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VOLUME 51, NO. 1 | 2018 ALDRICHIMICA ACTA The Spectacular Resurgence of Electrochemical Redox Reactions in Organic Synthesis Carbon–Carbon π Bonds as Conjunctive Reagents in Cross-Coupling The life science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany operates as MilliporeSigma in the U.S. and Canada. MakInG sTrIDes In Genome EDITInG: THe DIGITaL, CHemIcaL, anD BIoLogIcaL Dear Fellow Researchers: You may not know that MilliporeSigma can make DNA from scratch, using 100% synthetic chemical methods—no living cells and no fermentation necessary. Our DNA synthesis facilities in The Woodlands (Texas) and Haverhill (U.K.) receive thousands of DNA orders daily from scientists all over the world. A small piece of DNA, one hundred bases long, gives scientists 4100 possibilities using only the fundamental letters of our genetic code (A,C,G,T). Included within these options is the opportunity for a researcher to open a common text editor on his or her PC and design a 100-base piece of DNA. 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ALDRICHIMICA ACTA VOL. 51, NO. 1 • 2018 “PLEASE BOTHER US.” Dear Fellow Chemists, Professor Timothy Newhouse of the Department of Chemistry at Yale University kindly suggested that we offer N-cyclohexyl-2,6-bis(1- Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany methylethyl)benzenamine (CyanH, 809527), a hindered monodentate Frankfurter Strasse 250 aniline derivative and a stable precursor of the novel, recyclable reagent 64293 Darmstadt, Germany lithium N-cyclohexylanilide (LiCyan). LiCyan is used in situ to effect the Phone +49 6151 72 0 palladium-catalyzed, direct α,β-dehydrogenation of amides in good-to-high yields. This practical method has a wide substrate scope and tolerates OH and NH functional groups, eliminating the To Place Orders / Customer Service need for additional reaction steps to protect and deprotect them. Contact your local office or visit Chen, Y.; Turlik, A.; Newhouse, T. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 1166. 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Udit Batra, Ph.D. CEO, MilliporeSigma TABLE OF CONTENTS The Spectacular Resurgence of Electrochemical Redox Reactions in Organic Synthesis. 3 Pierre-Georges Echeverria,* Dominique Delbrayelle, Aurélien Letort, Fiona Nomertin, Marc Perez, and Laurent Petit, Minakem Recherche (France) Carbon–Carbon π Bonds as Conjunctive Reagents in Cross-Coupling . 21 Joseph Derosa, Van T. Tran, Vincent A. van der Puyl, and Keary M. Engle,* The Scripps Research Institute (La Jolla) ABOUT OUR COVER Ginevra de' Benci (oil on panel, 38.1 × 37 cm, ca. 1474/1478) is one of Leonardo da Vinci’s (1452–1519) earliest works. Raised in an affluent family, he received a conventional education and apprenticed for several years as a painter and sculptor The entire Aldrichimica Acta archive is available with Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence. 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All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Detailed information on trademarks is available via publicly accessible resources. Aldrichimica ACTA 3 VOL. 51, NO. 1 • 2018 The Spectacular Resurgence of Electrochemical Redox Reactions in Organic Synthesis Dr. P.-G. Echeverria Dr. A. Letort Dr. M. Perez Mr. D. Delbrayelle Ms. F. Nomertin Dr. L. Petit Pierre-Georges Echeverria,* Dominique Delbrayelle, Aurélien Letort, Fiona Nomertin, Marc Perez, and Laurent Petit Dedicated to the Minakem Recherche memory of Prof. 145 Chemin des Lilas Dr. István E. Markó 59310 Beuvry la Forêt, France Email: [email protected] Keywords. organic electrosynthesis; radicals; anodic oxidation; 3.2.3. C–O Bond cathodic reduction; paired electrosynthesis. 3.2.4. C–S Bond 3.2.5. C–Cl Bond Abstract. Electrochemistry has had a profound impact on green 3.3. N–Y Bond Formation chemistry and in applications such as energy conversion and 3.3.1. N–N Bond storage, electroplating, water treatment, and environmental 3.3.2. N–S Bond monitoring, and it has also been embraced by various 3.4. Shono Oxidation industries. It is therefore quite surprising that electrochemistry 3.5. Miscellaneous Reactions has seldom been used by synthetic organic chemists. This could 3.5.1. [3 + 2] Annulation be partly attributed to the misconception that the electron as a 3.5.2. Fluorination reagent cannot be tamed easily. In recent years, the application 3.5.3. Other Reactions of electrochemistry to the synthesis of fine chemicals has 4. Cathodic Reduction had a resurgence, and many elegant solutions based on 4.1. C–Y Bond Formation electrochemistry have been devised to address synthetic 4.1.1. C–C Bond challenges with easy-to-use experimental setups. 4.1.2. C–B Bond 4.1.3. C–O Bond Outline 4.2. Markó-Lam Reduction 1. Introduction 4.3. Dehalogenation 2. Basic Principles 4.4. Cyclopropane Synthesis 2.1. The Electrochemical Cell and Cathode and Anode 4.5. Electrogenerated Bases Reactions 4.5.1. β-Lactam Synthesis 2.2. Mediators and Electroauxiliaries 4.5.2. C–N Bond Formation 3. Anodic Oxidation 4.5.3. C–C Bond Formation 3.1. Alcohol Oxidation 5. Paired Electrosynthesis 3.2. C–Y Bond Formation 6. Conclusion and Outlook 3.2.1. C–C Bond 7. Acknowledgment 3.2.2. C–N Bond 8. References The Spectacular Resurgence of Electrochemical Redox Reactions in Organic Synthesis 4 Pierre-Georges Echeverria,* Dominique Delbrayelle, Aurélien Letort, Fiona Nomertin, Marc Perez, and Laurent Petit 1. Introduction in this way, notably because the oxidation or reduction Chemistry is all about electrons. This general statement, potential required is too high in absolute value, giving rise to though simple, is nonetheless true. In organic chemistry, many side reactions or electrode passivation, or is even beyond the transformations are redox reactions, involving electrons being accessible range due to degradative electrolysis of the solvent or added to, or removed from, the molecule of interest.