Aldrichimica Acta

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Aldrichimica Acta VOLUME 51, NO. 1 | 2018 ALDRICHIMICA ACTA The Spectacular Resurgence of Electrochemical Redox Reactions in Organic Synthesis Carbon–Carbon π Bonds as Conjunctive Reagents in Cross-Coupling The life science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany operates as MilliporeSigma in the U.S. and Canada. MakInG sTrIDes In Genome EDITInG: THe DIGITaL, CHemIcaL, anD BIoLogIcaL Dear Fellow Researchers: You may not know that MilliporeSigma can make DNA from scratch, using 100% synthetic chemical methods—no living cells and no fermentation necessary. Our DNA synthesis facilities in The Woodlands (Texas) and Haverhill (U.K.) receive thousands of DNA orders daily from scientists all over the world. A small piece of DNA, one hundred bases long, gives scientists 4100 possibilities using only the fundamental letters of our genetic code (A,C,G,T). Included within these options is the opportunity for a researcher to open a common text editor on his or her PC and design a 100-base piece of DNA. This piece of DNA could help study diseases ranging from sickle cell anemia and blindness to cystic fibrosis by using CRISPR. To get started, scientists cut this 100-base DNA text from the text editor and paste it into MilliporeSigma’s online ordering system. The corresponding DNA piece that likely has never existed before is then delivered to them in 24–48 hours. Once received, this piece of DNA is mixed with CRISPR and living cells, and, with a “blast” of electricity, these synthetic chemical pieces activate the cell to edit the genome. Learn more about our CRISPR gene editing portfolio at SigmaAldrich.com/CRISPR Sincerely yours, Udit Batra, Ph.D. CEO, MilliporeSigma The life science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany operates as MilliporeSigma in the U.S. and Canada. Copyright © 2018 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. ALDRICHIMICA ACTA VOL. 51, NO. 1 • 2018 “PLEASE BOTHER US.” Dear Fellow Chemists, Professor Timothy Newhouse of the Department of Chemistry at Yale University kindly suggested that we offer N-cyclohexyl-2,6-bis(1- Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany methylethyl)benzenamine (CyanH, 809527), a hindered monodentate Frankfurter Strasse 250 aniline derivative and a stable precursor of the novel, recyclable reagent 64293 Darmstadt, Germany lithium N-cyclohexylanilide (LiCyan). LiCyan is used in situ to effect the Phone +49 6151 72 0 palladium-catalyzed, direct α,β-dehydrogenation of amides in good-to-high yields. This practical method has a wide substrate scope and tolerates OH and NH functional groups, eliminating the To Place Orders / Customer Service need for additional reaction steps to protect and deprotect them. Contact your local office or visit Chen, Y.; Turlik, A.; Newhouse, T. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 1166. SigmaAldrich.com/order Technical Service i-Pr i-Pr Contact your local office or visit N H SigmaAldrich.com/techinfo 809527 General Correspondence Editor: Sharbil J. Firsan, Ph.D. InChI Key: YDWZEQMCJKBGTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [email protected] 809527 N-Cyclohexyl-2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)benzenamine (CyanH) 1 g Subscriptions We welcome your product ideas. Do you need a product that is not featured on our website? Request your FREE subscription to the Ask us! For more than 60 years, your research needs and suggestions have shaped our product Aldrichimica Acta at SigmaAldrich.com/acta offering. Email your suggestion to [email protected]. Udit Batra, Ph.D. CEO, MilliporeSigma TABLE OF CONTENTS The Spectacular Resurgence of Electrochemical Redox Reactions in Organic Synthesis. 3 Pierre-Georges Echeverria,* Dominique Delbrayelle, Aurélien Letort, Fiona Nomertin, Marc Perez, and Laurent Petit, Minakem Recherche (France) Carbon–Carbon π Bonds as Conjunctive Reagents in Cross-Coupling . 21 Joseph Derosa, Van T. Tran, Vincent A. van der Puyl, and Keary M. Engle,* The Scripps Research Institute (La Jolla) ABOUT OUR COVER Ginevra de' Benci (oil on panel, 38.1 × 37 cm, ca. 1474/1478) is one of Leonardo da Vinci’s (1452–1519) earliest works. Raised in an affluent family, he received a conventional education and apprenticed for several years as a painter and sculptor The entire Aldrichimica Acta archive is available with Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence. Blessed with an at SigmaAldrich.com/acta extraordinary intellect and love of learning, Leonardo also immersed himself throughout his life in the study of Aldrichimica Acta (ISSN 0002-5100) is a what we call today anatomy, engineering, architecture, publication of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, and mechanics, and left a legacy of important works in Germany. various fields of knowledge. As an artist, he worked for various wealthy, aristocratic, and royal patrons in Florence, Copyright © 2018 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Milan, Rome, and France. While da Vinci created only a Germany and/or its affiliates. All Rights small number of paintings, his compositions have strongly Reserved. MilliporeSigma, the vibrant M influenced later generations of artists, and a number of Detail from Ginevra de' Benci. Photo courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. and Sigma-Aldrich are trademarks of Merck his paintings are now considered masterpieces of all time. KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany or its affiliates. Ginevra de' Benci is the obverse* side of a two-sided panel that was commissioned, as All other trademarks are the property of their customary, on the occasion of the subject’s engagement or marriage. This portrait of the beautiful, respective owners. Detailed information on but solemn and detached, 16-year-old is so flawlessly executed and lifelike that one is forgiven trademarks is available via publicly accessible for believing one is in the presence of Ginevra herself. Leonardo’s strong interest in, and keen resources. Purchaser must determine the sense of observation of, the natural world as well as his break with tradition by placing Ginevra in suitability of the products for their particular a three-quarter pose in an outdoor, “natural”, setting is an early indication of how his realistic and use. Additional terms and conditions may expressive scenes would influence and change fine art in the Renaissance. apply. Please see product information on the Purchased for the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, through the Ailsa Mellon Bruce Fund. Sigma-Aldrich website at SigmaAldrich.com and/or on the reverse side of the invoice or * So, what is on the reverse side of the Ginevra de' Benci panel? To find out, visit packing slip. SigmaAldrich.com/acta511 Navigate toward Metabolomic Discovery Explore our portfolio: • Comprehensive metabolomic resources, reagents and kits • Large collection of amino acid metabolites and carbohydrate metabolites • Enzymatic-based kits for the quantitation of nutrients and metabolites SigmaAldrich.com/metabolomics The life science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany operates as MilliporeSigma in the U.S. and Canada. © 2018 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. MilliporeSigma, Sigma-Aldrich, and the vibrant M are trademarks of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany or its affiliates. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Detailed information on trademarks is available via publicly accessible resources. Aldrichimica ACTA 3 VOL. 51, NO. 1 • 2018 The Spectacular Resurgence of Electrochemical Redox Reactions in Organic Synthesis Dr. P.-G. Echeverria Dr. A. Letort Dr. M. Perez Mr. D. Delbrayelle Ms. F. Nomertin Dr. L. Petit Pierre-Georges Echeverria,* Dominique Delbrayelle, Aurélien Letort, Fiona Nomertin, Marc Perez, and Laurent Petit Dedicated to the Minakem Recherche memory of Prof. 145 Chemin des Lilas Dr. István E. Markó 59310 Beuvry la Forêt, France Email: [email protected] Keywords. organic electrosynthesis; radicals; anodic oxidation; 3.2.3. C–O Bond cathodic reduction; paired electrosynthesis. 3.2.4. C–S Bond 3.2.5. C–Cl Bond Abstract. Electrochemistry has had a profound impact on green 3.3. N–Y Bond Formation chemistry and in applications such as energy conversion and 3.3.1. N–N Bond storage, electroplating, water treatment, and environmental 3.3.2. N–S Bond monitoring, and it has also been embraced by various 3.4. Shono Oxidation industries. It is therefore quite surprising that electrochemistry 3.5. Miscellaneous Reactions has seldom been used by synthetic organic chemists. This could 3.5.1. [3 + 2] Annulation be partly attributed to the misconception that the electron as a 3.5.2. Fluorination reagent cannot be tamed easily. In recent years, the application 3.5.3. Other Reactions of electrochemistry to the synthesis of fine chemicals has 4. Cathodic Reduction had a resurgence, and many elegant solutions based on 4.1. C–Y Bond Formation electrochemistry have been devised to address synthetic 4.1.1. C–C Bond challenges with easy-to-use experimental setups. 4.1.2. C–B Bond 4.1.3. C–O Bond Outline 4.2. Markó-Lam Reduction 1. Introduction 4.3. Dehalogenation 2. Basic Principles 4.4. Cyclopropane Synthesis 2.1. The Electrochemical Cell and Cathode and Anode 4.5. Electrogenerated Bases Reactions 4.5.1. β-Lactam Synthesis 2.2. Mediators and Electroauxiliaries 4.5.2. C–N Bond Formation 3. Anodic Oxidation 4.5.3. C–C Bond Formation 3.1. Alcohol Oxidation 5. Paired Electrosynthesis 3.2. C–Y Bond Formation 6. Conclusion and Outlook 3.2.1. C–C Bond 7. Acknowledgment 3.2.2. C–N Bond 8. References The Spectacular Resurgence of Electrochemical Redox Reactions in Organic Synthesis 4 Pierre-Georges Echeverria,* Dominique Delbrayelle, Aurélien Letort, Fiona Nomertin, Marc Perez, and Laurent Petit 1. Introduction in this way, notably because the oxidation or reduction Chemistry is all about electrons. This general statement, potential required is too high in absolute value, giving rise to though simple, is nonetheless true. In organic chemistry, many side reactions or electrode passivation, or is even beyond the transformations are redox reactions, involving electrons being accessible range due to degradative electrolysis of the solvent or added to, or removed from, the molecule of interest.
Recommended publications
  • Dehydration of Cellulose to Levoglucosenone Using Polar Aprotic Solvents Cite This: Energy Environ
    Energy & Environmental Science View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Dehydration of cellulose to levoglucosenone using polar aprotic solvents Cite this: Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8,1808 Fei Cao,ab Thomas J. Schwartz,a Daniel J. McClelland,a Siddarth H. Krishna,a James A. Dumesica and George W. Huber*a Herein, we report an approach to produce levoglucosenone (LGO) from cellulose in yields up to 51% under Received 2nd February 2015, mild reaction conditions (170–230 1C; 5–20 mM H2SO4) using polar, aprotic solvents such as tetrahydro- Accepted 18th May 2015 furan(THF).LGOcanbeusedtomakeawidevarietyof chemicals from biomass. The water content and DOI: 10.1039/c5ee00353a solvent used in the reaction system control the product distribution. LGO is produced from the dehydration of levoglucosan (LGA). LGA is produced from cellulose depolymerization. Increasing the water content leads www.rsc.org/ees to the production of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), obtaining a maximum HMF yield of 30%. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. Broader context This article describes the sustainable conversion of cellulose to levoglucosenone (LGO) using mild reaction conditions in the liquid phase. LGO is an attractive, biomass-derived platform molecule that can be used for the renewable production of pharmaceuticals, commodity chemicals such as 1,6-hexanediol (HDO), and green solvents such as dihydrolevoglucosenone. The co-production of such high-value species has the potential to significantly improve the overall economic feasibility of a biorefinery. Notably, dihydrolevoglucosenone, also known as Cyrenes, is a polar, aprotic solvent with properties similar to N- methylpyrrolidone and sulfolane, both of which are traditionally obtained from fossil-based resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Bio-Solvents: Synthesis, Industrial Production and Applications Novisi K
    Chapter Bio-Solvents: Synthesis, Industrial Production and Applications Novisi K. Oklu, Leah C. Matsinha and Banothile C.E. Makhubela Abstract Solvents are at the heart of many research and industrial chemical processes and consumer product formulations, yet an overwhelming number are derived from fossils. This is despite societal and legislative push that more products be produced from carbon-neutral resources, so as to reduce our carbon footprint and environmental impact. Biomass is a promising renewable alternative resource for producing bio-solvents, and this review focuses on their extraction and synthesis on a laboratory and large scale. Starch, lignocellulose, plant oils, animal fats and proteins have been combined with creative synthetic pathways, novel technolo- gies and processes to afford known or new bio-derived solvents including acids, alkanes, aromatics, ionic liquids (ILs), furans, esters, ethers, liquid polymers and deep eutectic solvents (DESs)—all with unique physiochemical properties that warrant their use as solvation agents in manufacturing, pharmaceutical, cosmet- ics, chemicals, energy, food and beverage industries, etc. Selected bio-solvents, conversion technologies and processes operating at commercial and demonstration scale including (1) Solvay’s Augeo™ SL 191 renewable solvent, (2) Circa Group’s Furacell™ technology and process for making levoglucosenone (LGO) to produce dihydrolevoglucosenone (marketed as Cyrene™), (3) Sappi’s Xylex® technology and demonstration scale processes that aim to manufacture precursors for bio- solvents and (4) Anellotech’s Bio-TCat™ technology and process for producing benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) are highlighted. Keywords: bio-solvents, renewable resources, green chemistry, biorefinery, biomass 1. Introduction Air quality deterioration, environmental, health and safety issues have raised serious concerns over continued processing of fossil-based feedstocks in producing chemical products such as fuels and solvents.
    [Show full text]
  • Dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene™), a Bio-Based Solvent for Liquid-Liquid Extraction Applications Thomas Brouwer, and Boelo Schuur ACS Sustainable Chem
    Subscriber access provided by UNIV TWENTE Article Dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene™), a Bio-based Solvent for Liquid-Liquid Extraction Applications Thomas Brouwer, and Boelo Schuur ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/ acssuschemeng.0c04159 • Publication Date (Web): 31 Aug 2020 Downloaded from pubs.acs.org on September 16, 2020 Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts. is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lowest-Energy Isomer of C2si2h4 Is a Bridged Ring: Reinterpretation of the Spectroscopic Data Based on DFT and Coupled-Cluster Calculations
    Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT Scholar Faculty Publications 4-11-2019 The Lowest-Energy Isomer of C2Si2H4 Is a Bridged Ring: Reinterpretation of the Spectroscopic Data Based on DFT and Coupled-Cluster Calculations Jesse J. Lutz ORISE Fellow Larry W. Burggraf Air Force Institute of Technology Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.afit.edu/facpub Part of the Inorganic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Lutz, J. J., & Burggraf, L. W. (2019). The Lowest-Energy Isomer of C2Si2H4 Is a Bridged Ring: Reinterpretation of the Spectroscopic Data Based on DFT and Coupled-Cluster Calculations. Inorganics, 7(4), 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7040051 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. inorganics Article The Lowest-Energy Isomer of C2Si2H4 Is a Bridged Ring: Reinterpretation of the Spectroscopic Data Based on DFT and Coupled-Cluster Calculations Jesse J. Lutz 1,* and Larry W. Burggraf 2 1 ORISE fellow residing at Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433-7765, USA 2 Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433-7765, USA; Larry.Burggraf@afit.edu * Correspondence: jesse.lutz.ctr@afit.edu Received: 28 February 2019; Accepted: 3 April 2019; Published: 11 April 2019 Abstract: The lowest-energy isomer of C2Si2H4 is determined by high-accuracy ab initio calculations to be the bridged four-membered ring 1,2-didehydro-1,3-disilabicyclo[1.1.0]butane (1), contrary to prior theoretical and experimental studies favoring the three-member ring silylsilacyclopropenylidene (2).
    [Show full text]
  • S–H Bond Activation in Hydrogen Sulfide by NHC-Stabilized
    inorganics Article S–H Bond Activation in Hydrogen Sulfide by NHC-Stabilized Silyliumylidene Ions Amelie Porzelt 1, Julia I. Schweizer 2 ID , Ramona Baierl 1, Philipp J. Altmann 1, Max C. Holthausen 2 ID and Shigeyoshi Inoue 1,* ID 1 WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (R.B.); [email protected] (P.J.A.) 2 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; [email protected] (J.I.S.); [email protected] (M.C.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-89-289-13596 Received: 24 April 2018; Accepted: 17 May 2018; Published: 24 May 2018 Abstract: Reactivity studies of silyliumylidenes remain scarce with only a handful of publications to date. Herein we report the activation of S–H bonds in hydrogen sulfide by mTer-silyliumylidene ion A (mTer = 2,6-Mes2-C6H3, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3-C6H2) to yield an NHC-stabilized thiosilaaldehyde B. The results of NBO and QTAIM analyses suggest a zwitterionic formulation of the product B as the most appropriate. Detailed mechanistic investigations are performed at the M06-L/6-311+G(d,p)(SMD: acetonitrile/benzene)//M06-L/6-311+G(d,p) level of density functional theory. Several pathways for the formation of thiosilaaldehyde B are examined. The energetically preferred route commences with a stepwise addition of H2S to the nucleophilic silicon center. Subsequent NHC dissociation and proton abstraction yields the thiosilaaldehyde in a strongly exergonic reaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Bonding and Structure of Disilenes and Related Unsaturated Group-14 Element Compounds
    No. 5] Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B 88 (2012) 167 Review Bonding and structure of disilenes and related unsaturated group-14 element compounds † By Mitsuo KIRA*1, (Communicated by Hitosi NOZAKI, M.J.A.) Abstract: Structure and properties of silicon-silicon doubly bonded compounds (disilenes) are shown to be remarkably different from those of alkenes. X-Ray structural analysis of a series of acyclic tetrakis(trialkylsilyl)disilenes has shown that the geometry of these disilenes is quite flexible, and planar, twist or trans-bent depending on the bulkiness and shape of the trialkylsilyl substituents. Thermal and photochemical interconversion between a cyclotetrasilene and the corresponding bicyclo[1.1.0]tetrasilane occurs via either 1,2-silyl migration or a concerted electrocyclic reaction depending on the ring substituents without intermediacy of the corresponding tetrasila-1,3-diene. Theoretical and spectroscopic studies of a stable spiropentasiladiene have revealed a unique feature of the spiroconjugation in this system. Starting with a stable dialkylsilylene, a number of elaborated disilenes including trisilaallene and its germanium congeners are synthesized. Unlike carbon allenes, the trisilaallene has remarkably bent and fluxional geometry, suggesting the importance of the :-<* orbital mixing. 14-Electron three-coordinate disilene- palladium complexes are found to have much stronger :-complex character than related 16-electron tetracoordinate complexes. Keywords: silicon, germanium, double bond, synthesis, structure, theoretical calculations
    [Show full text]
  • Substitution of NMP in Paint for Hard PVC
    Substitution of NMP in paint for hard PVC [Titel Linje 2] Environmental Project No. 2035 August 2018 Publisher: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Editors: Mads Virenfeldt, Teknos Jens Ravnsbæk, Teknos Tine Kokholm, Teknos Peter Kortegaard, DHI Dorte Rasmussen, DHI Søren Sejer Donau, Danish Technological Institute Sie Woldum Tordrup, Danish Technological Institute Jeanette Schjøth-Eskesen, Danish Technological Institute Martin Andersson, RISE Petru Niga, RISE Photos: Photographic Nordic for Teknologisk Institut ISBN: 978-87-93710-67-2 The Danish Environmental Protection Agency publishes reports and papers about research and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by the Agency. The contents of this publication do not necessarily represent the official views of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. By publishing this report, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency expresses that the content represents an important contribution to the related discourse on Danish environmental policy. Sources must be acknowledged. 2 The Danish Environmental Protection Agency / Substitution of NMP in paint for hard PVC Contents Foreword 4 Summary and conclusion 5 Sammenfatning 6 1. Introduction 7 1.1 NMP – a solvent added for adhesion enhancement 7 2. Framework 8 2.1 Chemical and technical aspects 8 2.1.1 Assessment criteria for the evaluation of alternatives to NMP 8 2.2 Economic aspects 9 2.3 Health and environmental aspects 9 3. Solvent screening – identification of possible alternatives 11 3.1 Screening using the Hansen Solubility Parameter in Practise program 11 3.1.1 Method for determining solubility parameters 11 3.1.2 Hansen Solubility Parameter results and discussion 11 3.2 Screening of health and environment effects 13 3.2.1 Screening of green substances 14 3.2.2 Screening of yellow-substances 14 3.3 Conclusion 15 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Green and Sustainable Solvents in Chemical Processes Coby J
    Review Cite This: Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 747−800 pubs.acs.org/CR Green and Sustainable Solvents in Chemical Processes Coby J. Clarke, Wei-Chien Tu, Oliver Levers, Andreas Bröhl, and Jason P. Hallett* Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom ABSTRACT: Sustainable solvents are a topic of growing interest in both the research community and the chemical industry due to a growing awareness of the impact of solvents on pollution, energy usage, and contributions to air quality and climate change. Solvent losses represent a major portion of organic pollution, and solvent removal represents a large proportion of process energy consumption. To counter these issues, a range of greener or more sustainable solvents have been proposed and developed over the past three decades. Much of the focus has been on the environmental credentials of the solvent itself, although how a substance is deployed is as important to sustainability as what it is made from. In this Review, we consider several aspects of the most prominent sustainable organic solvents in use today, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, supercritical fluids, switchable solvents, liquid polymers, and renewable solvents. We examine not only the performance of each class of solvent within the context of the reactions or extractions for which it is employed, but also give consideration to the wider context of the process and system within which the solvent is deployed. A wide range of technical, economic, and environmental factors are considered, giving a more complete picture of the current status of sustainable solvent research and development. CONTENTS 6.1.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Dialkylboryl-Substituted Cyclic Disilenes Synthesized by Desilylation-Borylation of Trimethylsilyl-Substituted Disilenes
    molecules Article Dialkylboryl-Substituted Cyclic Disilenes Synthesized by Desilylation-Borylation of Trimethylsilyl-Substituted Disilenes Kaho Tanaka, Naohiko Akasaka, Tomoyuki Kosai, Shunya Honda, Yuya Ushijima, Shintaro Ishida and Takeaki Iwamoto * Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramakiazaaoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; [email protected] (K.T.); [email protected] (N.A.); [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (Y.U.); [email protected] (S.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-22-795-6558 Abstract: π-Electron systems of silicon have attracted attention because of their narrow HOMO- LUMO gap and high reactivity, but the structural diversity remains limited. Herein, new dialkylboryl- substituted disilenes were synthesized by the selective desilylation-borylation of the corresponding trimethylsilyl-substituted disilenes. The dialkylboryl-substituted disilenes were fully character- ized by a combination of NMR spectroscopy, MS spectrometry, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and theoretical calculations. The longest-wavelength absorption bands of boryldisilenes were bathochromically shifted compared to the corresponding silyl-substituted disilenes, indicat- ing a substantial conjugation between π(Si=Si) and vacant 2p(B) orbitals. In the presence of 4- (dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), the dialkylboryl groups in the boryl-substituted disilenes were Citation: Tanaka, K.; Akasaka, N.; easily converted to trimethylsilyl groups, suggesting the dialkylboryl-substituted disilenes in the Kosai, T.; Honda, S.; Ushijima, Y.; Ishida, S.; Iwamoto, T. presence of a base serve as the surrogates of disilenyl anions (disilenides). Dialkylboryl-Substituted Cyclic Disilenes Synthesized by Keywords: borylation; desilylation; disilene; disilenide; trimethylsilyl; UV-vis spectrum; X-ray Desilylation-Borylation of analysis Trimethylsilyl-Substituted Disilenes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemicals from Lignocellulosic Biomass: a Critical Comparison Between Biochemical, Microwave and Thermochemical Conversion Methods
    CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1753632 Chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass: A critical comparison between biochemical, microwave and thermochemical conversion methods a,b a,c d d a Iris K. M. Yu à , Huihui Chen Ã, Felix Abeln , Hadiza Auta , Jiajun Fan , Vitaly L. Budarina , James H. Clarka , Sophie Parsonse, Christopher J. Chuckd, Shicheng Zhangc,f , Gang Luoc,f, and Daniel C.W Tsangb aGreen Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, York, UK; bDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; cShanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; dDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK; eDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK; fShanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China ABSTRACT The past decades have seen an increasing interest in developing pathways to produce bio-based chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass and organic waste as renewable resources. Using bio- mass as a source of chemical building blocks is critical to a future sustainable chemical industry. The successful development of bio-chemicals will also have a profound impact in terms of the innovations of new polymers and materi- als, new solvents, and new bio-active compounds. This article provides a broad review of conventional thermal heating, microwave processing, and biochemical processing for the production of value-added bio-based chemicals. The potentially important but cur- rently little exploited microwave-assisted processes are given particular attention and the microwave-specific, non-thermal effects are explored.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideal Gas Thermochemistry of Silicon Inorganic Organic and Ion Compounds
    This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Alexander Burcat, Elke Goos, Ideal gas thermochemical properties of silicon containing inorganic, organic compounds, radicals, and ions, Int J Chem Kinet. 2018;50:633–650, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/kin.21188. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. 1 Ideal Gas Thermochemical Properties of Silicon containing Inorganic, Organic Compounds, Radicals and Ions. Alexander Burcat Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, [email protected] and Elke Goos, Institute of Combustion Technology, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR, German Aerospace Center), Pfaffenwaldring 38, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. [email protected] ABSTRACT The ideal gas thermochemical properties such as standard heat of formation, entropy and heat capacities of 112 inorganic and 35 organic neutral compounds, radicals and ions containing silicon were calculated using molecular properties obtained with the G3B3 (or G3//B3LYP) method. Among them were linear and cyclic silanes, silenes, hydrocarbonsilanes, fluorine and oxygen containing compounds. Many of their molecular and thermodynamic properties were calculated for the first time and 16 of them had no CAS No. Additionally the thermochemical properties were presented in the NASA 7-term polynomial format for the temperature range of 200 K to 6000 K commonly used in chemical kinetic modeling and simulation programs. The polynomials are available in the supplement to this article free of charge. 2 KEYWORDS Thermodynamic data, Thermochemistry, Thermochemical properties, Heat of formation, Entropy, Enthalpy, Heat capacity, NASA format, Quantum chemical calculation, G3B3 composite approach, Silicon hydride, Silanes, Silicon fluoride, Silicon hydrocarbon, Silicon ions, Silicon compounds, Database INTRODUCTION Silicon containing substances are widely used and important for the mankind.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalytic Production of Α,Ω Diols from Biomass
    Catalytic Production of α,ω diols from Biomass Bioenergy 2016 Breakout Session 3-C: Innovative Approaches and Materials for Clean Energy Washington, D.C., July 14, 2016 Siddarth H Krishna, Jiayue He, Kefeng Huang, Pranav Karanjkar, Kevin J Barnett, Sam Burt, Ive Hermans, Christos Maravelias, James A Dumesic, George W Huber. University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering http://biofuels.che.wisc.edu/ 1 Catalytic Processes for Production of α,ω-diols from Lignocellulosic Biomass Goal: Develop an integrated and efficient process to produce high value chemicals (1,5-pentanediol and 1,6-hexanediol) from lignocellulosic biomass • Funding: DOE Bioenergy Technologies Office – Topic Area 2: Hybrid chemical and biological upgrading processes with integration of separations • Prime Recipient: University of Wisconsin ($3.3 MM) • Principal Investigator: George Huber • Project Partners: University of Minnesota, Argonne National Lab, Glucan Biorenewables High Value Commodity Chemicals from Biomass 1,6-Hexanediol (~130,000 MT/yr) 150 1,6-hexanediol 140 ($4,400/ton) 30 Gasoline ($2.5/gal) 20 Price Price ($/MT) Price ($/MMBTU) Price 10 Crude oil ($50/bbl) Biomass ($80/ton) Natural gas 0 Source: ICIS, IEA Volume (Million MT/yr.) 3 Source: Lux Research, Bio-based Materials and Chemical Intelligence Service, www.luxresearchinc.com α,ω-Diols have many uses in the Polymer Industry Particular 1,6-Hexanediol 1,5-Pentanediol 1,4-Butanediol . Polyester plastics . Biodegradable plastics . Polyurethanes . Polyurethanes . Hot melt polyesters . Coatings . Pharmaceuticals . Coatings . Acrylates . Inks and coatings . Polyurethanes Applications . Adhesives . Plasticizers . Adhesives . Polyester Resins . Solvent and industrial . Pharmaceuticals . Plasticizers chemicals . Fiber particle and . Others . Others composite . BASF .
    [Show full text]