DOCSLIB.ORG

Recent Discoveries on the Palatine Hill, Rome Author(S): Commendatore Boni Source: the Journal of Roman Studies, Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Recent Discoveries on the Palatine Hill, Rome Author(S): Commendatore Boni Source: the Journal of Roman Studies, Vol Recent Discoveries on the Palatine Hill, Rome Author(s): Commendatore Boni Source: The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 3, Part 2 (1913), pp. 242-252 Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/296228 . Accessed: 24/10/2013 05:40 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Roman Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Thu, 24 Oct 2013 05:40:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions I' Q a a !**?* 4 00 0 ?0 0' ? c B o a t I FIGOF THEPLAN DO S F M ON TE P E HL (p. 2, FIG. 40. PLAN OF THE DOMUS FLAVIORUM ON THE PALATINE HILL (pp. 246, 252). A. Basilica. B. Vestibule or throne-room. C. Dining-room. D. Nymphaeum. This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Thu, 24 Oct 2013 05:40:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions RECENT DISCOVERIES ON THE PALATINE HILL, ROME.1 By COMMENDATOREBONI. In a remarkable chapter on the Roman Campagna Sir Archibald Geikie has given the facts relating to the geological formation of those hills, which were to become later the cradle of the Roman civilisation, when the volcanic platform of the Campagna, no longer increased by fresh eruptions, was carved by subaerial agencies into the topography which it presents to-day. Among such agencies, which were both chemical and biological, may be mentioned those which prepared the vegetable soil and clothed it with oaks and beeches on the hills, with laurels and myrtles along the sea-coast, and with reeds and equiseta on the banks of the river. Then came Man, who may have watched the last gigantic natural fireworks of the Alban volcanoes from Mount Soracte, which had by that time ceased to be an island. As the President of the Royal Society has pointed out, the Capitoline, Palatine, Aventine and Caelian hills have survived owing to their being made of a more obdurate stone than the granular tufa of the Campagna. The Tiber, or that mass of water which later became the Tiber, had excavated the volcanic deposits of the Campagna, and had left these hills behind. Then man helped the Tiber to excavate caverns in the hills, and he piled up, as defensive walls, those blocks of tufa which had been cut away from their slopes. And a race of warriors grew there which eventually conquered the western world. and brought back marbles and porphyries from afar, by means of which the slopes of the Roman hills were raised into platforms supporting temples and shrines, glittering like crystal and shining with gold, crimson and blue. One tall slender pillar arose, carved like oriental ivory and crowned with the s.tatue of a great and just emperor, from the top of which one could look 1 This paper was read by Comm. Boni before sident of the Royal Society, Sir Archibald Geikie. the Royal Society, izth June, I9I3. It is printed The plan has been contributed by Mr. H. Stuart here by his kindness and at the wish of the Pre- Jones. This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Thu, 24 Oct 2013 05:40:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 244 RECENT DISCOVERIES ON THE PALATINE HILL, ROME. around and understand how the levels of both the hills and valleys had been raised by the hand of man and had been covered by him with such majestic works. The most important of the Roman hills is the Palatine: it dominates the valley of the Forum, and contains the ruins of the palace built by the architect Rabirius, about A.D. 91, for the last emperor of the Flavian dynasty, and my researches have for some time been confined to this area. Archaeological strata seem to me to be a continuation of those with which geology deals, and if archaeology is to become a science, we must apply to it those same analytical methods which have enabled us to reconstruct the history of the earth during the pre- human period. I believe it is, above all, necessary to know the original natural conditions of the site on which a civilisation attained its full development, as these conditions must ever, in a certain measure, determine the distribution and the grouping of those buildings, which later became the monuments of the civilisation itself. It has been proved that the valley between the Capitol and the Quirinal was not excavated by man, but had been furrowed by the prehistoric Tiber; and as a natural consequence the inscription on the column of Trajan must have borne a meaning different from that attributed to it by tradition. 1 So, in beginning the exploration of the imperial palace on the Palatine, I thought it was necessary to ascertain at the outset whether it occupied the site of a valley, the so-called intermontium, or whether, as I supposed, it occupied the summit of the original hill, a far more conspicuous and noble site for such an important residence. The preliminary researches proved the latter view to be correct. Only a few feet under the atrium, the central court of the palace, I reached the primitive archaeological layers, resting upon the top of the clay which covered the volcanic leucitic tufa nucleus of the Palatine, and of the other Roman hills. Having thus proved that the imperial palace occupied the top of a hill, not the bottom of a valley, I came to the conclusion that the earlier imperial palaces, and their first prototype, the house of Tiberius, must have occupied the same site. The late republican houses, some of which have been described to us as being the richest and most important in Rome, must have enjoyed a view of the distant Alban hills, and of the valley of the Forum from the slopes of the hill itself. In later times these houses were levelled down to make place for the successive rebuildings of 1 Proceedings of the British Academy, 1907-8, pp. 93-98. This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Thu, 24 Oct 2013 05:40:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions RECENT DISCOVERIES ON THE PALATINE HILL, ROME. 245 the imperial residence, as it grew larger and larger. In the days of Domitian the imperial palace seems to have been a colossal domicile, that is to say, the ordinary Roman house, multiplied by six: just as the statue raised by Domitian himself, in the centre of the Forum, had the same colossal proportions. I hoped, as I still hope, that it would be possible, by discover- ing some of the houses of the republican period which were buried under the palace, that we should be in a position to study the biography, and to analyse the evolution, of the structure of the houses themselves, in order to find out their primitive form and shape, and eventually, perhaps, to reach those elementary proto- types of the Roman residences, the huts of the primitive Latin inhabitants of the hill sacred to Pales, the shepherd goddess. It is of great importance to determine the site, the shape, and grouping of such primitive Latin dwellings on the Palatine, because the shape of the huts themselves may give some clue to the origin of the progenitors of the Romans. The Romulian people, who founded Rome, were most probably shepherds, just issuing from nomadism, while the Sabines, who occupied the Capitoline hill, originally the pagus Saturnius, had already by this time attained to the agricultural stage of a people who had ceased to be nomadic. The shrine of Vesta at the foot of the Palatine was round, while the shrines on the Capitoline and the temple of Saturn were rectangular. Even to this day the huts of the shepherds in the Roman Campagna are round, and the cottages of the peasants are rectangular in shape. If we follow the tradition preserved by Livy, a temple was dedicated to Jupiter Stator by Romulus, not in order to stop the flight of his Latin soldiers, but in order to ratify an agreement with the Sabines never to leave the place, renouncing thereby all the advantages of nomadism. The shrine of the Lares Publici, which I discovered close to the foundations of the old temple of Jupiter Stator, opposite the arch of Titus and possibly the one established there, according to tradition, by Tatius, the king of the Sabines, is rectangular in shape. Connected with this unwilling renunciation of nomadism, there may be some hidden meaning in the peculiar structure of the Pons Sublicius, the oldest bridge over the Tiber, which did not admit of any nails being driven into its wooden structure, as was the case with the curia of Cyzicus. Geological formations are differentiated by their composition, texture, and by the relics of organisms found in them; and geological science has proceeded so far that it is possible to say beforehand what fossil remains will be found in a given formation, if the strati- graphical position of that formation shall have been correctly This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Thu, 24 Oct 2013 05:40:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 246 RECENT DISCOVERIES ON THE PALATINE HILL, ROME.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wanderings in the Roman Campagna (London 1909), 306-331
    Extract from Rodolfo Amedeo Lanciani, Wanderings in the Roman campagna (London 1909), 306-331. 306 WANDERINGS IN THE ROMAN CAMPAGNA He owned three estates, — one at Como, one at Citta di Castello, one on the coast of Laurentum, which he describes with loving care in letter xvii of the second book. Archaeologists have transformed Pliny's den at Laurentum into an immense structure fit for an emperor or for a financial magnate. Canina, for instance, assigns to it a frontage of 250 feet, a depth of 156, and a total area, outbuildings included, of 550,000 square feet;1 and yet Pliny himself speaks of his Laurentinum as being of no importance whatever.2 "Hail," he says, "has ruined the crop in my farm at Tifernum Tiberinum [Citta di Castello]. From my tenants at Como I hear of better prospects, but of low market prices. My Laurentinum alone seems to be right, but what do I own there? A cottage and a garden surrounded by sands!" I am, I believe, the only living archaeologist who can claim the privilege of having entered Pliny's house and walked over its floors and beheld its aspect, during the excavations made in 1906 to gather materials for the macadamizing of a new royal road. There cannot be any uncertainty about its site. Pliny himself points it out, with due precision, when he writes: "I can get the necessaries of life from the nearest village, from which I am separated by only one villa." The village, called the Vicus Augustanus Laurentum, was discovered by King Victor Emmanuel in 1874, and its Forum and its Curia are still traceable through the undergrowth.
    [Show full text]
  • Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1989 Between Two Amnesties: Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848 Leopold G. Glueckert Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Glueckert, Leopold G., "Between Two Amnesties: Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848" (1989). Dissertations. 2639. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2639 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1989 Leopold G. Glueckert BETWEEN TWO AMNESTIES: FORMER POLITICAL PRISONERS AND EXILES IN THE ROMAN REVOLUTION OF 1848 by Leopold G. Glueckert, O.Carm. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 1989 Leopold G. Glueckert 1989 © All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As with any paper which has been under way for so long, many people have shared in this work and deserve thanks. Above all, I would like to thank my director, Dr. Anthony Cardoza, and the members of my committee, Dr. Walter Gray and Fr. Richard Costigan. Their patience and encourage­ ment have been every bit as important to me as their good advice and professionalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Entertainment
    Roman Entertainment The Emergence of Permanent Entertainment Buildings and its use as Propaganda David van Alten (3374912) [email protected] Bachelor thesis (Research seminar III ‘Urbs Roma’) 13-04-2012 Supervisor: Dr. S.L.M. Stevens Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 1: The development of permanent entertainment buildings in Rome ...................................... 9 1.1 Ludi circenses and the circus ............................................................................................ 9 1.2 Ludi scaenici and the theatre ......................................................................................... 11 1.3 Munus gladiatorum and the amphitheatre ................................................................... 16 1.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 19 2: The uncompleted permanent theatres in Rome during the second century BC ................. 22 2.0 Context ........................................................................................................................... 22 2.1 First attempts in the second century BC ........................................................................ 22 2.2 Resistance to permanent theatres ................................................................................ 24 2.3 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquitoes, Quinine and the Socialism of Italian Women 1900–1914
    MOSQUITOES, QUININE AND THE SOCIALISM OF ITALIAN WOMEN 1900–1914 Malaria qualifies as a major issue of modern Italian history because of the burden of death, suffering and economic cost that it imposed. But it is fruitful to examine its history from a more hopeful, if largely neglected, vantage point. Paradoxically, mal- aria — or rather the great campaign to eradicate it with quinine — played a substantial political role. It promoted the rise of the Italian labour movement, the formation of a socialist aware- ness among farmworkers and the establishment of a collective consciousness among women. In 1900 the Italian parliament declared war on malaria. After a series of vicissitudes, this project achieved final victory in 1962 when the last indigenous cases were reported.1 Italy thus provided the classic example of the purposeful eradication of malaria. The argument here is that the early phase of this campaign down to the First World War played a profoundly subversive role. The campaign served as a catalyst to mass movements by farmworkers, especially women. Three geographical areas were most affected: the rice belt of Novara and Pavia provinces in the North, the Roman Campagna in the Centre, and the province of Foggia in the South. Inevitably, this argument involves the intersection of malaria with two further disasters that befell millions. One was the mis- fortune of being born a farm labourer in a society where serious commentators debated who suffered more — Italian braccianti (farmworkers) in the latter half of the nineteenth century or American slaves in the first.2 The other disaster was the burden of being not only a field hand but also a woman in a nation that Anna Kuliscioff, the most prominent feminist of the period, 1 World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Prevention of the Reintroduction of Malaria in the Countries of the Western Mediterranean: Report on a WHO Meeting, Erice (Italy), 23–27 October 1979 (Geneva, 1979), 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitozza: Un Insediamento Rupestre Nel Territorio Di Sorano
    ROBERTO PARENTI VITOZZA: UN INSEDIAMENTO RUPESTRE NEL TERRITORIO DI SORANO Quaderni del Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle Arti. Sezione archeologica Firenze - 1980 Ringraziamenti Il rilievo e lo studio del sito di Vitozza fa parte di una serie di ricerche sugli insediamenti rupestri, condotte e sviluppate da vari anni, nel quadro di un più generale interessamento per le sedi umane abbandonate della Toscana, dall'Insegnamento di Archeologia Medievale dell'Università di Siena, tenuto dal prof. Riccardo Francovich. I materiali ceramici raccolti a Vitozza sono stati studiati dal prof. Riccardo Francovich e dal dott. Sauro Gelichi, ai quali vanno i ringraziamenti per i chiarimenti avuti sul metodo di ricerca e sui problemi di datazione. Un primo risultato di questa ricerca è stato presentato al Convegno Internazionale “ Per una storia delle dimore rurali. Cuneo 8-9 dicembre 1979 ”, nella comunicazione collettiva: L'edilizia rurale minore della Toscana attraverso la documentazione materiale. Agli atti di tale Convegno, che saranno pubblicati da “ Archeologia Medievale ”, VII (1980), si rimanda per una più esauriente analisi del materiale ceramico. La pubblicazione è stata realizzata grazie all'interessamento e all'impegno, anche economico, delle Autorità Comunali di Sorano, e del Dipartimento Istruzione e Cultura della Regione Toscana, al fine di acquisire una conoscenza più approfondita per la salvaguardia dei Beni Architettonici e Ambientali del territorio. Desidero ringraziare per gli aiuti forniti, il sindaco, dott. Alberto Cerreti, i consiglieri comunali, particolarmente il dott. Angelo Biondi e il sig. Giorgo Nucci, i componenti l'Ufficio Tecnico e gli amici di san Quirico, Stefano Barzi e Renzo Rosati. BIBLIOGRAFIA AGOSTINI, G., LOPES PEGNA, M., 1971; Sorano nella storia e nell'arte, Firenze.
    [Show full text]
  • Locus Bonus : the Relationship of the Roman Villa to Its Environment in the Vicinity of Rome
    LOCUS BONUS THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE ROMAN VILLA TO ITS ENVIRONMENT IN THE VICINITY OF ROME EEVA-MARIA VIITANEN ACADEMIC DISSERTATION TO BE PUBLICLY DISCUSSED, BY DUE PERMISSION OF THE FACULTY OF ARTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI IN AUDITORIUM XV, ON THE 2ND OF OCTOBER, 2010 AT 10 O’CLOCK HELSINKI 2010 © Eeva-Maria Viitanen ISBN 978-952-92-7923-4 (nid.) ISBN 978-952-10-6450-0 (PDF) PDF version available at: http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/ Helsinki University Print Helsinki, 2010 Cover: photo by Eeva-Maria Viitanen, illustration Jaana Mellanen CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND PLATES vii 1 STUDYING THE ROMAN VILLA AND ITS ENVIRONMENT 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 DEFINING THE VILLA 3 1.3 THE ROMAN VILLA IN CLASSICAL STUDIES 6 Origin and Development of the Villa 6 Villa Typologies 8 Role of the Villa in the Historical Studies 10 1.4 THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 11 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL AND WRITTEN SOURCES 15 2.1 RESEARCH HISTORY OF THE ROMAN CAMPAGNA 15 2.2 FIELDWORK METHODOLOGY 18 Excavation 18 Survey 19 2.3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL 21 Settlement Sites from Surveys and Excavations 21 The Sites Reclassified 25 Chronological Considerations 28 2.4 WRITTEN SOURCES 33 Ancient Literature 33 Inscriptions 35 2.5 CONCLUSIONS 37 3 GEOLOGY AND ROMAN VILLAS 38 3.1 BACKGROUND 38 3.2 GEOLOGY OF THE ROMAN CAMPAGNA 40 3.3 THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF THE ROMAN CAMPAGNA 42 3.4 WRITTEN SOURCES FOR THE USE OF GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES 44 3.5 ARCHAEOLOGY OF BUILDING MATERIALS 47 3.6 INTEGRATING THE EVIDENCE 50 Avoiding
    [Show full text]
  • Claude Lorrain and the Roman Campagna
    Art Appreciation Lecture Series 2017 Site Specific: The power of place Claude Lorrain and the Roman Campagna Dr Lisa Beaven 15 & 16 February 2017 Lecture summary: For more than half a century Claude Lorrain drew and painted the Roman Campagna (the countryside around Rome). His example inspired generations of artists, particularly the French, to travel there and paint it. He thus legitimised the Roman Campagna as a subject for artists and yet there have been very few attempts to consider his paintings in relation to place. This lecture studies his landscape paintings in the context of the topography and environmental history of the Roman Campagna and the social conditions that existed there during the seventeenth century. Slide list: 1. Claude Lorrain, Pastoral Landscape with the Ponte Molle (detail), 1645, oil on canvas 74 x 97 cm, Birmingham City Museum and Art Gallery 2. Modern Map of Italy. 3. Claude Lorrain, River Landscape with Tiburtine Temple at Tivoli, c. 1635, oil on canvas 38 x 53 cm, National Gallery of Victoria. 4. Claude Lorrain, Artist sketching with a second figure looking on, 1635-40, black chalk with dark brown wash on white paper, 214 x 321 mm, British Museum London. 5. Jan Asselijn, An Artist Working Outdoors, Black chalk, pen and black ink with brown wash on white paper, 187 x 327 mm, Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin 6. Claude Lorrain, View of Tivoli, 1640-41, pen and brown ink with brown and red wash, 215 x 316 mm, The British Museum, London. 7.Gaspar Van Wittel, View of Tivoli, c.
    [Show full text]
  • Pompey and Cicero: an Alliance of Convenience
    POMPEY AND CICERO: AN ALLIANCE OF CONVENIENCE THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of Texas State University-San Marcos in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of ARTS by Charles E. Williams Jr., B.A. San Marcos, Texas May 2013 POMPEY AND CICERO: AN ALLIANCE OF CONVENIENCE Committee Members Approved: ______________________________ Pierre Cagniart, Chair ______________________________ Kenneth Margerison ______________________________ Elizabeth Makowski Approved: ______________________________ J. Michael Willoughby Dean of the Graduate College COPYRIGHT by Charles E. Williams Jr. 2013 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94- 553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgment. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Charles E. Williams Jr., authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all I would like to thank my parents, Chuck and Kay Williams, for their continuing support, assistance, and encouragement. Their desire to see me succeed in my academic career is perhaps equal to my own. Thanks go as well to Dr Pierre Cagnart, without whom this work would not have been possible. His expertise in Roman politics and knowledge concerning the ancient sources were invaluable. I would also like to thank Dr. Kenneth Margerison and Dr. Elizabeth Makowski for critiquing this work and many other papers I have written as an undergraduate and graduate student.
    [Show full text]
  • “Empire Without End”: Augustan Rome and the Founding of the Principate Humanities and Religious Studies 196A
    “Empire without End”: Augustan Rome and the Founding of the Principate Humanities and Religious Studies 196A A focused study of Roman cultural history at the time of the transition, orchestrated primarily by the emperor Augustus, from the republic to the principate (or empire). Emphasis will be on understanding Augustan values through attention to the literature, visual arts, architecture, and governmental, social, and economic policies that helped to establish the principate according to Augustus’ vision. Course time in Rome will be devoted primarily to visiting archaeological sites, monuments, and museum collections, and to ongoing discussion of their relationship to important literary works (to be studied prior to departure), and of the relevance of all these various manifestations of Augustan culture to the emperor’s program of reform. Expected Learning Outcomes Students will be able to: • Summarize the historical framework of the late republican and early imperial periods (i.e., 133 BCE to 68 CE) and explain key historical events for understanding Augustan culture • Define auctoritas as it applies to Augustus and the Augustan period, and cite examples drawn from various forms of literature and material culture • Identify traditional Roman values that Augustus emphasized, and explain how these values were manifested in Augustan culture • Describe a wide variety of literary works, archaeological sites, and architectural and artistic achievements from the Augustan period • Differentiate the main political and social components of the republican period from those of the early principate • Identify examples of Augustan influence on subsequent historical developments, as manifested in cultural features of Rome Course Requirements Required readings • Karl Galinsky, Augustan Culture • Selected readings to be assigned by instructor (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • {Download PDF} Lupercal
    LUPERCAL PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Ted Hughes | 63 pages | 10 Jan 1998 | FABER & FABER | 9780571092468 | English | London, United Kingdom Lupercal PDF Book Augurs divinatory personages had…. The legends say that Romulus and Remus were nursed by a she-wolf in the Lupercal. The siege of the Imperial Palace then began in earnest. Overwhelmed with rage, the headstrong Ferrus Manus disregarded the counsel of his brothers Corax and Vulkan and hurled himself against the fleeing rebels, seeking to bring Fulgrim to personal combat. By the second century A. If I could write something that moved readers to anything near where Hughes does me; to place beyond the simple romantic view of nature, to a world of myth, where you feel like a child in his hands, I would be a happy little amateur poet Horus did not adhere to the rules of war, nor did he baulk at the use of a tactic because it offended sensibilities. Their hurt feelings over His seeming abandonment of the Great Crusade to pursue a secret project whose purpose He chose not to reveal to His sons laid the seeds of jealousy and resentment that would ultimately blossom into the corruption that begat the Horus Heresy. Open Preview See a Problem? However, not all Astartes of the Legions joined the lodges, as many saw them as a direct violation of the Emperor's desires that all Space Marines dedicate themselves to truth and openness with others and among themselves. Erebus had managed to complete his blasphemous ritual on Calth's surface, which summoned a Ruinstorm to the galaxy's Eastern Fringe -- a monstrous Warp Storm larger and more destructive than anything space-faring humanity had witnessed since the days of the Age of Strife.
    [Show full text]
  • The Destruction of Ancient Rome
    MISCELLANEOUS. 237 labors a scientific coloring, and has consulted and critically discussed the psycho- logical and metaphysical literature of our day bearing on his topic. He is espe- cially concerned with the metaphysical proof of immortality from spirituality, and believes that in the belief in life eternal we have not an affair of sentiment, but one that admits of sound metaphysical demonstration. He has accordingly pro- ceeded psychologically and philosophically to establish that proof. The manifes- tations of our intellectual and voluntary activity are spiritual ; therefore, the ulti- mate source of these operations is likewise spiritual ; these are the phenomena, and consequently they presuppose a substance ; whence follows the reality of a spir- itual substance, of an indestructible and necessarily immortal self. His argument is founded upon the psychological study of the nature of human thought and the ego. Teleology is invoked only as the complement of the metaphysical proof. 11. THE DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME. At the southern extremity of the famed Palatine hill in Rome may still be seen the remains of the magnificent palace of the Emperor Septimius Severus towering in reminiscence of its ancient grandeur some 160 feet above the level of the modern streets. By measurements made to-day and compared with the de- scriptions and drawings of those who saw the Palatine in a better state of preserva- tion, it has been estimated by archaeologists that the original palace was 490 feet long, 390 feet wide, and 160 feet high. To-day it has almost completely dis- appeared, and only a few pieces of crumbling wall are left here and there against the cliff to tell the tale.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Colosseum Guided Tour
    Roman colosseum guided tour Continue How long does it take to tour the Colosseum? Tours of the Colosseum can last from 1.5 to 3 hours, depending on what type of tour you choose. If you decide to visit the Colosseum without a guide or audio guide, you will need about 1 hour for your visit. How much does a tour of the Colosseum cost? Colosseum tours vary in price, they can cost from 15 to 100 or more. It all depends on what kind of Coliseum tour you book and how detailed you want it to be. We offer to book one of the tours that we have chosen because you will get the best value for money! When can I book a Tour of the Colosseum? Tours of the Colosseum are available all year round. The Colosseum is not only open on January 1, May 1 and December 25. Can you tour the Colosseum on your own? If you are not a fan of group tours and would like to explore the Colosseum at your own pace, there are audio guides available. They will provide you with the information and navigation you need to know your way around and inside the Colosseum. Find out helpful tips about visiting the Colosseum. 1. If you have little time, if you clicked on the time in Rome, it would be best to choose the Colosseum tickets that offer to skip the entry lines not only of the Colosseum, the Roman Forum and Palatine Hill, but also at the Vatican Museums, the Sistine Chapel and/or st.
    [Show full text]