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Gender-Based Violence and Environment Linkages the Violence of Inequality Itzá Castañeda Camey, Laura Sabater, Cate Owren and A

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Gender-Based Violence and Environment Linkages the Violence of Inequality Itzá Castañeda Camey, Laura Sabater, Cate Owren and A Gender-based violence and environment linkages The violence of inequality Itzá Castañeda Camey, Laura Sabater, Cate Owren and A. Emmett Boyer Jamie Wen, editor INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE About IUCN IUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations. It provides public, private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together. Created in 1948, IUCN is now the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network, harnessing the knowledge, resources and reach of more than 1,300 Member organisations and some 15,000 experts. It is a leading provider of conservation data, assessments and analysis. Its broad membership enables IUCN to fill the role of incubator and trusted repository of best practices, tools and international standards. IUCN provides a neutral space in which diverse stakeholders including governments, NGOs, scientists, businesses, local communities, Indigenous Peoples organisations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development. Working with many partners and supporters, IUCN implements a large and diverse portfolio of conservation projects worldwide. Combining the latest science with the traditional knowledge of local communities, these projects work to reverse habitat loss, restore ecosystems and improve people’s well-being. www.iucn.org https://twitter.com/IUCN/ Gender-based violence and environment linkages The violence of inequality Itzá Castañeda Camey, Laura Sabater, Cate Owren and A. Emmett Boyer Jamie Wen, editor The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or IUCN. This publication was made possible through support provided by the Office of Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment (GenDev), Bureau for Economic Growth, Education, and Environment (E3), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), under the terms of Award No. AID-EGEE-IO-13-00004 through the initiative AGENT – Advancing Gender in the Environment. It was prepared by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). For information about AGENT: Corinne Hart, USAID – cohart[at]usaid.gov Cate Owren, IUCN – cate.owren[at]iucn.org Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2020 IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Castañeda Camey, I., Sabater, L., Owren, C. and Boyer, A.E. (2020). Gender-based violence and environment linkages: The violence of inequality. Wen, J. (ed.). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 272pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-2033-3 (PDF) 978-2-8317-2034-0 (print) DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.03.en Editor: Jamie Wen Research Assistants: Kaia Boe Eugenio Fernández-Vázquez Melissa Luna Briana Mawby Cover Illustration: Estudio Relativo Layout by: Estudio Relativo Available from: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Global Programme on Governance and Rights Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 [email protected] www.iucn.org/resources/publications 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................... XI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................XIX ACRONYMS ................................................................................................XXI LIST OF BOXES, FIGURES AND RESOURCES ......................................XXIV 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Framing the issues ..............................................................................2 1.1.1 Discrimination and inequality drives gender-based violence and vice versa .....................................................................................3 1.1.2 Gender-based violence is used as a means for control, including over natural resources ...................................................6 1.1.3 Why addressing gender-based violence is fundamental to realising global goals .................................................................10 1.2 About this research ...........................................................................11 1.2.1 Scope and structure ....................................................................13 1.2.2 Methodology ...............................................................................14 1.2.3 Limitations of the study ...............................................................16 References ................................................................................................19 SECTION I. GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AND ACCESS, USE AND CONTROL OF NATURAL RESOURCES 22 2. The use of gender-based violence as a form of control over land and natural resources 23 2.1 Land and its resources ......................................................................26 2.1.1 Setting the context: Land as security ...........................................26 2.1.2 An overview of inequitable tenure rights and customary norms ....27 2.1.3 Gender-based violence as an enforcement mechanism for land and property grabbing .........................................................28 2.1.4 Sexual extortion for access to land rights ....................................31 S I. 2.1.5 Evidence-based linkages between gender-based violence S II. and land rights ...........................................................................32 S III. 2.2 Forests and forest resources .............................................................33 S IV. 2.2.1 Setting the context: Forests underpin life and livelihoods .............33 v 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 2.2.2 A review of gendered roles and relationships in forest management .................................................................. 33 2.2.3 Gender-based violence and forest use and tenure .......................34 2.3 Agriculture .........................................................................................39 2.3.1 Setting the context: Underpinning food security and nutrition ......39 2.3.2 Gender-differentiated work: A review of barriers .........................39 2.3.3 Varied expressions of gender-based violence as a form of control in agriculture ................................................................41 2.4 Water ...................................................................................................43 2.4.1 Setting the context: Clean water and sanitation underpins rights ... 43 2.4.2 An overview of gendered access to water ..................................43 2.4.3 Gender-based violence and water collection ..............................45 2.5 Fisheries .............................................................................................48 2.5.1 Setting the context: A pathway towards food security .................48 2.5.2 A review of women’s ‘invisibility’ defined by inequality ..................48 2.5.3 Gender-based violence and fishery resources as a means of controlling power and human bodies ...........................................50 2.5.4 ‘Sex-for-fish’: Sexual exploitation in the fisheries sector ...............52 2.6 Ways forward ......................................................................................53 2.6.1 Explore policies and strategies to improve livelihoods and reduce gender-based violence through access and tenure rights to land and natural resources ..................................................................54 2.6.2 Increase knowledge and capacities to address gender-based violence and natural resource links through data and tools ..........55 References ................................................................................................62 SECTION II. GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES AND THREATS 72 3. Illicit natural resource exploitation – Links between gender-based violence and environmental crimes 73 3.1 Illegal wildlife trade ............................................................................77 3.1.1 Setting the context: A growing market for wildlife exploitation ......77 3.1.2 Gender-based violence as both a means and an impact of the S I. illegal wildlife trade, disrupting and destabilising communities ......78 S II. 3.2 Illegal logging .....................................................................................80 S III. 3.2.1 Setting the context: An economy of deforestation, degradation S IV. and crime ....................................................................................80 vi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 3.2.2 Exploiting interlinked conditions of discrimination and abuse, perpetrating gender-based violence in the illegal logging sector...81 3.2.3
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