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Iraqi Students in Using English Prepositions of Place Relation

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Iraqi Students in Using English Prepositions of Place Relation um.rrVeltz %Z-N mýF esxýýýesmvW An Analytic Study of Errors Made by Iraqi Students in Using English Prepositions of Place Relation Zuheir A. Abdul Rahman Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Glasgow Faculty of Arts Department of English Language September 1990 (Vol. I) ,_ pc Zuheir A. Abdul Rahman, 1990 ii Any theoretical and empirical piece of work, including the present one, demands many sources of guidance and assistance. First and most of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Miss C. J. Kay, under whose supervision the present work has been carried out. I heartily thank her for her invaluable suggestions, comments, observations and patience throughout the writing of this thesis. Her supervision and assistance will remain memorable. I would also like to express my thanks to Professor Samuels, the head of the department of English language, for his comments and constructive remarks on the first five chapters of the thesis. I extend my gratitude to Professor Mattock, Mr. Saalih and Mr Hussein, whose remarks and observations helped enormously in writing the part dealing with the Arabic language. Thanks are due to all staff of the Department of English at the College of Arts, College of Education and Teachers' Institute in Baghdad for their full co-operation in carrying out the three parts of the test. I am very much indebted to the staff members and the secretary of the Department of English Language at Glasgow University for their assistance and encouragement. I also wish to acknowledge my debt to the officials at the Iraqi Ministry for Education for granting me a scholarship. My thanks also go to the officials at the Iraqi Cultural Department in London for facilitating my two visits to Iraq to carry out my field studies. Finally, I feel it incumbent on me to express my deep debt of gratitude to my family for their support, encouragement and patience. I. iii Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES xx LIST OF FIGURES xxii LIST OF APPENDICES xxiii KEY TO ARABIC TRANSCRIPTIONS xxiv SUMMARY xxvi CHAPTER ONE: IT ITRODUCTION 1-8 1.1. The Problem 1 1.2. The Purpose 3 1.3. Procedures and Methodology 4 1.4. The Hypotheses 6 1.5. Why the Choice of this Topic? 7 1.6. Limitations of the Study and Suggestions 7 for Further Re;>earch CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 9-35 2.1. Introduction 9 2.2. Contrastive Analysis 9 2.3. Generative Grammar and Criticism of 13 Contrastive Analysis 2.4. The Incorporation of Generative Grammar 16 into Contrastive Analysis iv 2.5. Sources of Errors other than 18 Interference 2.6. Error Analysis and Interlanguage 20 2.7. Error Analysis View of Errors 25 2.8. Criticism of Error Analysis and -29 Interlanguage 2.9. Contrastive-Error Analysis 31 CHAPTER THREE: ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS 36-80 3.1. Introduction 36 3.2. The Difficulty of English Prepositions 37 3.3. Definition of English Prepositions 42 3.4. Schools of Grammar and their Views of 43 Prepositions 3.5. Classification of English Prepositions 52 3.5.1. Formal Classification 52 3.5.2. Function of Prepositions 53 3.5.3. Prepositions Viewed Semantically 56 3.5.4. Position of Prepositions 58 3.6. Correlation of Roles with Prepositions 63 3.7. Single-word Verbs and Multi-word Verbs 66 3.8. Overlapping Between Prepositions and 69 other Grammatical Categories 3.8.1. Prepositions and Adverbs 69 3.8.2. Prepositions and Verbs 73 3.8.3. Prepositions and Adjectives 75 3.8.4. Prepositions and Participles 77 3.9. Omission of Prepositions 77 V CHAPTER FOUR: PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE RELATION 81-146 4.1. Introduction 81 4.2. Senses of Prepos itions 82 4.2.1. List of Prepositions 83 4.2.1.1. Aboard 83 4.2.1.2. About 84 4.2.1.3. Above 85 4.2.1.4. Across 86 4.2.1.5. After 87 4.2.1.6. Against 88 4.2.1.7. Ahead of 88 4.2.1.8. Along 89 4.2.1.9. Alongside 89 4.2.1.10. Amid(st) 90 4.2.1.11. Among(st) 90 4.2.1.12. (A)round 91 4.2.1.13. Astride 93 4.2.1.14. At 93 4.2.1.15. Away from 94 4.2.1.16. Before 95 4.2.1.17. Behind 96 4.2.1.18. Below 97 4.2.1.19. Beneath 97 4.2.1.20. Beside 98 4.2.1.21. Between 99 4.2.1.22. Beyond 100 4.2.1.23. By 100 4.2.1.24. Down 102 4.2.1.25. Facing 103 vi 4.2.1.26. For 103 4.2.1.27. From 105 4.2.1.28. In 106 4.2.1.29. In front of 109 4.2.1.30. Inside 109 4.2.1.31. Into 110 4.2.1.32. Near(to) 111 4.2.1.33. Next(to) 112 4.2.1.34. Of 112 4.2.1.35. Off 114 4.2.1.36. On 114 4.2.1.37. Onto 116 4.2.1.38. Opposite(to) 117 4.2.1.39. Out of 117 4.2.1.40. Outside(of) 119 4.2.1.41. Over 120 4.2.1.42. Past 121 4.2.1.43. Through 122 4.2.1.44. Throughout 124 4.2.1.45. To 124 4.2.1.46. Toward(s) 126 4.2.1.47. Under 127 4.2.1.48. Underneath 128 4.2.1.49. Up 129 4.2.1.50. Upon 129 4.2.1.51. Via 130 4.2.1.52. Within 130 vii 4.3. Overlapping and Contrasts among 131 English Prepositions 4.3.1. Aboard; On 131 4.3.2. About; (A)round 132 4.3.3. Above; Over 132 4.3.4. Across; Over 133 4.3.5. Across; Through 134 4.3.6. Among(st); Between 135 4.3.7. At; In; On 136 4.3.8. Away from; Off; Out of 138 4.3.9. Before; In front of 139 4.3.10. Behind; After 139 4.3.11. Below; Beneath; Under(neath) 139 4.3.12. Beside; Next(to) 140 4.3.13. Beyond; Past 141 4.3.14. By; Near 141 4.3.15. Facing; In front of; Opposite 141 4.3.16. Down; Up 142 4.3.17. For; From; To 142 4.3.18. In; Inside 143 4.3.19. In; Into 143 4.3.20. In; Within 145 4.3.21. On; Onto 145 4.3.22. To; Towards 146 CHAPTER FIVE: ARABIC PREPOSITIONS 147-182 5.1. Introduction 147 5.2. General Characteristics Relevant 147 viii to Arabic Prepositions 5.3. Definition of Arabic Prepositions 149 5.4. Number of Arabic Prepositions 152 5.5. Prepositions and Adverbs 153 5.6. Origin of Prepositions 157 5.7. Classification of Arabic Prepositions 159 5.7.1. Morphological Classification 159 5.7.2. Semantic and Syntactic 160 Classifications 5.8. The Prepositional Phrase 163 5.9. Preposition Complement 169 5.10. Overlapping of Arabic Prepositions 173 5.11. Omission of Prepositions 176 5.12. Verb-Preposition Structure 179 CHAPTER SIX: PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE RELATION 183-227 .. 6.1. Introduction 183 6.2. Category One 186 6.2.1. Group A "Locative" Prepositions 186 6.2.1.1. /baa? / 186 6.2.1.2. /fii/ 188 6.2.1.3. /9alaa/ 190 6.2.2. Group B "Direction to" 193 Prepositions 6.2.2.1. /? ilaa/ 193 6.2.2.2. /laam/ 194 6.2.2.3. /battaa/ 196 ix 6.2.3. Group C "Direction from" 197 Prepositions 6.2.3.1. /min/ 197 6.2.3.2. /9an/ 199 6.3. Category Two 201 6.3.1. Group A /? amaama/; /quddaama/; 202 /qubaala/; /qubaalata/; /? izaa? a/; /tijaaha/; /bitaa? a/ 6.3.2. Group B /? a9laa/; /? asfala/ 203 6.3.3. Group C /bayna/; /wasta/ 204 6.3.3.1. /bayna/ 204 6.3.3.2. /wasta/ 206 6.3.4. Group D /waraa? a/; /xalfa/ 206 6.3.4.1. /waraa? a/ 206 6.3.4.2. /xalfa/ 207 6.3.5. Group E /fawga/; /tahta/; 207 /duuna/; /qurba/; /9inda/ 6.3.5.1. /fawga/ 207 6.3.5.2. /tahta/ 209 6.3.5.3. /duuna/ 210 6.3.5.4. /qurba/ 212 6.3.5.5. /9inda/ 212 6.3.6. Group F /bijaanibi/; /janba/; 214 /bimubaataati/; /. tuula/tiwaala/ 6.3.6.1. /bijaanibi/janba/ 214 6.3.6.2. /bimubaataati/ 214 X 6.3.6.3. /tuula/. tiwaala/ 214 6.3.7. Group G /xaarija/; /daaxila/ 216 6.3.7.1. /xaarija/ 216 6.3.7.2. /daaxila/ 216 6.3.8. Group H /qabla/; /ba9da/ 217 6.3.9. Group I /yamiina/; /yasaara/; 218 /fimaala//januuba/; /Iarga/; /garba/ 6.3.10. /bawla/ 219 6.3.11. /nahwa/ tijaaha/ 220 6.3.12. /9abra/ 221 6.3.13. /xilaal a/ 222 6.4. Overlap ping among Arabic Prepositions 222 6.4.1. /baa? /; /fii/ 222 6.4.2. /min/; / 9an/ 224 6.4.3. /bayna/; /wasta/ 225 6.4.4. /tahta/; /duuna/ 226 6.4.5. /nahwa/; /? ilaa/ 226 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 228-306 7.1. Introduction 228 7.2. List of Compar isons 229 7.2.1. Aboard /9alaa . ahri/ 229 7.2.2. About /hawla/bawaali/ 230 7.2.3. Above /fawqa/ 234 7.2.4. Across /9abra/ 235 7.2.5.
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