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Control of Non-Native Plants in Natural Areas of Florida1 K.A

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Control of Non-Native Plants in Natural Areas of Florida1 K.A SP 242 Control of Non-native Plants in Natural Areas of Florida1 K.A. Langeland and R.K. Stocker2 Introduction non-native plants were originally introduced as garden ornamentals or agricultural crops. Other Forty-three percent of Florida's land area is non-native plants were accidentally introduced. currently in agricultural or urban land uses and over Regardless of how they arrived, these 1,200 or so one third of its native habitats have been lost (1987 non-native plants grew so well in Florida that they census). While continued urbanization is an naturalized, that is, spread on their own without inevitable consequence of increasing population, and cultivation into managed and natural areas. While food production by agriculture is essential, it is also some of these naturalized non-native plants are not a important to preserve and protect Floridas native problem, many became weeds, or undesirable plants, habitats for historical significance and to protect in agricultural, forestry, yards, and roadways. When species, water quality, and water quantity. Setting these naturalized non-native plants spread aside certain lands to be managed for conservation is extensively into natural areas and dominate by a method to protect them. According to the Florida displacing native plants and disrupting natural Natural Areas Inventory, 6.3 million acres of state processes such as fire or water flow, they are called and federal public lands are currently managed for invasive. Invasive non-native plants can be thought conservation. Natural areas are conservation lands of as weeds in natural areas. that have been set aside for the purpose of preserving (or restoring) native plant and animal communities. Familiar examples of invasive non-native plants Natural areas are also maintained by counties and that have already replaced native Florida plant cities in Florida and by private land owners. communities and drastically changed the landscape both visually and ecologically include Brazilian Non-native plants, carried here by humans since pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius), and melaleuca Florida's discovery by Columbus, now threaten the (Melaleuca quinquenervia) in south Florida, and state's remaining natural areas. Of the 4,012 plant cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) and Chinese tallow species now growing on their own without (Sapium sebiferum) in north Florida. cultivation in Florida, 29% are non-native (Atlas of Florida Flora, R. P Wunderlin). Many of these 1. This document is SP 242, one of a series of the Department of Agronomy, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. First printed: 1997. Revised: April, 2001. Please visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. This document was prepared in cooperation with the Metropolitan Dade County Park and Recreation Department, Natural Areas Management, and the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. 2. Kenneth Langeland, Professor, Department of Agronomy; Randall Stocker, Professor and Center Director, Center for Aquatic Plants, Department of Agronomy, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, color, sex, age, handicap, or national origin. For information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension Service office. Florida Cooperative Extension Service/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences/University of Florida/Christine Taylor Waddill, Dean. Control of Non-native Plants in Natural Areas of Florida 2 Currently there is no information source that Regulatory Agencies describes all invasive species for each particular part of Florida, and most invasive species are weed Removal of vegetation in certain areas such as problems in some areas, but not in others. Until more public waters and wetlands is regulated by state and information is developed, the best strategy for land local agencies and a permit may be required. For managers is to become familiar with the most questions regarding permits to control vegetation in invasive species, and be watchful for their public waters, contact one of the following appearance. Listing of a species in this publication Department of Environmental Protection regional does not necessarily suggest that it should be offices: regulated. It does indicate that it has warranted Bartow (941) 534-7143 control measures in at least one natural area in the Floral City (352) 726-8622 state and should be viewed as potentially invasive in Lake City (904) 758-0464 other natural areas if it appears. Several invasive Orlando (407) 275-4004 plants in Florida are regulated by statutory authority Upland Weed Office (904) 487-2600 of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (DACS) and the Florida Tampa (813) 744-6163 Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). West Palm Beach (561) 791-4720 The list of plants regulated by DACS, the Florida For regulatory questions regarding vegetation Noxious Weed List, includes plants that are federally control in wetlands contact the Water Management regulated by the Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974. District (WMD) in which you are located: The Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (EPPC) maintains a current list of plants that are considered Northwest Florida WMD (850) 482-9522 to be invasive or have invasive potential. While the Suwannee River WMD (904) 362-1001 EPPC list contains some plants that are also regulated St. Johns River WMD (904) 329-4500 by DACS and DEP, the list does not have statutory Southwest Florida WMD (813) 796-7211 authority. These lists can be obtained from the South Florida WMD (561) 682-6201 University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Center for Aquatic Plants at Control Methods 352/392-9613. Prevention Management of invasive vegetation in natural areas requires methods that will minimize damage to The importation and spread of invasive nontarget vegetation and soil. Often this need for vegetation can be significantly reduced by public caution necessitates more time and effort than weed education. It is the responsibility of those who are management in agricultural, industrial, or aware of the problems caused by invasive right-of-way settings. Some particular types of non-native plants to educate others about their vegetation, for instance woody or sprawling identity, impacts, and control so that further vegetation, may require removal of standing plant ecological degradation of native ecosystems can be material even after it has been killed if its presence reduced. increases fire hazard, reduces aesthetic appeal, or Biological Control could cause harm as it decays and falls. Control methods include manual removal, mechanical In Florida, classical biological control removal, physical controls, herbicides, and biological (introduction of reproducing populations of foreign control alone or in combination. insects or diseases) of invasive non-native plants in non-agricultural areas has focused on aquatic weeds. The purpose of this publication is to provide The first biocontrol agent introduced was the land managers in Florida with current methods being alligatorweed flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila) in used to manage non-native plants by other land 1964 for control of alligatorweed (Alternanthera managers in the state. philoxeroides). Subsequently, the alligatorweed Control of Non-native Plants in Natural Areas of Florida 3 thrips (Aminothrips andersoni) was released in 1967 follow-up with herbicide applications is often and the alligatorweed stem borer (Vogtia malloi) in necessary. 1971. The flea beetle and stem borer proved to be fairly effective for suppressing growth of Removal of uprooted plant material is important. alligatorweed, although harsh winters can reduce Stems and branches of certain species (e.g. their populations. Less effective have been ligustrum and melaleuca) that are laid on the ground introductions of the waterhyacinth weevils can sprout roots, and attached seeds can germinate. (Neochotina eichhorniae and N. bruchi), released in If material cannot be destroyed by methods such as 1972 and 1974, and the waterhyacinth borer, released burning, it should be piled in a secure area that can in 1977 (Sameodes albigutalis) for waterhyacinth be monitored and new plants killed as they appear. (Eichhornia crassipes) control. Likewise, Pulling plants from the ground may cause effectiveness of a weevil (Neohydronomous affinis) unwanted soil disturbance in some natural areas, and a moth (Namangama pectinicornis) released for especially pine rockland habitat. This soil control of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) has been disturbance may result in further invasion by unpredictable. Waterhyacinth and water lettuce invasive non-native plant species, again requiring continue to be problems that require management by follow-up control measures. other methods. Current biological control research is focused on hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), Mechanical Removal waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), melaleuca, and Brazilian pepper. Mechanical removal involves the use of bulldozers, or specialized logging equipment to While classical biological controls are currently remove woody plants. Intense follow -up with other under study and will be implemented
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