Nominal Groups to Develop a Mobile Application on Healthy Habits
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healthcare Article Nominal Groups to Develop a Mobile Application on Healthy Habits Mª Soledad Palacios-Gálvez 1,2 , Montserrat Andrés-Villas 1 , Mercedes Vélez-Toral 1 and Ángeles Merino-Godoy 3,* 1 Department of Social, Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; [email protected] (M.S.P.-G.); [email protected] (M.A.-V.); [email protected] (M.V.-T.) 2 Center for the Investigation of Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development (COIDESO), University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain 3 Department of Nursing, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The new pandemic-lockdown situation has caused empowerment of new technologies; mobile phones and computers have gained further importance. Homes have become the new educators of health since health education has decreased or stopped during the pandemic. The lack of knowledge in the child and adolescent population about how to incorporate healthy habits in their daily lives, along with the rise of health devices and the introduction of healthcare in the syllabus, has led to the realization of the present study. The aim of this study was to identify the relevant health topics in a sample of adolescents for the later development of a mobile application (Healthy Jeart) that promotes the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits in adolescence. The information was gathered through the technique of nominal groups. The sample was recruited by nonprobability purposive sampling, with a total of 92 students from 4 educational centers of the province of Huelva Citation: Palacios-Gálvez, M.S.; Andrés-Villas, M.; Vélez-Toral, M.; (Spain). According to the obtained results, the most relevant categories were physical wellbeing Merino-Godoy, Á. Nominal Groups (40.81%), psychological wellbeing (22.13%), interpersonal relationships and social skills (21.58%), to Develop a Mobile Application on toxic substances and addictions (10.35%) and sex habits (1.83%). This technique allowed identifying Healthy Habits. Healthcare 2021, 9, and selecting the most relevant content areas of the “Healthy Jeart” application. 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/ healthcare9040378 Keywords: education; health; adolescence; mobile application; nominal groups Academic Editor: Amar Kanekar Received: 26 February 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 27 March 2021 According to the World Health Organization [1], among other characteristics, the Published: 30 March 2021 services that are aimed at improving the health of adolescents must be accessible, acceptable and appropriate, and they must meet their expectations and needs. As was stated by Gray Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral et al. [2], adolescents find it difficult to access information about health through traditional with regard to jurisdictional claims in methods, and the Internet is part of their world and a confidential, accessible and quick published maps and institutional affil- iations. way of obtaining information. A study with young Andalusians showed that 55.7% of the surveyed sample used the Internet to obtain information about topics related to health [3]. The Internet and mobile devices are very powerful instruments to provide information and influence the attitudes, values and behaviors that strengthen adolescents’ health, and they are part of mHealth or eHealth (health care supported by information and communication Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. technologies) [4]. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The global pandemic caused by the new COVID-19 has generated stress worldwide, This article is an open access article both in the health system and throughout society. In Spain, it has meant a radical change distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons in practicing family and community nursing since education and health promotion have Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// been affected since consultations with education for chronic or healthy children have been creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ paralyzed or canceled. For this reason, we have to consider what changes are currently nec- 4.0/). Healthcare 2021, 9, 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040378 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/healthcare Healthcare 2021, 9, x 2 of 8 Healthcare 2021, 9, 378 2 of 8 development of prevention and health promotion are implemented [5]. essary for the health system to provide quality care in which measures for the development Obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and smoking have been manifested as ag- of prevention and health promotion are implemented [5]. gravating factors in COVID-19 infection; therefore, investment in prevention and health Obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and smoking have been manifested as ag- promotion is also essential to combat this pandemic [5] and its consequences, since one gravating factors in COVID-19 infection; therefore, investment in prevention and health out of four children who have suffered the lockdown has anxiety and depressive symp- promotion is also essential to combat this pandemic [5] and its consequences, since one toms [6]. outThis of situation four children could whoaffect have healthy suffered lifestyles the lockdownand negatively has anxiety impact andphysical depressive and symp- mental healthtoms [[7].6]. ThisStudies situation suggest could that, affect in children, healthy lifestyles non-school and periods negatively are impact associated physical and with lowermental physical health activity, [7]. Studies irregular suggest sleep that, patterns, in children, and non-school less healthy periods diets are [8]. associated In a with lockdownlower situation, physical these activity, unhealthy irregular habits sleep increase patterns, due to and added less healthycircumstances, diets [8 ].such In a as lockdown having outdoorsituation, activities these unhealthyrestricted (with habits an increase increased due sedentary to added behavior) circumstances, [9]. Therefore, such as having it has beenoutdoor necessary activities to implement restricted telephon (with ane increasedassistance, sedentary telemedicine behavior) and videoconfer- [9]. Therefore, it has encing asbeen a substitute necessary for to face implement-to-face telephoneassistance. assistance, Hence, the telemedicine present time and is largely videoconferencing char- as acterizeda by substitute online teaching for face-to-face and teleworking. assistance. Hence, the present time is largely characterized by Dueonline to the teaching COVID-19 and pandemic, teleworking. the population has suffered home confinement worldwide; thus,Due in to order the COVID-19 to continue pandemic, with our lives, the population we had to hasresort suffered to new home technolo- confinement gies, withworldwide; mobile phones thus, and in order computers to continue bein withg the ourgreat lives, protagonists, we had to resortfor both to newchildren technologies, and adults.with Homes mobile have phones become and the computers new health being educators the great since, protagonists, also as a consequence for both children of and this situation;adults. health Homes education have become has decreased the new or health stopped. educators Therefore, since, through also as a this consequence project, of this we aim tosituation; bring health health education education to adolescents, has decreased as ornumerous stopped. studies Therefore, have through confirmed this the project, we impact ofaim eHealth to bring on health. health education to adolescents, as numerous studies have confirmed the Currently,impact schools of eHealth are onintroducing health. health care in their syllabi. Therefore, to promote healthy behaviorsCurrently, in adolescents, schools are the introducing mobile application health care (app) in their “Healthy syllabi. 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