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Confronting Violence Against Women in Latin America and the Caribbean Gender Equality Observatory ISSN 2308-748X of Latin America and the Caribbean ANNUAL REPORT 2013-2014 Confronting violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean Gender EqualityEquality ObservatoryObservatory ISSN 2308-748X2308-748X of LatinLatin AmericaAmerica andand thethe CaribbeanCaribbean ANNUALANNUAL REPORTREPORT 2013-201420 Confronting violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Antonio Prado Deputy Executive Secretary Sonia Montaño Chief, Division for Gender Affairs Ricardo Pérez Chief, Publications and Web Services Division This document was prepared under the supervision of Alicia Bárcena, Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The work was carried out under the direct responsibility of Sonia Montaño Virreira, Chief of the Division for Gender Affairs. The substantive inputs were prepared by María Cristina Benavente and Natalia Gherardi, consultants with ECLAC, and Alejandra Valdés, Coordinator of the Gender Equality Observatory for Latin America and the Caribbean. Particular gratitude is also extended to Iliana Vaca-Trigo for her contributions. This report was made possible by the contributions of the member countries of the Presiding Officers of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean, which have provided official information on a regular basis to the Gender Equality Observatory for Latin America and the Caribbean since 2007 for the construction of indicators. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Ibero-American Secretariat (SEGIB). The authors also offer special thanks to the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID) for its financial and technical cooperation. United Nations Publications ISBN: 978-92-1-121870-1 (print and PDF) ISBN: 978-92-1-057084-8 (ePub) ISSN: 2308-748X LC/G.2626/Rev.1 Copyright © United Nations, June 2015 All rights reserved Printed in Santiago, Chile S.15-00498 This publication should be cited as: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Annual Report 2013-2014. Confronting violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean (LC/G.2626), Santiago, Chile, 2014. Applications for the right to reproduce this work are welcomed and should be sent to the Secretary of the Publications Board, United Nations Headquarters, New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and inform the United Nations of such reproduction. Contents Foreword .........................................................................................................................................7 I. Women’s autonomy ................................................................................................................11 A. Economic autonomy ........................................................................................................12 B. Decision-making autonomy .............................................................................................14 C. Physical autonomy ..........................................................................................................17 II. Violence against women is a violation of their rights ..............................................................21 A. International and regional normative framework .............................................................21 B. Recognition of different forms of violence against women. Challenges for national legislation in the region .................................................................................26 III. The magnitude of the problem: measuring violence against women .....................................31 A. Surveys ...........................................................................................................................32 1. National surveys in Ecuador, Mexico and Uruguay .................................................34 B. Violence in health surveys...............................................................................................36 C. Administrative records: strengths and limitations ............................................................43 D. Intersectoral coordination: essential for producing information .......................................48 IV. The State response: access to rights; access to justice .........................................................51 A. Towards a comprehensive approach to violence: the second generation of laws ...........................................................................................................51 B. Policies, plans and programmes .....................................................................................56 1. What are countries doing? .......................................................................................58 2. Femicide: different approaches to inclusion in national legislation ..........................65 C. The role of the judiciary and judicial personnel ...............................................................68 D. Machineries for the advancement of women and their role in eradicating violence against women ...........................................................................72 V. Conclusions and challenges ...................................................................................................77 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................81 3 ECLAC Confronting violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean Tables Table II.1 Main relevant legal instruments in the international and regional human rights regulatory framework ................................................................................22 Table II.2 Violence against women in the recommendations of the Committee on Civil and Political Rights, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the Committee against Torture, 2012 and 2013 ...........................................23 Table II.3 Forms and manifestations of violence against women in various settings as classified by the United Nations (2006) ..........................................................27 Table III.1 Latin America and the Caribbean: demographic and health surveys and reproductive health surveys .........................................................................33 Table III.2 Strengths and limitations of sources of data on violence against women ...........44 Table III.3 Sources of information for recording deaths of women at the hands of an intimate partner or former partner ..............................................................48 Table IV.1 Latin America (10 countries): comparison of comprehensive legislation on violence .........................................................................................53 Table IV.2 Latin America and the Caribbean: legislation and plans .....................................57 Table IV.3 Latin America and the Caribbean: campaigns against violence against women ....................................................................................................59 Table IV.4 Latin America and the Caribbean: shelters and safe houses for women victims of violence .............................................................................60 Table IV.5 Latin America: helplines for victims of violence ...................................................61 Table IV.6 Legislation on femicide/feminicide in Latin America ............................................66 Table IV.7 Latin America: judiciary and justice administration body initiatives for access to justice for victims of violence .........................................................70 Table IV.8 States parties to the Belém do Pará Convention: rank of machineries for the advancement of women, adoption of comprehensive legislation and implementation of national plans .................................................................73 Figures Figure I.1 Latin America (17 countries): economically active female population by income quintile, latest data available .............................................................13 Figure I.2 Latin America (16 countries): population with no own income, by sex, latest period available .............................................................................13 Figure I.3 Latin America (13 countries) and the Caribbean (5 countries): women in ministerial cabinets, penultimate and most recent presidential term .....................15 Figure I.4 Latin America (19 countries) and the Caribbean (14 countries): elected women in national parliaments, single house or lower house, by existence of quota laws, 2013 ........................................................................15 Figure I.5 Latin America and the Caribbean: elected women councillors and mayors, 2002-2012 ......................................................................................16 Figure I.6 Latin America: rank of machineries for the advancement of women, 2009 and 2013 ....................................................................................................17 Figure I.7 Latin America (11 countries): women aged 15-19 who are mothers, initial data and
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