Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 1 Environmental Educators without Borders (Grupo Educadores Ambientais Sem Fronteiras, GEASF)

Organizations involved: Fundaexpresión (Colombia), Heñoi (), Colectivo VientoSur (Chile), CIPCA (Bolivia) and MUPAN (Brazil) Author: Juana Vera Delgado Editor: Megan Morrissey Translator: Megan Morrissey Cover page photos: GEASF, CIPCA, Colectivo VientoSur, Fundaexpresión and Lisa Meyer Back cover photo: Inés Franceschelli

This publication has been made possible thanks to...

financial support from EU DEVCO. The opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of our contributors.

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 2 Contents

Summary of the Women2030 LAC Gender Assessment Report 4 1. GFC and the Women2030 program 7 2. Participating organizations and the context of the communities involved 8 3. National policies regarding women's rights in Latin America 13 3.1 Policies and standards regarding the elimination of 14 3.2 Policies and regulations regarding access to and ownership of land 15 3.3 Policies and regulations regarding political rights and democratic parity 16 3.4 Policies and standards regarding labour rights and equal opportunities in vocational 17 education 3.5 Policy instruments regarding 18 4. Barriers and constraints faced by social organizations and women's organizations in 20 implementing Sustainable Development Goals 4.1 Lack of rights over the use and control of land, forests, and other natural resources 21 4.2 Living conditions and basic services 23 4.3 Lack of appreciation and full recognition of the role of women in maintaining family and 24 community agri-food systems 4.4 Domestic, political, and structural violence 26 4.5 Undervalued ‘reproductive’ work and remunerative discrimination of ‘productive’ work 28 4.6 Women's effective participation in decision-making spaces and political leadership 31 4.7 Gender and climate change 32 4.8 Gender and biodiversity and forest conservation 34 4.9 Insufficient budgets to implement the gender equality agenda 38 5. Alternative responses from women's organizations to advance gender equality and 39 (living well) 5.1 The Peasant and Community Reserves Collective of Santander in Colombia 39 5.2 Peasant and Indigenous women in Paraguay organize to tackle unsustainable agriculture 41 and climate change 5.3 The promotion of or among the Mapuche in Chile 42 5.4 The experience of agro-ecological crop diversification under irrigation in Bolivia 43 5.5 Environmental education and women's rights projects in Brazil 44 6. Conclusions and recommendations 45 References 50 Annex 51

Young at her organic farm, Colombia. FundaexprGeesnidóenr Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 3 Summary

Summary of the Women2030 LAC Gender Assessment Report

Global Forest Coalition (GFC) member organizations in Latin America, Africa, and Asia have conducted gender assessments in the communities that they work in based on processes of recognizing, understanding, and addressing the causes of gender injustice in rural, forest, and Indigenous communities.

Through analysing gender- local, national, regional, and with the different gender barriers disaggregated data, we wish to not international levels. they face, and the sustainable only expose the current alternatives to the dominant inequalities in communities, but The gender assessments aim to patriarchal capitalist paradigm also provide evidence-based assess progress towards SDGs 1, 2, they create in order to achieve recommendations to help 5, 6, 13, and 15. Data was collected mutual coexistence between decision-makers assess the through interviewing individuals people and nature–a notion implementation of the Sustainable and groups in the communities known in Spanish as or Development Goals (SDGs) on the according to a participatory “living well”. Finally, chapter four ground. methodology framed in an presents the conclusions and intercultural and gender- recommendations of the gender This report presents the results of responsive approach. The results assessments. gender assessments carried out by and discussions of the gender five organizations in Latin America: assessments are presented here in While all five organizations work in Fundaexpresión in Colombia, four chapters. The first chapter unique local contexts, the results HEÑOI in Paraguay, Colectivo deals with the different existing of the gender assessments VientoSur in Chile, CIPCA in national policies and international indicate that the gender injustices Bolivia, and MUPAN in Brazil. With agreements and instruments on faced by women in all their support from the Global Forest gender equality. The second diversity and in rural, forest, and Coalition through the Women2030 chapter analyses the economic, Indigenous communities involve program, these five organizations social, and cultural barriers common patterns of are implementing capacity- women (and men) face to making differentiation, and gender building and women's legal instruments truly effective in hierarchies based on persistent empowerment, communication, relation to the six SDGs listed patriarchal practices. These outreach, and advocacy projects to above and prioritized by the practices are deeply-rooted in defend the rights of women and Women2030 program. Chapter colonial, extractivist, and capitalist vulnerable populations at the three examines the work that models. One of the common women’s groups engage in to cope denominators emerging from the

Women2030 project, Paraguay. Susana Balbuena

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 4 Summary

gender assessments is the widespread violence faced by women in its various and interconnected forms: domestic, political, and structural. This violence is disproportionately directed towards Indigenous and Afro-descendant women from rural communities and marginalized urban areas, and levels of are increasing in each country (see section 4.4), despite the fact that on paper Discussing women's rights , Bolivia. CIPCA there has been progress in implementing national laws and versus 17% in Paraguay, and an between 2010 and 2015. international agreements to overage of 40% in Chile • eradicate all forms of violence (Indigenous Mapuche against women (see section 3.1)1. communities). Increasing At the same time, growing dispossession of land and This is violations of human and forests due to incursions for counterproductive when environmental rights at the hands extractive industries makes planning and developing of extractive industries (such as access to land even more resilience policies. In practice, commercial tree plantations, critical for women. women interviewed indicate that unsustainable livestock and • they are more affected by feedstock farming, and mining), increasing water scarcity and have a particularly dramatic effect food insecurity, and forced on women in rural, forest, and Although ultimately this work migration. Indigenous communities. Unlike sustains the patriarchal • domestic violence, these rights capitalist system, national violations are promoted and statistics often group women protected by international trade under the categories of agreements and national laws ‘inactive’, ‘not working’, or ‘does While it is recognized that designed to boost economic not contribute to the family women play decisive roles in the growth. economy’. conservation and management • of biodiversity and forest Specifically, the gender ecosystems, their exclusion assessments demonstrate the from decision-making makes it different structural barriers that easier for extractive industries to women face to “living well” due to , even though continue harming forests and and many of these are led by biodiversity, often in the name environmental injustice. These women. 31.7% in Chile, 25% in of ‘sustainable management’. barriers include: Bolivia, and 18.7% in Brazil. • • One of the conclusions highlighted in the gender assessments is that Except for Bolivia, where increasing numbers of women's female access to land is around One exception is organizations and environmental 47% in the Altiplano- La Paz Bolivia, where the percentage of movements believe that gender and 52% in Cochabamba women elected to serve in and environmental justice are key Valley, in Colombia, only 8% of departmental assemblies to achieving the SDGs. It is women interviewed own land, increased from 27.6% to 45.5% recognized that the climate crisis,

1 Relevant initiatives and institutions include: the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW); Beijing Platform for Action; ILO Convention 169; Agenda 2030; Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women (Convention of Belém do Pará); Latin American Committee for the Defence of Women's Rights (CLADEM); Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR).

Women2030 project, Paraguay. Susana Balbuena

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 5 Summary

social injustices, and gender-based The key recommendations are: resilience, and by destroying violence–and, more recently, • All forms of violence against forests and other biodiverse pandemics–are directly related to women, , and Indigenous ecosystems. deforestation, extractive peoples must be urgently • The United Nations should not industries, and the current eradicated, including an end to be complacent when it comes patriarchal modes of production the persecution, violence, and to the VNR process; parallel and consumption. murder of environmental work is required between leaders. More effective laws superstructures and It is also recognized, at least at the must be established at the communities to specifically local level, that women are not local level that punish not only address local needs and only victims of structural and the perpetrators of violence, support the alternative climate injustice, but also but also the institutions responses that women and protagonists who are assuming (courts, police, and other their organizations are leadership roles and developing bodies) that enable the developing to achieve gender sustainable local alternatives to perpetrators. justice and in pursuit of achieve (living well). • There is a need to halt (living well). Such an However, voluntary national megaprojects and the approach would contribute to reviews2 (VNRs) of individual expansion of extractive achieving a number of SDGs countries’ progress towards industries in the five countries through strengthening the vital achieving the SDGs do not reflect featured in this report and role that women play in forest this. Much progress would be demand the demilitarization of conservation, biodiversity made toward achieving Indigenous communities and protection, and climate sustainable development if UN territories. Governments and mitigation at the local level. organizations were to pay more banks must be urged to stop attention to and support local subsidizing destructive initiatives for developed industries, which by women’s organizations and disproportionately impact Indigenous and forest women by harming livelihoods, communities. cultural identity and climate

2 Voluntary National Reviews are reports that serve to monitor and review the implementation of the SDGs. Countries are required to submit them to the UN High-Level Political Forum each year.

Women2030 project, Brazil. GEASF

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 6 GFC and the Women2030 program

1. GFC and the Women2030 program

The Global Forest Coalition (GFC) is an international coalition of NGOs and Indigenous Peoples’ Organizations defending social justice and the rights of forest peoples in forest policies. As a feminist organization, gender equality and women’s rights in forest conservation and forest- related policies is a key component of GFC’s campaigns.

Through the Women2030 development of women- and community-generated, gender- program, GFC members and forest community-led solutions and disaggregated data is crucial for communities are addressing initiatives to address threats understanding the gender- gender-responsive forest created by the structural, differentiated experiences in conservation, sustainable environmental, and gender communities and capturing the development, and women’s rights inequalities being faced. This has realities on the ground. These in several ways. Many of these included, for example, supporting findings and recommendations women’s groups and communities women in local communities to can therefore be used to hold are defending their forests against build their own sustainable policy-makers accountable and harmful development projects and livelihoods and strengthening the foster more appropriate and just policies, unsustainable industries, dialogue on SDGs, patriarchy, sustainable development and failing local governance, and state gender equality, and women’s forest policies. In the Women2030 discrimination against Indigenous rights in communities. program, GFC has maintained a Peoples, which threaten their focus on Latin America, where its forests, territories, food Community-level gender members and allies have carried sovereignty, and livelihoods. assessments play a significant role out several gender assessments. Members are working with in analyzing the perceptions and This document presents the Indigenous Peoples and local recommendations of both women assessments performed by our communities to mobilize and build and men in communities on member organizations in Bolivia, the capacity of women’s groups in various topics including climate Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and the field of forest conservation change impacts, biodiversity Paraguay. and sustainable development in conservation, land rights, and general, as well as to support the division of labour. Such

Forest landscape near Women2030 project site. Simone GLoenvdeerraAnalysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 7 Participating organizations

2. Participating organizations and the context of the communities involved

During the implementation of the gender assessments, one aspect of the political context of the five countries that stood out was the emergence of ‘nationalist’ authoritarian governments (ultra- right-wing administrations in Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay, and leftist ones in Bolivia and Colombia).

These governments appear to 2018. These fires were closely 3.8 million hectares by September prioritize economic development linked to the expansion of large- 2019. In Paraguay, particularly in based on megaprojects and scale livestock production, which is the northern part of the country, extractive industries (with growing being encouraged in all five at least 600 blazes were counted. militarization) that destroy forests countries. In Bolivia, according to and biodiversity. For example, in the environmental group Below are descriptions of the five August 2019, 30,901 forest fires organizations that led gender were reported in the Amazon , forest fires, assessments in each country: region3, nearly three times as particularly in the central area of many as in the same period in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, exceeded Fundaexpresión, Colombia

Fundaexpresión is a cultural and the conservation of forests, communities in the municipalities environmental civil society biodiversity, and water as of Lebrija, Matanza, and Suratá. It organization that helps various common goods. Contributing to also implemented capacity- local communities with the the process is the work of five building projects through purpose of strengthening the self- peasant organizations and 415 subgrants to the following management capacity of peasant rural families. women's organizations: families, urban dwellers, women's AMMUCALE, ASOVIVIR, and groups, youth organizations, and In relation to the Women2030 grassroots organizations. Its work program, Fundaexpresión carried . is part of the organizational out a gender assessment in north- process of the Collective of eastern Colombia in the Colombia has endured more than Peasant and Community Reserves department of Santander, 60 years of internal violence. of Santander, which is based on specifically in three rural Although the peace agreement with the FARC guerrilla group was a very important event4, several The festival of taste advocates for food sovereignty and women's rights, Colombia. Fundaexpresión armed actors and criminal groups linked to drug trafficking continue to operate in different parts of the territory, a situation that has prevented peace among the Colombian population and hindered the management and conservation of local biodiversity and forests. Colombia is one of the so-called megadiverse countries, which have the highest biodiversity on Earth.

3 https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-49811380 4 On September 26, 2016, a peace agreement was signed between the government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 8 Participating organizations

Centro de Estudios y Promoción de la Democracia, los Derechos Humanos, y de la Sostenibilidad Ambiental, HEÑOI, Paraguay

HEÑOI carries out activities involving research, training, awareness-raising, and support for the actions undertaken by the social and political movements of Paraguay that demand or promote human rights; expand citizen participation; strengthen public institutions and community organization; and promote socio- economic and environmental sustainability. Its activities prioritize the development of a critical Community meeting in Paraguay. Inés Franceschelli citizenry in the construction of an equitable, solidarity-based society Patria Nueva, Distrito Itaugua, Genetically-modified soy and corn that is respectful of human rights Departmento Central. The monocultures, unsustainable and nature. Since 2017, it has is managed by livestock production, and more worked closely work with women, many of whom are single recently rice and eucalyptus Indigenous and peasant women in , and is an urban/peri- monocultures, have converted the the urban community that continues countryside into a wasteland and to fight for ownership of its land. (particularly the eastern region) HEÑOI has also implemented and rural peasant and Indigenous subgrants with the following populations into pariahs on their women's organizations: own land. In this scenario, peasant to enhance their CONAMURI, FNC, and CULTIVA. As and Indigenous women are the advocacy capacity in the defence a result of this work, a photo essay direct victims of exclusion and and protection of forests and was published entitled condemnation; they continue to biodiversity within their bear nearly all the responsibility communities through actions for family care tasks6 and promoting social, political, and increasingly take on productive economic empowerment. tasks (both on their farms and as 5. domestic workers or in the service As part of the Women2030 industry). Women in peri-urban program, HEÑOI conducted Paraguay is a landlocked country and urban areas also face the gender assessments at two sites: historically subjected to successive challenge of supporting their Comité Nueva Esperanza, a rural waves of colonialism that turned families without the educational or community in Santory, Distrito the country into a source of practical training necessary to Repatriación, Departamento agricultural raw materials, a obtain salaried employment. Caaguazú; and Asentamiento situation that endures today.

5 Available here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SV8Qrg_jwVo&t=6s 6 In Paraguay in 2016, women spent 43.4 hours per week caring for children, the elderly, and members of the household in situations of dependence, compared to 27.8 hours per week for men. They also spent 12.9 hours per week on domestic chores, compared to 6.2 hours per week for men (DGEEC, 2016).

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 9 Participating organizations

Colectivo VientoSur, Chile

Colectivo VientoSur is a As part of the Women2030 living conditions created by the multidisciplinary political program, the Collective has dictatorship and deepened by organization without any party or implemented gender assessments subsequent government religious affiliation that is and capacity development projects administrations. The government horizontal in structure and works in Mapuche Indigenous responded with excessive violence holistically to support resistance communities in southern Chile in and systematic human rights and territorial claims. It fights for a the regions of Los Rios and violations. The violations and sustainable and sovereign society Araucanía, specifically with the precariousness are seen in through reciprocal and integrated multiple areas and are worse work with urban and rural among rural and Indigenous communities, promoting and and the communities, including among accompanying local processes of in San Mapuche women. In light of social and environmental change. José de la Mariquina. extractivist policies and wealth The Collective rejects the accumulation through anthropocentric view that turns Chile is experiencing difficult times dispossession, nature, people, and common that will likely be decisive for goods into objects of exploitation achieving radical change to the and commodification. It supports current neoliberal socioeconomic activities that help communities system. A clear turning point in and peoples become aware of the country’s history came on their rights, knowledge, and October 18, 2019, when, after 46 potential to fight for harmonious years of subjugation and ways of life within their territories. resignation, a popular movement led by secondary school students rose up against the injustice, dispossession, and precarious (Fernández, 2019).

Trem Trem Mapu association, Chile. Colectivo VientoSur

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 10 Participating organizations

Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, CIPCA, Bolivia

CIPCA is a Bolivian NGO with a Women2030 project in Bolivia. CIPCA national presence. It seeks to contribute to the Indigenous peasant population by defending their rights and territories and their recognition as actors in development with their own voices and proposals. One of the priority issues for CIPCA is to promote and implement gender-equity policies, modify power relations, and contribute to the achievement of equitable relationships between men and women. This challenge arises in light of the need to overcome all situations of marginalization and violence against women to achieve adequate economic, social, political, and cultural development.

CIPCA is the focal point of the Women2030 program in Bolivia and has involved the following organizations in conducting gender assessments and capacity- building projects:

(Tarija Peasant Women's Centre for Training and Research or CCIMCAT), which works in the Chaco region with the of the Department of Tarija; (Potosí Society for Ecology or SOPE), which works on organizational strengthening in urban and peri-urban neighbourhoods in the city of Potosí;

Women2030 project in Bolivia. CIPCA (Bolivian Platform Against Climate Change or PBFCC), which works on climate change nationally; and CIPCA itself, which has regional offices in Cochabamba and the Altiplano (highlands) and works with Indigenous peasant populations in rural areas.

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 11 Participating organizations

Mulheres em Ação no Pantanal, MUPAN, Brasil

MUPAN seeks to promote greater deforestation since 2012, with an participation of women as average increase of 11.4% per multipliers of sustainable actions year. However, the Brazilian in the context of environmental Amazon has recorded its worst conservation and strengthen their and levels of deforestation in more roles socially, economically, and . All of these than a decade since the arrival to politically. MUPAN carries out organizations are located in the power of President Jair Bolsonaro research and training in state of Mato Grosso. in January 20197. Bolsonaro has collaboration with related local criticized environmental legislation and national civil society Mato Grosso has Brazil’s second- for hindering economic organizations that work on issues highest rate of deforestation, with development in cities in the of women's empowerment and 17.2%; the highest rate is in the Amazon. He has also discredited leadership, enabling them to State of Pará in northern Brazil, environmental prosecutors, who participate in spaces of discussion responsible for 39.5% of the forest have been persecuted, and has and decision-making in Brazil and loss seen in the Amazon region. promoted mining in Indigenous other Latin American countries. These two states, together with territories. The majority of Amazonas and Rondonia, participants in MUPAN’s gender Through the Women2030 represent 84% of the assessment stated that they are program, MUPAN has involved the deforestation occuring in Brazil. Indigenous. following organizations in the The interim director of the implementation of gender National Institute for Space assessments and capacity-building Research (INPE, its Portuguese projects: acronym) and the environment minister have reported a rise in

7 According to INPE, deforestation in the Amazon increased by 29.5% between 1 August 2018 and 31 July 2019 compared to the previous 12 month period, reaching 9,762 km². It is the highest rate since 2008.

Environmental and women's rights education, Brazil. GEASF

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 12 National policies

3. National policies regarding women's rights in Latin America

The advancement and implementation of national policies on gender equality in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is a process that has been developing since the signing of international agreements that commit states to implementing non-discriminatory and more equitable policies between men and women from different social and ethnic spheres.

Social movements, particularly the assessment have all signed these , have played a (CLADEM), and the Inter-American international agreements. during decisive role in implementing Commission on Human Rights the 1990s. Since then, states have these international agreements in (IACHR). There are also important carried out different efforts to favour of demands for equality agreements in this area, including regulate and implement them, and social justice, including the Inter-American Convention on partly in response to environmental and climate justice. the Prevention, Punishment and commitments made in the Eradication of Violence against framework of achieving the International progress includes Women (Convention of Belém do Millennium Development Goals. the following: (i) The 1979 Pará). Because practices of The most decisive progress in Convention on the Elimination of discrimination and exploitation in favour of gender equality policies All Forms of Discrimination against LAC countries are historically has occurred as of the beginning Women (CEDAW), considered the deeply marked by social of the new millennium and the first step in establishing women's constructions that interweave agreements of the 2030 Agenda rights and committing states to a ethnic differences and inequities, for Sustainable Development. This series of measures to eliminate all place of origin, and racial identity, includes policies to eradicate forms of discrimination against this assessment also looks at the violence against women, promote women, enshrining the principle of adoption and implementation of , obtain legal equality between women and men International Labour Organization and equitable access to land, and establishing public institutions (ILO) Convention 169 on achieve democratic parity, protect to ensure its implementation; (ii) Indigenous and Tribal Peoples. rural women, and implement The World Conference on Human gender equality and opportunity Rights in 1993, which put an end In principle, the governments of plans, among others. to the neutral vision of human the five countries8 included in this rights with regard to gender; (iii) The Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing and its Platform for Action (1995), which made extensive commitments in 12 areas that remain relevant priorities 25 years later. These developments constitute a framework of goals for action by states in building more democratic and just societies (ECLAC, 2019).

At the regional level, there are several institutions promoting women's rights, such as the Center for Justice and International Law (CEJIL), the Women2030 project in Chile. Colectivo Viento-Sur

8 Colombia ratified CEDAW in 1982, the Beijing Platform in 1995, ILO Convention 169 in 1991; Bolivia ratified CEDAW in 1990, the Beijing Platform in 1995, ILO Convention 169 in 1991; Brazil ratified CEDAW in 1984, the Beijing Platform in 1995, ILO Convention 169 in 2002; Paraguay ratified CEDAW in 1987 (Law No. 1683) and the Beijing Platform in 1995; Chile ratified CEDAW in 1989 (but only after 18 years, in December 2019, was the optional protocol adopted), ILO Convention 169 in 2009, and the Beijing Platform in 2015.

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 13 National policies

3.1 Policies and standards regarding the elimination of violence against women

In general, LAC countries have includes femicide as a concept for In addition, the Deputy Secretary made significant progress in public criminal action. for Crime Prevention, in eradicating all forms of violence conjunction with the national against women. For a better Law No. 4675/12: This law elevates police (Carabineros de Chile), the understanding of these to the rank of ministry the Investigations Police, the Office of developments, references are Secretariat for Women of the the Prosecutor, the Medical Legal provided below for each country Presidency of the Republic. Its Service, the Gendarmerie of Chile in the study. main functions include the and the Ministry of Women and development of “plans, projects Gender Equality have begun to Colombia: On December 6, 2018, and standards to eradicate develop a homicide observatory to a group of women self-described violence against women”. share the information available in as #Degeneradas (degenerates) each institution and systematize published an analysis in 9 Law No. 1600/00: Against domestic data on homicides in Chile, on national standards to halt violence. This law establishes creating a unified register. violence against women and the norms for protection for any status of their implementation. person who suffers injury or Bolivia: In Bolivia, all forms of The first fact is as follows: physical, mental or sexual ill- discrimination faced by women in treatment by a member of the the country are addressed in the family group, which includes that Political Constitution of the State arising from kinship, in marriage or adopted in February 2009, which common-law partnership, even if includes social and gender equity coexistence had ceased, and also among the values on which the in the case of non-cohabiting state is founded, in addition to the couples and children, whether or general provision on the right of . not they are in common. all persons, and in particular women, to life free from violence. Paraguay: Law No. 5777/16: This Chile: The Inter-American law provides comprehensive Convention on the Prevention, Brazil: Law No. 11340/2006 Maria protection for women against all Punishment and Eradication of da Penha10 recognizes the right of forms of violence and regulations Violence against Women, signed by all women to live a life free from under Decree No. 6973/2017. It Chile in 1994 and ratified in 1996, violence and considers this type of establishes policies and strategies is one of the first international aggression an attack on women's for the prevention of violence instruments Chile adopted to rights. The law obliges the State against women, mechanisms of address violence against women. and society to protect women care and measures of protection, Chile also ratified the Belém do from domestic and family punishment, and integral Pará Convention in 1996. violence, regardless of age, class, reparation, in both the public and race, religion, and sexual private spheres (Article 1). Other According to the National Policy on orientation. The Maria da Penha important articles are: Article 44, Children and Adolescents for 2015- Law incorporates a new paradigm which includes the prohibition of 2025 and its Plan of Action, a by recognizing violence against conciliation or mediation in cases number of bills have already been women as a violation of human of violence; Article 46, which published, such as those regarding rights and not as a less serious incorporates procedural principles the Deputy Secretary for Children, private crime. This applies the for the denunciation of cases of the Office of the Defence of the legal regime applicable to human violence such as authenticity, Rights of the Child and the rights violations to violence speed, discretion and duty to regulation of video-recorded against women. report; and Article 50, which interviews for victims of sexual assault.

9 See: https://www.eltiempo.com/podcast/degeneradas/analisis-de-los-10-anos-de-la-ley-1257-de-2008-de-colombia-sobre-violencia-contra-la-mujer-299462 10 Maria da Penha was a Brazilian victim of violence and attempted murder by her husband, who, with the support of the Center for Justice and International Law (CEJIL) and the (CLADEM), took Brazil to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) for failing to take effective measures to prevent and punish violence and for the judiciary’s pattern of impunity established in the response to attacks of this kind.

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 14 National policies

3.2 Policies and regulations regarding access to and ownership of land

Colombia: Only in 1988 were Chile: In Chile, no national measure, a specific procedure was women recognized as bearers of standards exist that guarantee established to promote the titling land titling rights, although rural women's access to land and water, of rural property for rural women. women continue to be excluded except for the general rules of the Of the total number of titles, from rural property ownership11. civil code on the right to property. which exceed two million, 53% The second National Voluntary correspond to men, 46% to In 2002, the Rural Women's Law Report on the SDGs (2019) women, and 2% to legal entities or (Law No. 731) was enacted to prepared by the Chilean government shows that the (Indigenous Peasant (Women’s Agenda), Territories). which is led by the Ministry of Women and Gender Equity, seeks It should also be noted that, in to have an impact on SDG Targets Bolivia, the Constitution 10.2 and 10.3. This agenda, among recognizes the collective rights of other bills related to marital indigenous and peasant . partnership, modifies the Civil communities to access and use Code and other laws, regulating communal lands. In addition, and Paraguay: The National the patrimonial regime of conjugal in accordance with ILO Convention Constitution (Chapter IX, Section II society and ensuring equal rights 169 the government recognizes on Agrarian Reform) and the between men and women to the right of communities to use Agrarian Statute guarantee access manage their individual and joint the natural resources of the to land for all citizens interested in assets. territory they occupy. working that land. The Constitution establishes under Bolivia: Bolivia is a country that Brazil: Under Brazil’s Civil Code, Article 115 - The Basis for Agrarian made early progress on women's married women could not legally Reform and Rural Development, access to land ownership, acquire or possess property until Item 9: “support for peasant approving the provisions of 1962. The right to land for all was women, particularly those who are CEDAW with Law No. 1100 in 1989. enshrined in 1964 with the Land heads of household”. Similarly, Subsequently, in 1996, Law No. Statute, Law No. 4,504. This item 10 indicates the peasant 1715 was passed, creating the statute ensures that everyone can women's participation in land National Agrarian Reform Service, own land, while at the same time reform plans on an equal basis and applying criteria of equity in respecting the social function of it. with men. the distribution, administration, tenure and use of land for women, The Federal Constitution of 1988, Law No. 5446/15 “On Public regardless of their marital status. under Article 5, guarantees Policies for Rural Women” is also a everyone the right to be the owner step forward, although critical and In the case of marriages and of land, and Article 186 gives the independent peasant women’s domestic partnerships, titles were state the responsibility to ensure organizations did not have the issued for both spouses or that the land serves its social opportunity to participate in its partners working the land, with function. The constitution defines development. This law has not yet the woman serving as the first men and women as equal in their come into force. holder. This law (No. 3545) was rights and obligations. ratified in 2006. With this

11 REVISTA SEMILLAS No. 73/74: Mujeres campesinas sin tierra - rostros de pobreza y exclusión, Eva María Rodríguez Díaz, December 2019. http://www.semillas.org.co/es/revista/mujeres-campesinas-sin-tierra

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 15 National policies

3.3 Policies and regulations regarding political rights and democratic parity

Colombia: The Quota Act, Law No. total number of candidacies Code in 1997 and extended to 581 of 2000, established that 30% presented by a party or list in an municipal elections in 1999. These of high-level public offices must be electoral territory. rules were consolidated in 2001 held by women. The law governs into a new regulation establishing women's participation in decision- In 2016, the Ministry of Women quotas for the elections of making at various levels of and Gender Equality began its senators, deputies, and councillors. government, including the work with the mission of The Law on Citizens' and national, departmental, regional, designing, coordinating, and Indigenous Peoples' Groupings provincial, district and municipal evaluating policies, plans, and (2004) established the requirement levels. programs to promote gender of 50% of women in candidates for equity and equal rights and to popular representation, with Paraguay: A draft law on seek the elimination of all forms of gender alternation in the candidate “Democratic Parity” was arbitrary discrimination against lists. introduced in the Senate on March women (Law No. 20.820). 8, 2016. It was debated and Bolivia's National Development modified by Congress until 2018, Bolivia: The People's Participation Plan for 2016-2020 also establishes and then vetoed by the executive Act of 1994 was the first step the goal of a transparent judicial in November of the same year. forward, guaranteeing equal system that guarantees justice for opportunities for women and men all, including increasing women's Chile: Law No. 20.840, which at the different levels of participation so that women make replaced the binomial electoral representation. It also established up half of judicial authorities. system with an inclusive a duty for proportional electoral system and (Grassroots Brazil: In 1995, there was a legal strengthened the Territorial Organizations) to requirement for a minimum of 20% representativeness of the National promote equal access for women of candidates in political parties or Congress (2015), includes a at the local level. coalitions to be women, which criterion on and increased to 30% in 1997, and in equity according to which neither A 30% quota for closed lists of 2010, by decision of the Superior men nor women may hold more parliamentary elections was Electoral Tribunal, the minimum than 60% or less than 40% of the incorporated into the Electoral quota of 30% female candidates in politics was made compulsory. Processing fruit in Cachirí, Colombia. Fundaexpresión

The “society” axis of the National Development Plan (Plan Brasil2030) lists 10 areas of action, one of which is called “women” and includes the objective of ensuring equal participation in the highest levels of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, eliminating all forms of violence against women and promoting women's comprehensive health and sexual and reproductive rights.

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3.4 Policies and standards regarding labour rights and equal opportunities in vocational training

Colombia: Since 2003, Law No. the National Service for Women Various employment programs 823 has required the national and Gender Equity during those have been developed in Bolivia, government to establish measures years (Flores 2016)12. most of which began in the late to promote equal working 1980s, and they have undergone conditions for women, particularly According to the second National changes and transformations, in regarding the principle of equal Voluntary Report on SDGs13, the some cases continuing to operate: pay for equal work. On the other Ministry of Labor has worked hand, Article 9 of Law No. 823 of intensively on labour inclusion and 2003 stipulates the following: “The gender equity within the state shall ensure women’s access framework of compliance with to all academic and professional SDG 8. The ministry seeks to and programs on equal footing with generate a more inclusive labor men”. market that is free from . discrimination and in which Paraguay: The 2030 National everyone has opportunities to Brazil: In the list of social labor Development Plan includes a goal successfully gain employment. rights, Article 7 of the Federal of increasing women’s formal Constitution of 1988 provides for labor participation by 75%, putting Regarding equal pay, Law No. the protection of the labor market women on equal terms with men. 20348 of 2009 on equal pay for for women through specific It also proposes gender equality men and women amended the incentives under the terms of the and the promotion of an Labor Code so that employers law, as well as the prohibition of integrated gender approach in comply with the principle of equal differentials in wages, the exercise public policies to achieve equal pay for men and women of functions, and criteria for opportunities and equal treatment performing the same work. admission based on sex, age, between men and women. The colour, or marital status. cross-cutting issues are equal Bolivia: Women's participation in opportunities throughout the life the workplace has increased in Other labor rights for women cycle without discrimination based Bolivia in the last decade, include maternity leave (for on gender, ethnicity, place of birth, however, conditions in most areas biological or adopted children), or family environment; efficient remain precarious and informal, breastfeeding rights, weight- and transparent public with low wages and without health bearing limits, miscarriage leave, management; territorial insurance. Meanwhile, progress in and overtime rest. management; and environmental the incorporation of women into sustainability. the labor market is not being The National Development Plan accompanied by shared (known as Plan Brasil2030) Chile: Chile's first equality policy responsibilities for domestic includes as one of its objectives began to be implemented early on duties, both on the part of men “achieving equal pay between men compared to the rest of the and the state. Over the past and women”. countries of the region, prior to decade, women's increased the Fourth World Conference on involvement in economic activity Women in Beijing in 1995. Chile's and discrimination in their access first Equal Opportunity Plan to paid work have translated into covered the period 1994-1999. The sustained high rates of Plan served as the basis and unemployment. guiding principle of the work of

12 Flores Salazar A (2016) Políticas públicas de igualdad de género en Chile y Costa Rica. Un estudio comparado. Doctoral thesis. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 13 Segundo Informa Nacional de Chile, June 2019. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/ 23507Informe_Nacional_Voluntario_CHILE_Junio_2019_final_1.pdf

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3.5 Policy instruments regarding gender equality

In addition to gender policies, LAC countries are the following planning tools that, driven by there are “Gender Equality gender equality policy mechanisms for the advancement Instruments” in LAC countries that instruments: Gender Equality of women, account for both the provide guidelines for Plans (GEPs), Voluntary National current challenges and governments to link democratic Reviews (VNRs) on the SDGs, and commitments of states in this functioning with gender equality. National Development Plans area. Table 1 shows the most These instruments deal with (NDPs). recent GEPs in the five countries democratization and equal studied. opportunities together and insist Gender Equality Plans14, also on the responsibility of states to known as “Equal Opportunity confront inequalities. Of note in Plans”, are relevant policy and

Table 1: Gender Equality Policies and Plans in LAC

Country Year Name of plan Entity responsible

Colombia 2013-2016 Indicative Action Plan 2013-2016 of the Presidential Advisor for Women's National Public Policy of Gender Equity for Equity Women

Paraguay 2008-2017 III National Plan for Equal Opportunity Between Secretariat for Women of the Women and Men, 2008-2017 Presidency of the Republic

Chile 2011-2020 Gender Equality Plan 2011-2020 National Women's Service (SERNAM)

Bolivia 2008 National Plan for Equal Opportunities “Women Vice Ministry of Gender and Building the New Bolivia to Live Well” Generational Affairs (VGAG), Ministry of Justice

Brazil 2013-2015 III National Policy Plan for Women 2013-2015 Presidency of the Republic Special Secretariat for Policies for Women15

Source: ONU-CEPAL 2019

Voluntary National Reports on SDGs or the 2030 Agenda

It is hoped that the VNRs16 will In LAC, Colombia, Paraguay, and make reference to the monitoring include in their reports progress Chile have submitted their VNRs, of SDG 5. Rather, it reports on on the implementation of SDG 5 while Brazil and Bolivia have not progress related to gender equity and other related SDGs. yet done so. Chile has even in monitoring SDGs 4, 8, and 10. submitted a second VNR, however, surprisingly, this report does not

14 Planes de igualdad de género en América Latina y el Caribe Mapas de ruta para el desarrollo (2019). Observatorio de Igualdad de Género en América Latina y el Caribe. Estudios 1, CEPAL y Cooperación Española. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/41014/6/S1801212_es.pdf 15 In October 2015, this became the Ministry of Women, Racial Equality and Human Rights. In May 2016, it was removed and became the Special Secretariat for Policies for Women, which moved from the Presidency to the Ministry of Justice and Citizenship. 16 The Voluntary National Reviews aim to monitor the implementation of the SDGs through parliaments and supreme audit institutions in each country.

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National Development Plans

Colombia: Colombia’s 2014-2018 for all, 2) a fair and supportive . The plan consists of 13 National Development Plan, called Chile to walk together, 3) a safe pillars, three of which make direct “Everyone for a New Country”, is and peaceful Chile to achieve reference to gender and women. based on three pillars: peace, progress and live peacefully, 4) a Pillar 1, on the eradication of equity, and education. To achieve Chile to a live fuller and happier extreme poverty, addresses this, five cross-cutting strategies life. The “Women's Commitment” confronting violence against are proposed: (i) competitiveness proposes to women as part of the goal of and strategic infrastructure, (ii) eradicating spiritual poverty. transformation of the countryside, (iii) social mobility, (iv) security, Brazil: “Plan Brazil 2020” states, justice, and democracy for peace- among other developments in building, and (v) good governance. different areas, that Gender is explicitly included in the last three, along with disability, ethnicity, and age.

Paraguay: Paraguay's 2030 National Development Plan has three strategic issues: poverty . To this end, the reduction and social development, main objectives and measures inclusive economic growth, and relate to equal rights, duties, Paraguay’s proper insertion in the treatment, and participation; world. The poverty reduction area autonomy and labour integration; . By virtue of considers the protection and ending violence against women; this view, the “Centenary Goals” promotion of state-guaranteed situations of special vulnerability; are arranged around the issues of human and cultural rights, respect for the dignity of women; economy, society, infrastructure, including the equal incorporation and women as protagonists. and the state. In the area of of men and women into all areas “society”, 10 fields of action are of development. Bolivia: The 2016-2020 Plan for listed, one of which, called Economic and Social Development “women”, has the following Chile: The 2018-2022 National in the Framework of Integral objectives: to achieve equal pay Development Plan, “Let’s Build Development for between men and women; to Better Times for Chile”, focuses on includes the following aim: ensure equal participation at the the well-being of families and highest levels of the executive, seeks to promote and reconcile legislative, and judicial branches of four key principles: freedom, government; to eliminate all forms justice, progress, and solidarity. It of violence against women; and to includes four fundamental pillars: promote comprehensive health 1) A freer Chile that achieves for women and sexual and progress by creating opportunities reproductive rights.

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4. Barriers and constraints faced by social organizations and women's organizations in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals

While LAC countries have made much-needed progress in creating gender equality policies, it is still the case that women, women's organizations, and civil society in general face significant constraints and barriers in the domestic and public spheres in translating the good intentions and the laws and regulations in these policies into daily practice.

There are several factors that cross-cuts the other forms of different forms of discrimination explain these difficulties, and they cultural, social, economic, and embedded in structures, are rooted in practices and political discrimination that affect behaviours, and ways of thinking. ideologies inherited from not only women, but also men colonialism that are deeply who are discriminated against on Because the gender assessments patriarchal, racist, and extractivist. the basis of their sexual were carried out within the Thus, women's entry into what are orientation, ethnicity, or economic framework of the Women2030 otherwise considered to be men’s status. program to support the domains–such as women’s greater implementation of the 2030 participation in decision-making or The results of the gender Agenda, the following section public office–remains constrained assessments carried out by GFC analyses the different gender by the weight of power relations members in the five LAC countries constraints and barriers that also not only around gender, but also reflect, in part, the difficulties of relate to the SDGs prioritized by ethnicity, geographical origin, achieving official gender equality the program and by partner party affiliation, and other forms policies in daily life, but also the organizations in each country. of discrimination. Hence, gender limitations and manifestations of

Group discussion during a Women2030 event in Bolivia. CIPCA

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4.1 Lack of rights over the use and control of land, forests, and other natural resources

Before beginning the analysis of the policies and programs that the results obtained in the five have sought to ensure women's Target 1.4: countries, it is relevant to clarify legal access to land and natural that land rights and the use of resources still have not produced By 2030, ensure that all men and other key resources such as water, the expected results in terms of women, particularly the poor and the seeds (biodiversity), and forests equality and women's vulnerable, have equal rights to include multiple rights, such as: empowerment due to structural economic resources, as well as access the right of access (the resource is barriers preventing the to basic services, ownership, and available and accessible), right of observance of other related rights control over land and other forms of use (it is recognized and accepted (for example, use and control) property, inheritance, natural by society), right of control (Agarwal 1994 and Vera Delgado resources, appropriate new (ownership and decision-making 2011). technology, and financial services on the management of the including microfinance. resource), and right of transfer The observance of men's and (inheritance). The actual women's rights to land and other observance of the right to land natural resources such as forests Target 5.a: and forests and other natural is related to SDG 1 (End Poverty) resources is only possible when and SDG 5 (Gender Equality). The Undertake reforms to give women these multiple rights are gender assessments focused equal rights to economic resources, as recognized and exercised. If one of mainly on Target 1.4, also related well as access to ownership and these rights (for example, the right to SDG 5 Target 5.a. control over land and other forms of of control) is not exercised, then property, financial services, the right is violated overall. Thus, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws.

Results

The trend among those individual surveys are somewhat decide on the management of interviewed as part of the gender contrasting; while in one land and natural resources such as assessments in the five countries Indigenous community (Loncar), forests. However, about 60% of is that a large percentage of rural about 55% of men and 30% of Mapuche women interviewed men and women work on land women state that they own their indicated that they are involved in owned by their parents; this is true land, men in another Indigenous control over land. for 18% of men and 17% of community (Trem Trem Mapu) women in Paraguay; 38% men and indicate that they do not own land. The observance of the land rights 35% of ; 35% of Among the latter, 50% indicate of non-Indigenous peasant women men and 25% of women in Bolivia; that the land they work is owned in Chile appears to be different and 32% of men and 23% of by their wife and the other 50% from that of Indigenous women in Brazil. state that the land is owned by communities. Data from the 2017 their parents. According to men’s Census indicate that, at the With regard to land ownership perception, land ownership in national level, peasant women rights, in the case of Colombia, Trem Trem Mapu would be participate in land ownership at a only 8% of women interviewed matriarchal. rate of 24.4%, versus 75.6% for own land, 36% lack land titles, and peasant men. This data would 50% indicated that they live on Among men interviewed in Trem indicate a larger percentage of land owned by their parents or Trem Mapu, the issue of individual women landowners overall husbands (Fundaexpresión 2020). land ownership is apparently not a compared to the other countries, In Paraguay, 17% of women matter of concern for the however, the amount of land interviewed own land, while 35% Mapuche because it is accepted owned by women is still far live on property owned by their and recognized that women and smaller in relation to that of men. husbands. In Chile, the results of men have the same rights to As stated by ANAMURI leader

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Alicia Muñoz (interviewed by defends her right to use collective With regard to access to and Colectivo VientoSur in 2019): land in an Indigenous community respect for the communal land in Tarija even though her husband rights and other resources, such migrated to for work as water and forests, reports from nine years ago. (CIPCA 2020). the five countries and the discussions at the regional . Another interesting aspect of the meeting of Women2030 LAC18 surveys is that they indicate that, partners indicate a growing In the case of Bolivia, a large in general, in the five countries, usurpation and appropriation of percentage of women interviewed over 65% of men say that women large areas of land, water, and stated that they own land; 47% in in their homes are involved in forest resources by transnational the Altiplano area and 52% in the decision-making over the corporations involved in different Cochabamba Valley (see Figure 1). management of the land used by extractive industries. This leads This trend is partly explained by the family. However, this contrasts to rural populations being titling policies that favour women significantly with rural women's ‘cornered’ (in the words of a in Bolivia. However, progress in own perspectives. Women view Mapuche woman) and formal equality has not always their opportunities for experiencing forced displacement. meant real equality between men participation in decision-making as Men and women–particularly and women or empowerment for limited, as indicated by a woman women who remain in their women in rural areas. In the from Lebrija, Colombia: communities–are often forced to context of Indigenous peasant sell their labour to extractive communities, access to land and companies for meagre wages, its use, control, and inheritance risking their health and personal are guaranteed by customary law. safety. Another consequence of In other words, conditions of extractive industries is access, tenure/ownership, and environmental problems and control of land for women are conflicts that lead to deforestation, mediated by cultural norms and loss of biodiversity, loss of the agreements that vary between productive capacity of soil, regions, ecological zones, types of pollution, and the drying up of economies, identities, and levels of water sources (see specific cases connection with the urban in section 4.8). environment and the political system. To better understand this 17. situation, we refer to the case of Doña Ely (see Annex 1), who

17 Testimony from the meeting with the women’s group in Lebrija (AMUCALE).

18 See report of the Women2030 Regional Meeting of LAC countries: https://globalforestcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Principales- conclusiones-Women2030-para-la-Carpa-de-las-Mujeres.pdf

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4.2 Living conditions and basic services

Living conditions19 are measured In the rural community of Santory Poor living conditions are further by certain observable indicators, in Paraguay, 93% of residents view aggravated for Indigenous including: economic situation, their economic situation as bad or communities. In the case of the access to safe water and basic very bad. Meanwhile, 90% Mapuche in Chile, in addition to sanitation, access to energy, perceive their access to water as not being officially recognized, access to education, and adequate bad or very bad and 88% rate their they have been systematically housing. These indicators are housing as bad or very bad violated, discredited, and covered by SDG 1 Target 1.4. (HEÑOI 2020). stigmatized by the state. This situation is also reflected in the The results of the gender In Chile, official data indicate the annual national budget, which assessments demonstrate high following: in Mariquina, 35.7% of according to Councillor Luis rates of dissatisfaction with living the population lacks basic services Hueraman from Loncoche, conditions, especially in rural and 19.7% of households are Mapuche communities receive just areas of the five countries studied. overcrowded; and in Loncar, 0.3% of it; he states that For example, women interviewed 17.6% of the population lacks (Colectivo in the three rural localities of basic services and 14.5% of VientoSur 2020). It is no Colombia consider their economic households are overcrowded coincidence then that the regions situation to be unfavourable (56% (BCN, 2017). Women are of La Araucanía and Los Ríos have of women in Cachirí, 58% of particularly dissatisfied with poverty rates of 17.2% and 12.1% women in Santa Cruz de la Colina, sanitation conditions, access to respectively, and La Araucanía has and 53% of women in Lebrija). water, and overcrowding Chile’s highest rate of extreme Regarding the unfavourable (VientoSur 2020). In rural Bolivia, poverty (4.6%). Among women in perception of economic, housing, women also express these two regions, 14% are living and sanitation conditions, dissatisfaction regarding these in poverty, versus 8% for men, disenchantment is more notable in issues. In contrast, men while in rural areas those figures the areas of Santa Cruz de la demonstrate significant are 9% for women versus 8.2% for Colina and Cachirí. This has to do dissatisfaction with their very poor men. Indigenous poverty is with the fact that they are in economic conditions, including concentrated in rural areas, and it distant and overlooked insufficient access to energy. This stands at 55.1% (Casen, 2017, geographical areas that are also correlates with a perception referenced by Colectivo VientoSur affected by violence because of among both men and women that 2020). armed groups, which limits men are responsible for economic and productive activities supporting the family. In Colombia, conditions of poverty (Fundaexpresión 2020). in rural areas are also linked to the state's contempt for the peasantry. As evidence of this, for example, Indigenous settlement at a Women2030 project site in Paraguay. Inés Franceschelli the Colombian government abstained from voting in September 2018 on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas. However, in response to peasant struggles, this declaration was ultimately adopted by the Third Committee of the General Assembly (Fundaexpresión 2020).

19 Concept conceived of in the context of the United Nations-promoted debate on Sustainable Human Development to demonstrate that development is a paradigm that goes far beyond the increase or decrease in a country's income.

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4.3 Lack of appreciation and full recognition of the role of women in maintaining family and community agri-food systems

Among feminist movements, social communities to care for children Target 2.4: researchers, and academia, it is and manage agricultural plots, as well known that women in rural in the case of Ely in Tarija, Bolivia, By 2030, ensure sustainable food communities have played and whose husband left for Argentina production systems and implement continue to play a decisive role in and to date has not returned. In resilient agricultural practices that maintaining agri-food systems20 fact, in Bolivia, according to the increase productivity and production, and sustaining family food security 2013 Agricultural Census, women that help maintain ecosystems, that (AIPE 2013, FAO 2011, are in charge of 25% of the strengthen capacity for adaptation to Women2030 and GWA 2017). country's Agricultural Productive climate change, extreme weather, However, this role is not always Units (UPAs, for their initials in drought, flooding and other disasters, recognized by agricultural Spanish), and this percentage rises and that progressively improve land professionals, agri-food policy to 30% in areas such as the and soil quality. makers, or even husbands and Altiplano/La Paz (CIPCA 2020). male leaders of peasant and Indigenous communities. Section In Chile, according to the VII medicinal plants. It is worth 4.1 discussed the fact that, despite Agricultural and Forestry Census mentioning that the adoption and official policies that seek to favour of 2007, female-headed farms diversification of these different and ensure women's access to account for 31.7% of the total, agricultural practices is not only land, their real rights are not which are mostly smaller farms in aimed at contributing to balanced respected. economic size (small-scale and healthy family nutrition, but agriculture), roughly 40% of which also the health and conservation The importance of recognizing are not regulated or recorded in of local ecosystems (water women's roles in maintaining agri- land registries21. sources, soil fertility, biodiversity, food systems also concerns the forest systems, among others). fulfilment of SDG 2 Target 2.4: End In Brazil, according to the most The added value of these practices hunger, achieve food security and recent Agricultural Census in is that rural women and men are improved nutrition, and promote 201722, 18.7% of rural enterprises also strengthening their capacity sustainable agriculture. in the country are run by women. to adapt to climate change. Among the more than 11 million In addition to the fulfilment of women over 15 years of age living While women in the countryside Target 2.4, it is important to in rural areas in 2015, just over seek to promote sustainable agri- recognize the role of women in the half (50.3%) were deemed food systems, this takes a toll on food production system because economically active. their physical and emotional of the fact that the emigration of energy, particularly when they lack adult males from rural The daily practices of women the support of husbands or other communities has been increasing working their plots in the areas male family members. As a in recent decades due to studied demonstrates that they woman from Santander, neoliberal policies (which create are developing different strategies Colombia, states: more poverty and the to ensure healthy nutrition for abandonment of rural areas). families (see Chapter V for specific Recently, the effects of climate cases). These practices range from change have also contributed to the adoption of agro-ecological this phenomenon, resulting in and agroforestry practices to the what is well known as the use and conservation of local ‘feminization’ of agriculture (FAO seeds, small-scale livestock 2011). Women must remain in the farming, and conservation of

20 Agri-food systems include the production, conservation, processing, and marketing of agricultural foods. 21 “Situación de las mujeres en el sector silvoagropastoril, avances y desafíos pendientes en materia de equidad de género” Qualitas Agroconsultores, January 2010. https://www.indap.gob.cl/docs/default-source/descargas-agricultura-familiar-campesina/qualitasac_2010_mujeragricola_censo.pdf 22 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE), Censo Agropecuário, 2017.

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(Interview at the For example, in Bolivia, women Women2030 regional event in from the Altiplano are experts in Chile). State agricultural programs managing supply chains that even and private enterprises promote encompass international trade “competitiveness” through (Peru, Argentina, and Brazil). external and agrochemical CIPCA (2020) rightly points out technology packages. They force that women in Bolivia are peasants to borrow and become generating new forms of agency indebted to such an extent that and ‘rurality’ in which they define some may lose their property for (Testimony of Norma Amarilla, themselves not only as agricultural failing to meet credit obligations. from the community of Santory, producers, but also as small Thus, peasant women are more Caaguazú, Paraguay). entrepreneurs based on the reluctant to accept these packages pluriactivity and multifunctionality (Fundaexpresión 2020). An interesting aspect that is of family units and social emerging in rural areas, and in the networks. However, women organized in face of lack of access to and/or women's associations attempt to control of land, is that women are promote the advantages of developing different strategies to adopting agroecology free of create other income-generating chemicals, such as the case of the activities by circulating in different Association of Agricultural spaces (rural and urban), Producers (ASOVIVIR) of Colombia, territories, and social networks. which promotes agroecological practices and alternative livestock rearing in reserves (See Chapter Mapuche vegetable garden in Loncochey, Chile. Colectivo VientoSur V). These associations are not always viewed favourably by local men and women who are not part of the association, who may view them as

(Testimony of a woman from AMUCALE). However, this negative perception is gradually changing, and organized women are gaining recognition in their families and communities. Men believe that

23.

Thus, women's struggles to secure a piece of land where they can demonstrate the advantages of agro-ecological production and gain respect in the community are fundamental. These struggles are a matter of dignity and care for the livelihood of the family, as indicated in the following testimony by a partner in Paraguay:

23 Testimony from the meeting with the group of women of Santa Cruz de la Colina ( ).

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4.4 Domestic, political, and structural violence

Targets 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3 of SDG 5 the Department of Santander (Achieve gender equality and alone, during the first six months Target 5.1: empower all women and girls) are of 2019 (January-July), a total of directly related to policies and eight were recorded. End all forms of discrimination actions aimed at ending all forms against all women and girls of violence against women and In Paraguay, according to the everywhere. girls. , 46 women were killed in The reports from the five countries 2016, 60 in 2017, 60 in 2018, and all demonstrate that the violence 49 in 201926. In Chile, according to Target 5.2: faced by women is not only the registry of the domestic violence, but also forms Eliminate all forms of violence against of structural, political, economic, , in 2019 (as of December all women and girls in the public and and cultural violence exercised by 19), 61 femicides were committed, private spheres, including trafficking the state and muti-national figures that differ from the official and sexual and other types of corporations (private investment) statistics, which reduce these exploitation. engaged in extractive industries. murders to crimes in the family The latter are legitimized by context, according to Chilean national laws. The net result is that legislation (Law 20.480). In Brazil, women, men, and young people in according to the recent survey of Target 5.3: general are all victims of the many the Brazilian Forum on Public forms of violence. Security (FBSP, 2019), there was a Eliminate all harmful practices, such 30.7% increase in the number of as child, early and forced marriage. Section 3.1 demonstrated how female homicides nationally states have made progress on during the decade from 2007 to policies, laws, and measures to 2017. The category of femicide has Cruz de la Colina and Cachirí (see stop violence against women and been used in Bolivia since the Figures 2 and 3). girls. However, the phenomenon enactment of the Comprehensive of violence is a problem that Law to Guarantee Women a Life In the case of LAC countries, the plagues all five countries. Rates of Free of Violence (No. 348). Since state's excessive and systematic femicide24 are steadily increasing. then, the figures have been the violation of the human rights of For example, in Colombia, following: 26 cases in 2013, 71 in indigenous women (and men) and according to the National Institute 2014, 110 in 2015, 111 in 2016, environmental defenders in of Legal Medicine and Forensic 109 in 2017, 128 in 2018 and 116 indigenous communities is a Sciences, 1,080 women were in 2019, with 2018 being the most matter of concern27. For example, murdered between January 2018 fatal year. in Chile in 2016, a Mapuche and February 2019; 12 more than woman named Lorenza Cayuhan in the same period in 2017. Not surprisingly, women and men was forced to give birth in shackles According to the same interviewed in all five countries and in the presence of police organization, in the first 10 agreed that combating violence officials. After a painful trial, the months of 2019, more than 98,583 must be made a priority in order courts acquitted the accused of all women were victims of gender- to achieve gender equality. In criminal responsibility. In based violence. This included some communities, men ranked Colombia in October 2019, Cristina 34,183 cases of partner violence, the need to develop campaigns to Taquinas Bautista, a leader of the 31,044 cases of interpersonal stop violence against women as Neehwe’sx Indigenous community violence, 18,967 cases of sexual the number one priority; this was (Tacueyó reserve in the violence, 13,160 cases of domestic the case in Paraguay in Santory, Department of Cauca), was violence, and 799 femicides25. In and in Colombia in Lebrija, Santa murdered by an armed group

24 (Red Chilena, 2019, p. 4). 25 “Medicina Legal advierte que este año han sido violentadas mas de 98 mil mujeres”, La FM, 27 November 2019. https://www.lafm.com.co/colombia/medicina-legal-advierte-que-este-ano-han-sido-violentadas-mas-de-98-mil-mujeres 26 “Feminicidios en el año 2018”, Observatorio de violencia de género, http://observaviolencia.org/2018/01/18/feminicidios/

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along with four other leaders for and Dilma Ferreira da Silva, backgrounds. Rather, speaking out in defense of the regional coordinator of the forests of her territory. Prior to Movement of People Affected by her murder, she stated: Dams in Tucumuí in Pará State. (Chilean Network, . In Brazil, many women In general, states do not create the 2019) such as the judiciary and activists have been killed, appropriate tools to understand police. This is particularly serious including city councillor Marielle and record, much less prevent and given that states have ratified Franco, whose death was decried eradicate, violence marginalized different international conventions by the international community, by their ethnic, social, and cultural and created national regulations

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that are not being adhered to (see internally displaced persons, 52% section 3.1). are women. According to reports from the International Institute for The results of the gender Peace and Development Studies assessments in Chile, Colombia, (Indepaz), 777 human rights and Paraguay accurately portray leaders and defenders were killed how women and men in the ”. between 2016 and September of communities studied are victims 2019. According to UN data, the of economic, social, and cultural When women and men in the following data on violence against violence that result from extractive affected communities demand women are cited: and accumulation-by- basic respect for their rights, the dispossession policies. Practices response is the militarization of that generate violence that their territories. In Chile, the raids disproportionately impacts and repression targeting Mapuche women include forest plantations communities under the so-called in Mapuche territories, the “war on terrorism” established by expansion of soybean President Piñera are common and 29. monocultures and unsustainable daily occurrences in Mapuche livestock farming in Paraguay, and territories. In Colombia, several coca plantations and gold armed actors and criminal groups exploitation in Colombia. In this linked to drug trafficking continue regard, Fernández (2019, cited by to operate in different parts of the VientoSur 2020) correctly states: territory despite the peace agreement signed with the FARC28. Among the multiple consequences is the fact that, of the 7.7 million

4.5 Undervalued ‘reproductive’ work and remunerative discrimination of ‘productive’ work’

SDG 5 Target 5.4 addresses areas). Meanwhile, men spend 6- Target 5.4: recognizing and valuing women's 10 hours each day on productive reproductive labour or 'unpaid work and 1-6 hours (peri-urban care and domestic work'. and urban areas) on reproductive Recognize and value unpaid care and work. The results also indicate that domestic work through the provision The results of the gender men dedicate 1-3 hours per day to of public services, infrastructure and assessments reveal that women free time spent on sport activities social protection policies, and the generally spend 10 to 15 hours on and watching television (in peri- promotion of shared responsibility reproductive work each day, and urban and urban areas) (Data within the household and the family in some cases, women's from individual interviews in the as nationally appropriate. perceptions indicate that they are five countries, 2019). occupied 24 hours a day in family care (Case of a woman interviewed In general, women in the state statistics, do not recognize in an urban area of Brazil, MUPAN communities where gender this exhausting work and the 2019). Women also report that the assessments were conducted contribution of women and girls to time they spend engaging in value the domestic work and care sustaining the entire capitalist productive work each day ranges they provide for the family and patriarchal system. Surprisingly, from four hours (rural areas) to 12 community. The problem arises those engaged in this work are hours (peri-urban and urban when societies, and specifically described as ‘inactive’ or ‘not

27 According to a report by Front Line Defenders, two-thirds of the murders of human rights defenders around the world in 2019 occurred in LAC. Colombia was in the top spot, with 109 activists killed. Available here: https://www.theguardian.com/law/2020/jan/14/300-human-rights-activists-killed-2019-report 28 On September 26, 2016, a peace agreement was signed between the government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). 29 Data sourced from: . https://pacifista.tv/notas/onu-colombia-conflicto-2019- ivan-duque-desplazamiento/

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working’, ‘not Women2030 project group photo in Bolivia. CIPCA contributing to the family economy’, etc. For example, a UN Women document (2015, cited by CIPCA 2020) indicates that 63% of the inactive population consists of women, which does not mean that these women do not perform some type of work; in reality, they are doing unpaid family care work, which involves a great investment of time, energy, knowledge, and emotion.

Statistics strategically obscure and/or compelled to take on greater roles devalue the contribution of Men in the communities also in reproductive work. domestic labour to the family partly believe that domestic work economy, national economies, and is the responsibility of women, an Women who engage in productive the global economy. This work is idea that is sometimes fostered by work–usually in the informal naturalized based on the premise women themselves,as suggested sector and without benefits–or that women have a 'biological by a woman from Lebrija, who manage to enter salaried condition' that enables them to Colombia (Interview by Claudia work report that the income they care for family members. This Gimena Roa at a meeting with earn is significantly lower than naturalization of women's ability AMMUCALE women during the that of men who do the same to provide care stems from a gender assessment): work. In Paraguay, women, social construction in which despite being head of household women are thought to possess in 36.4% of homes30, earn about 'special skills' for caring. For the 70.6% of what men earn, feminist economy, this assignment regardless of their educational of care work to women is an level or hours worked. In Bolivia, inherent feature of a capitalist the gender wage gap is particularly system that requires the large in management positions reproduction of the labour force (38.6%) and construction-related as cheaply as possible. Therefore, jobs (51%). In Colombia, according it is very convenient for this to the UN, economic system to underestimate care work as part . This testimony partly of women’s traditional roles explains why men resist sharing (CIPCA 2020). domestic work more equitably, although unemployed men in peri- urban and urban areas do feel

30 Atlas demográfico del Paraguay. DGEEC, 2015. http://www.dgeec.gov.py/Publicaciones/Biblioteca/atlas- demografico/Atlas%20Demografico%20del%20Paraguay,%202012.pdf

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opinion of researcher Pamela and peri-urban areas seeking paid Caro, work in urban areas are treated in a disrespectful manner that (Interview, Sept. 2019). Mapuche sometimes leads to shame women also receive lower regarding their identity. For incomes, not only compared to example, only one-third of women 31. Mapuche men (9.5% less), but also interviewed in Bolivia's compared to non-Indigenous Cochabamba Valley are proud to Pay injustices have a cultural as women (16.8% less), and non- be women, whereas a smaller well as a gender dimension. In Indigenous men (42.5% less) percentage of men in the same Chile, Mapuche wage earners (Ethnographic+Research, 2017, area claim not to be proud to be often only have access to unskilled cited by VientoSur 2020). In men. jobs that are alienating. In the general, men and women in rural

31 ONU MUJERES-DANE: Empoderamiento Económico de las Mujeres en Colombia, Boletín Estadístico. October 2019: https://colombia.unwomen.org/es/biblioteca/publicaciones/2019/09/boletin-estadistico

Lack of access to capacity-building opportunities

In Bolivia, despite national literacy world in which they can be consideration of alternative or programmes, rural women have the mechanics, labourers, construction informal education as essential tools lowest literacy rates; literacy among workers, etc. However, in some for personal and collective growth. this group is 83%, which is more cases, both female and male Popular education can include than 10% lower than for rural men teachers have been given the task of processes of exchange within the and about 12% lower than for urban encouraging programs of community and with other women. Under a differentiated appreciation for peasant culture and communities. In this respect, both analysis based on belonging to environmental heritage. women and men experience Indigenous and Native Peasant economic difficulties in getting Peoples and Nations ( Regarding training for adult ahead, but they are much more peasants, there is a lack of pronounced among women. or NPIOC), greater differences are observed between women Young biodiversity monitors, Colombia. Fundaexpresión than men, with 60% reporting not having studied or having only attended primary school. The difference is greater with regard to secondary school and above.

In Colombia, rural schools place greater emphasis on educational programmes designed to serve young people in cities rather than in the countryside. Instead of encouraging an appreciation for agriculture, students are shown an external model, a

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4.6 Women's effective participation in decision-making spaces and political leadership

SDG 5 Target 5.5 addresses local level, while about 35% of Target 5.5: women's full and effective women and 18% of men believe participation (voice, vote, and that they influence decision- Ensure women's full and effective representation). making at the national level. In participation and equal opportunities some ways, these views are for leadership at all levels of decision- The results of the gender reflected in the percentage of making in political, economic and assessment indicate that, in seats occupied by women in the public life. general, women in the five national parliament and in local countries are making progress in governments. In 2000, women their participation in decision- held 2.5% of seats in parliament, a elected assembly members making at both the local and figure that grew to 11% in 2017 in increased from 27.6% to 45.5% national levels. parliament and 13.75% in local between 2010 and 2015; and at governments. Meanwhile, the the municipal level, the proportion In Colombia, about 70% of women percentage of women in public of female councilors rose from and 90% of men believe that managerial positions grew from 42.6% to 51.1% during the same women influence decisions at the 34.6% to 38.7% between 2007 and period. Less success is seen in the local level, while about 65% of 201533 (HEÑOI 2020). case of female mayors (8%) and women and 70% of men believe female departmental governors that women influence decisions at Bolivia is a unique case in the (0%), or in the case of ministers in the national level. These high context of LAC countries. the executive branch, whose percentages are striking, because According to the Observatory on participation decreased from 50% although women account for 52% Gender Equality in Latin America to 33.3% between 2010 and 2015 of the Colombian population, only and the Caribbean, Bolivia has one and to 20% in 2017 (CIPCA 2020). 20% of legislators in Congress are of the region's highest percentages The results of the gender female. For the 2018-2022 of women in parliament. It was assessment in Bolivia indicate that, legislative period, only 19 women the second country–after among men, about 78% believe were elected to the Senate out of Rwanda–to achieve democratic that women influence decision- 108 seats, and 23 women were parity in terms of equality making at the local level and 35% elected to the House out of 171 between men and women in the believe that women influence seats. legislature. The most success is decision-making at the national seen in the case of subnational level. Women's assessments are Although new policies aim to governments: at the departmental slightly higher. increase women's participation in level, the proportion of female public office32, the women surveyed stated that they feel excluded in terms of community participation in decision-making positions related to the management of key resources. Men generally dominate the community committees and representation at institutional meetings. In rural areas, women are viewed as “incapable” of holding positions of authority.

In the case of Paraguay, 50% of women and 40% of men in rural areas believe that women Presentation during Women2030 event in Bolivia. CIPCA influence decision-making at the

32 Colombia’s Law No. 581 of 2000 is known as the Quota Law, which stipulates that 30% of high public offices must be filled by women. 33 Source: Global Database Indicators of Sustainable Development Goals. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/?area=PRY

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4.7 Gender and climate change

In general, there is a perception In two communities in Colombia In Chile, men's and women's that the impacts of climate change (Santa Cruz de la Colina and perceptions do not differ greatly, are neutral or the same for men, Lebrija), women feel the effects of although men in Loncoche feel the women, children, and those with reduced harvests and rising food effect of water scarcity more disabilities. This belief partly costs more acutely than men; acutely. It is understandable that explains the reluctance of states to meanwhile, in Lebrija, men feel water scarcity is ranked the top integrate gender into plans and water scarcity more acutely. In the concern in these two Mapuche strategies to combat climate rural region of Santander, communities, because water is change. Colombia, the most significant privatized in this country. effects of climate change are the However, the results of the gender decline in river flows and the In the three study areas of Bolivia, assessment demonstrate that the disappearance of water sources, in addition to gender-differentiated impacts of climate change are felt which make it difficult to access views on water scarcity and their differently by men and women in water for domestic consumption impact on crops, as well as floods in the communities studied (see and crop irrigation. This is some areas (El Alto, La Paz), climate Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7) and that particularly notable in the Lebrija migration by young people and women play an important role in area, which has been most husbands is also a concern for rural initiatives to mitigate climate affected by water scarcity as a men and women. change, as well as initiatives to result of monoculture plantations, conserve and restore forests. agro-industry, and desertification; In Brazil, it is striking that urban These figures depict the responses and in terms of men's women feel the impacts of climate to the following question: perspectives, they highlight the change most acutely, because of scarcity of irrigation water due to water shortages and increased local their interest in producing large- temperatures (due to the heat scale crops. island effect).

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In Paraguay, water scarcity is felt approach into policies and Target 13.1: more by men in both communities, programs related to the while declining harvests and rising management and sustainable use Strengthen resilience and adaptive food costs are felt more acutely by of natural resources and the capacity to climate-related hazards women. The issue of migration guarantee of women's access, and natural disasters in all countries. concerns both communities, management, use, and control of particularly women in rural natural resources. The measures Santory. Water scarcity is a address substantive equality both common problem that is part of in the use of these resources and Target 13.3: the effects of climate change their impact on quality of life and experienced by the five countries on actions to mitigate the Improve education, awareness raising generally. consequences of climate change and human and institutional capacity among the population in general on climate change mitigation, The need to integrate gender into and women specifically. The adaptation, impact reduction, and SDG 13 (Take urgent action to following countries include gender early warning. combat climate change and its considerations as a focal point of impacts) has to do with meeting national plans: Brazil (sustainable Targets 13.1, 13.3, and 13.B. development with economic and social equality), Bolivia, and Target 13.b: There is no denying that each Colombia, which include objectives country's efforts to address gender and measures related to concern Promote mechanisms for raising in climate change are taking place for the environment and the use of capacity for effective climate change- in different areas and with natural resources within the related planning and management in different emphases, such as framework of economic autonomy least developed countries and small concern for the environment and (ECLAC, 2019). island developing States, including within the framework of the Beijing focusing on women, youth and local Platform for Action agreements. and marginalized communities. Most of the measures have to do with incorporating a gender

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4.8 Gender and biodiversity and forest conservation

SDG 15 addresses the community organisation, management and conservation of (Group of Target 15.2: forest ecosystems and Environmental Educators or biodiversity: Sustainably manage GEASF), which focuses on the issue By 2020, promote the implementation forests, combat desertification, of conservation. While women's of sustainable management of all and halt and reverse land participation in conservation is types of forests, halt deforestation, degradation and halt biodiversity recognized, a large percentage of restore degraded forests and loss. The questions for the gender men do not agree that women substantially increase afforestation assessment were intended to draw lead conservation activities in their and reforestation globally. study participants’ attention to the communities to the extent that achievement of Targets 15.2 and they have not witnessed it. 15.9. It is interesting and encouraging to Target 15.9: The results of the assessment note that, in Colombia, women are suggest two relevant aspects recognized as the guardians of By 2020, integrate ecosystems and related to these goals: a) the nature. They are the flag-bearers biodiversity values into national and recognition of women's decisive in community conservation local planning, development participation in biodiversity actions through their processes and poverty reduction conservation and management at organizational forms in the strategies, and accounts. the community level, and b) Peasant and Community Reserves concern over the progress of Collective of Santander. In these extractive industries that destroy reserves, women carry out agro- forests, resulting in the loss of ecological practices involving soil through the so-called ‘Sovereign biodiversity and local ecosystems. conservation, the protection of Green Bond’. The funds raised by water sources, forest care, and these bonds are intended to Figures 8, 9, and 10 (on Colombia, seed saving (see Chapter V). The finance or refinance projects that Bolivia, and Chile, respectively) community states that: protect the environment. The demonstrate that both men and objective was to bring about this women believe that women operation in 2019 in the foreign participate in initiatives and markets, allocating the resources decision-making in biodiversity to different types of “green” conservation at the community projects, which, in the case of level. One exception is men in Chile, will deal with clean rural Cochabamba, Bolivia, where 33. transport, energy efficiency, more than 80% of whom believe renewable energies, the that women do not participate in However, decision-makers do not conservation of biodiversity and decision-making in conservation appear to share positive marine resources, efficient water initiatives. perceptions of the role of women management, and sustainable in the conservation of biodiversity buildings (VNR of Chile 2019). In communities in Paraguay, men and local ecosystems. Gender and However, some sectors in Chile are as likely or more likely than the role of women are not are concerned that these ‘Green women to believe that women included in the implementation Bonds’ largely benefit private participate in the conservation of plans for SDG 15, which is also companies such as those that communal biodiversity: 90% of reflected in the VNRs of Chile, promote forest plantations. men in Santory and 80% in Patria Colombia, and Paraguay (as Nueva hold this view, compared to previously stated, Brazil and Indeed, current levels of 90% and 64% of women, Bolivia have not yet submitted deforestation and destruction of respectively. In Brazil, men and their VNRs). Worse yet, these VNRs local ecosystems and biodiversity women generally agree that do not even make reference to are now of considerable concern women participate in conservation SDG 15; only in the case of Chile is because of the expansion of initiatives at the community level, it included as part of strategies to extractive industries in the five particularly in the work of the mobilize financial resources countries. For example, in Chile,

34 Testimony from the meeting with the women's group of Cachirí.

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the main problems facing the Mapuche people are eucalyptus and pine plantations and hydroelectric projects that have turned the territory into resources for big capital, devastating native forests and seriously affecting the availability of goods such as water. For example, in Mariquina, the cellulose company CELCO has polluted water and harmed human health. In this regard, Alicia (a Mapuche community leader) comments:

(Interview Nov. 2019, Colectivo VientoSur 2020).

Likewise, in Chile, INDAP34 and CONAF, programs aimed at promoting Mapuche production, have forced farmers to plant certain species–such as pine and eucalyptus (during the dictatorship) and currently blueberries and European hazelnut–to receive aid. The Mapuche leader Alicia comments on this:

(Interviewed by VientoSur Nov. 2019). These afforestation programs use every possible means to ‘convince’ the Mapuche to create plantations, even using ILO Convention 169 for their purposes, as indicated by the following testimony:

35 Institute for Agricultural Development, a service under the Ministry of Agriculture whose objective is to promote economic, social, and technological development among small-scale farmers and peasants. http://www.indap.gob.cl/ indap/qu%C3%A9-es-indap

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with the participation of approximately 6,000 families (VNR 2018).

In Paraguay, the forests of the 35. Chaco region in the western part Moreover, peasants are of the country have been persecuted when they cut down particularly affected by trees, while multinationals are free deforestation and fires in recent to cut thousands of hectares decades with the aim of ‘cleaning’ because for this represents land for agribusiness. Meanwhile, “progress” for the region in the in the eastern region, 94% of eyes of the state; in other words, arable land is used to cultivate economic interests take genetically modified precedence over the monocultures, mainly soybeans environmental and subsistence and more recently rice and . needs of communities eucalyptus, which is exported as (Fundaexpresión, 2020). animal feed for cows, pigs, and In Colombia, the communities in chickens. Soybean crops and the area studied face the growing The perceptions of men and pasture for industrial livestock momentum of megaprojects by women in communities contrast farming are not only responsible the state, such as road with the what is expressed for deforestation, but also for the infrastructure, large mining, dams, Colombia's VNR (2017), which pollution of watercourses and agro-industrial companies, oil indicates that the government has groundwater and the loss of extraction, and possible fracking. created the “Forests of Peace” biodiversity and soil productivity. Environmental and deforestation program (Resolution 470 of 2017), Agrochemical fumigations problems arise when extractive a model of sustainable land endanger the entire ecosystem companies enter peasant and management that seeks to and undermine the rights of Indigenous territories to carry out integrate biodiversity conservation inhabitants to a healthy and their activities, as the following with productive projects in dignified life. The advance of these testimony demonstrates: organized communities in post- predatory activities has turned the conflict settings. By May 2018, 50 country into a wasteland and the such projects had been created rural peasant and Indigenous over an area of 270,000 hectares population into pariahs in their

36 Testimony from the meeting with the committee of Women of Santa Cruz de la Colina, Matanza ( ).

Tree nursery to promote agrobiodiversity, Colombia. Fundaexpresión

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own land (HEÑOI 2020). The (droughts), weaken the resistance Paraguay River basin is extremely following testimonies are eloquent and resilience of Indigenous dangerous because the in this regard: communities, resulting in environmental impacts (river situations of extreme poverty. A sedimentation, flooding, habitat clear example is what has loss) occurring on its plains are happened to the community of caused by deforestation. Tovatiry, home of the Ava Guaraní Deforestation occurred at a higher Indigenous people. Drought in rate between 1976 and 1984, then spring 2019 caused the loss of the declined until 2002, increasing entire corn crop and much of the again from 2002 to 2008. Given bean crop. Several families have the pace of deforestation, the already left the community to go region’s natural vegetation will to the nearest town. The families disappear by 2050. that remained had to survive on cassava, hunting, and eggs It is important to mention that in (Participants in the workshop in provided by four hens shared the rural and Indigenous the community of Santory, among 10 families. There were communities of Miranda, Caaguazú.) also several reports of violence Aquidauana, Porto Murtinho, Dois against women leaders by men. Irmãos do Buriti, Corumbá, and The department of Caaguazú (with Despite these extreme challenges, Bela Vista where gender a large Indigenous population) has the community continues to resist assessment surveys were been experiencing a violent wave and build a better future36. conducted, a large percentage of of completely illegal land grabbing, primary forests are still with many people wounded, In Brazil, in the Upper Paraguay maintained. According to studies disappeared, and killed. Examples River basin where the Pantanal is by WWF et al. (2009), these are the include the communities of located (the work area of MUPAN), areas of intact natural vegetation Guahory, Pindoí, and Tacuaraí, the native vegetation of the in the upper part of the Upper which have been resisting in the plateau has been razed and Paraguay River basin: 93.8% in territory under steadily worsening replaced by pastures cultivated for Corumbá, 65.8% in Porto conditions (HEÑOI 2020). industrial livestock farming, as well Murtinho, 47.2% in Aquidauana, However, the effects of as grain crops such as soybeans, 42.4% in Miranda, 32.1% in Bela deforestation and the expansion corn, and cotton. According to Vista, and 27.1% in Dois Irmãos do of soybean monocultures, coupled Silva et al. (2011), the suppression Buriti. with the effects of climate change of native vegetation in the Upper

37 See also: https://globalforestcoalition.org/paraguay-cas-photo-essay/

Indigenous community, Paraguay. Inés Franceschelli

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4.9 Insufficient budgets to implement the gender equality agenda

One of the barriers and more serious when it comes to conservation and funds going to constraints faced by feminist civil Indigenous communities. harmful subsidies40 is society organizations and women's According to local councillor Luis unacceptable. Globally, harmful organizations in communities is Hueraman of Loncoche, Chile, the subsidies that damage the lack of public financial share of the annual national biodiversity (fossil fuels, large- resources to advance the gender budget for these communities only scale fisheries and agriculture, equality agenda. 0.3%; “we do not exist for the massive infrastructure) amount to system”, the councillor rightly $500 trillion, while global funding At the national level, as ECLAC points out. for biodiversity conservation (2019) states, the level of amounts to only $88 trillion – budgetary visibility of gender Currently, Official Development almost six times less. equality strategies demonstrates Assistance (ODA) from the donor inconsistencies with regard to countries of the development and It should be clarified that, of the fiscal policy between development cooperation agencies remains the $88 trillion, only $49 trillion are plans and gender equality plans important source of funding, directed at national activities and policies. Budgets are particularly for the least developed related to biodiversity41, while the inconsistent with gender equality countries (OECD)39. remaining $39 trillion42 is directed plans and, with some exceptions, at ODA projects, biodiversity offset gender policies are mostly absent Because it is not possible to projects, among others. It is or have a weak presence in achieve the 17 SDGs without known that biodiversity offset national budgets. This is mainly achieving the goals and targets on projects are not always good for due to strong cultural and gender equality, it is imperative conservation; instead, these ideological resistance to gender not only to mainstream gender in projects can have negative impacts equality in the public the SDGs, but also to redirect on ecosystems, as is occurring administrations of countries in the investments that harm gender with carbon offsets. What the region. If budgets are assigned to equality and women's investments in fact earmark to gender, the percentages are low in empowerment and that harm safeguard biodiversity is 13 times comparison to the size of the work nature, biodiversity, and forest less than what they spend assigned in the plans. Colombia’s ecosystems. This is essential destroying it. Thus, while we take VNR (2016), for example38, because these ecosystems support one step forward toward achieving indicates that 0.4% of funds were the food security and compliance with SDG 15 (and also earmarked for the implementation comprehensive health not only of SDGs 1, 2, 5, 6, and 13), we take six of SDG 5, while 75% concentrated marginalized populations that steps backward because extractive on SDGs 9, 4, 11, and 6. This has a depend directly on them, but also industries and consumerism negative impact on the of humanity and our ‘ destroy the progress achieved. achievement of gender equality Earth’. This is an illogical paradox that objectives and demonstrates the promotes investment. limited capacity of state action for Given the real effects of climate these purposes. change and ecosystem loss and shared efforts to implement the The lack of public budgets for the SDGs, the enormous gap between gender equality agenda is even global funding for biodiversity

38 Informe Nacional Voluntario de Colombia (2018). https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Prensa/Reporte%20Nacional%20Voluntario %20Colombia%20ODS.pdf 39 Some thirteen ADC members focused more than 50% of their aid on gender equality as their main or significant objective: Australia, Belgium, Canada, EU, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and Sweden. 40 In this regard, see the following publications. Why the Green Climate Fund must reject Arbaro's plantations: https://globalforestcoalition.org/gcf-arbaro- fund/. Forest Cover No 58, 2019: https://globalforestcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/forestcover-58.pdf. Incentivising deforestation for livestock products: https://globalforestcoalition.org/perverse-incentives-deforestation-for-livestock/ 41 CBD Clearing House Mechanism, reported by 40% Parties. 2015 data. 42 OECD datasets (2019).

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 38 Alternative responses

5. Alternative responses from women's organizations to advance gender equality and (living well)

Despite the barriers women's organizations face to realizing the rights recognized by international laws and agreements, they are developing alternatives to gain recognition and respect in their families and communities. They are being considered as decision-making actors and candidates for leadership positions alongside men.

Through these initiatives and living well with gender equity and level, agroforestry, the projects, self-organized women climate justice. Some of these organization of local fairs for the are showing that it is possible to practices include agroecology, the exchange of local seeds and develop sustainable practices not collection and preservation of culinary knowledge, and care for only in harmony with the capacity local seeds, care for medicinal reserve areas, among others. of local ecosystems, but also as a plants, water harvesting, mixed real and possible route towards livestock production at the family

5.1 The Peasant and Community Reserves Collective of Santander in Colombia

The Peasant and Community and response of resilience food and protect the health of Reserves Collective of Santander alternatives to the effects of the their families with medicinal emerged as a local initiative in climate crisis. These initiatives plants and traditional knowledge. response to different phenomena include rain-water crops, In other words, they have become faced by local communities: the agroforestry systems, soil managers of local food burning and irrational felling of management and conservation sovereignty. native forests, the advancement of practices, the promotion of monocultures with the diverse plantings, seed rescue, and When they declare their reserves, indiscriminate use of in-situ nurseries. Thus, self- women do so vehemently, and agrochemicals, industrial livestock organized women have become they are clear that matters such as farming, and the loss of ancestral managers of creative projects food sovereignty, self-care with knowledge and practices of forest developed by women, allowing medicinal plants, and the care and biodiversity. It also seeks them to generate the autonomy to reproduction of ornamental plants to halt the alarming displacement choose and produce their own allow them to be happier in their of rural people caused by clashes with armed groups. The collective was created by several peasant and community associations belonging to the Agroecological School of Peasant Promoters of Santander, with the support of Fundaexpresión. Its purpose is to highlight and demonstrate the importance of environmental and cultural heritage.

Experience has shown that women, unlike men, have been gaining opportunities for participation and leading initiatives in the implementation

Organic farm in Cachirí, Colombia. Fundaexpresión

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 39 Alternative responses

Community meal at Women2030 project in Colombia. Fundaexpresión and political knowledge. This encourages and strengthens the territorial social and community dialogue between peasant communities who reposition themselves as actors defining strategies for their own governance in different contexts and ecosystems. Women in reserve communities have decided that forests are a priority and a survival issue, one that is not taken on individually, and not only in a single community, but rather through partnership between communities. Thus, the aim is to continue to include more women's groups and to emphasize young women through a dynamic that reserves. This is expressed in the issues related to care for forests, can advance their own economies following testimony: fauna and flora and the promotion and demands for access to land, of youth life projects. Community water, agro-biodiversity and forest conservation allows young appropriate technologies, and with people to analyze the importance the recognition of women's work of their culture in caring for the in caring for the land. planet and the pride entailed by being part of the peasant legacy Women-led community reserves 43. that proposes (living are currently including other well). community-wide activities, such as While men initially do not feel building efficient cook stoves and compelled to relinquish Training actions are also enabling rain-water harvesting systems. monocultures and participate little women to develop their socio- Men are also joining spaces that in , women bring in all economic capacities. For example, are usually considered only for family members, including sons through women’s entry into women, for example, food and daughters, and create spaces peasant markets where they can processing or embroidery. Not for a positive dialogue between sell their agro-ecological products surprisingly, the Peasant and men and women at trainings and and exchange a variety of seeds Community Reserve Collective is planting . They increasingly and the creation of spaces for having a multiplier effect, because seek out and create spaces for rethinking and strengthening local more community reserves are playful and creative ways to train food sovereignty. being declared44. These reserves children and youth groups are seen as alternatives of through activities that enact love Another aspect that is resilience not only in the face of for culture, love for the land and, empowering women is the climate change, but also of course, the defense of life. exchange of experiences between ‘predatory extractionism’ that community organizations and views the forest as a source of These examples of training in the planting where several profit, or worse yet, as an obstacle reserves motivated families are connected and to plantations or tourism projects. Fundaexpresión to initiate integrated within a territory. These dialogues with rural schools with exchanges have strengthened the participation of teachers and women's capacities in both parents to promote the training of technical knowledge (agro- groups of children and youth on ecological practices) and economic

43 Testimony from a meeting with the Cachirí women's group. 44 See other experiences of the Reserve Collectives at the following link: https://globalforestcoalition.org/community-conservation-colombia/

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 40 Alternative responses

5.2 Peasant and Indigenous women in Paraguay organize to tackle unsustainable agriculture and climate change

As mentioned in section 4.8, the structural, economic, and political variety and variability of animals, forests of the Paraguayan Chaco pressures they face. plants and microorganisms are heavily affected by needed to maintain key ecosystem deforestation and fires, while the The community of Crescencio functions to ensure food forests in the eastern part of the González is a direct result of the production and food security. The country are already highly struggle for land. This cost the FNC strives to support women's degraded, particularly due to the lives of five activists, including organizations in different expansion of soybean Crescencio González, who was the communities, but one of its main monocultures. Peasant and first to be killed and whose name constraints is financial resources, Indigenous communities are was given to the settlement. The as it receives no State support. For trapped between the agribusiness dispute ended when the example, the community Ava industry and the effects of climate government returned 5,000 Guaraní (described in section 4.8) change. Agribusiness promoters hectares to the community to live had planned to build a warehouse steal Indigenous lands and poison on and cultivate. Women's to preserve its wide range of its air, soil, and water, undermining participation in political seeds. However, the limited community health and food assemblies and decision-making resources available had to be sovereignty. Meanwhile, the meetings in Crescencio González is redirected to support the drought climate emergency puts even increasing, and women are emergency and buy seeds for the more pressure on the already becoming involved with next harvest. fragile capacity of affected extraordinary enthusiasm. communities to adapt and sustain Together with their children, they The women of Comité Nueva their livelihoods. participate and discuss and are Esperanza in the community of heard and respected by their Santory have been working for Faced with these abuses, peasant peers. For example, during one of more than 10 years on the and Indigenous communities are these assemblies, the women in recovery and production of organizing to claim control over the community discussed how to medicinal plants, and some have their lives and territories of life. achieve food sovereignty through been involved in producing Women are at the forefront of this sustainable food production while extracts. This group of women also resistance. Through the National men cooked and served lunch. actively participates in the seed Federation of Peasants ( exchanges carried out in the or FNC) One of the main objectives of the department by CONAMURI and in and the National Coordinator of FNC is to conserve local native seed fairs (HEÑOI 2020). Rural and Indigenous Women's agrobiodiversity, which covers the Workers' Organizations ( Women discuss food sovereignty and climate change in Paraguay. Lisa Meyer

or CONAMURI), peasant and Indigenous communities, and especially women members, are working together to protect their food sovereignty, Indigenous seeds, natural medicinal resources, and traditional ancestral knowledge. With the support of HEÑOI, the FNC is strengthening its organizations through training and skill shares to address gender-based discrimination and all the other

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 41 Alternative responses

5.3 The promotion of or among the Mapuche in Chile

The alternative activities and path, disputing the political power and all those who lack resources) resistance of the Mapuche of the 45 (non-Mapuche) to support the financing of communities are circumscribed by and promoting and electing services by Mapuche specialists. what they call relations of ‘duality Mapuche councillors as effective and complementarity’ in which the representatives to engage with Both communities work constantly role of women is central, as in the different actors to gain consensus to recover Mapuche culture and case of the (religious and support. They fight to place identity through the rescue of the authority connecting the spiritual ‘their people’ in positions of language, religious ceremonies, realm with the human realm importance for the Indigenous and traditional ancestral games through medicine and healing). struggle, such as in the Office of such as 46 at summer schools Most women engage in nature Indigenous Affairs. This office was for children, etc. They strive to conservation and promotion of created as the result of the defend and disseminate their (in Spanish, management of a Mapuche worldview and alternatives , or living well), an ancestral councillor. Currently, they have a through radio programs wisdom that shapes the Mapuche male councillor in office and a (VientoSur 2020). way of life and upholds woman in charge of the Office of harmonious and balanced Indigenous Affairs. Finally, an important facet of the relationships with nature, work of the two communities is spiritually and corporally, taking The agroecological or natural care of seeds, and the has chosen a different path: the production in the face of transmission of Mapuche culture promotion of institutional impositions; and traditional medicine to through the recovery of Mapuche , they children. Presently, Mapuche health and the production and state. women are fighting alongside their sale of agro-ecological products. recently opened a Mapuche husbands to assert territorial These activities are generally led cultural exhibition in the claims. by women, and they already have communal capital where it an agreement with the Regional displays and sells its products, not The Mapuche carry out different Health Service and the Santa Elisa only to generate economic strategies to resist and demand Hospital in Mariquina. Here, income, but also spread human, environmental, and Mapuche women train health and Mapuche philosophy climate rights from the state. The personnel. They are currently that puts life at the centre, Communal Association of working on building an agreement recognizing the interdependence Mapuche Communities of with the National Health Fund between people and communities Loncoche, ( (FONASA, the public body and with nature to raise responsible for providing health awareness in society and bring the ) has chosen the political protection and coverage to users countryside closer to the city.

45 is a word used in Mapudongon to indicate derogatory those who are not Mapuche. 46 An ancestral Mapuche sport similar to hockey or Spanish , which is played with a ball ( ) and a wooden stick ( ), between two rival teams.

Women2030 project in Chile. Colectivo Viento-Sur

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 42 Alternative responses

5.4 The experience of agro-ecological crop diversification under irrigation in Bolivia

In the valleys of Cochabamba, Bolivia, diversified production allows different crops to be grown at different times of the year to . ensure a greater diversity of foods Evangelia shows us that improve family diets, are Meanwhile, in addition to farming, that women’s work in the valleys sufficient and of high nutritional her husband does construction of Bolivia is not limited to taking quality, and come from plots used work while she takes care of the care of the home; she participates for consumption and the sale of crops used to sustain the family, actively in the agricultural surpluses. Agricultural diversity and when he is at home, production of food alongside her gives resource-poor farmers, husband, finding ways to diversify particularly women, greater not only their production but also bargaining power over time and in their income and thus ensure the local and regional markets. Some family’s sustainability. plots used for annual crops, fruit trees, and greenhouses have irrigation if they are close to natural slopes or irrigation ponds Community gathering at a Women2030 project in Bolivia. CIPCA known as , which also allows for the proper management of natural resources.

In recent years, women’s participation has gained greater visibility not only in the political and social spheres, but also in family agriculture. An example of this progress can be seen in the life of Evangelia Acrapi Soto of the municipality of Torotoro in the Department of Potosí, who states:

. Hers is a family of four, and often they do not need to buy food because they have all they need on their plot, which also generates income through surpluses:

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 43 Alternative responses

5.5 Environmental education and women's rights projects in Brazil

Environmental education practices or GAEA) agreed on as a way to boost that consider both social and training developed by MUPAN in women's participation in water environment factors are applied in 2013-2014, which was selected by management and spheres of several sectors: social assistance, UN Women to be part of the 2016 decision-making (UN WOMEN, health, planning, sanitation, and Compendium of Good Practices in 2016). solid waste, as well as education Training for Gender Equality. and environment. In Brazil, these Some of the course modules were: practices are derived from sectoral The project aimed to increase education as a means to increase public policies, particularly those women’s participation in these participation in society; legal discussed since 1999, which areas, focusing on homemakers, framework on water resources include the premises of the local women leaders, and women and participation/decision-making; National Environmental Education working at local health and environmental education, public Policy (PNEA) instituted by Law No. education centres. Several policies and participation; 9.795/1999 (GAEA, 2015). workshops and meetings were environmental education for held with local community leaders, collective organizations; and An example of an environmental students, teachers, and local systematization of knowledge on education experience is the government authorities. An online gender, water, and environmental Gender, Water, and Environmental course focusing on gender, water, education. Education ( and environmental education was

Promiting environmental education and women's rights in Brazil. GEASF

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 44 Conclusions and recommendations

6. Conclusions and recommendations

It is increasingly recognized that sustainable development cannot be achieved without environmental and gender justice. It is also recognized that the climate crisis (and, recently, pandemics) and social injustices are directly related to deforestation, extractive industries, and current models of production and consumption created and perpetuated by the patriarchy, as demonstrated by the cases described in this assessment.

According to the FAO (2018), gender justice, including general, as evidenced by the deforestation is the second environmental and climate justice. testimonies and cases presented leading cause of climate change in this report. after the burning of fossil fuels, However, the full exercise of these representing 20% of greenhouse rights faces various structural, As a result of the advancement of gas emissions. This is primarily the political, and domestic barriers the recognition of women's rights, transportation sector. Between 24 marked by power relations that in LAC countries, women are and 30% of the potential are rooted in deeply patriarchal, gradually assuming leadership mitigation total can be obtained by racist, colonial, and extractivist positions and occupying positions halting and reducing tropical practices and ways of thinking in public office. In countries such deforestation. Thus, deforestation (ideologies). These practices and as Bolivia – where peasant and and consequent biodiversity loss is ways of thinking impede the Indigenous movements have a violation of SDGs 5, 13, and 15. realization of the rights recognized made great political progress – by national constitutions and laws there are even Indigenous women Progress and changes favoring in daily life. in parliament. However, as ECLAC gender equality in the five LAC (2014) indicates, women’s countries have occurred mainly in The legal recognition of women’s increased presence in the public the legal and institutional realm. rights is generating critical thinking sector still has not led to a All five countries have ratified the and proactiveness in different transformation in the main international and regional social movements and spheres discriminatory allocation of roles, agreements ensuring respect for (including among women, labor relations, and access to basic and observance of the political, peasants, academics, resources. To the extent that the social, economic, and cultural environmentalists, and gender order remains unchanged, rights of women and girls, humanitarians) in favour of women’s shift from the private freedom from violence and all respect for the fundamental rights sphere to the public sphere forms of discrimination (see of women. This is partly due to the continues to be mediated by the Chapter 3). The various social gradual acceptance of the notion weight of the power relations and movements, and particularly that the exercise of equal rights hegemonic forms of masculinities regional and national and feminist and the full development of (and interests) that feed this movements, have played a women's capacities have an power. decisive role in the ratification of impact not only on the well-being these international agreements in of women (as a gender), but also Regarding the more specific favor of women's demands for on that of men and society in findings at the regional level, the

Promoting environmental education and women's rights in Brazil. GEASF

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 45 Conclusions and recommendations

Skill share on food sovereignty in Paraguay. Inés Franceschelli results of the gender assessment forced to give birth in shackles in the challenges faced by women highlight as a priority issue actions the presence of police officials. require a range of interventions to stop all forms of violence to Although this case went to court, and dialogues at the local level to which women, girls, and the aggressors were acquitted. ensure that landowners can make Indigenous populations are Chile's domestic laws and decisions about its use and reap subjected. Halting violence international agreements to halt the benefits. These benefits clearly becomes essential and nearly a violence against women lose their foster women's agency, and precondition for the full exercise validity in the case of this moreover, secure access to land of other political, economic, and Indigenous woman. serves as a precondition for socio-cultural rights. The rise in eradicating poverty and is critical gender-based violence and Another face of patriarchal to the achievement of the SDGs. femicides in LAC countries violence is the persecution and suggests that hegemonic murder of leaders who defend A third aspect emerging from the patriarchy is so deeply entrenched their territories, forests, gender assessments is that in society that, more than 25 years biodiversity, and rivers against women are gaining recognition after the adoption of international extractivism. As described in within their communities as agreements such as CEDAW or the section 4.4, the names of women leaders in the care and Beijing Platform for Action, the fighters are being added each year conservation of biodiversity, good intentions of domestic laws to the endless list of crimes forests, and nature in general. to combat gender-based violence perpetrated by assassins hired by Self-organized women are are effectively invalidated. the promoters of extractivism, developing alternative responses with the consent of the state. to the advancement of Levels of violence are even more monoculture plantations and striking when it comes to peasant A second aspect highlighted by the other extractive industries, but and Indigenous women because, reports of the five countries is the also to the effects of climate in addition to gender question of the actual observance change. Practices of note include discrimination, they face other of usage rights for land and other agroecology, agroforestry, water forms of discrimination based on key resources, such as water, harvesting, alternative livestock culture, race, and class. This forests, seeds, and biodiversity. farming, and care for medicinal explains the inhumane treatment While states have made progress plants (see Chapter V). These faced, for example, by the on policies that favour land practices, in addition to being Mapuche woman in Chile who was ownership for women, in practice, sustainable alternatives for the

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 46 Conclusions and recommendations

Local produce and crafts, Colombia. Fundaexpresión

management of productive themselves. In this regard, Pamela This partly implies the UN’s ecosystems, are also a way to Caro of the research centre CIELO complacency with regard to VNRs promote (living well) believes that, on the SDGs, which are with gender, environmental, and climate justice. 47; instead of advancing equitable and just The recognition gained by women coexistence in societies and and Indigenous peoples in the between societies and nature, conservation of biodiversity and gigantic strides are being made forests is not yet reflected in VNRs (Colectivo VientoSur 2020). A towards the depletion and on the SDGs. This absence is partly contradiction also exists between destruction of our planet's because sectoral plans related to what the UN preaches in relation productive capacity, generating the management of soil, water, to sustainable development with multiple social, environmental, biodiversity, and forest social and climate justice and what and climatic conflicts. This double ecosystems have not included is currently occurring in face of the UN and other gender and interculturality in their communities in developing international organizations that objectives, actions, and budgets. countries. While many women promote sustainable development This also has a negative impact on have undertaken initiatives that is partly explained by the the results that are being sought in meet SDG Target 15.2 of halting excessive funding and subsidies compliance with related SDGs, deforestation by 2020 in their given to extractive industries (see such as SDGs 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 13, and territories, almost all governments section 4.8), monoculture 15. in Latin America have failed to plantations, industrial livestock meet this essential goal. In these farming, and mega-infrastructure. While there is widespread countries, access to basic acceptance among UN resources, the exercise of organizations, feminist civil society fundamental rights, and food organizations, and academia that security and sovereignty are achieving SDG 5 is a precondition mediated and determined by for the achievement of the other extractive industries and private SDGs, this conviction is not yet interests, which are increasingly recognized by grassroots embedded in governance at all organizations, nor by women levels, including at the UN.

47 In Chile’s second Voluntary National Report (2019), for example, mentioned in regards to the “situation of Araucanía” is the search for “solutions based on dialogue, reparation, recognition, progress and respect for the rule of law” (p. 36) versus the reality of violence and dispossession already mentioned.

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 47 Conclusions and recommendations

Recommendations

Policies that aim to foster gender equality should recognize that women and Indigenous communities, including women’s organizations and movements, face various structural, political and sociocultural barriers to implement the ‘good will’ of institutional reforms. In countries such as those of Latin America, these barriers are intertwined with colonial practices of accumulation by dispossession; gender ethnic, and racial discrimination; corruption; and lack of accountability. This dispossession goes beyond resource deprivation, as it affects the of people’s identities linked to their territory and history.

Gender equality policies should acknowledge the fact that gender injustice and violence against women are clearly linked to environmental injustices such as biodiversity loss and deforestation, soil degradation, water scarcity and pollution, appropriation of local seeds and traditional knowledge, and eviction from protected areas. Although women are organizing and fighting to overcome these injustices, continuous threats and challenges undermine their resilience.

Public policies regarding women should not only be directed at women as mothers and wives, but also as agents of change at all political, economic, social, and cultural levels. We must stop affirming and romanticizing the notion that women have a natural, inherent capacity to care for children and spouses, since these social constructions justify, in part, the confinement of women to the domestic sphere.

All forms of violence against women, girls, and Indigenous peoples must be urgently eradicated. More effective laws must be established at the local level that punish not only the perpetrators of violence, but also the institutions (courts, police, and other bodies) that enable the perpetrators.

Laws against domestic violence must mainstream interculturality, which would allow for special but equitable treatment for Indigenous women (and men) who approach the relevant bodies to report cases of violence. The inclusion of interculturality would also allow changes in judicial systems (which are based solely on sanction and punishment) oriented toward the prevention of violence through campaigns and training to foster cultural transformations (Mercado , 2015, cited by VientoSur 2020).

Policies and proposals for gender equality must make women's reproductive work visible and valued from an economic rights approach given that this work contributes to the development of national economies and sustains the functioning of society as a whole.

The alternative responses that women and their organizations are developing in the face of patriarchy must be strengthened by disseminating and replicating these practices through exchanges of experience and knowledge. This also promotes solidarity among women from different cultures and the ‘sowing’ of alternatives for (living well), which contributes significantly to the conservation and restoration of forests.

Group photo, Women2030 project in Bolivia. CIPCA

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 48 Conclusions and recommendations

National development plans, including cross-sectoral plans, must include gender budgets for the implementation, oversight, monitoring and evaluation of gender equality plans and SDGs. Significant increases in investments are required to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls in developing countries. Collectively, donors and partners must maximize both the quality and quantity of funding for SDG 5 on gender equality.

The Mapuche people require constitutional recognition that will enable them to validate their autonomous forms of organization within the framework of multiculturalism and plurinationality set out in ILO Convention 169.

States must be called on to stop the persecution, violence, and murder of environmental leaders. Effective laws and sanctions are needed to punish direct and indirect perpetrators.

The immediate demilitarization of Indigenous communities and territories must take place and their right to self- determination must be recognized by the different international and regional human rights agreements. There must be greater international pressure on states in this regard.

In view of the expansion of mega-projects and extractive industries, communities and specifically peasant women's groups demand that states consult women before granting concessions. At a minimum, states must respect prior consultation under ILO Convention 169, which they have ratified.

We must require governments, free trade agreements, and banks to stop subsidizing dirty and harmful programs and projects that force Mother Earth and its inhabitants to produce beyond the limits of productive capacity. This destroys not only forests, rivers, and soil ecosystems, but also the identity and dignity of peoples.

Parallel work is needed between communities and superstructures such as the United Nations to specifically address local needs through effective participatory methodologies. The United Nations must reach into the territories to monitor what is stated in the SDGs. It cannot simply accept the self-satisfied VNRs of governments that violate the rights of women and peoples every day. Funding that is not yet focused on gender equality must be aligned, as a first step, with a minimum standard of 'do no harm'. Most funding of all types does not yet involve a gender perspective and, in fact, can harm gender equality and women's empowerment.

Group photo, Women2030 project in Chile. Colectivo VientoSur

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 49 References

6. References

Angarita, Jenny Rocio, “Medicina Legal advierte que este año han sido violentadas más de 98 mil mujeres”, LAFM, 27 November 2019. https://www.lafm.com.co/colombia/medicina-legal-advierte-que-este-ano-han-sido-violentadas- mas-de-98-mil-mujeres WWF BRASIL. Monitoramento das alterações da cobertura vegetal e uso do Solo na Bacia do Alto Paraguai–Porção Brasileira–Período de Análise: 2002 a 2008. Iniciativa: CI–Conservação Internacional, ECOA-Ecologia e Ação, Fundación AVINA, Instituto SOS Pantanal, WWF-Brasil. Brasília: 2009. CEPAL. Indicadores. Observatório de Igualdade de Gênero da América Latina e do Caribe, 2019. https://oig.cepal.org/pt/indicadores CEPAL. Planes de igualdad de género en América Latina y el Caribe: Mapas de ruta para el desarrollo. Santiago: 2019. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/41014/6/S1801212_es.pdf CIPCA, Análisis de las relaciones de género con base en los Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. La Paz, Bolivia: 2020. Colectivo VientoSur, Evaluación de Género en comunidades Mapuche de Mariquina y Loncoche en Chile, 2020. Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos [Paraguay], “Encuesta sobre uso del tiempo”, October 2017. https://www.dgeec.gov.py/Publicaciones/Biblioteca/eut2016/EUT2016.pdf El Tiempo. “Tenemos la mejor ley contra la violencia hacia la mujer... y no se cumple”. 6 December, 2018. https://www.eltiempo.com/podcast/degeneradas/analisis-de-los-10-anos-de-la-ley-1257-de-2008-de-colombia-sobre- violencia-contra-la-mujer-299462 FAO “State of the World’s Forests”, 2018. Fernández, F. “Extractivismo y economías masculinizadas: las mujeres en la defensa del cuerpo-territorio”. En Violencia estructural y feminismo: apuntes para una discusión. Red Chilena contra la Violencia hacia las Mujeres, 2019. Flores Salazar, A. Políticas públicas de igualdad de género en Chile y Costa Rica. Un estudio comparado. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Complutense de Madrid 2016. Fundaexpresión (2020), Informe de Análisis de Género-GFC. Santander, Colombia. GAEA – Gênero, água, educação ambiental / organizadores Áurea da Silva Garcia, Patrícia Honorato Zerlotti. Campo Grande: MUPAN, 2015. Available here: https://www.gaea.inf.br/mupan Gobierno de Chile. Segundo Informe Nacional Voluntario Chile 2019, del Consejo Nacional para la Implementación de la agenda 2030 de desarrollo sostenible, 2019. http://www.subtrab.trabajo.gob.cl/wp- content/uploads/2019/07/Informe-Nacional-Voluntario-Chile-2019-Agenda-20301_compressed-1.pdf HEÑOI, Informe de Evaluación de Género. Asunción, Paraguay: 2020. MUPAN, Gender Assessment and Policy Consultation Report. Campo Grande, Brasil: 2020. Observa Violencia de Género, “Feminicidios en el año 2018: Paraguay”, 2018. http://observaviolencia.org/2018/01/18/feminicidios/ Rodríguez Díaz, Eva María, “Mujeres campesinas sin tierra - rostros de pobreza y exclusión”, Revista Semillas No. 73/74, December 2019. http://www.semillas.org.co/es/revista/mujeres-campesinas-sin-tierra Red Chilena contra la violencia hacia las mujeres (2019). Dossier Informativo 2018 - 2019. Violencia contra las mujeres en Chile. Available here: http://www.nomasviolenciacontramujeres.cl/wpcontent/uploads/2019/09/DOSSIER- 2019-1.pdf Silva, JSV., Abdon, MM., Moraes, JA. Desmatamento na bacia do Alto Paraguai no Brasil. In Anais 3º Simpósio de Geotecnologias no Pantanal. Cáceres, MT, 16-20 de octubre 2010. Embrapa Informática Agropecuária/INPE, p. 459- 467. Available here: https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/23286/1/p161.pdf Vera Delgado J. La seguridad hídrica y los procesos de acumulación de los derechos de uso del agua en los Andes: una cuestión de política cultural. En: Boelens, R., L. Cremers, M. Zwarteveen (eds), Justicia Hídrica. Acumulación, conflicto y acción social. 2011. pp 431-452. IEP, PUCP, Justicia Hídrica. ONU Mujeres, Análisis estratégico censal de Encuestas de Hogares y Registros Administrativos, 2015. UN WOMEN, UN Women training centre: Compendium of good practices in training for gender equality. UN Women, Nairobi, 2016. Available here: https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/ publications/2016/compendium-of-good-practices-in-training-for-gender-equality.pdf?la=en&vs=1218

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 50 Annex

Annex

Testimony collected by CCIMCAT-Bolivia Pseudonym for research purposes: Ely Arari Age: 54 years Community: Chimeo, Bolivia Basic information: Mother of three children. The Chimeo community is part of the municipality of Villamontes in the province of Gran Chaco in Tarija and has been processing its TCO titling for 16 years. Land in Chimeo is parcelled in productive units called chacos. Most of these parcels consist of two hectares and are part of the Assembly of the Guaraní People.

Paragraphs taken from the interview on 13 October 2018:

When the interviewee was consulted about her children's right of access, mainly that of her daughter, she replied that the community is in charge of distributing the land:

Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 51 Gender Analysis of the SDGs in Five Countries in Latin America | July 2020 52