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The European 500-1500 CE CONTEXT

● After the fall of : ○ Western fragmented into small kingdoms (never again reunited under central imperial rule) ○ The East continued on as the Byzantine until 1453

THE (330 CE-1453 CE)

● Eastern - carried on Rome’s legacy, traditions for another 1000 years ● Roman imperial tradition- leaders commonly called Roman (why?) ● Spoke Greek (culture based around Hellenism) ● was official religion- rulers seen as ordained by God and in control of both and ()- an issue that would contribute to the split in the Church by 1054 ● Wealthier than the West- access to Eurasian routes ● - and strategic trade location

Byzantine art What does tell you about the empire? THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (330 CE-1453 CE)

JUSTINIAN- ruled 527-565 CE

● Updated Roman - Justinian’s Code ● Re-conquered many former Roman lands lost in the West ● Expanded trade ● Built the (monumental church)

Hagia Sophia THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (330 CE-1453 CE)

EMPRESS THEODORA- Justinian’s Wife

● Convinced Justinian to stay during the Nika Riots (massive anti- ) ● Worked to give women more rights THE GREAT SCHISM (1054) ● Religious issues (such as the ability of priests to marry and use of religious icons) came to a head in 1054 ● The in and patriarch in excommunicated each other Patriarch ● Resulted in two branches of Christianity- Pope Leo IX Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Michael I Cerularius

THE GREAT SCHISM (1054)

● Another issue was in regard to icons ● Roman supported the use of icons (why?) ● rejected use of icons, then supported them after the rebelled THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (330 CE-1453 CE)

FALL OF THE EMPIRE

● After the Great Schism, about 400 years of decline ● Newly converted Turkish invaders gained influence from the Muslim . ● Turks seized important trade cities; Constantinople eventually taken by the Ottoman Turks in 1453

EARLY ● Two Orthodox from the Byzantine Empire- Cyril and Saint Methodius- worked with the (the people that inhabited the forests north of the Sea) in the ● They invented an alphabet for the that would enable them to read the - this was called the Cyrillic alphabet Cyrillic alphabet EARLY RUSSIA ● Interaction w/ Byzantine missionaries and = Slavs adopted many Byzantine cultural elements ● This cultural blending (Slavic + Greek traditions) later produced Russian culture ● Slavic peoples had similar cultures but no political unity EARLY RUSSIA ● 800s: (called “Rus”) arrived- later built forts along rivers and settled with the Slavs ● Russian legends say Slavs invited Viking chief to be their - in 862 he founded Novgorod (Russia’s first important city) ● 880: A nobleman from Novgorod moved south to Kiev, which grew into a (small state ruled by a )

EARLY RUSSIA ● Kievan Rus had much contact with the Byzantine Empire through trade ● 980 CE: Prince Vladimir converted to Christianity; Orthodox Christianity became the official religion of Russia ● Kievan Rus declined from 1054-1200s (partially bc interrupted trade) ● took over Russia in 1240- established the Khanate of the Golden Horde- ruled Russia until 1480, isolated Russia from the happening in Western Europe

Question:

What effects did the constant Germanic invasions have on the ?

Effects of Germanic Invasions on the Western Roman Empire: -Disruptions to trade -Destruction of cities

-Depleted -Decline of learning

-Nobles (and many people of other classes) retreated to rural areas

-Loss of a common language

-Changing concept of government (Germanic people were loyal to family and local , not emperors) Question: What aspects of the Roman Empire continued during the Middle Ages in

Europe? What Aspects of the Roman Empire continued during the Middle Ages in Europe?

-The Christian faith

-The language merged with in Western Europe (eventually resulting in the languages that we have today such as Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, and French)

-The Byzantine Empire in the East continued the Roman imperial tradition (strong centralized government led by an , Roman , etc.)

THE ● 511: King Clovis united the Franks under Christianity. ● Rulers, Church, missionaries worked together to spread Christianity ● 732: (Charles the Hammer) halted Muslim expansion at the of Tours (significance?) ● Franks then began their own , the (ruled 751-987)

CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE

made the Carolingian Empire the most powerful empire since Rome ● Funded the creation of many - encouraged art and ● Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of Rome by Pope Leo III (how is this significant?) ● ● 843: Treaty of - split the Carolingian Empire into 3 parts (significance?) NOTES (500-1000)

● The breakdown of central rule in the Carolingian Empire as a result of the Treaty of Verdun (843), combined with new waves of attackers (the Vikings in the north, the Maygars in the east, and the in the south and southeast) resulted in a move to a political and based on land ownership and personal loyalty known as THE VIKINGS ● Were a Germanic people, referred to as Northmen or ● Brutal in combat ● Used longboats ● Raided monasteries for food and wealth ● Expert navigators ● Developed early commercial fisheries in ● Sailed as far away as North America (Leif Erikson, around 1000) ● Reign of Terror ended as more Vikings accepted Christianity and a warmer climate made more people turn to EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) Feudalism became a dominant method of political, social, and economic organization in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.

What is feudalism?

Why did feudalism start in Europe during the Middle Ages? FEUDALISM

Feudalism was a system based on rights and obligations, and depended on control of land.

Reasons for feudalism ● couldn’t effectively defend their lands from invasions ● Local rulers gained political strength if they could offer protection ● Easier to defend a small territory during this time

FEUDALISM

● Lords mostly self-governed- interacted with kings only to provide service ● Serfs () tied to land (not slaves) ● - land went to eldest son.

Manorial system (almost entirely self-sufficient) Despite their harsh lives, most peasants accepted their positions and responsibilities in feudal .

WHY?

● Provided protection ● Expected to follow the code of (many didn’t) ● and from Asia, influence from Muslim European feudalism vs. Japanese feudalism EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) ● Local lords were constantly fighting one another (why?) ● Massive walls and guard towers surrounded ● Attacking utilized warfare with medieval tech including: , siege tower, and trebuchet EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) SOCIETY AND CULTURE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES ● Women in feudal society: ○ Mostly powerless, seen as inferior (Church supported this view) ○ Noble women had more rights, such as the ability to inherit estates from their husbands, but still restricted SOCIETY AND CULTURE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES ● of the time idealized chivalry and life ● Lords and enjoyed epic poems ● - bands of travelling poet-musicians ROLE OF THE CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES ● Stabilizing force- brought unity ● Dominant social and cultural influence ● Attempted to remove pagan practices ● often sought to influence political matters as well as religious life ● Collected () ● Church law (canon law)- regulated things like ● People who violated canon law faced (heretic- one who is at odds with the Church) MEDIEVAL MONASTERIES ● Had wealth and resources ● Political, economic, and religious centers ● would record information, create - keepers of knowledge during this time

THE ● Medieval - collection of feudal territories ● Why didn’t Germany unite? ○ Repeated conflicts with the pope ○ System of German electing the king weakened royal authority EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) THE AGE OF FAITH ● 900s: Spiritual revival in the Church clergy ● 1200s: Wandering friars spread the Church’s ideas ● This new spirit in the Church + more from the growth of and trade helped construct new ● 800-1100: Churches were built in the Romanesque style (arches, tiny windows, heavy roof) ● 1100s: Gothic emerged (tall spires, pointed arches, flying buttresses)

A Romanesque-style church

(Examples of gothic cathedrals) TOP: Inside the Notre Dame in Paris

RIGHT: Cathedral in Germany THE CRUSADES ● What were the CAUSES of the Crusades?

● What were the EFFECTS of the Crusades? THE CRUSADES CAUSES OF THE CRUSADES INCLUDE:

● Plea for help sent by the Byzantine emperor in 1093 for help against the Seljuk Turks (Muslims) who were threatening Constantinople- Pope Urban II called for them ● Desire to defend , not lose additional land to Muslims ● Desire to take back (including ) from Muslims ● Religious zeal (spirit) inspired by the Age of Faith ● Economic incentive: merchants could by making loans to finance the Crusades and by gaining access to trade routes ● Desire for adventure and purpose ● Religious motive: pope promised forgiveness of sins, assured a spot in Heaven

THE CRUSADES FIRST FOUR CRUSADES:

First Crusade (1096-1099): Crusaders defeated Muslims, won a narrow strip of land containing Jerusalem, carved out from this territory

Second Crusade (1144-1155): Mission was to recapture the city of Edessa, which had been reconquered by Muslim Turks; ended in failure.

Third Crusade (1187-1192): Mission was to recapture Jerusalem; Richard the -Hearted of agreed to a truce with of the Muslim Turks in which Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, but Christian pilgrims could visit holy sites

Fourth Crusade (1202-1204): Another attempt to recapture Jerusalem, never made it there; knights looted Constantinople instead

THE CRUSADES EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES INCLUDE:

● Women had more opportunities with men off crusading ● Merchants expanded trade with SW Asia ● Spread the bubonic ● Failure of later crusades lessened the power of the pope ● Did not result in any lasting territorial gain for ● Weakened feudal nobility, increased the power of kings ● Increased spending on the ● Interaction with Byzantines and Muslims sparked a growth of learning in Europe (incl. Classical Greek and Roman texts); desire for Eastern goods ● Religious intolerance and prejudice toward Muslims THE CRUSADES

● In the 1200s, four more Crusades to free the Holy Land were also unsuccessful ● Religious spirit of the dwindled by 1200s ● : was the effort to drive out the Muslims (), finally achieved in 1492; Isabella and Ferdinand (Spanish monarchs) used the to unify Spain under Christianity- heretics were often tortured or killed The Spanish Inquisition QUESTION: During the later Middle Ages, Europe changed dramatically from 1000-1400. What were some of those changes? LATER MIDDLE AGES (1000-1300) Changes to medieval Europe from 1000-1300 include:

● Increase in agriculture (warming climate, introduction of the three-field system, and use of horses to pull plows) ● Increases in trade and finance ● Growth of towns and cities ● Population growth LATER MIDDLE AGES (1000-1300) Changes to medieval Europe from 1000-1300 include:

● Increased learning (including renewed interest in classical texts; writers such as sought to prove religious teachings could coexist with classical philosophy) ● Development of (incl. Cambridge, Oxford) ● Formation of , or organizations of individuals inthe same trade that seek to improve the lives of members and the community as well ● Commercial : increased availability of various goods and new ways of doing LATER MIDDLE AGES (1000-1300) Changes to medieval Europe from 1000-1300 include:

- 13th century German & Scandinavian commercial alliance. Controlled trade in North and Baltic seas= monopoly + no more pirates. Traded timber, grain, leather, and salted fish. Lasted until the 17th century. DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLAND ● 800s: Small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms ● 800s: pushed out the Vikings, united England ● 1066: King of England dies w/o successor (open )- ( of in ) claimed it- invaded England and won at the Battle of Hastings ● William gave land to nobles loyal to him- established central govt ● 1100s-1200s: England developed a court system, ● 1215: Nobles forced cruel King John to sign the - guaranteed some basic political rights (no taxation w/o representation, right to jury trial)- limited power of the king DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLAND ● Formation of : ○ Edward I needed to raise money for war against the French- called on burgesses (citizens of wealth and ) and knights to serve as a parliament (legislative group) ○ 1295: First parliament met at Westminster in , would meet whenever a new was called ○ Eventually 2 houses of Parliament- House of Lords and House of Commons

*What began as an advisory group later emerged as a check on the power of the king. DEVELOPMENT OF FRANCE ● After the breakup of Charlemagne’s Empire (the Carolingian Empire)- feudalism ● 987-1328: of French kings ruled France ● Philip II, Louis IX expanded French territory, centralized govt ● Bailiffs would preside over courts, collect taxes ● Appeals courts were created ● 1302: French king Philip IV called a meeting of lords and to gain support for policies- created the Estates-General which included: ○ First Estate- Church leaders ○ Second Estate- Great lords ○ Third Estate- (landowners, merchants)

*Unlike England’s Parliament, France’s Estates-General never became an independent check on the king. BLACK

● Known as the , the was spread by infected fleas that lived on rats ● Sometimes the disease would enter the lungs, causing pneumonic plague (more easily transferred) ● Spread along trade routes ● 1346: Mongol armies were laying siege to a city on the called Kaffa; from there, rats infested with fleas boarded ships bound for Europe

QUESTION: WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE IN EUROPE?

BLACK DEATH

Effects of the plague include:

● End of the manorial system (feudalism) as serfs left the manor in search of better wages ● Medieval society was disrupted ● Church suffered loss of prestige- loss of faith ● Population fell dramatically ● Trade declined ● Nobles resisted demands for higher wages-> peasant revolts ● Superstition abounded- wrongly blamed THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR QUESTION :What were the causes and charateristics of the Hundred Years’ War? THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR ● The time of conflict between England and France from 1337-1453 is called the Hundred Years’ War. ● When the last French Capetian king died without a successor in 1337, England’s Edward III (grandson of Philip IV) claimed the French throne ● Back-and-forth, but English get some decisive victories from 1337-1420 ● 1420: French, English signed a treaty stating Henry V (English) would inherit the French crown upon the death of French king Charles VI. ● 1429: French teenage felt moved to rescue France from England, heard voices she believed were ; led French to victory at the Battle of Orleans; was eventually captured by the English, given to the Church, deemed a heretic- burned at the stake ● Eventually resulted in French victory in 1453 ● English were driven out of France, except in port city of

QUESTION : What were the effects of the Hundred Years’ War?

HUNDRED YEARS WAR

Effects of the Hundred Years’ War include:

● Ended medieval society in Europe- knights, chivalry no longer dominate ● Changed warfare in Europe- introduced the , which could be fired rapidly and could penetrate armor- rendered cavalry ineffective (introduced by the English) ● Feelings of in England and France