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Reviewprovided by Edent Journals View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE REVIEWprovided by eDENT Journals Dentistry & Ayurveda V - An evidence based approach. Sunita Amrutesh ABOUT THE AUTHOR Abstract Ayurvedic medications have stood the test of time and since time immemorial been used 1. Dr. Sunita Amrutesh, for various ailments. Recently there is renewed interest in use of various ayurvedic drugs Professor & HOD. for oral and dental health. Plants and natural products from time immemorial used for Dept. of Oral Medicine and their pharmacological applications viz. antiulcerogenic, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, Radiology, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties etc. This article attempts to review the recent studies KLE Society’s Institute of undertaken to use of natural products for oral diseases and also looks into the multitude Dental Sciences, Bangalore. prospects and perspectives of ayurveda in dentistry. Keywords: Ayurveda, dentistry, natural products, complementary/integrative medicine Corresponding Author: Dr. Sunita Amrutesh, Professor & HOD Dept. of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Introduction KLE Society’s Institute of Dental Sciences, Ayurveda, the oldest medical science originating from Indian subcontinent, has been th No. 20, Yeshwantpur Suburb, practiced since the 12 century BC. Its objective is to accomplish physical, mental, Opp. CMTI, social and spiritual well- being by adopting preventive, health promoting and holistic Tumkur Road, Bangalore- approach towards life. Ayurveda is the science that developed as humans evolved. 560022. India Ayurvedic medications have stood the test of time and since time immemorial been used for various ailments. Indian subcontinent is the treasure house of numerous Email: plants and medicinal properties have been assigned to several thousands. Recently [email protected] there is renewed interest in use of various ayurvedic drugs for oral and dental health. Correlation of dental diseases described in Ayurvedic text with the modern-day literature and various therapies and medicines used in Ayurveda have been extensively discussed in ”Dentistry and Ayurveda” sections I, II, III, IV 1,2,3,4 respectively. This article attempts to review the recent studies undertaken to use of natural products for oral diseases and also looks into the multitude prospects and perspectives of Ayurveda in dentistry. Plants and natural products from time immemorial used for their pharmacological applications viz., antiulcerogenic, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties etc. Here is a list of few of these: Plants with antiulcerogenic property : Drugs which are commonly used as antiulcerogenic agent for peptic ulcer are as follows: Ocimum sanctum, Allophylus serratus, Desmodium gagenticum, Azadirachta indica, Hemidesmus indicus, Asparagus racemosus and Musa sapientum. 5 3 , 2011 © 2011 Plants with antimicrobial property Various plants and their immense potential in Aloe (Aloe barbadensis, Aloe vera), Apple (Malus management of dental health. sylvestris, Ashwagandha (Withania somniferum ) ,Bael In Ayurveda, dental health (called danta swasthya in tree (Aegle marmelos ), Basil (Ocimum basilicum) , Betel Sanskrit) is very individualistic and varies with each pepper (Piper betel), Black pepper (Piper nigrum), person’s constitution (prakriti) and climatic changes Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus), Cashew (Anacardium resulting from solar, lunar and planetary influences pulsatilla), Castor bean (Ricinus communis ), Ceylon (kala-parinama).9 cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), Chili peppers, paprika (Capsicum annuum,) Clove( Syzygium aromaticum), Kantkari (Solanum Xanthocarpum): Dhoopana with Coriander,( Coriandrum sativum ), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus seeds of kantakari has been considered one of the globules) ,Garlic (Allium sativum) , Gotu kola (Centella common treatment of dental caries; 4 Kantkari, asiatica), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Green tea (Camellia botanically known as Solanum Xanthocarpum , anti- sinensis), Henna (Lawsonia inermis), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza caries activity of the plant are attributed to the chemical glabra), Marigold (Calendula officinalis ), Olive oil (Olea constituent solanocarpine, carpesterol, solanocarpidine, europaea), Onion (Allium cepa ), Papaya (Carica papaya), potassium nitrate, fatty acid, diosgenin, sitosterol, Peppermint (Mentha piperita), Poppy (Papaver isochlorogenic acid, neochronogenic acid, chronogenic somniferum), Potato (Solanum tuberosum) are few of the acid, caffeic acid, solasodine, solasonine, solamargine, many Indian plants species which contain specific or quercetin, apigenin, histamine, acetylcholine. general antimicrobial activities. 6 Clove Oil (Syzygium aromaticum): Another very Plants with antioxidant property: common agent used to relief pain of dental caries is Spinach, pepper, black tea, broccoli, green tea, carrot, application of clove oil 4; the obtundent activity has been potato tomato ,blackberry, grape, olive, pineapple, attributed to the presence of eugenol in clove oil. strawberry, orange to name a few known to have Eugenol extracts from clove have often been used in potent antioxidant activity. 7 dentistry in conjunction with root canal therapy, temporary fillings, and general gum pain, since eugenol Plants with analgesic property: and other components of clove (including beta- Plants with claimed analgesic activity are as follows: caryophyllene) combine to make clove a mild anaesthetic Anicillo (Piper) species, Arnica (Arnica Montana), Betle as well as an anti-bacterial agent. Eugenol, the primary (Piper betl)e, Capsicum (Capsicum annuum), Chile component of clove's volatile oils, functions as an anti- (Capsicum annuum) , Clove (Eugenia caryophyllus), Coca inflammatory substance. Clove also contains a variety of (Erythroxylum coca), Feverview (Tanacetum parthenium), flavonoids, including kaempferol and rhamnetin, which Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Marijuana (Cannabis sativa), also contribute to clove's anti-inflammatory (and Menthol (Mentha piperata), Myrrh (Commiphora antioxidant) properties. myrrha) ,Peppermint (Mentha piperita), Poppy (Papaver somniferum) ,Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) ,Willow bark Garlic ( Allium sativum. LINN.): Garlic can be effective (Salix alba), Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) 8 etc. in relieving the pain of tooth due to the allicin - a compound with a powerful antibiotic effect that is Plants with anti-inflammatory property: released when garlic is crushed. It is possible that this Underneath is a list of few drugs used for their anti- could slow down any bacteria involved; however it is inflammatory properties: unlikely that garlic alone could halt decay. Aloe (Aloe vera), Anestesia (Ottonia frutescents), Angelica (Angelica archangelica), Anisillo (Piper auritum), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus): Recent studies have Piperaceae Anisillo (Piper marginatum), Arnica (Arnica suggested that ayurvedic treatment can be employed supportively in the therapy of periodontal diseases and Montana) ,Calendula (Calendula officinalis), Camptotheca 10 (Camptotheca acuminate), Celery seeds (Apium for routine prophylaxis. Nagata H and co-workers graveolens) ,Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), Chickweed found that eucalyptus extract chewing gum had a (Stellaria media), Chicle (Manilkara sapota) ,Chilcuague significant effect on plague accumulation, gingival index, (Heliopsis longipes) ,Chilmecatl (Heliopsis longipes ), bleeding on probing, periodontal depth probing. Ethanol Chinchillia (Anicillo) (Tagetes minuta), Dandelion extracts (60% ethanol) from Eucalyptus globulus leaves (Taraxacum officinale), Garlic (Allium sativum), Ginger reportedly possess antibacterial activity against various (Zingiber officinale), Gotu kola (Centella asiatica), Hierba bacteria including oral bacteria. The extracts exhibit mora (Solanum nigrum), Jaborandi (Pilocarpus jaborandi), potent antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria Licorice( Glycyrrhiza glabra) ,Meadowsweet (Filipendula such as streptococcus mutans and streptococcus ulmaria), Onions (Allium cepa), Neem (Azadirachtia sobrinus. Macrocarpals which are polyphenols unique to indica), Periwinkle (lesser) (Vinca minor), Pine Bark( Pinus eucalyptus are major components of 60% ethanol palustris), Primrose oil (Oenothera biennis), Raspberry extracts of Eucalyptus globules leaf. Macrocarpals A, B, C, (Rubus idaeus), Sage (Salvia officinalis), Tea Tree D, H, I, J and eucalypton have been isolated. (Melaleuca alternifolia), Turmeric (Curcuma Macrocarpals A, B, C which are major components, longa) ,Willow bark (Salix alba) 8 etc. demonstrate relatively strong anticariogenic bacterial 4 , 2011 © 2011 activity against streptococcus mutans and streptococcus used in the treatment premalignant lesions in oral sobrinus. Additionally macrocarpals A, B, C possess cavity. antiperiodontopathic bacterial activity against several periodontopathic microorganisms,e.g. P gingivalis. Mango (Magnifera indica): Mango leaf contains Macrocarpal C occurs in the greatest abundance in ascorbic and phenolic acids which are known to posses eucalyptus extract.10 antibacterial properties. Studies have shown that mango leaves (magnifera indica) posses antibacterial properties The effectiveness of medicinal herbs in both a against anaerobic dental microflora such as P. intermedia toothpaste and oral rinse on dental plaque, sulcus and P. gingivalis and can effectively used as adjuct for bleeding, and the pH of total saliva was investigated in a maintenance of oral hygiene. 18 single-blind study.
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