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ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 8114884 ANDERSON, LANE SCHOFIELD, III "BILLY BUDD," "THE CAINE MUTINY," AND FIEDLER'S "CONTINGENCY MODEL": AN INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP The University of North Carolina at Greensboro ED.D. 1980 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1981 by Anderson, Lane Schofield, III All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background • 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s) 65^116 lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Other University Microfilms International BILLY DUDD. THE CAINS MUTINY, AND FIEDLER'S CONTINGENCY MODEL: AN INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP Lane S. Anderson, III A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education Greensboro 19 80 Approved by Dissertation Adviser ANDERSON, LANE S., III. Billy Budd, The Caine Mutiny, and Fiedler's Contingency Model: An Inferential Analysis of Leadership"]! (19 80) Directed by: Dr. Roland H. Nelson Jr. Pp. 307. The purpose of this study was to show that the cnarac- ters in leadership positions (formal and informal) portrayed in Billy Budd and The Caine Mutiny performed predictably with respect to the parameters of the Fiedler Contingency Model of leadership effectiveness. Qualitative inferences con­ cerning character motivations and actions were derived by using the Contingency Model as a baseline for analysis of various leadership behaviors. The two novels selected for this study provided realistic microcosms of bureaucratic organizations in situations which revealed botn task- motivated and relationship-motivated leadership types. Since these leadership types comprise a variety of characteristics encountered in leaders throughout many kinds of organizations, this study has nearly universal applica­ tion. Additionally, the situational variables reflected the degree of "favorableness" most conducive to the leader­ ship types portrayed. Analyzing the interaction of tnese situational variables and characters has projected some degree of predictability for effectiveness of leadership types described in Fiedler's theory. Some conclusions were that leaders are more effective in some situations (jobs, circumstances, organizations) than others and that a leader's effectiveness can be enhanced more easily by changing his situation than by attempts to change him as an individual. Ideally, an exceptional leader must possess the judgment to recognize (or even create) the variables of fluid situations and have the personal flexibility to employ either a task- motivated or a relationship-motivated leadership style. In attempting to illustrate predictable leadership effectiveness through inferential character analysis, complex psychological and philosophical dimensions had to be considered. Too often, leadersnip has been assessed only in terms of quantifiable productivity in our results- oriented society. Of course this is the "proof of the pudding" approach to evaluate leaders but it is too simplis­ tic to be comprehensive. To achieve a more comprehensive evaluation of leader­ ship types, inferences have been drawn to show predictable leader effectiveness not only through the actions of characters but also in psychological and philosophical terms which influenced those actions. Hopefully, the result has been to produce a more multi-dimensional insight into the complexity of leader behavior. To accomplish the purpose of this study, a literary approach was used to involve readers vicariously in realistic situations of leadership. Only those portions of each novel which portrayed salient qualities of leadership (motivations, words, actions) in the characters were sum­ marized. These qualities were carefully selected for inclusion as a part of leader profiles which would later become points of analysis. Documented comments of scholarly critics have substantiated the realism of the leader profiles presented throughout this dissertation. The style is relatively free of complex terms and professional jargon (nautical terms excepted) in order to enhance readability for professionals in virtually any field. It is hoped that people in all kinds of organizations can derive some benefit by recognizing situations or styles of leadership portrayed here which might aid thein in becoming more effective leaders or at least in understanding leadership behavior within their respective organizations. APPROVAL PAGE This dissertation has been approved by the following committee of the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Dissertation Adviser Committee Members tfl(/. ,/ '' jP"hl >l(L October 13, 1980 Date of Acceptance by Committee October 13, 1980 Date of Final Oral Examination ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research and writing of a dissertation is an odyssey upon which few embark. The journey is fraught with self-doubt, frustration, hard work, self-discipline, loneliness, and occasional despair. One is sustained only through an indomitable endurance of will to successfully complete the journey and provide man with some further insight toward a better understanding of himself. The ecstasy of such an achievement is not individually agotistical, for the writer realizes that his accomplish­ ment is essentially a composite of both himself and those who have become part of him throughout the endeavor. It is therefore appropriate to recognize those persons responsible for influencing and facilitating the completion of this dissertation. Aside from my family members, the greatest influences on my work have been the members of my doctoral committee. I should like to recognize each member with his respective alma mater of doctoral study since one of the strengths of the committee was the high degree of expertise in varied disciplines. The chairman was Professor Roland H. Nelson (Harvard University). Dr. Nelson was the key to the success of this dissertation. Considered to be a renowned expert in the field of leadership, Dr. Nelson provided professional iii guidance throughout my endeavor. I especially thank him for his understanding and flexibility in allowing this unique, literary approach to the study of leadership. Two committee members whom I would like to recognize jointly are professors Fritz Mengert (Ohio State University) and Don Russell (Boston University). Both of these men have influenced me tremendously in the study of ethics and philosophy which is crucial to understanding the motivations of leader behavior. Professor Robert 0. Stephens (Texas University) of the English Department provided invaluable guidance with respect to the literary considerations of this dissertation. Dr. Stephens loaned several books to me which were excellent guides to researching the initial criticism for the study. Professor Dale