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Online Support and Domestic Violence – Negotiating Discourses, Emotions, and Actions

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Online Support and Domestic Violence – Negotiating Discourses, Emotions, and Actions Online support and Domestic violence – negotiating discourses, emotions, and actions Karin Berg A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the London Metropolitan University’s Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy March 2015 Abstract This thesis makes an original contribution to the study of online support on domestic violence (often referred to as online support communities/groups) through a discursive feminist perspective. Whilst the few previous studies on the topic are limited in scope, this is the first to adopt a mixed methods approach, exploring the topic through three sets of data from one online support forum on domestic violence: qualitative textual analysis of threads (n=215); an online survey (n=70); and two interviews with the manager of the forum and the moderator. The thesis aims to explore the role of an online support forum for women in the process of ending violence in their lives. Six aspects of online support are explored: forum-host’s goals, history and development of the forum; the experience of online support from the perspective of its members; exploring the themes and topics dealt with in the forum; how forum users perceive the impact and relevance of these themes; how members construct emotions, violence, victims and perpetrators in written postings; and how members use violence discourse in support processes. The analysis of these aspects provides a new body of evidence regarding the possibilities of online support groups. First, interviews with the forum hosts give a unique insight to the challenges with hosting the forum, pursuing moderation, and the limits and possibilities with using a public anonymous space. Second, through the survey, a sample of forum-members describes an eclectic form of mutual support, the experience of moderator’s work, and the interaction with other members. The forum's impact on participants’ understanding of violence, help-seeking and decision- making is measured. Third, the analysis of threads demonstrates in-depth members’ reflexive work (Giddens, 1991) in the forum, which comprehends the whole processes of ending violence, and shows how members use violence discourse to understand violence, manage emotions and encourage specific choices and actions. A discursive theoretical perspective explicates how support processes are enacted within and according to a normative practice. The findings suggest previously overlooked issues, in particular with regard to flexible long-term support for women with experiences of domestic violence (Kelly et al, 2014). 2 Acknowledgements This thesis could not have been completed without the precious help and support received from academic research funding, as well as the intellectual input and radiant presence of a number of people. I am grateful to them for making this PhD an enriching experience and meaningful accomplishment. The value of financial aid cannot be overestimated. Therefore, my sincere gratitude goes to: Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets Stipendiestiftelse (February 2012); IRIS Stipendiet (August 2011); Helge A:xson Johnson Stiftelse (June 2010/2011/2012); Gunvor och Josef Anérs Stiftelse Studie Stipendie (2010) from whose financial contributions benefitted both my livelihood and motivation to pursue the project. Thanks to London Metropolitan University I was granted three years of tuition free studies with a Vice Chancellor's fees-only PhD Scholarship. I am most indebted to my supervisors Professors Liz Kelly and Renate Klein. Both have given me essential scholarly insights, kept me inspired, and challenged my thinking. Not only have they provided me with invaluable intellectual guidance, they have also granted me their endless patience and helped me with my written English. Liz’s wit and unique expertise sharpened both my ideas and my writing; Renate brought in an incisive perspective, which deepened my thinking and softened my approach. Together they have been a terrific team. Thank you to my third supervisor Cathy Sullivan for her good advice. I am also grateful to Dr Viveka Enander, whose work has been a great influence on my approach, and who examined the thesis, and to Dr Maddy Coy who in her capacity as second examiner helped clarify various points. Both gave essential feedback and prompted me to envisage new interesting perspectives on the thesis. Scholarly inspiration and input were given by Dr Kerry Lee as well as by my fellow PhD colleagues and friends Ruth and Tracy. Cathy Larne was always ready to answer my queries. To Cesare, whose the completion of this thesis is also very much his success, as I find it impossible to envisage these years without his care, unapologetic attitude, inspiration, encouragement, and not the least help with the English language. I thank my family, Christian, Maria, Andreas, Katarina, Kjell, and Marielle, who supported me unconditionally despite my long absence from Sweden; and who offered their homes and warmth when I needed it. I thank Fausta, Gianfranco, and Tata who contributed to this thesis in many important ways. Friends have provided encouragement, humour and inspiration. Special mention to Andrea, Angelos, Daniel, David, Clair, Neringa, Tatiana, and Zoltan; and to Bodil who so generously accommodated an otherwise absent friend during many lengthy visits to Gothenburg. I want to express my deepest gratitude to Ava, Fiona, Joanne, and Maria whose wit, friendships, and 3 intellectual depth made the whole experience of doing a PhD unforgettable and meaningful. Many were the insights derived from conversations with this profoundly unusual lot (in the usual places). A special thank you to Margot Waddell who has been the most brilliant and inspiring landlady, housemate and friend throughout the duration of the study. Lastly, I am hugely grateful to the members in the forum, the moderators, and to Women’s Aid for contributing to this research in the administration of the survey. Their invaluable knowledge became the foundation for the thesis’ results and enabled the project to take place. To all of you - Thank you London, February 2015 4 Table of content Chapter One: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 7 Epistemology ....................................................................................................................... 8 Summary of the thesis ........................................................................................................ 11 Chapter Two: Mutual support as reflexive practice ................................................................ 13 Discourse theory ................................................................................................................ 13 Power and Discourse ......................................................................................................... 18 Reflexive Work and Experience ........................................................................................ 21 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter Three: Domestic violence and the role of informal support ...................................... 26 Part one: Domestic violence as a gendered crime.............................................................. 26 Part Two: Social Support and Domestic Violence ............................................................. 43 Part Three: Research on online support groups/communities ........................................... 50 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 57 Chapter Four: Methodology and Methods .............................................................................. 59 Research procedures: data collection and ethical considerations ...................................... 59 Analysis: working across three sets of data ....................................................................... 71 Limitations of the study ..................................................................................................... 80 Chapter Five: A forum to connect ........................................................................................... 82 Who participated ................................................................................................................ 83 A space for mutual support ................................................................................................ 84 The role of moderation and links to formal support .......................................................... 92 Learning a new perspective on violence ............................................................................ 97 Impact on actions ............................................................................................................. 101 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 105 Chapter Six: Making experience count ................................................................................. 107 Theoretical debates on the meaning of domestic violence .............................................. 108 From recognition to naming and knowing ....................................................................... 111 Defining violence through discourse ............................................................................... 115 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................
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