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Lymph Nodes of the Head, Neck and Shoulder Region of Swine L Volume 25 | Issue 3 Article 3 1962 Lymph Nodes of the Head, Neck and Shoulder Region of Swine L. I. Saar Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian Part of the Veterinary Anatomy Commons Recommended Citation Saar, L. I. (1962) "Lymph Nodes of the Head, Neck and Shoulder Region of Swine," Iowa State University Veterinarian: Vol. 25 : Iss. 3 , Article 3. Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian/vol25/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Iowa State University Veterinarian by an authorized editor of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Lymph Nodes of the Head, Neck and Shoulder Region of Swine L. I. Saar, Dr. med. vet. R. Getty, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D.* I. Introduction 1914). Titze (1911-1914) tried to investi­ A review of various textbooks and other gate the lymph flow of swine by injecting publications concerned with the lymph bovine tuberculosis cultures subcutane­ system, clearly indicated a great variety of ously but his experiments failed. The first terminology used to group the lymph nodes known research paper published about the of 'swine in region of the head, neck and location of the lymph nodes was done by shoulder. Probably the statement made by Gregor (1914), on swine fetuses approach­ Baum (1912) was true that, "the group­ ing term. In 1927/28 Postma confirmed ing of the lymph nodes is basically very Gregors results and pointed out the differ­ uncertain and will always depend upon the ences found between the lymph flow of individual viewpoint of the author." Never­ swine compared to the ox. In 1929 Baum the less, an attempt will be made to clarify re-examined the location of the lymph the controversies found in literature about nodes and introduced a new terminology the descriptive information and terms for ,the lymph node groups of swine as used. found in the region of the head, neck and shoulder. Baum's terminology was adopted II. Review of the Literature by von Ostertag (1932); Egehoj (1934- Before 1914 it was generally assumed 37); Zietzschmann (1939); Grau (1938, that the patterns of the flow of lymph of 1943); Klimow-Akajewski (1950); SchOn­ swine were probably similar to the ox berg-Zietzschmann (1958). Some text­ (Titze, 1914). This opinion was mainly books, however, like Sisson-Grossman based on viewpointS' expressed by Bartels (1938, 1953) remained firm on terminol­ (1909), that evidently there was basic ogy and descriptive information used be­ similarity in distribution of the lymph ves­ fore 1914. Sisson's influence was reflected sels and the lymph nodes in mammals and in publications of the V.S.D.A. Circular man. In fact, however, before 1914 the ox No. 866 (1951) and St. Clair (1958). was the only animal in which the location Some authors, like Thornton (1949, 1957) of the lymph nodes and their drainage preferred to keep an "intermediate" posi­ are a s were systematically examined tion by mentioning in part some of Baum's (Baum, 1912). At that time, the descrip­ and Egehoj's results, but otherwise stating tive information found in textbooks about that, "the nodes of the head and neck are the lymph system of swine was kept at a numerous and somewhat difficult to group minimum (Chauveau 1902; von Ostertag, satisfactorily. " 1904; Ellenberger-Baum, 1908; Sisson, It should be stressed here that Baum's (1929, 1938); Egehoj's (1934-1937) and • From Iowa State University. Ames. Iowa; where Zietzschmann's (1939, 1958) research re­ Dr. Saar is with the Department of Veterinary Anat· omy and Dr. Getty is Professor and Head of the sults on lymph flow, were obtained mainly Department of Veterinary Anatomy. College of Veteri· nary Medicine. from experiments conducted on nonliving 120 Iowa State University Veterinarian animals. Most (1927) recommended to dicate that the description given by the explore the possibilities for research on the author may be considered as vague. Fur­ lymph system on living ( anesthetized) thermore, a question mark ( ? ) in an animals, and he referred to his work per­ empty rubic designates that an equivalent formed in 1908 on rabbits and guinea pigs. term for Baum's (1929) classification was Postma (1928) criticized his own methods not given. Occasionally some of the terms of using dead piglets by saying, "However were marked with one or two "stars" (*) the direction of the lymph flow on 'a living ( * * ) bringing to attention that terms animal will still remain a hypothesis." Ac­ marked by the same number of stars repre­ cording to Rusznyak et. al. (1960), "all sent together one group only. [See Table I, data of the earlier literature that are based column 4, (Ostertag, 1904): middle cerv­ an application of injection techniques cal glands (* ).J should be revised by means of autoinjec­ It can be observed from tables given that tion of the lymphatic system with lymph," all the authors listed were in agreement performed on living animals. In fact regarding the descriptive information Egehoj (1934) demonstrated that differ­ about the Lnn. mandibulares (Submaxil­ ences may be found on lymph flow on lary nodes) and the Lnn. cervicales super­ dead and live oxen, which results in turn ficiales dorsales (Prescapular nodes), al­ influence the terminology used to group although a number of synonyms were the lymph nodes. used. (C .... mpare the upper (first) and the First, however it seemed proper for the lower, t14th) horizontal group through authors to re-examine the terminology of tables (I) to (IV). the lymph nodes of swine as sited in pre­ The Ln. retropharyngicus medialis sent literature. (Baum, 1929; Engehoj, 1936; Grau, 1943; Klimow-Akajewski, 1950; Zietzschmann, III. Terminology of the lymph nodes of 1958), corresponds with the "retropharyn­ the head, neck and shoulder region geal glands" of von Ostertag, 1904; Ellen­ of swine. berger-Baum, 1908, 1915. These nodes In the tables I through IV the classifi­ were called by Sisson (1914, 1953); "Cir­ cation of the lymph nodes of the past are cular No. 866" (1951) and 8t. Clair arranged according to the descriptive in­ (1958) as the "suprapharyngeal lymph formation and illustrations given by vari­ nodes." The other synonyms noted were: ous authors. In table I, the first column ganglions retropharyngiens, or cervicaux lists the terms given by Baum (1929). superieurs (Montane, 1920); "deep cervi­ They were compared in chronological cal lymph node" (Jossifow, 1932); the order with those which existed before and superior cervical glands (Castor, 1938); after Baum's classification. The continu­ the internal retropharyngeal lymph nodes ous horizontal lines indicate the corre­ (Thornton, 1957). Some (earlier) authors sponding regions of the lymph nodes de­ considered the latter nodes as being part scribed by various authors. The dotted of a larger group of lymph nodes. (E.g. the horizontal lines were drawn as "guide "glandulae tracheales superiores" (Franck, lines" thus allowing the reader to compare 1871); the "pharyngeal glands" (Chau­ the different terms presented in the tables veau, 1902); the "upper cervical lymphatic I through IV. glands" (Leighton, 1927). It can be observed in tables I through IV Comparing the descriptive information that various authors of the past have given for the "posterior cervical or pre­ grouped the lymph nodes into a variable pectoral lymph glands" (Sisson, 1914, number of groups; ranging from 4 (Chau­ 1953; "Circular" No. 866, 1951) it ap­ veau, 1902) to eleven (Postma, 1928). peared that the following terms were con­ On a number of occasions the lymph node sidered as being synonymous: "Glandulae groups described by Baum (1929) cor­ tracheales inferiores, or the "glandulae respond in part only with the classification cervicales profundae inferiores (Franck, given by the other authors. The question 1871); the "lower or caudal cervical lymph marks (?) placed after a term should in- glands, (von Ostertag, 1904); the '1ym- Issue, No.3, 1962-63 121 ...... t-:> t-:> ~COLUMN 1 2 3 4 5 6 o U Baum. 1929 Fr 8 Chauveau, 1902 v. Ostertag. 1904 Ellenberger-Baum, Sisson, 19141 P (Baum-Grau, 1938) anck, 1 71 (Engl. ed.) (Engl. ed.) 1908 ~~~~on, Grossman, Lnn. Old. Submaxillary, or Submaxillary Lgl. Mandibular 1 mandibu1ares: submaxillaris subglossal @"lands p;lands" submaxillaris lymph glands TABLE I 2' Lnn. Gld. maxillares parotidei posteriores or _ '- L_I- Terminology applied to the lymph nodes Ln. Gld. subauricu-' r - - - -- r- -- Parotid--- lymph of head, neck and 3 retropharyngeus lares glands (*) shoulder region of , ......;.,... - _ r- _ _ ~ _ _ :- ~: subparotid. swine from 1871 to ~ gland (Sisson) 1960. Remarks for 4 ';;l Cranial. Lymphatic glands Lnn. retro- tables I thru IV: I-- b Group _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I- _ _ pharyngicus Ln. = Lymphonodus; • Middle Lgl. lateralis (Baum)? Lnn. = Lymphonodi; ~ Gld. = Glandulae; Lgl 5 ~. Group subparotideae = Lymphoglandulae; r--- u'i:! -- .t- -- -t- -- I- -- (?) = placed after a 6 S 8. Caudal Middle cervical. term indicates that the ~ iii Group lymph glands (_) description given by - Lnn. Glandulae- - -- - - Uoper cervical. - Parotid lymph an author may be 7 tracheales Pharyngeal. glands gland (*) considered as "vague" mandibul~s.. , superiores _ _ _ glands _ or in an empty rubric Lnn. cervical.es . it shows that an 8 superficiales Middle cel'Vl.cal "' Middle cervical ..... elluivalent term for medii glands (?) (*) • lymph glands (**) o Baum's (1929) dassi - - -- - - ~ cation was not given Inn. Retropharyngeal Lgl. Suprapharyngeal !:l 9 glands retropharyngesles lymph glands CI) In a column term ~:~~~geus .... marked with the same -- -r- -- !:l Lnn. cervicale~ Lgl. rvi 1 .... m f di .ce caes (1) number of "stars,' 10 Q) pro un craniales "other small represent one lymph I-- 'il craniales --- Middle cervical.
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