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Plant Fungal Interactions & Vegetation Change Under Elevated Nitrogen Supply

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Plant Fungal Interactions & Vegetation Change Under Elevated Nitrogen Supply EnhancedEnhanced nitrogennitrogen supplysupply leadsleads toto changedchanged plantplant chemistrychemistry andand vegetationvegetation shiftshift inin borealboreal miremire Magdalena Wiedermann*, Annika Nordin, Mats Nilsson, Urban Gunnarsson & Lars Ericson *Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University TotalTotal NN depositiondeposition inin (kg(kg haha-1 yryr-1)) SwedenSweden Degerö Stormyr 1 – 1.5 1.5 – 2 2 – 2.5 2.5 – 3 3 – 4 4 – 5 5 – 6 6 – 7 7 – 9 9 – 12 12 – 15 15 – 18 Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI; 26 November 2001) DegerDegeröö StormyrStormyr KulbKulbääckslidencksliden full factorial design with N, S and T treatment treatments were applied since 1995: • ammonium nitrate (30kg N ha-1 yr-1) • sodium sulphate (20kg S ha-1 yr-1) • greenhouses enhance air temp 3.6°C above ..ambient fieldwork Study species (clockwise from upper left): Andromeda polifolia, Eriophorum vaginatum, Sphagnum balticum, S. lindbergii, S.majus, Vaccinium oxycoccos, S. papillosum treatment responses control sulfur high nitrogen nitrogen & temperature Vegetation cover of the three vascular plants in % 45 Eriophorum vaginatum Andromeda polifolia 40 Vaccinium oxycoccos 35 30 25 20 % cover 15 10 5 0 c S t St ns N NS Nt NSt factors d.f. F model sig. R2 Sig. model factors E. vaginatum F1,15 48.7 *** 0.76 +T*** A. polifolia F2,14 14.6 *** 0.68 +N*** +T** V. oxycoccos F1,15 4.6 * 0.24 +N* Leave nitrogen content of the three vascular plants in % dry weight Eriophorum vaginatum Andromeda polifolia Vaccinium oxycoccos 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 % dry mass 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 c S t St ns N NS Nt NSt factors d.f F model sig. R2 Sig. model factors E. vaginatum n.s. A. polifolia F2,14 38.8 *** 0.85 +N*** -T*** V. oxycoccos F1,15 25.5 *** 0.63 +N*** Andromeda polifolia proportion dead hits in % 70 dead proportion 50% 60 living proportion 50 40 21% 30 41% 22% 7% 20 21% 26% 10 7% 23% 0 c S t St ns N NS Nt NSt Vaccinium ocyxoccos proportion dead hits in % dead proportion 70 living proportion 8% 60 54% 23% 54% 50 21% 40 30 24% 21% 20 20% 16% 10 0 c S t St ns N NS Nt NSt Phacidium andromedae on A. polifolia 14 12 10 8 6 4 diseased leaves out of 25 2 0 c S t St ns N NS Nt NSt Gordonia cassandrae on V. oxycoccos 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 diseased leaves out of 25 2 0 c S t St ns N NS Nt NSt HypotheticalHypothetical reactionreaction ofof vascularvascular plantsplants toto enhancedenhanced nitrogennitrogen supplysupply N-favored parasitic fungi ??? abundance first 4 years time Time lag!! Sphagnum ssp. cover in % 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 c S t St ns N NS Nt NSt Time series 1995 - 96 - 97 - 98 - 2003 sphagnum ~ nitrogen Sphagnum cover % N Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) Intercept 104.1875 8.6995 11.976 0.000 *** N -2.0938 0.4217 -4.965 0.000 *** Residual standard error: 24.3 on 15 degrees of freedom Multiple R-Squared: 0.6217 F-statistic: 24.66 on 1 and 15 DF, p-value: 0.0001694 Chemical analyses of the three Sphagnum species • C/N ratio • Chlorophyll content • Amino acid concentrations • Soluble carbohydrates + • Sphagnan • C/P ratio The vegetation response and the reaction of parasitic fungi will soon be available in: “Global change shifts vegetation and plant-parasite interactions in a boreal mire” (Ecology; in press) Data on Sphagnum tissue chemistry remains to be published - hopefully soon ........ so far it remains an open question whether nitrogen has a direct toxic effect on Sphagnum ssp., or microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi are favoured and in turn degrade Sphagnum tissue. However, Sphagnum death might have direct impacts on Climate change Sphagna are key species ecosystem change reduced C - sequestration enhanced methane emission Scenarios of ecosystem change Temperature drier conditions – bogs Nitrogen & Temperature Sphagnum fuscum drier conditions Eriophorum vaginatum no Sphagna dwarf shrubs graminoid dominance (dwarf shrubs) Nitrogen deciduous shrubs and trees wetter conditions – more nutrient succession to forest rich minerotrophic mire community sedges and brown mosses no Sphagna Where are we heading??? Thank you for your attention!! Thank you for your attention!!.
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