Queensland Poisons Information Centre Annual Report 2019
13 11 26 www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/poisonsinformationcentre
Poisons Information Centre Queensland Children’s Hospital Pharmacy Department, Level 2 501 Stanley Street South Brisbane Qld 4101
Table of Contents
Mission Statement ...... 4 Services and Operation ...... 4 Location ...... 4 Telephone Access ...... 4 Hours of Operation ...... 4 Website ...... 4 Personnel ...... 5 External Consultants ...... 6 Strategic Planning Activities ...... 8 Clinical Governance and Quality Assurance Activities ...... 8 Toxicovigilance Activities ...... 9 Research Activities ...... 9 Publications ...... 10 Conference Presentations and Attendance ...... 10 Published guidelines ...... 12 Poisoning Prevention/Harm Reduction Activities ...... 12 Poisons Education by QPIC Staff ...... 12 Examples of Calls ...... 13 Poisoning Call Analysis ...... 15 Annual trending of calls ...... 15 Monthly trending of calls ...... 15 Hourly trending of calls...... 16 Call Types: Human and animal calls ...... 16 Caller category ...... 17 Call analysis – exposures ...... 18 Patient type: Human age category and animal exposures ...... 18 Exposure Type - Human exposures ...... 19 Poisoning exposures and recommended management setting by age group...... 20 Patient Gender – Human exposures – by age group ...... 21 Route of exposure of poisonings ...... 22
Exposure location – Human cases ...... 23 Top 10 Poison classes involved in human exposures across all age groups (recalls excluded) ...... 24 Top 10 Poison classes involved in exposures in children up to the age of 5 years ...... 25 Top 10 individual agents involved in exposures in children up to the age of 5 years ...... 26 Call analysis – queries ...... 27 Query types involving humans ...... 27 Top 10 agents involved in human queries across all age groups ...... 28 References ...... 28 Appendix: Queensland Poisons Information Centre Poison Statistics ...... 29
Mission Statement
To improve patient outcomes by providing the public and health professionals with prompt, consistent, up-to-date and individualised advice in situations of poisonings and suspected poisonings.
How do we do this?
• Members of the public may be given first aid instructions, potential symptoms to watch for, advice on the need for medical attention in poisonings, and general advice on poisoning prevention. Unnecessary visits to medical facilities may be avoided in minor accidental poisonings by the timely provision of advice and reassurance. • Health professionals are given specific advice regarding the management of poisoned patients with the support of clinical toxicologist advice where required. • The QPIC is committed to improve outcomes for poisoned patients through ongoing research and toxicovigilance activities. Services and Operation
Location The Queensland Poisons Information Centre (QPIC) has been in operation since 1973 and is based at the Queensland Children’s Hospital (QCH) in South Brisbane.
Queensland Poisons Information Centre Queensland Children’s Hospital Pharmacy Department Level 2 501 Stanley St South Brisbane QLD 4101
Telephone Access The Queensland Poisons Information Centre can be reached on 13 11 26. This number is available Australia-wide for the cost of a local call (excluding mobile phones). The QPIC predominately receives calls from Queensland and Northern New South Wales but manages calls from across the country on rostered overnight shifts.
Hours of Operation The QPIC operates Monday to Sunday (08:30 to 21:00). Outside these hours, calls are diverted to the NSW Poisons Information Centre. Only one centre operates overnight, taking calls from across Australia. The overnight calls are shared between the four centres: NSW, WA, VIC and QLD.
Website For more information, visit the Queensland Poisons Information website at https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/poisonsinformationcentre
Personnel The QPIC employs a team of pharmacists specialising in toxicology to handle poisoning and related calls and to undertake activities aimed at reducing poisonings and improving outcomes from poisonings.
Director
Dr Sonya Stacey BPharm PhD Adv.Prac.Pharm
Clinical Lead
Carol Wylie B Pharm, Grad Dip Hosp Clin Pharm
Medical Director
Dr Katherine Isoardi BMedicine, FACEM, GradDipClinTox
Dr Isoardi provided an on-call weekday toxicology consultant service to the QPIC for poisoning cases of a complex nature. In addition, she supported the ongoing continuing education program, protocol and guideline development and was a spokesperson for the centre on poisoning related issues.
Consultant Fellows
Dr Keith Harris MBChB, FACEM,
Dr Iain McNeil MBChB FACEM GradDipClinTox. CHIA
Dr Ruth Young B.Med.Sc, MD, FACEM
These Doctors are currently undergoing specialised training in clinical toxicology and under Dr Isoardi’s direction assisted in the support of the Queensland Poisons Information Centre.
Specialists in Poisons Information (SPIs)
Kerry Atkins Dip Pharm
Michele Cree BSci, BPharm, GradDipClinPharm, Adv Prac Pharm
Danielle Dean BPharm
Anna Goggin BPharm
Aaron Heffernan BPharm (Hons) GCertPharmPrac
Chris Henry BSc, BPharm (Hons)
Lauren Koch BPharm, GCHlthSc (Clin Ed), AACPA
Christopher Martin BPharm
Genevieve Messina BPharm GCertTox, AACPA
Katherine Rule BPharm AACPA
Jenna Southwell BPharm (Hons)
Emma Walton BPharm
Chamani Weerasekara BPharm
Chih Yuan (Jason) Wang BPharm, MClinPharm
Administrative support
Natalie Burnham
External Consultants Numerous external consultants from a variety of Queensland organisations and government departments are available to the Poisons Information Centre, for advice or direct referral. These consultants range from the Queensland Museum and Queensland Herbarium staff, to the Health Protection Unit and Workplace Health and Safety officers. These departments and organisations continue to offer a valuable service to the Poisons Information Centre
Clinical Toxicologists
The QPIC service is supported by Clinical Toxicologists attached to the Poisons Centres around the country. These clinicians are available on a national 24-hour roster for direct advice to a poison centre specialist, or referral to a practitioner requiring management advice in a poisoning. These cases may involve both adults and children and are usually complicated or severe in nature.
Jason Armstrong. MB ChB FACEM
Jonathan Brett MBBS BMedSci (Hons) FRACP FAChAM,
Nick Buckley MD FRACP
Betty Chan MB BS, FACEM, PhD
Angela Chiew BSc (Med), MB BS (Hons), FACEM
Andrew Dawson MB BS, FRACP, FRCP (Edin)
Michael Downes MB ChB FACEM
Alan Gault MB ChB(Dub), BAO(Dub), BA HSc, FACEM
Andis Graudins MBBS, PhD, FACEM, FACMT
Shaun Greene MB ChB, MSc (Med Tox), FACEM
Naren Gunja MB BS, FACEM
Kerry Hoggett MB BS G Cert Clin Tox FACEM
Geoffrey Isbister B Sc, MB BS, FACEM
Dushan Jayaweera MB BS (Hons), FACEM, Dip Tox
Zeff Koutsogiannis MB BS, FACEM
Mark Little MB BS, FACEM, MPH&TM, DTM&H (Lon)
Gopi Mann MBChB, FACEM, Dip Tox
Satish Mitter MB BS, FACEM, Dip Tox
David McCoubrie MB BS, FACEM
Richard McNulty BA, MB BS, PhD, FACEM, PGCert (Tox)
Darren Roberts PhD FRACP
Jess Soderstrom MB BS, FACEM
Ian Whyte MB BS (Hon), FRACP, FRCPE
Fellows in Training
Caitlyn Lovett BM, B.Med.Sci (hons), FACEM
Mark Salter BComm/BSci, MBBS (Hons), PGDip (Med Tox), FACEM
Kirsty Skinner MBChB, FACEM, GradDipClinTox
Gareth Wahl MBBS, FACEM
Strategic Planning Activities
The Queensland Poisons Information Centre (QPIC) continues ongoing involvement at a national level with the other Poisons Information Centres and Health Departments from all jurisdictions. Past collaboration with the interstate poison centres has resulted in the development of National Standards for Australian Poisons Information Centres (available on the QPIC Website) and National Minimum Dataset for data collected by the four individual centres.
Current strategic activities undertaken in 2019 include an increased role in overnight call taking by the QPIC with continued work towards the development of a single national database, which would enable consistent data collection and an improved ability to share data for research and toxicovigilance activities.
Clinical Governance and Quality Assurance Activities
In 2019 the QPIC has undertaken the following activities:
• Documentation of poisons centre advice directly into a patient’s electronic medical record in addition to the standard phone advice whenever possible. This occurred for patients from hospitals utilising digital health records. This activity has shown to increase adherence to poison’s advice and a reduction in suboptimal management and recalls. • Internal review of all QPIC calls. All calls received by the centre were peer reviewed by a second SPI. This review is conducted at the earliest possible time in order to assess the accuracy and consistency of advice provided and to ensure appropriate data entry. • Internal review of all complex calls which were referred to a clinical toxicologist and a subsequent report received. This report is added to the original call documentation to ensure a complete record is maintained. These reports are also viewed by the SPIs as part of the educational and peer review process. • Morbidity and mortality meetings. The committee meets quarterly to review poisoning cases across Queensland which involve death or significant morbidity. • Continued attendance of the ward round and monthly clinical meetings conducted by the Princess Alexandra Toxicology Unit • Continuing Education sessions were provided by Dr. Katherine Isoardi (Clinical Toxicologist). Topics included: o Paracetamol poisoning o Lithium chronic toxicity and acute poisoning o Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning o Ethanol and Toxic Alcohol poisoning o Pesticide poisoning • Internal Continuing Education sessions were provided by SPIs. Topics included: o Toxicology and Poisons Network Australasia (TAPNA) scientific meeting and the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologist (EAPCCT) International conference feedback (Anna Goggin and Carol Wylie) o Snake bite management (Danielle Dean) o Anti-psychotic poisoning management (Emma Walton) • Training documents were regularly updated, and advice macros were developed or updated. • Ongoing review of QPIC and Qld Health Policies, Procedures, Guidelines and position statements related to poisoning • Performance Coaching and Development Plans (PCD) were conducted for QPIC staff to evaluate and develop the performance of employees to ensure that organisational goals were more effectively achieved.
Toxicovigilance Activities
Toxicovigilance is the active process of identifying and evaluating toxic risks, and evaluating the measures taken to reduce or eliminate them. It involves the analysis of PIC data to identify if there are specific circumstances or agents giving rise to poisoning, or certain populations or locations suffering a higher incidence of poisoning or the need for public education and restrictions on the availability of certain products. Toxicovigilance can also reveal whether there is an emerging toxicological problem resulting from, for example, the reformulation of a product or a change to its packaging or labelling or the availability of a new drug of abuse
QPIC has established links with other organisations to support toxicovigilance activities. These include: the other Australian PICs, Qld Injury Surveillance Unit (QISU), Consumer Product Injury Research Advisory Group (CPIRAG), the Office of Fair Trading, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), Health Protection Units (HPU), 13 Health and Kidsafe QLD.
In 2019 the following activities were undertaken:
• QPIC data regarding alkyl nitrite exposures was provided to Qld Health during the TGA review into the regulatory options for appropriate access and safety controls (Jan 2018). Additional data on these agents was also supplied to the NSW PIC to contribute to the TGA review (April 2019). After a broad consultation process the TGA amended the existing scheduling for a range of nitrites which will come into effect on 1 February 2020. • National data on electronic cigarette cases from 2009 to 2018 was collated and shared with all poison centres and supplied to the SA Health Department (Feb 2019). • QPIC data was provided to the Qld Health Protection Branch regarding calls relating to formaldehyde in aquarium-based products, following a consumer enquiry (Aug 2019). • The QPIC database was examined for any calls or cases regarding Kava (piper methysticum) and supplied to the Qld Department of Health to assist in a review of the amount of kava that can be imported for personal use. This resulted in an increase from 2kg to 4kg. Further work is underway regarding the food standards and scheduling of this agent (Sept 2019). • The QPIC contributed to a collaborative response to an ACCC Button Battery Issues Paper, authored by Dr Ruth Barker (Sept 2019). The Issues paper was conducted to seek information from stakeholders to investigate the safety of button batteries and products that contain them. A final recommendation is due in 2020. • The QPIC also responded to a further request for information (with assistance from the NSW Poisons Centre) from the ACCC regarding button batteries in toys for children up to and including 36 months of age (Dec 2019). • QPIC data was provided to the Qld representative of the TGA scheduling committee regarding calls and cases related to the combined paracetamol and ibuprofen medications. The scheduling committee were reviewing possible changes to the existing schedules (Oct 2019). The TGA made an interim decision to retain existing scheduling but invited further submissions by March 2020. Research Activities
• Continued involvement in the Australian Toxicology Monitoring Study (ATOM). These studies are prospective observational studies which examine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of selected drugs in overdose.
• Continued involvement in the Australian Snakebite Project (ASP) which guides the management of snake envenomation in Australia. • A review of calls to the QPIC regarding Exposures to Multivitamin Supplements was undertaken, from Jan 2018 through to June 2019. Staff involved in this work included Danielle Dean, Carol Wylie and Hannah Compton (University of Queensland Quality Use of Mediation Research Project) (Aug 2019)
Publications • Wylie, C., Heffernan, A., Brown J.A., Cairns, R., Lynch, A-M and Robinson, J. Exposures to e-cigarettes and their refills: calls to Australian Poisons Information Centres, 2009–2016. Med J Aust. 2019 Feb;210(3):126. doi: 10.5694/mja2.12032. Epub 2018 Nov 12. • Cairns R, Brown J, Lachireddy K, Wylie C, Robinson J, Dawson AH, Buckley NA. Button battery exposures in Australian children: a prospective observational study highlighting the role of the poisons information centres. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019 Jun;57(6):404-410. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1537492. Epub 2019 Jan 21 • Harris K, Page C, Samantray S, Parker L, Ja Brier A, Isoardi K. One Single Large Intramuscular Dose of Naloxone Is Effective and Safe in Suspected Heroin Poisoning. Emerg Med Australas. 2020 Feb;32(1):88-92. 2019 Jul 21. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13344. Epub 2019 Jul 21. • Isoardi K, Kulawickrama S, Isbister G. Severe Phenibut Poisoning: An Adolescent Case Cluster. J Paediatr Child Health. 2020 Feb;56(2):330-331. doi: 10.1111/jpc.14605. Epub 2019 Aug 29. • Huynh A, Cairns R, Brown J, Jan S, Robinson J, Lynch AM, Wylie, C Buckley NA, Dawson AH. Health care cost savings from Australian Poisons Information Centre advice for low risk exposure calls: SNAPSHOT 2. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019 Nov 13:1-6. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1686513 • Harris K, Jiang A, Knoeckel R, Isoardi K. Rescheduling codeine-containing analgesics reduced codeine-related hospital presentations. Med J Aust. 2019 Nov 10. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50400. • Chiew A, Reith D, Pomerleau A, Wong A, Isoardi K, Soderstom J, Buckley N. Updated Guidelines for the Management of Paracetamol Poisoning in Australia and New Zealand Med J Aust. 2020 Mar;212(4):175-183. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50428. Epub 2019 Dec 1.
Conference Presentations and Attendance TAPNA Regional meeting in Melbourne 8th March 2019
Attendees: Anna Goggin, Danielle Dean and Katherine Isoardi
Presentation:
Isoardi K Triclopyr – A rather toxic, low-toxicity herbicide. Oral presentation.
TAPNA regional meeting in Sydney 30th August 2019
Attendees: Danielle Dean, Carol Wylie, Katherine Isoardi and Keith Harris
Presentation:
Isoardi K Methamphetamine and AKI. Oral presentation.
TAPNA National Scientific Meeting Gold Coast 1st to 3rd May 2019
Attendees: Kerry Matthews, Genevieve Messina, Carol Wylie, Danielle Dean, Katherine Isoardi, Keith Harris, Iain McNeil and Ruth Young.
Presentations:
Dean D Novel or Nasty, Interesting calls to the Queensland Poisons Information Centre (QPIC). Oral presentation.
Matthews K Plant ingestions and exposures: a three-year total population survey of emergency calls to Queensland Poisons Information Centre (QPIC). Oral presentation.
Wylie C Documentation in the patient medical record improves adherence to poisons information centre telephone advice. Oral presentation.
Isoardi K, Chiew A, Rotella J, Dawson A Trainee session – Navigating the phone consult.
Isoardi K, The start of a new era in Queensland Poisons. Oral presentation
Harris K, Rescheduling decreased codeine-related presentations to a clinical toxicology unit. Oral presentation
McNeil I, Barium poisoning; an uncommon cause of severe hypokalaemia. Oral presentation.
Robb J, Isoardi K, Cold water extraction of codeine works….most of the time. Poster presentation.
European Association of Poisons Centre and Clinical Toxicologists 40th Congress Naples, Italy 19th to 22nd May 2019
Attendees: Carol Wylie and Katherine Isoardi
Presentation:
Wylie C Documentation in the patient medical record improves adherence to poisons information centre telephone advice. Oral presentation.
14th Australasian Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Conference, Brisbane Qld 25th to 27th Nov 2019.
Pre-conference Master Class on Injury Prevention – 23rd to 24th Nov 2019
Presentation:
Wylie C Exploring Poisoning Prevention, Oral presentation
Published guidelines Carol Wylie and Katherine Isoardi were invited contributors of an expert writing group for the development of the third edition of the eTG complete by Therapeutic Guidelines “Toxicology and Toxinology” section (ongoing)
Carol Wylie and Michele Cree provided feedback on carbamazepine poisoning for the “Tri-State” Paediatric Emergency Department Poisoning Guidelines.
Poisoning Prevention/Harm Reduction Activities
• Printed material (phone number stickers, brochures and leaflets) was supplied to members of the public, childcare centres, kindergartens, schools, health centres, GP surgeries etc throughout the year. • QPIC statistics on funnel web calls and cases/suspected cases for 2014 to 2018 was provided to QCH Media and Communications, in response to a media enquiry from Japan (Jan 2019) • First aid advice on snake bite was provided to a snake handler and a consumer via Qld Health email request (Jan and July 2019) • Media interviews (radio, podcast etc) were conducted following the release of the MJA article on Exposures to e-cigarettes and their refills: calls to Australian Poisons Information Centres 2009-2016 (Jan 2019) • The QPIC contributed to a media release for Qld Health regarding “The household hazards hiding in plain sight”. This resulted in an article by the Courier Mail, Brisbane in print and on-line: “Poison in plain sight” (April 2018) and a publication in “The Road Ahead” by the RACQ (Aug 2019). • QPIC statistics on paediatric exposures (children up to 5yrs) was provided to the Qld Education Department (May 2019) • QPIC statistics on paediatric exposures was provided to the Sunshine Coast University Hospital (SCUH) Emergency Department for educational training purposes (May 2019). • The QPIC provided background information regarding childhood exposures to cosmetics to media from the Courier Mail, Brisbane. This followed on from an article published in the U.S. (June 2019). • The QPIC contributed to a media release for Qld Health regarding “Simple measures can prevent meds overdose”. The focus of this media release was alerting the public to the risk of inadvertent medication errors, such as double doses and giving the wrong dose due to confusion with dosing instructions (Aug 2019). • The QPIC provided feedback on “Using essential oils safely”, for an on-line publication produced by Qld Health Strategic Communications Branch (Aug 2019). • Emma Walton produced an on-line blog for the Samford Pharmacy “The Clinic Hub” website highlighting “Poisoning risks at home” (Nov 2019)
Poisons Education by QPIC Staff
• QPIC provided ongoing education and experiential placements in the centre to visiting pharmacists and interns from throughout the state • Emma Walton provided a presentation to the Samford Retirement Village on poisoning prevention (Nov 2019) • QPIC provided presentations on managing a poisoned patient and the role of the poisons centre, in addition to the specific management of toxinology (bites and stings) to a Teaching Workshop on Toxinology for Emergency Department Registrars at Queensland Children’s Hospital Danielle Dean and Carol Wylie (Dec 2019)
Examples of Calls
Poisons can be hazardous to adults and children. Even the mildest chemicals can be poisonous if the exposure is large enough. The QPIC receives calls about many potential poisons including medications, household products, workplace chemicals, animals and plants.
Example One
A 2yr old girl was found playing with nicotine liquid used for an e-cigarette. The concentrated product was found all over the floor and it appeared that she may had only ingested a small amount off her fingers. However, she quickly became extremely drowsy and the poisons centre advised that she needed to attend hospital immediately, as these products are potentially life threatening.
Calls relating to exposures to e-cigarette calls have been increasing over the years as they are being used as an alternative to cigarettes. Very small amounts can be fatal in small children. Symptoms of nicotine poisoning include sweating, dizziness, vomiting, an increased heart rate, lethargy, seizures, and difficulty breathing.
Example Two
A mother of a 6 yr old boy called QPIC as she had found a tick on her son’s leg. She was hoping to remove the tick with tweezers. Prior to giving first aid advice over the phone, the Specialist in Poisons Information (SPI) ensured that the child had no known allergies to insects, in particular ticks, as this would require specialist treatment at a hospital.
To remove the tick safely, the (SPI) recommended to apply an ether based spray (eg: Wart off spray) or permethrin cream (Lyclear cream), both products available in pharmacies, on the tick leaving it for ten minutes before brushing it off. Following this, they were then advised to clean the area well with soap and water, apply an antiseptic and use simple pain relief and antihistamines as needed. The mother was recommended to search the body for other ticks especially behind the ears, on the back of the head and neck, groin, armpits and back of knees. She was also advised to seek medical attention if there were signs of infection at the bite site or symptoms of severe allergy developed.
The advice regarding tick bite removal has changed recently whereby removing a tick with tweezers at home is no longer routinely recommended. Ticks should be killed before removal to reduce the chance of a life-threatening allergic reaction and the development of mammalian meat allergy. Trying to remove the tick before it has been killed may cause the tick to inject more toxin. Unless very skilled, removal in this manner may pose an allergy risk with increased amounts of toxin release and an increased chance of the tick head remaining embedded in the body.
Example Three
A hospital medical officer called QPIC regarding a patient who had overdosed on their long acting insulin. The patient’s blood sugars were very low, so they were commenced on a glucose infusion in the emergency department. The doctor was calling for advice on the management of this patient and how long to keep them in for observation.
The long acting insulins can be more dangerous in overdose and usually require a longer length of treatment and stay in hospital. These cases can be complicated depending on whether the patient is a type 1 or type 2 diabetic. Complex cases such as this can be referred to a specialist in clinical toxicology who can liaise with the calling medical officer on the most appropriate management of the patient.
Example Four
A father of a 2-year-old rang QPIC in a panic after his son ate a part of a leaf from an elephant ear plant. The son was crying and screaming in the background and the father was concerned that it may be poisonous due to the severe, immediate reaction seen in his son. The father was advised to give cold products such as dairy, an ice block or face washer to soothe the mouth and to seek medical attention immediately (000) if there was any difficulty swallowing, speaking or breathing.
The elephant ear is a common household plant that contains tiny crystal-like substance called oxalates. In fact, there are many common household plants that contain these. Oxalates are very irritating when plant matter is ingested. Symptoms may include pain, redness and swelling. Most cases resolve once cold products are given to soothe the irritation/pain but in a small number of cases they can cause swelling of the lips/mouth and throat which would require urgent medical attention.
Poisoning Call Analysis
Annual trending of calls QPIC received a total of 35,152 calls in 2019, an average of 96 calls per day. The overall rate of poisoning calls referred to QPIC remains relatively stable.
Figure 1 Annual Calls to QPIC
Monthly trending of calls Slight variations occur between the seasons of the year, with the summer months generally busier. This is due to higher call numbers regarding bites and stings, envenomations and exposures to mushrooms which appear after high rainfall periods. Monthly call numbers in 2019 where comparable with those in 2018 with November attracting the greatest number of calls.
Figure 2 Number of calls per month
Hourly trending of calls Call numbers remain steady throughout the day, with increases noted from mid-afternoon through to the evening. This is due to a variety of reasons; increased family activity during this time, calls from people home from work etc.
Figure 3 Calls per half hour
Call Types: Human and animal calls Most calls to the centre involve exposures. An exposure is defined as an actual or suspected contact with a substance.
Figure 4 Call Types (Human and animal)
Caller category Recall cases are included in this data as the poison centre often receives multiple calls regarding a single case. For example, a parent may call regarding an exposure in their child, and if advised to seek medical attention a further call may be received from the ambulance or hospital staff managing the case.
Person Calling Number of Calls Human Human Animal Animal Exposures Queries Exposures Queries
Family Member parent 12,618 493
Medical Professional doctor 5,733 63
Self 4,457 1,457
Ambulance Officer 1,090 13
Medical Professional nurse 1,080 30
Family Member 852 95 partner/spouse Carer 681 1,160 7 1 Family Member other 613 56 485 46 Friend 492 49 4 1
Family Member grandparent 476 19
Ambulance 429 4 communication/despatch
Teacher or Educational 260 8 worker
Medical Professional 182 48 pharmacist
Counsellor 155 21
Medical Professional other 27 5
Police 12 2 Veterinary Personnel 8 2 227 3
Medical Receptionist 6 0 Other 81 16 7 1
Not Recorded 11 50 4
Unknown 7 2 Total 29,270 3593 730 56 Table One, Caller category
Call analysis – exposures
Patient type: Human age category and animal exposures This data reflects original calls related to poisons (no recalls). Exposures commonly occur in the toddler age range due to the inquisitive nature of toddlers and are usually accidental in nature. The adult age category is also well represented and includes both accidental and non-accidental or intentional exposures, in addition to errors with medications. The proportion of exposures in each age category remains consistent with previous years. Note that all animal calls regarding exposures are referred to veterinarians.
Figure 5 Human Age and Animal Patient Types
Neonate: 0-4weeks, Infant: 4weeks<12mnths, Toddler: 1-4years, Child: 5-14years, Adolescent:15-19years, Adult: 20- 74years, Older Adult: over 75years
Exposure Type - Human exposures Most exposures are classified as unintentional accidental. These exposures often involve infants, toddlers and children with access to small amounts of a product. Unintentional therapeutic errors include situations where a person has been exposed to the wrong medication, the wrong dose, the wrong route or the wrong time. Intentional deliberate self poisoning describes an exposure which has occurred with the inappropriate use of a substance with the intent to harm.
Exposure Type Exposures % Adverse Reaction 341 1.2 Intentional Deliberate Self Poisoning 3,734 13.6 Intentional Misuse 295 1.1 Intentional other 549 2.0 Intentional Recreational Abuse 337 1.2 Unintentional Accidental 16,955 61.7 Unintentional Environmental 52 0.2 Unintentional Food poisoning 41 0.1 Unintentional Other 78 0.3 Unintentional Therapeutic Error 4,307 15.7 Unintentional Workplace 607 2.2 Unknown 153 0.6 Other 27 0.1 Not documented 4 0.0 Total 27,480 100
Table Two, Human Exposure Types
Figure 6 Human Exposure Types
Poisoning exposures and recommended management setting by age group. This table outlines the handling recommendations based on age groups. Most exposures in young children, particularly infants and toddlers, involve small unintentional exposures to low toxicity agents and these cases can usually be managed in the home environment with close observation. This results in substantial health care savings by limiting unnecessary hospital attendance.
In contrast calls involving adolescents and adults may involve both unintentional and intentional exposures, the latter usually resulting in a referral to hospital.
This pattern of recommended management for different age groups is consistent with national patterns reported in 2015 by Huynh et al.1
Age Group Exposures Recommended management
Stay at In hospital Referred to Other* home hospital Neonate 29 (0.1%) 66% 14% 7% 14%
Infant 1,713 (6.2%) 89% 4% 4% 3%
Toddler 10,605 (38.5%) 85% 5% 6% 4%
Child 2,452 (8.9%) 69% 13% 11% 6%
Adolescent 1,288 (4.7%) 26% 42% 24% 9%
Adult 10,688 (38.9%) 44% 27% 17% 11%
Older adult 649 (2.4%) 51% 19% 18% 13%
Unknown 56 (0.2%) 14% 13% 52% 21%
Total 27,480 (100%) 64% 17% 12% 7%
Table Three, Recommended management by age group
*Includes: at general practice, referred to general practitioner or unknown.
Neonate: 0-4weeks, Infant: 4weeks<12mnths, Toddler: 1-4years, Child: 5-14years, Adolescent:15-19years, Adult: 20- 74years, Older adult: over 75years
1 Huynh, A., Cairns, R., Brown, J., Lynch, A., Robinson, J., Wylie, C., Buckley, N., Dawson, A on behalf of the Synthesis of the Network of Australian Poisons Services' Health Outcomes and Treatment (SNAPSHOT) investigators. Patterns of poisoning exposure at different ages: the 2015 annual report of the Australian Poisons Information Centres. Med J Aust 2018, 209(2), 74-79. doi: 10.5694/mja17.01063 Used with permission.
Patient Gender – Human exposures – by age group Males are more highly represented in the younger age groups (neonates through to childhood), however adolescents and adults are more highly represented by females.
Age Group Gender Exposures (%) Neonates Toddler Child Adolescent Adult Older Unknown and infants adult
Male 900 5,602 1302 490 4600 280 6 (52%) (53%) (53%) (38%) (43%) (43%) (11%)
Female 801 4,879 1113 788 5972 365 13 (46%) (46%) (45%) (61%) (56%) (56%) (23%)
Unknown 41 124 37 10 116 4 37 (2%) (1%) (2%) (1%) (1%) (1%) (66%)
Total 1742 10,650 2452 1288 10688 649 56
Table Four, Patient gender (by age group)
Neonates: 0-4 weeks, Infants: 4 weeks<12mnths, Toddler: 1-4years, Child: 5-14years, Adolescent:15-19years, Adult: 20-74years, Older adult: over 75year
Route of exposure of poisonings The most common route of exposure is the oral route, with ingestions accounting for 78% of cases and buccal/sublingual and oral mucosal cases 4%. The latter group involve cases were a product was placed in the mouth, but able to be removed without an ingestion occurring.
Some poisonings involve more than one route of exposure, for example both dermal and in the eye.
Route of Exposure Exposures % Ingestion 29,753 78 Dermal 1,858 5 Eye 1,850 5 Inhalation 1,568 4 Buccal/sublingual/oral mucosa 1,543 4 Bite/Sting 756 2 Injection 422 1 Nasal 109 <1 Rectal 24 <1 Aural 19 <1 Vaginal 13 <1 Other 23 <1 Unknown 121 <1 Not Documented 47 <1 Total 38,106 100 Table Five, Route of exposure
Exposure location – Human cases Most exposures occur in the home environment.
Exposure Location Exposures % Home and surroundings 24,457 89 Group Home 375 1 Education Facility 244 1 Workplace other 225 1 Open Space/Park/Bench 202 1 Medical facility hospital 116 <1 Nursing Home/Aged care facility 106 <1 Workplace farm/agricultural 92 <1 Workplace building/construction 88 <1 Child Care Facility 72 <1 Medical facility non hospital 56 <1 Prison/Detention Facility 54 <1 Workplace hospitality 53 <1 Entertainment Venue 50 <1 Workplace factory 35 <1 Workplace retail outlet 31 <1 Workplace workplace/garage 27 <1 Workplace mine 25 <1 Workplace office 18 <1 Workplace laboratory 15 <1 Restaurant/Food Service 14 <1 Other 102 <1 Unknown 737 3 Not documented 286 1 Total 27,480 100 Table Six, Exposure location in human cases
Top 10 Poison classes involved in human exposures across all age groups (recalls excluded) There were 27,480 exposures in humans in 2019. The following table describes the ten most common classes of poison. This is similar to the national patterns described by Huynh et al.1
Poison Class Exposures Proportion of Most common substance in this class exposure substances Household Cleaners 3,215 11.7% Bleach 461 (14%) Paracetamol containing 2,494 9.1% Paracetamol alone (immediate and analgesics modified release) 2144 (86%) Cosmetics and personal 2,270 7.3% Essential oils 426 (19%) including care products eucalyptus oil, hand sanitiser 274 (12%), soap 234 (10%) Antidepressants 1,678 6.1% Sertraline 317 (19%) Nonsteroidal Anti- 1,395 4.6% Ibuprofen 1154 (79%) inflammatories (NSAID’s) Sedatives 1,330 4.8% Benzodiazepines 1079 (81%), including diazepam 551 (41%) Pesticides 1,281 5.1% Pyrethrins/pyrethroids 311 (24%) Antipsychotics 1,278 4.7% Quetiapine 568 (44%) Cardiovascular agents 1,183 4.3% Beta Blockers 286 (24%), including propranolol 102 (9%) and metoprolol 91 (8%) Plants and Mushrooms 970 3.5% Mushrooms 128 (13%) and oxalate containing plants 123 (13%) Table Seven, Top 10 Poison Classes in Human Exposures
Top 10 Poison classes involved in exposures in children up to the age of 5 years There were 12,347 exposures in 2019 in children under 5 years of age. This pattern of exposure is similar to those described nationally.1
Poison class Exposures Proportion of Most common substance in this class exposure substances Cosmetics and personal 1,648 13.3% Hand sanitiser 229 (14%) essential oils care products 226 (14%), soap 180 (11%) Household Cleaners 1,357 10.9% Toilet cleaners 332 (24%), all-purpose cleaners 296 (22%) Paracetamol containing 767 6.2% Paracetamol alone (immediate and analgesics modified release) 736 (96%) Nonsteroidal Anti- 695 5.6% Ibuprofen 621 (89%) inflammatories (NSAID’s) Pesticides 630 5.1% Rodenticides 174 (28%) Plants and mushrooms 625 5.1% Oxalate containing plants 99 (16%) and mushrooms 83 (13%) Detergents 614 4.7% Automatic dishwasher 283 (46%), laundry detergent 181 (40%), hand dish detergent 150 (24%) Respiratory System 450 3.6% Vaporiser fluids 86 (19%), chest rubs 72 (16%) Dermatological agents 383 3.1% Nappy rash preparations 138 (36%) Psychotropic Medication 321 2.6% Sertraline 38 (12%) Table Eight, Top 10 Poison Classes in children <5 years
Top 10 individual agents involved in exposures in children up to the age of 5 years There were 12,347 exposures in this age group in 2019
Poison agent Exposures Proportion of exposure substances Paracetamol 736 6.0% Ibuprofen 621 5.0% Desiccant: silica gel 306 2.5% Cleaner: all purpose 296 2.4% Detergent: automatic 283 2.3% dishwasher Cleaner: toilet bowl 278 2.2% (cage/rim) Hand sanitiser 229 1.9% Essential oils (excluding 226 1.8% eucalyptus oil) Foreign body (excluding 217 1.8% batteries) Detergents: laundry 181 1.5% Table Nine, Top 10 individual agents in children <5 years
Call analysis – queries
Query types involving humans Most queries (ie not exposures) involve drug information calls, often queries regarding missed doses.
Query Type Number of Calls % Drug Information Missed Dose 808 23 Drug Information Interactions 639 18 Drug Information Other 544 15 Poisons Information Other 463 13 Drug Information Dosage 408 12 Drug Information ADR 183 5 Drug Information Breastfeeding 129 4 Drug Information Pregnancy 99 3 Drug Information Refusing Dose 73 2 Medical 60 2 Manufacturer 19 1 Wrong Number 15 0 PIC phone number check 13 0 Complaint or compliment 4 0 Prevention/Safety Material 4 0 Product Recall or Safety Alert 4 0 Request for Safety Data Sheet 2 0 National Poisons Register referral 1 0 Other 46 1 Total 3,514 100 Table Ten, Query types involving humans
Top 10 agents involved in human queries across all age groups There were 3,514 queries received
Poison agent Queries % Paracetamol 256 7.3 Valproic acid 175 5.0 Diazepam 143 4.1 Ibuprofen 130 3.7 Quetiapine 130 3.7 Ethanol beverage 107 3.0 Oxycodone 106 3.0 Risperidone 103 2.9 Paracetamol/narcotic 93 2.6 combination Olanzapine 92 2.6
References
1. Huynh A, Cairns R, Brown JA, et al. Patterns of poisoning exposure at different ages: the 2015 annual report of the Australian Poisons Information Centres. Med J Aust 2018;209(2):74-79. [published Online First: 2018/07/07]
Appendix: Queensland Poisons Information Centre Poison Statistics
This report includes call statistics on all products involved in all call types: exposures, queries and recalls.
Data Range: 01/01/2019 to 31/12/2019
Total Calls: 35,152. There are more poisons involved in the statistic count than there are call numbers. This is because some exposures involve more than one poison.
MEDICINES - INTERNAL/EXTERNAL
Poison Group Poison Name Count Total
ANALGESICS 4501
ANALGESICS AND ANTIPYRETICS PARACETAMOL + CAFFEINE 10 10
ANTIINFLAMMATORY PREPARATIONS FOR TOPICAL SALICYLATES (TOPICAL) 45 45 USE
ANTIMIGRAINE PREPARATIONS ANTIMIGRAINE PREPARATIONS:OTHER/UNKNOWN 1 40
ELETRIPTAN 2 ERGOTAMINE, COMBINATIONS 1
NARATRIPTAN 1
PIZOTIFEN 13
RIZATRIPTAN 8
SUMATRIPTAN 14
NSAIDS PARACETAMOL + IBUPROFEN 44 44
OPIOIDS CODEINE 92 719 CODEINE, COMBINATIONS 5
DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE, COMB. 1
DIHYDROCODEINE 13
FENTANYL 26
HYDROMORPHONE 10
METHADONE 21
MORPHINE 40
OPIOID: OTHER/ UNKNOWN 6
OXYCODONE 383
OXYCODONE + NALOXONE 125
PAPAVERINE 2
PETHIDINE 1
ORIPAVINE DERIVATIVES BUPRENORPHINE 40 40
OTHER ANALGESICS AND ANTIPYRETICS ANALGESICS, TOPICAL 1 3363
ASPIRIN/ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID 129
CHOLINE SALICYLATE 2
PARACETAMOL 2415
PARACETAMOL - MODIFIED RELEASE 299
PARACETAMOL + CODEINE + DOXYLAMINE 51
PARACETAMOL/ NARCOTIC 388
PHENAZONE, COMBINATIONS 1
TEETHING GELS/LIQUIDS OTHER/UNKNOWN 77
OTHER OPIOIDS TRAMADOL 225 225
OTHER THERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS BUPRENORPHINE + NALOXONE 13 13
PROPULSIVES METOCLOPRAMIDE + PARACETAMOL 2 2
ANTINEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNOMODULATING AGENTS 109
ALKYLATING AGENTS CARMUSTINE 1 2
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE 1
ANTI-ANDROGENS BICALUTAMIDE 0 0 ENZALUTAMIDE 0
ANTI-ESTROGENS TAMOXIFEN 4 4
ANTIANDROGENS ABIRATERONE 2 2
ANTIMETABOLITES CAPECITABINE 1 51 CLADRIBINE 1
CYTARABINE 1
FLUOROURACIL 12
HYDROXYUREA 3
MERCAPTOPURINE 6
METHOTREXATE 27
CYTOKINES AND IMMUNOMODULATORS ADALIMUMAB 2 4
DABRAFENIB 1 INTERFERONS 1
ENZYME INHIBITORS ANASTROZOLE 2 7 LETROZOLE 5
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS AZATHIOPRINE 3 22 CYCLOSPORIN 5
DIMETHYL FUMARATE 4
LENALIDOMIDE 1
MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 5
TACROLIMUS 4
PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR TRAMETINIB 4 4
OTHER ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS ERLOTINIB 1 9
EXEMESTANE 2
IMATINIB MESYLATE 1 IRINOTECAN 1 NILOTINIB 1 TOPOTECAN 1 TRETINOIN 2
OTHER CYTOKINES AND IMMUNOMODULATORS BCG VACCINE 1 3
LEFLUNOMIDE 2
PLATINUM COMPOUNDS CISPLATIN 1 1
BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS 439
ANTIFIBRINOLYTICS APROTININ 1 12
TRANEXAMIC ACID 11
HEPARIN GROUP ANTITHROMBIN III 1 154 APIXABAN 65
BIVALIRUDIN 1
ENOXAPARIN 10
HEPARIN 3
RIVAROXABAN 74
LOCAL HEMOSTATICS CALCIUM ALGINATE 1 1
OTHER ANTIANEMIC PREPARATIONS ERYTHROPOIETIN 2 2
OTHER CARDIAC PREPARATIONS DABIGATRAN 8 8
PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS EXCL. HEPARIN ASPIRIN (ANTIPLATELET USE) 142 200 CLOPIDOGREL 43
CLOPIDOGREL + ASPIRIN 1
DIPYRIDAMOLE 3
DIPYRIDAMOLE COMBINATIONS 7
TICAGRELOR 4
SOLUTIONS PRODUCING OSMOTIC DIURESIS MANNITOL 1 1
VITAMIN K PHYTOMENADIONE 2 2
VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS WARFARIN 59 59
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2102
ACE INHIBITORS CAPTOPRIL 2 218 ENALAPRIL 6
LISINOPRIL 3
PERINDOPRIL 125
PERINDOPRIL + AMLODIPINE 32
QUINAPRIL 1
RAMIPRIL 48
TRANDOLAPRIL 1
ACE INHIBITORS AND DIURETICS AMLODIPINE + VALSARTAN +HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE 3 47
ENALAPRIL AND DIURETICS 1
OLMESARTAN + AMLODIPINE 6
OLMESARTAN + AMLODIPINE + HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE 6
OLMESARTAN + HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE 7
PERINDOPRIL AND DIURETICS 9
TELMISARTAN + AMLODIPINE 15
ADRENERGIC AND DOPAMINERGIC AGENTS ADRENALINE (SYSTEMIC) 37 38 DOPAMINE 1
ADRENERGICS FOR SYSTEMIC USE MIDODRINE 1 1
ALPHA AND BETA BLOCKING AGENTS CARVEDILOL 9 17 LABETALOL 8
ALPHA-ADRENORECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS PRAZOSIN 77 77
ANGIOTENSIN II ANTAGONISTS CANDESARTAN 42 204 EPROSARTAN 1
IRBESARTAN 69
LOSARTAN 2
OLMESARTAN 18
TELMISARTAN 65
VALSARTAN 4
VALSARTAN AND DIURETICS 3
ANGIOTENSIN II ANTAGONISTS AND DIURETICS CANDESARTAN AND DIURETICS 5 37 IRBESARTAN AND DIURETICS 19
TELMISARTAN AND DIURETICS 13
ANTIARRHYTHMICS, CLASS IA DISOPYRAMIDE 1 1
ANTIARRHYTHMICS, CLASS IB MEXILETINE 1 1
ANTIARRHYTHMICS, CLASS IC FLECAINIDE 14 14
ANTIARRHYTHMICS, CLASS III AMIODARONE 15 15
ARTERIOLAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, AGENTS ACTING ON DIAZOXIDE 1 15 HYDRALAZINE 13 MINOXIDIL (SYSTEMIC) 1
BETA BLOCKING AGENTS ATENOLOL 54 383 BETA-BLOCKING AGENT: OTHER/UNKNOWN 4
BISOPROLOL 33
METOPROLOL 128
NEBIVOLOL 5
PROPRANOLOL 127
SOTALOL 32
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER + ACE INHIBITOR LERCANIDIPINE + ACE INHIBITOR 1 1
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS AMLODIPINE 75 201 AMLODIPINE + VALSARTAN 5
AMLODIPINE+ HMG-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITOR 4
DILTIAZEM 18
FELODIPINE 10
LERCANIDIPINE 32
NIFEDIPINE 2
PERHEXILINE 1
VERAPAMIL 54
DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES DIGOXIN 74 74
DIURETICS CHLORTHALIDONE 1 116 DIURETICS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 4
EPLERENONE 3
ETHACRYNIC ACID 1
FRUSEMIDE 72
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE 8
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE AND POTASSIUM-SPARING AGENTS 1
INDAPAMIDE 7
SPIRONOLACTONE 18
TRIAMTERENE 1
FIBRATES FENOFIBRATE 18 19 GEMFIBROZIL 1
GUANIDINE DERIVATIVES GUANETHIDINE
HMG COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS ATORVASTATIN 156 269 EZETIMIBE + HMG-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITOR 2
PRAVASTATIN 4
ROSUVASTATIN 84
SIMVASTATIN 23
IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS CLONIDINE 235 242 MOXONIDINE 7
METHYLDOPA METHYLDOPA 5 5
ORGANIC NITRATES GLYCERYL TRINITRATE 9 33 ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE 24
OTHER CARDIAC PREPARATIONS BOSENTAN 4 16 IVABRADINE 5 SACUBITRIL + VALSARTAN 6 UBIDECARENONE 1
OTHER CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDE REDUCERS EZETIMIBE 19 52 OMEGA-3-TRIGLYCERIDES 33
OTHER VASODILATORS USED IN CARDIAC DISEASES NICORANDIL 5 5
PERIPHERAL VASODILATORS NICOTINIC ACID 1 1
DERMATOLOGICALS 698
ANAESTHETICS FOR TOPICAL USE ANAESTHETICS FOR TOPICAL USE: OTHER 9 62 BENZOCAINE (TOPICAL) 5
CINCHOCAINE (TOPICAL) 5
LIGNOCAINE (TOPICAL) 43
ANTI-ACNE PREPARATIONS FOR SYSTEMIC USE ISOTRETINOIN (SYSTEMIC) 15 15
ANTI-ACNE PREPARATIONS FOR TOPICAL USE AZELAIC ACID (TOPICAL) 1 5
BENZOYL PEROXIDE (TOPICAL) 2 RETINOL (TOPICAL) 1 SULFUR (TOPICAL) 1
ANTIPRURITICS: OTHER ANTIPRURITICS: OTHER (EG CALAMINE) 20 20 CROTAMITON 0
ANTIPSORIATICS FOR SYSTEMIC USE ACITRETIN (SYSTEMIC) 3 3
ANTIPSORIATICS FOR TOPICAL USE CALCIPOTRIOL (TOPICAL) 3 5
PIMECROLIMUS(TOPICAL) 1 TARS 1
ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS ALUMINIUM AGENTS (TOPICAL) 1 233 BENZALKONIUM (TOPICAL) 13
BORIC ACID PRODUCTS (TOPICAL) 9
CETRIMIDE (TOPICAL) 3
CHLORHEXIDINE (TOPICAL) 12
CHLORHEXIDINE, COMBINATIONS (TOPICAL) 11
CHLOROXYLENOL (TOPICAL) 66
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (TOPICAL) 41
IODINE (TOPICAL) 26
ISOPROPANOL (TOPICAL) 20
PHENOL (TOPICAL) 1
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE (TOPICAL) 4
POVIDONE-IODINE (TOPICAL) 23
TRICLOSAN (TOPICAL) 3
CORTICOSTERIODS, COMBINATIONS WITH BETAMETHASONE AND ANTIINFECTIVES (TOPICAL) 1 13 ANTIINFECTIVES HYDROCORTISONE AND ANTIINFECTIVES (TOPICAL) 11 TRIAMCINOLONE AND ANTIINFECTIVES (TOPICAL) 1
CORTICOSTEROIDS BETAMETHASONE (TOPICAL) 19 102 CORTICOSTERIODS (TOPICAL): OTHER/UNKNOWN 17
CORTICOSTEROIDS: COMBINATION (TOPICAL) 4
HYDROCORTISONE (TOPICAL) 25
METHYLPREDNISOLONE (TOPICAL) 15
MOMETASONE (TOPICAL) 15
TRIAMCINOLONE (TOPICAL) 7
EMOLLIENTS AND PROTECTIVES EMOLLIENTS AND PROTECTIVES 11 37
LUBRICANTS, OTHER 24
WOUND AND ULCERS PREPARATIONS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 2
MEDICATED DRESSINGS POVIDONE-IODINE (DRESSING) 1 2
SOFT PARAFFIN (DRESSING) 1
MEDICATED SHAMPOOS MEDICATED SHAMPOOS: OTHER 8 14 ZINC PYRITHIONE (SHAMPOO) 6
OTHER DERMATOLOGICALS ALUMINIUM SULPHATE(E.G.STINGOSE) 2 168 HEPARINOID 0
HYDROQUINONE 0
MAGNESIUM SULFATE (TOPICAL) 2
MINOXIDIL (TOPICAL) 3
NAPPY RASH PREPARATIONS 152
ZINC OXIDE PREPARATIONS 9
OTHER THERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS INGENOL MEBUTATE 4 4
WART AND ANTI-CORN PREPARATIONS PODOPHYLLIN (TOPICAL) 8 15 WART AND CORN PREPARATIONS: OTHER (NOT PODOPHYLLIN) 7
ENDOCRINE 543
ANTI-GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONES GANIRELIX 0 0
ANTIGROWTH HORMONE OCTREOTIDE 0 0
ANTITHYROID PREPARATIONS CARBIMAZOLE 16 23 IODINE THERAPY (THYROID) 4
PROPYLTHIOURACIL 3
CORTICOSTERIODS FOR SYSTEMIC USE ALDOSTERONE (SYSTEMIC) 0 275 BETAMETHASONE (SYSTEMIC) 0
CORTICOSTERIODS (SYSTEMIC): OTHER/UNKNOWN 8
CORTISONE (SYSTEMIC) 0
DEXAMETHASONE (SYSTEMIC) 9
FLUDROCORTISONE (SYSTEMIC) 7
HYDROCORTISONE (SYSTEMIC) 4
METHYLPREDNISOLONE (SYSTEMIC) 2
PREDNISOLONE (SYSTEMIC) 179
PREDNISONE (SYSTEMIC) 66
GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONES NAFARELIN 0 0
OTHER BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS, EXCL. DAPAGLIFLOZIN 9 12 INSULINS DAPAGLIFLOZIN + METFORMIN 3
OTHER ORAL BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS ALOGLIPTIN 2 69 EMPAGLIFLOZIN 16
SAXAGLIPTIN + METFORMIN 3
SITAGLIPTIN 24
SITAGLIPTIN + METFORMIN 24
THYROID HORMONES LIOTHYRONINE SODIUM 1 159 THYROID GLAND PREPARATIONS 4
THYROXINE 154
VASOPRESSIN AND ANALOGUES DESMOPRESSIN 5 5
GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS 2824
AMINOSALICYLIC ACID AND SIMILAR AGENTS MESALAZINE 4 11 OLSALAZINE 1
SULFASALAZINE 6
ANABOLIC STERIODS ANABOLIC STERIODS: OTHER 2 6
OXANDROLONE 4
ANTACIDS ANTACIDS 61 61
ANTIDIARRHOEALS DIPHENOXYLATE/ATROPINE 9 36 LOPERAMIDE 27
LOPERAMIDE, COMBINATIONS 0
ANTIFLATULENTS SILICONES 22 22
ANTIOBESITY PREPARATIONS, EXCL. DIET PRODUCTS LIRAGLUTIDE 4 56 ORLISTAT 1
PHENTERMINE 51
ANTISPASMODIC AND ANTICHOLINERGIC AGENTS ATROPINE (SYSTEMIC) 2 79 AND PROPULSIVES GLYCOPYRROLATE 1
HYOSCINE 69
HYOSCYAMINE 0
MEBEVERINE 5
PROPANTHELINE 1
PRUCALOPRIDE 0
TOLTERODINE 1
BIGUANIDES METFORMIN 194 194
BILE ACID PREPARATIONS URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID 1 1
ENZYME PREPARATIONS ENZYMES (LIPASE, PROTEASE ETC.) 11 11
H2-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS FAMOTIDINE 4 63 H2-RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST: OTHER 1
NIZATIDINE 3
RANITIDINE 55
INSULINS AND ANALOGUES INSULIN AND ANALOGUES 123 123
IRON PREPERATIONS IRON IN COMBINATION WITH FOLIC ACID 28 231 IRON SALTS 203
LAXATIVES BISACODYL 28 288 CASTOR OIL 1
DOCUSATE SODIUM 41
LAXATIVE: OSMOTICALLY ACTING (EG,MOVICOL,SORBITOL,LACTULOSE) 82
LAXATIVES, FIBRE CONTAINING, EG METAMUCIL 20
LIQUID PARAFFIN 1
PHENOLPHTHALEIN 1
POLOXAMER 18
SENNA GLYCOSIDES 34
SENNA GLYCOSIDES, COMBINATIONS 56
SODIUM PICOSULFATE 2
SUPPOSITORY/ENEMAS (LAXATIVE) 4
METABOLISM PRODUCTS AMINO ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES 2 2
MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS CALCIUM SALTS 98 283 FLUORIDE SALTS 6
MAGNESIUM SALTS 90
MINERAL SALTS OTHER 1
POTASSIUM SALTS 21
SELENIUM SALTS 3
SODIUM SALTS 29
ZINC SALTS 35
MISCELLANEOUS PEPPERMINT OIL 21 21
ORAL REHYDRATION SALT FORMULATIONS ORAL REHYDRATION SALT FORMULATIONS 7 7
OTHER ANABOLIC AGENTS ANABOLIC AGENTS : OTHER 4 4
OTHER ANTIEMETICS DIMENHYDRINATE 5 6 SCOPOLAMINE 1
OTHER BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS, EXCL. DULAGLUTIDE 3 13 INSULINS EXENATIDE 8 VILDAGLIPTIN + METFORMIN 2
OTHER DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER BISMUTH 2 4
SUCRALFATE 2
OTHER ORAL BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS LINAGLIPTIN 14 19 SAXAGLIPTIN 2
VILDAGLIPTIN 3
OTHER PLAIN VITAMIN PREPARATIONS FOLIC ACID 51 55 VITAMIN E (TOCOPHEROL ) 4
PROPULSIVES CISAPRIDE 1 86 DOMPERIDONE 24 METOCLOPRAMIDE 61
PROSTAGLANDINS MISOPROSTOL 3 3
PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS ESOMEPRAZOLE 125 388 LANSOPRAZOLE 11
OMEPRAZOLE 56
PANTOPRAZOLE 158
PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS: OTHER 0
RABEPRAZOLE 38
SEROTONIN (5HT3) ANTAGONISTS ONDANSETRON 55 55
SULFONAMIDES, UREA DERIVATIVES GLIBENCLAMIDE 2 37 GLICLAZIDE 33
GLIMEPIRIDE 2
GLIPIZIDE 0
THIAZOLIDINEDIONES PIOGLITAZONE 0 0
VITAMIN A AND D IN COMBINATION VIT A AND D COMBINATION 3 3
VITAMIN A, PLAIN VITAMIN A (EG RETINOL) 7 7
VITAMIN B GROUP VITAMIN B: OTHERS 51 66 VITAMIN B12 15
VITAMIN C VITAMIN C 68 68
VITAMIN D AND ANALOGUES CALCIFEROL 0 158 CALCITRIOL 2
CHOLECALCIFEROL 156
ERGOCALCIFEROL 0
VITAMINS MULTIVITAMINS WITH IRON 100 357 MULTIVITAMINS WITHOUT IRON 257
GENERAL ANTIINFECTIVES 1397
AMPHENICOLS CHLORAMPHENICOL (EYE/EAR) 42 43 CHLORAMPHENICOL (SYSTEMIC) 0
CHLORAMPHENICOL (TOPICAL) 1
ANTHELMINTICS ALBENDAZOLE 1 196 IVERMECTIN 8
LEVAMISOLE 0
MEBENDAZOLE 52
PIPERAZINE 0
PRAZIQUANTEL 8
PYRANTEL 127
ANTIFUNGALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE GRISEOFULVIN (SYSTEMIC) 5 16 NYSTATIN(SYSTEMIC) 4
TERBINAFINE (SYSTEMIC) 7
ANTIFUNGALS FOR TOPICAL USE AMOROLFINE (TOPICAL) 0 22 NYSTATIN (TOPICAL) 10
SALICYLIC ACID (TOPICAL) 8
TERBINAFINE (TOPICAL) 3
TOLNAFTATE (TOPICAL) 1
ANTIINFECTIVES FOR TOPICAL USE ACETIC ACID (EYE/EAR) 11 138 ACICLOVIR (TOPICAL) 1
AMPHOTERICIN (TOPICAL) 2
ANTI-INFECTIVES FOR TOPICAL USE, OTHER 23
ANTIFUNGAL COMBINATIONS (TOPICAL) 7
CHLORHEXIDINE (EYE/EAR) 1
CIPROFLOXACIN (EYE/EAR) 7
CLINDAMYCIN (TOPICAL) 2
CLOTRIMAZOLE (TOPCIAL) 32
FRAMYCETIN (EYE/EAR) 7
IDOXURIDINE (TOPICAL) 2
IMIQUIMOD (TOPICAL) 1
KETOCONAZOLE (TOPICAL) 1
METRONIDAZOLE (TOPICAL) 0
MICONAZOLE (TOPICAL) 12
MUPIROCIN (TOPICAL) 19
NEOMYCIN (EYE/EAR) 1
NEOMYCIN (TOPICAL) 1
OFLOXACIN (EYE/EAR) 0
SILVER SULFADIAZINE (TOPICAL) 2
THROAT LOZENGES 6
TOBRAMYCIN (EYE/EAR) 0
ANTIMALARIALS HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE 21 24 MEFLOQUINE 2 PROGUANIL 1
ANTIMYCOTICS FOR SYSTEMIC USE FLUCONAZOLE (SYSTEMIC) 15 17 ITRACONAZOLE (SYSTEMIC) 2
KETOCONAZOLE (SYSTEMIC) 0
MICONAZOLE (SYSTEMIC) 0
ANTIPROTOZOALS ATOVAQUONE 1 1
ANTIVIRALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE ABACAVIR 1 74
ACICLOVIR (SYSTEMIC) 2 ANTIVIRAL COMBINATIONS (SYSTEMIC) 4
CIDOFOVIR (SYSTEMIC) 1
DARUNAVIR 0
DOLUTEGRAVIR 1
ENTECAVIR 2
FAMCICLOVIR (SYSTEMIC) 14
LAMIVUDINE (SYSTEMIC) 1
LEDIPASVIR/SOFOSBUVIR 1
OSELTAMIVIR (SYSTEMIC) 17
RALTEGRAVIR 0
RITONAVIR (SYSTEMIC) 0
SOFOSBUVIR 1
TENOFOVIR 4
TENOFOVIR + EMTRICITABINE 9
VALACICLOVIR (SYSTEMIC) 15
VALGANCICLOVIR 1
BACTERIAL AND VIRAL VACCINES, COMBINED VACCINES: OTHER 26 26
BACTERIAL VACCINES ANTHRAX VACCINES 0 10 CHOLERA VACCINES 3
MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINES 4
PERTUSSIS VACCINES 1
PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINES 1
TYPHOID VACCINES 1
BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS TAZOBACTAM 1 1
CEPHALOSPORINS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES CEFACLOR 6 147 CEFTAZIDIME 1
CEFTRIAXONE 1
CEFUROXIME 6
CEPHALEXIN 133
COMBINATIONS OF ANTIBACTERIALS SULFONAMIDES, COMB. WITH OTHER ANTIBACTERIALS (EXCL. 0 0 TRIMETHOPRIM)
COMBINATIONS OF PENICILLINS, INCL. BETA- AMOXICILLIN AND ENZYME INHIBITOR 89 98 LACTAMASE INHIBITORS AMPICILLIN AND ENZYME INHIBITOR 1 PIPERACILLIN AND ENZYME INHIBITOR 8
COMBINATIONS OF SULFONAMIDES AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE AND TRIMETHOPRIM 19 19 TRIMETHOPRIM, INCL. DERIVATIVES
DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF LEPRA DAPSONE 1 1
DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS ETHAMBUTOL 2 2
ISONIAZID 0 PYRAZINAMIDE 0
RIFAMPICIN 0
RIFAXIMIN 0
FLUOROQUINOLONES CIPROFLOXACIN (SYSTEMIC) 5 6 NORFLOXACIN 1
GLYCOPEPTIDE ANTIBACTERIALS TEICOPLANIN 0 3 VANCOMYCIN 3
IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES METRONIDAZOLE (SYSTEMIC) 29 29
TINIDAZOLE 0
IMMUNE SERA AND IMMUNOGLOBULINS RABIES PRODUCTS 0 4 RBS ANTIVENOM 1 RUBELLA PRODUCTS 1 SNAKE VENOM ANTISERUM 1
TETANUS ANTITOXIN 0
TETANUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN 0
VARICELLA PRODUCTS 1
LICE AND SCABIES PREPERATION BENZYL BENZOATE 3 71 HEAD LICE PREPERATIONS: MALATHION BASED 8
HEAD LICE PREPERATIONS: OTHERS 35
PERMETHRIN 24
QUASSIA 1
LINCOSAMIDES CLINDAMYCIN (SYSTEMIC) 21 23
LINCOMYCIN (SYSTEMIC) 1 LINCOSAMIDES: OTHER/UNKNOWN 1
MACROLIDES AZITHROMYCIN 13 69 CLARITHROMYCIN 11
ERYTHROMYCIN 23
MACROLIDES: OTHER/UNKNOWN 1
ROXITHROMYCIN 21
METHENAMINE PREPARATIONS METHENAMINE 3 3
NITROFURAN DERIVATIVES NITROFURANTOIN 7 7
OTHER AMINOGLYCOSIDES GENTAMICIN (SYSTEMIC) 1 2 TOBRAMYCIN 1
OTHER ANTIBACTERIALS ANTIBIOTICS,OTHER/UNKNOWN 15 15
OTHER VACCINES ROTA VIRUS DIARRHEA VACCINES 1 1
PENICILLINS AMOXYCILLIN 158 228 BENZYLPENICILLIN 1
DICLOXACILLIN 3
FLUCLOXACILLIN 27
PENICILLINS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 8
PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLIN 29
PIPERACILLIN 1
PROCAINE PENICILLIN 1
POLYMYXINS POLYMYXIN B 1 1
STEROID ANTIBACTERIALS FUSIDIC ACID 1 1
SULFONAMIDES SULFAMETHOXAZOLE 0 0
TETRACYCLINES DOXYCYCLINE 52 65 MINOCYCLINE 13
TETRACYCLINE (SYSTEMIC) 0
TRIMETHOPRIM AND DERIVATIVES TRIMETHOPRIM 26 26
VIRAL VACCINES HEPATITIS A PRODUCTS 1 8 HEPATITIS B PRODUCTS 2
HEPATITIS VACCINE COMBINATIONS 1
INFLUENZA VACCINES 3
MEASLES, MUMPS, RUBELLA VACCINE 1
GENITO URINARY SYSTEM AND SEX HORMONES 395
ACIDIFIERS AMMONIUM CHLORIDE 1 8 CALCIUM CHLORIDE 7
ALKALINISERS URINARY ALKALINISERS 6 6
ALKYLATING AGENTS HEXAMINE 11 11
ANDROGENS ANDROGENS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 1 3 TESTOSTERONE 2
ANTIANDROGENS CYPROTERONE 2 7 CYPROTERONE AND ESTROGEN 5
DRUGS USED IN BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY ALFUZOSIN 0 32 DUTASTERIDE 0
DUTASTERIDE + TAMSULOSIN 28
FINASTERIDE 2
TAMSULOSIN 2
DRUGS USED IN ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION ALPROSTADIL 1
SILDENAFIL 18 TADALAFIL 4
ESTROGENS CONJUGATED ESTROGENS 2 21 ESTRADIOL, COMBINATIONS 1
ESTROGENS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 4
ETHINYLESTRADIOL 6
OESTRADIOL 7
OESTRIOL 1
GONADOTROPINS FOLLITROPIN ALFA 0 0
OVULATION STIMULANTS, SYNTHETIC CLOMIPHENE 3 3
PROGESTOGENS LEVONORGESTREL 20 39 MEDROXYPROGESTERONE 3
NORETHISTERONE 6
PROGESTERONE 9
PROGESTOGENS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 1
PROGESTOGENS AND ESTROGENS, FIXED DROSPERINONE AND OESTROGEN 2 188 COMBINATIONS LEVONORGESTREL AND ESTROGEN 27
NORETHISTERONE AND ESTROGEN 1
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, OTHER/UNKNOWN 157
SUGAR PILLS (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES) 1
PROLACTIN INHIBITORS BROMOCRIPTINE 1 3 CABERGOLINE 2
SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS RALOXIFENE 1 1
URINARY ANTISPASMODICS MIRABEGRON 7 50 OXYBUTYNIN 36
SOLIFENACIN SUCCINATE 7
MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM 2049
ANTIGOUT PREPARATIONS ALLOPURINOL 39 60 COLCHICINE 21
PROBENECID 0
ANTIINFLAMMATORY PREPARATIONS FOR TOPICAL CAPSICUM PREPARATIONS AND SIMILAR AGENTS (TOPICAL) 15 32 USE DICLOFENAC (TOPICAL) 13
FLURBIPROFEN (TOPICAL) 0
IBUPROFEN (TOPICAL) 2
PHENYLBUTAZONE (TOPICAL) 2
COXIBS CELECOXIB 52 53 ETORICOXIB 1
DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF BONE DISEASES ALENDRONATE + CHOLECALCIFEROL 1 16 ALENDRONATE SODIUM 5
ALUMINIUM CHLOROHYDRATE 1
IBANDRONATE 0
RISEDRONATE SODIUM 8
ZOLEDRONIC ACID 1
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES DENOSUMAB 7 7
MUSCLE RELAXANTS BACLOFEN 74 101 BOTULINUM TOXIN 6
DANTROLENE 0
ORPHENADRINE (CITRATE) 12
ORPHENADRINE, COMBINATIONS 8
ROCURONIUM BROMIDE 1
SUXAMETHONIUM 0
NSAIDS BUFEXAMAC (SYSTEMIC) 1 1660 DICLOFENAC (SYSTEMIC) 96
IBUPROFEN (SYSTEMIC) 1352
IBUPROFEN, COMBINATIONS (SYSTEMIC) 24
INDOMETHACIN (SYSTEMIC) 25
KETOPROFEN (SYSTEMIC) 1
KETOROLAC (SYSTEMIC) 0
MEFENAMIC ACID (SYSTEMIC) 23
MELOXICAM (SYSTEMIC) 71
NAPROXEN (SYSTEMIC) 63
PIROXICAM (SYSTEMIC) 4
TIAPROFENIC ACID (SYSTEMIC) 0
OTHER ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND ANTIRHEUMATIC BENZYDAMINE 1 20 AGENTS, NON STERIODS GLUCOSAMINE 19
OTHER DRUGS FOR DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULO- CHONDROITIN SULFATE 2 6 SKELETAL SYSTEM QUININE 4
OTHER TOPICAL PRODUCTS FOR JOINT AND DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (TOPICAL) 1 94 MUSCULAR PAIN LINIMENTS, OTHER 93
PENICILLAMINE AND SIMILAR AGENTS PENICILLAMINE 0 0
NERVOUS SYSTEM 1797
ANAESTHETICS FOR TOPICAL USE LIGNOCAINE + CHLORHEXIDINE TEETHING PREPARATION 1 1
ANAESTHETICS, LOCAL ARTICAINE 6 16 BENZOCAINE 1
LIGNOCAINE (ANAESTHETIC, NOT TOPICAL) 6
PRILOCAINE 1
PROCAINE 1
ROPIVACAINE 1
ANESTHETICS , GENERAL CHLOROFORM 0 6 HALOTHANE 0
ISOFLURANE 1
METHOXYFLURANE 3
SEVOFLURANE 0
THIOPENTONE 2
ANTI-PARKINSON DRUGS AMANTADINE 3 85 BENZHEXOL HYDROCHLORIDE 7
BENZTROPINE 25
ENTACAPONE 1
LEVODOPA 3
LEVODOPA AND DECARBOXYLASE INHIBITOR 45
PERGOLIDE 0
ROTIGOTINE 1
ANTIEPILEPTICS ANTIEPILEPTICS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 8 1476 CARBAMAZEPINE 132
ETHOSUXIMIDE 5
GABAPENTIN 37
LACOSAMIDE 12
LAMOTRIGINE 177
LEVETIRACETAM 145
OXCARBAZEPINE 13
PERAMPANEL 10
PHENOBARBITANE 18
PHENYTOIN 57
PREGABALIN 383
PRIMIDONE 7
SULTHIAME 1
TOPIRAMATE 71
VALPROIC ACID 375
VIGABATRIN 3
ZONISAMIDE 22
CYTOKINES AND IMMUNOMODULATORS FINGOLIMOD 4 4
MISCELLANEOUS DRINK SPIKING 15 15
MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS, NON-SELECTIVE RASAGILINE 6 6
OPIOIDS TAPENTADOL 107 109
TRAMADOL + PARACETAMOL 2
OTHER GENERAL ANAESTHETICS KETAMINE 9 15 NITROUS OXIDE 2
PROPOFOL 3
REMIFENTANIL 1
OTHER NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS GUANFACINE 37 64
PRAMIPEXOLE 27
OPHTHALMOLOGICALS/OTOLOGICALS 83
ANTIGLAUCOMA PREPARATIONS AND MIOTICS ACETAZOLAMIDE (SYSTEMIC) 8 18 BIMATROPOST 1
BRIMONIDINE (EYE/EAR) 0
BRINZOLAMIDE (EYE/EAR) 0
DORZOLAMIDE (EYE/EAR) 1
LATANOPROST (EYE/EAR) 2
PILOCARPINE (EYE/EAR) 1
TIMOLOL (EYE/EAR) 2
TIMOLOL, COMBINATIONS (EYE/EAR) 3
ANTINFLAMMATORY AGENTS FOR OCULAR OR DEXAMETHASONE (EYE/EAR) 10 30 OTOLOGICAL USE DEXAMETHASONE AND ANTIINFECTIVES (EYE/EAR) 3
FLUOROMETHOLONE (EYE/EAR) 2
HYDROCORTISONE AND ANTIINFECTIVES (EYE/EAR) 2
KETOTIFEN 2
PREDNISOLONE (EYE/EAR) 4
TRIAMCINOLONE (EYE/EAR) 3
TRIAMCINOLONE AND ANTIINFECTIVES (EYE/EAR) 4
DECONGESTANTS AND ANTIALLERGICS FOR EYE/EAR LEVOCABASTINE (EYE/EAR) 0 9 USE NAPHAZOLINE (EYE/EAR) 3
NAPHAZOLINE, COMBINATIONS (EYE/EAR) 2
OLOPATADINE (EYE/EAR) 1
OXYMETAZOLINE (EYE/EAR) 1
PHENYLEPHRINE, COMBINATIONS (EYE/EAR) 0
TETRAHYDROZOLINE 0
XYLOMETAZOLINE (EYE/EAR) 1
XYLOMETAZOLINE, COMBINATIONS (EYE/EAR) 1
DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS FLUORESCEIN 0 0
MYDRIATICS AND CYCLOPLEGICS ATROPINE (EYE/EAR) 3 4 PHENYLEPHRINE (EYE/EAR) 1
OTHER OPHTHALMOLOGICALS ARTIFICIAL TEARS 2 22 HYPROMELLOSE 4
SALINE, NORMAL 12
SODIUM CHLORIDE, HYPERTONIC 4
PSYCHOTROPHIC MEDICATIONS 6493
ANTI-DEMENTIA DRUGS DONEPEZIL 17 30 GALANTAMINE 4
GINKGO BILOBA 2
MEMANTINE 4
RIVASTIGMINE 3
ANTISMOKING AGENTS BUPROPION 18 82 NICOTINE 64
ANTIVERTIGO PREPARATIONS BETAHISTINE 7 7
ANXIOLYTICS, HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES ALPRAZOLAM 106 1623 BENZODIAZEPINE OTHER/UNKNOWN 15
BROMAZEPAM 2
CHLORAL HYDRATE 1
CLOBAZAM 42
CLONAZEPAM 131
DIAZEPAM 738
FLUNITRAZEPAM 8
LORAZEPAM 86
MIDAZOLAM 8
NITRAZEPAM 25
OXAZEPAM 113
SUVOREXANT 11
TEMAZEPAM 215
VALERIAN 18
ZOLPIDEM 46
ZOPICLONE 58
BENZAMIDES AMISULPRIDE 17 17
BUTYROPHENONE DERIVATIVES DROPERIDOL 4 34 HALOPERIDOL 30
DIAZEPINES, OXAZEPINES AND THIAZEPINES CLOZAPINE 59 1154 OLANZAPINE 333
QUETIAPINE 762
DIPHENYLBUTYLPIPERIDINE DERIVATIVES PIMOZIDE 1 1
LITHIUM LITHIUM 212 212
MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS, NON-SELECTIVE PHENELZINE 2 8 TRANYLCYPROMINE 6
MONOAMINE OXIDASE TYPE A INHIBITORS MOCLOBEMIDE 13 13
NEUROLEPTICS, IN TARDIVE DYSKINESIA TETRABENAZINE 8 8
OTHER ANTIDEPRESSANTS AGOMELATINE 21 730 ANTIDEPRESSANT OTHER/UNKNOWN 6
DESVENLAFAXINE 128
MIANSERIN 3
MILNACIPRAN 1
MIRTAZAPINE 328
REBOXETINE 1
VENLAFAXINE 237
VORTIOXETINE 5
OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTICS ASENAPINE 10 313 BREXPIPRAZOLE 7
LURASIDONE 32
RISPERIDONE 244
SERTINDOLE 1
ZIPRASIDONE 19
OTHER NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS ARIPIPRAZOLE 67 187 DULOXETINE 120
OTHER OPHTHALMOLOGICALS PALIPERIDONE 9 9
PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS PILOCARPINE (SYSTEMIC) 0 4 PYRIDOSTIGMINE 4
PHENOTHIAZINES CHLORPROMAZINE 48 132 PERICYAZINE 38
PROCHLORPERAZINE 43
TRIFLUOPERAZINE 3
PSYCHOSTIMULANTS ARMODAFINIL 2 363 ATOMOXETINE 23
CAFFEINE 58
DEXAMPHETAMINE 64
METHYLPHENIDATE 208
MODAFINIL 8
SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS CITALOPRAM 95 1241 ESCITALOPRAM 279
FLUOXETINE 310
FLUVOXAMINE 94
PAROXETINE 69
SERTRALINE 394
THIOXANTHENE DERIVATIVES FLUPENTIXOL 3 6 ZUCLOPENTHIXOL 3
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS AMITRIPTYLINE 243 319 CLOMIPRAMINE 22
DOTHIEPIN 24
DOXEPIN 9
IMIPRAMINE 1
NORTRIPTYLINE 20
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1832
ADRENERGICS , INHALENTS EFORMOTEROL 3 62 INDACATEROL 2
INDACATEROL + GLYCOPYRRONIUM 12
SALBUTAMOL (INHALANT) 36
SALMETEROL (INHALANT) 4
SALMETEROL AND OTHER ANTI-ASTHMATICS (INHALANT) 5
TERBUTALINE (INHALANT) 0
ADRENERGICS FOR SYSTEMIC USE EPHEDRINE (SYSTEMIC) 2 4
SALBUTAMOL (SYSTEMIC) 2
ANTIALLERGIC AGENTS, EXCL. CORTICOSTEROIDS DESLORATADINE 14 14 NEDOCROMIL (INHALANT) 0
ANTICHOLINERGICS INHALENTS ACLIDINIUM 2 29 GLYCOPYRRONIUM 3
IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE (INHALANT) 4
STRAMONI PREPARATIONS (INHALANT) 0
TIOTROPIUM 16
TIOTROPIUM + OLODATEROL 2
UMECLIDINIUM + VILANTEROL 2
ANTIHISTAMINES FOR SYSTEMIC USE ANTIHISTAMINE: OTHER/UNKNOWN 55 808 CETIRIZINE (SYSTEMIC) 124
CYCLIZINE (SYSTEMIC) 1
CYPROHEPTADINE (SYSTEMIC) 12
DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE (SYSTEMIC) 42
DIPHENHYDRAMINE (SYSTEMIC) 4
DOXYLAMINE (SYSTEMIC) 95
FEXOFENADINE (SYSTEMIC) 111
LORATADINE (SYSTEMIC) 96
LORATADINE COMBINATIONS(SYSTEMIC) 1
PHENIRAMINE (SYSTEMIC) 5
PROMETHAZINE (SYSTEMIC) 259
PROMETHAZINE, COMBINATIONS (SYSTEMIC) 1
TRIPROLIDINE (SYSTEMIC) 2
CORTICOSTEROIDS BECLOMETHASONE (NASAL) 0 23 BUDESONIDE (NASAL) 0
FLUTICASONE (NASAL) 5
MOMETASONE (NASAL) 18
TRIAMCINOLONE (NASAL) 0
COUGH SUPPRESANTS DEXTROMETHORPHAN 38 80 PENTOXYVERINE 0
PHOLCODINE 42
DECONGESTANTS AND OTHER NASAL PREPERATIONS AZELASTINE + FLUTICASONE 3 22 FOR TOPICAL USE OXYMETAZOLINE (NASAL) 13 PHENYLEPHRINE (NASAL) 3
XYLOMETAZOLINE (NASAL) 3
EXPECTORANTS GUAIFENESIN 16 20 POTASSIUM IODIDE 2
SENEGA 2
GLUCOCORTICOIDS INHALENTS BECLOMETHASONE (INHALANT) 0 49 BUDESONIDE (INHALANT) 1
BUDESONIDE,COMBINATIONS(INHALED) 8
FLUTICASONE (INHALANT) 26
FLUTICASONE + EFORMOTEROL 2
FLUTICASONE + VILANTEROL 3
FLUTICASONE/SALMETEROL(INHALED) 9
LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS MONTELUKAST 30 30
MUCOLYTICS ACETYLCYSTEINE (MEDICAL USE, NOT ANTIDOTE) 1 37 BROMHEXINE 36
NASAL DECONGESTANTS FOR SYSTEMIC USE COUGH & COLD PREPERATIONS: ASPIRIN BASED 0 410
COUGH & COLD PREPERATIONS: IBUPROFEN BASED 3
COUGH & COLD PREPERATIONS: NO ANALGESIC 84
COUGH & COLD PREPERATIONS: PARACETAMOL BASED 201
PHENYLEPHRINE 85
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE 37
OTHER NASAL PREPARATIONS CHEST RUBS 81 238 FRAMYCETIN (NASAL) 1
IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE (NASAL) 3
MUPIROCIN (NASAL) 3
VAPORISER FLUID COMBINATIONS 150
OTHER THERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS PIRFENIDONE 1 1
XANTHINES AMINOPHYLLINE 2 5 THEOPHYLLINE 3
ALL OTHER PRODUCTS 1609
ANTIDOTES ACETYLCYSTEINE (ANTIDOTE) 6 35 CHARCOAL (ANTIDOTE) 6 NALOXONE (ANTIDOTE) 1 NALTREXONE (ANTIDOTE) 20 THIOSULFATE (ANTIDOTE) 2
ANTISMOKING AGENTS VARENICLINE 25 25
DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM ACAMPROSATE 10 17 DISULFIRAM 7
ILLICT DRUGS AMPHETAMINES: OTHER (INC SPEED) 133 461 CANNABINOIDS (SYNTHETIC) 22 CLENBUTEROL 13 COCAINE (ILLICIT) 32 ECSTASY (MDMA) 43 GHB 27 HEROIN 17 LSD 12 MARIJUANA (CANNABIS) 117 MEPHEDRONE 0 METAMPHETAMINE (EG ICE, CRYSTAL) 13 NITRITES AND NITRATES (ILLICIT) 11 STREET DRUGS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 21
IRON CHELATING AGENTS DEFERASIROX 0 0
MISCELLANEOUS GUARANA 1 447 KITTY LITTER 30 LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS PREPARATIONS + SIMILAR LIVE 35 CULTURES LOZENGES 24
MELATONIN 247 MISCELLANEOUS MEDICINE 69 RADIOGRAPHIC AGENTS,EG IODINE PRODUCTS 1 TOPICAL PREPARATIONS,OTHER 40
OTHER OPHTHALMOLOGICALS EAR WAX REMOVAL DROPS 21 21
OTHER THERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS BODYBUILDING/WEIGHT LOSS FORMULA 40 603 CALCIUM FOLINATE 1 HEDERA HELIX LEAF (IVY LEAF) 38 HERBAL PREPARATIONS 228 HOMEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS 29 INFANT FORMULAS 0 MELANOTAN 1 POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE 6 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS (CONTRAST MEDIA AND OTHER 3 DIAGNOSTICS) SODIUM CHLORITE AND COMBINATIONS (EG MMS) 1 UNKNOWN/UNIDENTIFIED MEDICINE 256
OTHER - BITES / PLANTS / CHEMICALS
Poison Group Poison Name Count Total
BITES AND STINGS 1083
INSECTS ANTS 2 351 BEE 11 BITE/STING: UNKNOWN 79 CATERPILLAR 8 CENTIPEDE 15 INSECT 116 MILLIPEDE 2 MOSQUITO 5 SCORPION 18 SNAIL/SLUG 20 TICK 59 WASP/HORNET 16
MAMMALS ANIMAL OTHER/UNKNOWN 39 40 DOG/CAT 1
MARINE ANIMALS BLUE-RINGED OCTOPUS 2 110 BLUEBOTTLE 14 CATFISH 13 FISH STINGS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 34 JELLYFISH: BOX JELLYFISH 3 JELLYFISH: IRUKANDJI 2
JELLYFISH: OTHER/UNKNOWN 14 MARINE ANIMAL BITE/STING: OTHER/UNKNOWN 14 STINGRAY 5 STONEFISH 9
REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS BATS 12 359 CANE TOADS 87 LIZARD 5 SNAKE 169 SNAKE BITE SUSPECTED 84 TOADS: OTHER 2
SPIDERS FUNNEL WEB SPIDER 11 223 REDBACK SPIDER 54 SPIDER BITE: OTHER/UNKNOWN 155 WHITE TAILED SPIDER 3
BUILDING/HANDYMAN PRODUCTS 326
BUILDING PRODUCTS ASBESTOS 7 127 ASPHALT/BITUMEN 1 BUILDING/HANDYMAN PRODUCTS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 75 CEMENT, CONCRETE, LIME 30 FIBREGLASS INSULATION 1 INSULATION 2 METHYL ETHYL KETONE PEROXIDE 8 SOLDERING FLUX 2 SPACE FILLERS 0 SUGAR SOAP (SODIUM CARBONATE) 1
PAINT PRODUCTS PAINT STRIPPER: METHYLENE CHLORIDE BASED 2 199 PAINT STRIPPER: OTHER/UNKNOWN 4 PAINT THINNER 24 PAINT: ANTICORROSIVE/ANTIFOULING 3 PAINT: OIL-BASED HOUSE TYPE 12 PAINT: OTHER/UNKNOWN 91 PAINT: WATER-BASED HOUSE TYPE 46 VARNISHES & LACQUERS 12 WOOD STAINS 5
CHEMICALS 1712
CHEMICALS ACETONE (NOT NAIL POLISH REMOVER) 13 694 ACIDS: HYDROCHLORIC ACID (NOT POOL ACID) 42 ACIDS: HYDROFLUORIC ACID 23 ACIDS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 102 ALKALIS 19
AMMONIA (NOT CLEANERS) 14 BORATES (NOT INSECTICIDES) 55 CHEMICALS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 188 CORROSIVES (NOT ACIDS/ALKALIS/CLEANERS) 6 CYANIDE 10 ETHYLENE GLYCOL 33 FORMALDEHYDE/FORMALIN 8 GLYCOLS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 3 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (NOT FOR MEDICAL USE) 45 IODINE (NON-MEDICAL) 2 LEAD: METAL OTHER 35 METHYLENE CHLORIDE (NOT PAINT STRIPPERS) 1 PHENOL & OTHER PHENOLICS 6 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE 10 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 2 SODIUM HYDROXIDE 61 SODIUM METABISULPHITE 3 STRYCHNINE 4 SULPHUR 8 TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE 1
GASES CARBON DIOXIDE 2 304 CARBON MONOXIDE 46 CHLORINE GAS: HOUSEHOLD ACID MIXED WITH HYPOCHLORITE 47 CHLORINE GAS: INDUSTRIAL 7 FREONS 7 GAS, FUME, VAPOUR: OTHER/UNKNOWN 122 HELIUM 2 HYDROGEN SULFIDE 9 METHANE & NATURAL GAS 1 PROPANE & OTHER SIMPLE ASPHYXIANTS 9 SMOKE/TOXIC PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION 29 SOLVENT ABUSE(SNIFFING/CHROMING) 23
HEAVY METALS ALUMINIUM 12 119 CADMIUM 1 CHROMIUM SALTS 2 COPPER SALTS 29 HEAVY METAL: OTHER/UNKNOWN 17 LEAD: PAINTS 7 LEAD: SINKERS 9 MERCURY (NOT THERMOMETERS) 15 METAL FUME FEVER 6 SELENIUM 10
SILVER NITRATE 5 THALLIUM 6
HYDROCARBONS DIESEL FUEL 26 595 HYDROCARBONS: HALOGENATED 16 HYDROCARBONS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 213 KEROSENE 21 LIGHTER FLUID 6 OILS: LUBRICATING, ENGINE, MACHINE 57 PETROL 170 TOLUENE/XYLENE/BENZENE 3 TURPENTINE, MINERAL 83
COSMETICS & PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS 2458
DENTAL/ORAL CARE PRODUCTS DENTAL CARE PRODUCTS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 9 176 DENTURE CLEANING AGENT 34 MOUTHWASH: ETHANOL BASED 21 MOUTHWASH: NON-ETHANOL BASED 22 TEETH WHITENING TREATMENT 10 TOOTHPASTE: FLUORIDE BASED 72 TOOTHPASTE: NON-FLUORIDE BASED 8
HAIR CARE PRODUCTS HAIR CARE: OTHER 25 193 HAIR COLOURS 62 HAIR CONDITIONER 9 HAIR GEL/MOUSSE 5 HAIR RINSE, PERMS 0 HAIR SPRAY 5 SHAMPOO (NON-MEDICATED) 87
NAIL PRODUCTS NAIL HARDENERS 1 164 NAIL POLISH 61 NAIL POLISH REMOVER 84 NAIL PRODUCTS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 18
PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS BABY WIPES 3 1187 BATH OIL/BUBBLE BATH/BATH PRODUCTS 82 CONTACT LENS CLEANING PRODUCTS 11 COSMETICS: CLEANSER, SKIN 64 COSMETICS: CREAMS, LOTIONS, MAKE UP 124 COSMETICS: EYE PRODUCTS 11 COSMETICS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 34 DEODORANTS/ANTI-PERSPIRANTS 124 DEPILATORIES 29 HAND SANITISER 281 LIPSTICKS & LIP BALMS 20
PERFUME, COLOGNE, AFTERSHAVE 83 SOAP 239 SUNSCREEN/SUNTAN PRODUCTS 62 TALCUM POWDER 20
PERSONAL OILS BABY OIL 39 738 CAMPHOR 17 CITRONELLA OIL 24 CLOVE OIL 36 ESSENTIAL OILS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 298 EUCALYPTUS OIL 172 FRAGRANT OIL/POT POURRI OIL 43 MASSAGE OILS 11 TEA TREE OIL 98
HOME PRODUCTS 8433
ADHESIVES ADHESIVE: CYANOACRYLATES 101 230 ADHESIVE: EPOXY RESINS 25
ADHESIVE: MODEL GLUES/CEMENTS 2
ADHESIVE: NON-TOXIC GLUES, PASTES ETC 35
ADHESIVE: OTHER/UNKNOWN 67
ALCOHOLS ALCOHOL: OTHER/UNKNOWN 36 945 ALCOHOLS: HIGHER (BUTANOL, PROPANOL ETC) 2
ETHANOL (BEVERAGE) 734
ETHANOL (NON-BEVERAGE) 66
ISOPROPANOL 30
METHANOL 10
METHYLATED SPIRITS 67
ARTS, CRAFTS, WRITING PRODUCTS ARTIST PAINTS: NON-OILS 15 59 ARTIST PAINTS: OILS 1
ARTS, CRAFTS, WRITING PRODUCTS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 14
CHALK 10
CORRECTION FLUID 8
CRAYONS 5
OFFICE SUPPLIES: MISCELLANEOUS 2
PENCILS 4
BATTERIES BATTERIES: AUTOMOTIVE/AIRCRAFT/BOAT 12 244 BATTERIES: DISC/BUTTON 102
BATTERIES: FLASHLIGHT/PENLIGHT/DRY CELL E.G. AA/AAA 106
BATTERIES: OTHER/UNKNOWN 24
CAR PRODUCTS CAR PRODUCTS, OTHER/UNKNOWN 96 159 CAR PRODUCTS: ANTIFREEZE/ANTIBOIL (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) 21
CAR PRODUCTS: ANTIFREEZE/ANTIBOIL (NON-ETHYLENE GLYCOL) 4
CAR PRODUCTS: ANTIFREEZE/ANTIBOIL (OTHER/UNKNOWN) 19
CAR PRODUCTS: BRAKE FLUID 15
CAR PRODUCTS: TRANSMISSION FLUID 4
CLEANERS BLEACH: HYPOCHLORITE BASED 547 3623 BLEACH: OTHER/UNKNOWN 42
CLEANER: ALL-PURPOSE/HARD SURFACE 532
CLEANER: AMMONIA BASED 12
CLEANER: BABY BOTTLE 2
CLEANER: BEER-LINE 5
CLEANER: CARPET 47
CLEANER: DESCALER 42
CLEANER: DRAIN 68
CLEANER: FLOOR 100
CLEANER: GLASS/WINDOW 100
CLEANER: INDUSTRIAL - GENERAL 75
CLEANER: LEATHER, VINYL, UPHOLSTERY 18
CLEANER: MISCELLANEOUS 147
CLEANER: NAPPY 4
CLEANER: OVEN/GRILL 159
CLEANER: TOILET BOWL (CAGE/RIM TYPE) 295
CLEANER: TOILET BOWL (POWDER/LIQUID) 86
DETERGENTS: AUTOMATIC DISHWASHER 333
DETERGENTS: HAND-DISH 254
DETERGENTS: LAUNDRY 232
DETERGENTS: LAUNDRY CAPSULE 30
DISINFECTANT 285
DRY CLEANING AGENT 17
FABRIC SOFTENER 1
IRONING AID/STARCH 37
LAUNDRY ADDITIVE 63
PRE-WASH STAIN REMOVER 64
RINSE AID (FOR AUTOMATIC DISHWASHER) 1
RUST REMOVER: OTHER/UNKNOWN 15
VAPORISER CLEANING TABLETS 10
FOOD PRODUCTS/ FOOD POISONING CHEWING GUM 14 529 ENERGY DRINKS 23
FISH POISONING: CIGUATERA 8
FISH POISONING: PUFFER FISH/ TETRODOTOXIN 6
FISH POISONING: SCOMBROID 0
FOOD ADDITIVES 31
FOOD ALLERGY 9
FOOD POISONING 92
FOOD PRODUCTS 213
FOOD RECALL 0
FOOD SPOILAGE 79
WATER (NON-POTABLE) 54
GARDEN PRODUCTS FERTILISER: HOUSE PLANT FOOD 38 184 FERTILISER: OUTDOOR 83
SOIL/POTTING MIX 63
MISCELLANEOUS CANDLE WAX 24 24
MISCELLANEOUS HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS AIR FRESHENER / ROOM DEODORISER 204 1669 BLUE-TAC 7
CHRISTMAS DECORATIONS 1
CIGARETTES & TOBACCO PRODUCTS 90
COINS 17
DAMP TREATMENTS 20
DESICCANT: MEAT TRAY PAD 47
DESICCANT: OTHER/UNKNOWN 117
DESICCANT: SILICA GEL 372
DYES: FABRIC 8
DYES: OTHER/UNKNOWN 18
ECIGARETTE FLUID 48
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS 52
FIRE STARTERS 35
FLUORESCENT LIGHT BULBS 8
FOREIGN BODY 301
FREEZER/COLD PACKS 185
GLASS 17
MAGNET 32
MATCHES 24
PET FOOD 7
PLASTIC/POLYSTYRENE 21
THERMOMETER: MERCURY 26
THERMOMETER: NON-MERCURY 5
WATERPROOFING PRODUCTS 7
POLISHES POLISH: CAR 3 29 POLISH: FLOOR 2
POLISH: FURNITURE 12
POLISH: METAL 9
POLISH: OTHER/UNKNOWN 1
POLISH: SHOE/BOOT 2
SWIMMING POOL & AQUARIUM PRODUCTS AQUARIUM PRODUCTS 29 266 POOL ACID 104
POOL CHLORINE 101
POOL PRODUCTS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 29
POOL TEST KITS/SOLUTIONS 3
TOY/JOKE/CHILDREN'S PLAYTHING BUBBLE BLOWING SOLUTION 66 472 CHEMISTRY SETS 1
CYALUME LIGHT STICKS/GLOW TOYS 166
PLAY DOUGH/PLASTICINE 3
TEETHING RINGS 2
TOYS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 209
TOYS: SNOW DOMES 3
WATER EXPANDING BEADS 22
MISCELLANEOUS NON-DRUG 122
MISCELLANEOUS NON-DRUG FAECES/URINE 92 122 MOULD 20 NON-DRUG PRODUCT: OTHER/UNKNOWN 10
PESTICIDES 1878
BAITS/RODENTICIDES 1080/MONOFLUOROACETATE 8 363 BAITS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 4
RODENTICIDES: ANTICOAGULANT (WARFARIN TYPE) 35
RODENTICIDES: LONG ACTING ANTICOAGULANTS 262
RODENTICIDES: OTHER/UNKNOWN 54
CARBAMATES CARBAMATES 22 23 CARBAMATES (IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER PESTICIDES) 1
FUMIGANTS FUMIGANTS: OTHER 1 11 PHOSPHINE 10
FUNGICIDES FUNGICIDE: CARBAMATE TYPE 8 19 FUNGICIDE: COPPER TYPE 3
FUNGICIDE: OTHER/UNKNOWN 8
HERBICIDES BROMOXYNIL 10 386 GLYPHOSATE 160
HERBICIDE OTHER/UNKNOWN 99
HERBICIDE: CARBAMATE TYPE 1
HERBICIDE: CHLOROPHENOXY TYPE (2,4-D, MCPA ETC) 69
HERBICIDE: TRIAZINE TYPE 15
PARAQUAT/DIQUAT 32
INSECTICIDES AMITRAZ 2 974 ARSENIC PESTICIDES 4
BORATES/BORIC ACID PESTICIDES 65
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS 1
COPPER CHROME ARSENATE 10
CREOSOTE 2
FIPRONIL 89
INDOXACARB 65
INSECT COILS 24
INSECT REPELLENTS 147
MOTH REPELLENT: NAPHTHALENE 9
MOTH REPELLENT: PARADICHLOROBENZENE 1
MOTH REPELLENT:UNKNOWN/OTHER 3
PESTICIDE: OTHER/UNKNOWN 159
PYRETHRINS/PYRETHROIDS 385
ROTENONE 3
SNAIL BAIT: CARBAMATES 1
SNAIL BAIT: METALDEHYDE 3
SNAIL BAIT: OTHER 1
ORGANOPHOSPHATES ORGANOPHOSPHATE: BAIT STATIONS 1 102 ORGANOPHOSPHATE: CHLORFENVINPHOS 1
ORGANOPHOSPHATE: CHLORPYRIFOS (NOT BAIT STATION) 49
ORGANOPHOSPHATE: DIAZINON 7
ORGANOPHOSPHATE: MALATHION/MALDISON 14
ORGANOPHOSPHATE: OTHER/UNKNOWN 17
ORGANOPHOSPHATE:DIMETHOATE 11
ORGANOPHOSPHATE:FENAMIPHOS(NEMACUR) 2
PLANTS & MUSHROOMS 1180
PLANTS & MUSHROOMS MUSHROOMS 155 1180 PLANTS: AMARYLIDACEAE 2 PLANTS: AMYGDALIN/CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES 52 PLANTS: ANTICHOLINERGIC 3 PLANTS: CACTUS 11 PLANTS: CAPSAICIN 14 PLANTS: CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES 44 PLANTS: CHINABERRY/WHITE CEDAR 2 PLANTS: COLCHICINE 0 PLANTS: DEPRESSANTS 0 PLANTS: DERMATITIS 25 PLANTS: DIEFFENBACHIA 3
PLANTS: DURANTA 65 PLANTS: EUPHORBIACEAE 68 PLANTS: GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITANTS 77 PLANTS: GRAYANOTOXINS 0 PLANTS: HALLUCINOGENIC 1 PLANTS: LANTANA 3 PLANTS: LOBELINE 2 PLANTS: NON-TOXIC 139 PLANTS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 287 PLANTS: OXALATE 142 PLANTS: PHILODENDRON 8 PLANTS: SOLANINE 63 PLANTS: STIMULANTS 3 PLANTS: THEVETIA 1 PLANTS: TOXALBUMINS 8 PLANTS: TOXICODENDROL 2
VETERINARY PRODUCTS 426
VETERINARY PRODUCTS VETERINARY: ANIMAL VACCINES 30 426 VETERINARY: EXTERNAL MEDICINES 132 VETERINARY: FLEA COLLARS, INSECTICIDAL WASHES (NON- 14 CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS)
VETERINARY: INTERNAL MEDICINES 250