of the informality and to present the results of research with the least possible delay, the typescript has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to Director, Publications Department, at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the rept oduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to photocopy portions for classroom use is not required, though notification of such use having been made will be appreciated. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications, which contains an alphabetical title list and inc.exes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions; it is of value principally to libraries and institutional purchasers. The latest edition is available free of charge from Publications Sales Unit, Department F, The World Bank. 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'Iena, 75116 Paris, France. Donald R. Winkler is a senior economist in the Human Resources Division, Technical Department, of the World Bank's Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office. ISSN 0259-210X Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Winkler, Donald R. Higher education in Latin America : issues of efficiency and equity / Donald R. Winkler. p. cm. (World Bank discussion papers ; 77) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8213-1518-8 1. Education, Higher--Latin America. 2. Educational equalization- -Latin America. 3. Higher education and state--Latin America. I. Title. II. Series. LA543.W56 1990 378.8--dc20 90-34254 CIP Abstract Enrollments in Latin American universitiesincreased tenfold between 1960 and 1985, resulting inhigher education opportunities equivalent to many industrializedcountries. Government spending, however, did not increase commensurately withenrollment demand, leading to lower quality instruction in public universitiesand dramatic growth in private higher education. Private institutionsnow account for one-third of total enrollments in Latin America. This heterogeneity in Latin American higher education makes it difficult to drawconclusions regarding efficiency and equity which apply to all institutionsand all countries. Resource allocation ia the public universityin Latin America is frequently inefficient. Teacher salaries are too low to
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