DOCSLIB.ORG

Information to Users

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced withwith permissionpermission ofof the the copyrightcopyright owner. owner. Further Further reproduction reproduction prohibited prohibited without without permission. permission. COMMITMENT AND COMPROMISE: Or a Tale of Two Communities by Mami J. Finkelstein submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology Signatures of Committee: Chair: Dean Af the College Date 1995 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1381576 UMI Microform 1381576 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION To my loving parents, Robert and Beverly Finkelstein, my brother and sister, Michael and Lori, and to those who have followed the road not taken Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. COMMITMENT AND COMPROMISE: Or a Tale of Two Communities BY MARNI J. FINKELSTEIN ABSTRACT This thesis explores the forces behind the long term survival of two intentional communities. Formal organization, rules, and commitment to common values are necessary for community longevity. However, adaptability to societal forces is also essential. Therefore, is it possible for intentional communities to adopt survival techniques without compromising some o f their original values? I undertook fieldwork consisting of interviews and observations at two long-lived intentional communities: Shannon Farm and The Farm. I asked questions related to the themes of alienation, community, and the necessary survival techniques the communities have adopted over the years. Threats to these communities included external pressure in the case of the Farm and internal pressure in the case of Shannon. The Farm had to compromise their entire economic system in order to overcome financial woes, while Shannon members discovered a way to manage internal strife and increase their commitment to the community. u Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the many people who have helped me with this research project: Thank you, Dr. Brett Williams, for all your time spent advising and guiding me towards my goal of a Master’s Degree in Anthropology. Your expertise in contemporary American issues was greatly valued throughout this project. Thank you to the second member of my committee, Dr. Jeff Fishel. Your first-hand experience of communal societies and contacts at Shannon Farm helped me immensely. Finally, I would like to thank the members of Shannon Farm and the Farm. Without their hospitality and cooperation, this paper would not have been possible. 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 2. IN THE SCHEME OF THINGS...:A BRIEF HISTORY OF AMERICAN COMMUNAL SOCIETIES........................................................... 5 The Early Utopias ................................................................................... 5 Postindustrial America ............................................................................ 6 Contemporary Communal Societies..................................................... 10 Commitment and Compromise as a means of Survival .................... 15 3. HEADING SOUTH ............................................................................................. 19 Shannon - The Community in the Mountains .................................... 20 The Farm - The Spirit of the Hippies ................................................ 24 4. THE FARM ......................................................................................................... 29 5. SHANNON FARM ............................................................................................... 46 6. COMPROMISE AND COMMITMENT............................................................ 63 APPENDIX A ..................................................................................................... 70 APPENDIX B ..................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX C ..................................................................................................... 72 APPENDIX D ..................................................................................................... 73 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................ 74 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I -- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. — Robert Frost Purpose Intentional communities are not just a relic of a bygone era. With increasing divorce rates, delaying marriage, and the choice to remain childless, more and more people are turning to group houses, co-ops, and intentional communities as an alternative to the nuclear family. Intentional communities offer people a way to share resources, make friends, and be part of an extended "family." The communities explored in this thesis could be used as models of communities that have survived the odds and beyond. They have faced threats to their survival and adopted ways to combat them. And the fact that intentional communities are still being formed after hundreds of years provides some evidence that they are a viable alternative to a traditional, middle-class lifestyle. Through field research and an exploration of relevant literature, this thesis will investigate the motivations leading to the formation of two intentional communities (or 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 communes) in the late 1960s and early 1970s and the forces that led to their long term survival while the majority collapsed after a few years. A review of intentional communities demonstrates that formal organization and commitment to common values is necessary for the survival of a community. However, in a constantly evolving society such as the United States, adaptability to outside societal forces is equally as important. Therefore the significant questions that this thesis will explore are: what are the techniques that two long-lived communities have used to combat threats to their survival and did they manage to adopt these survival techniques without compromising some o f the values that led to their creation in the first place? To investigate this question, I visited two intentional communities in August of 1994 -- The Farm and Shannon Farm. The two were founded on very different ideologies and were politically, spiritually, and economically organized in different ways, yet both had managed to survive for over 20 years. Field research consisted of interviews and observations. The threats to the communities came in the form of external pressure in the case of the Farm and internal pressure in the case of Shannon. While the Farm had to compromise their economic equality
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Beil & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
    [Show full text]
  • A Turf of Their Own
    HAVERFORD COLLEGE HISTORY DEPARTMENT A Turf of Their Own The Experiments and Contradictions of 1960s Utopianism David Ivy-Taylor 4/22/2011 Submitted to James Krippner in partial fulfillment of History 400: Senior Thesis Seminar Table of Contents Abstract 3 Acknowledgements 4 INTRODUCTION 5 Historical Problem 5 Historical Background 7 Sources 14 AN AQUARIAN EXPOSITION 16 The Event 16 The Myth 21 Historical Significance 25 DISASTER AT ALTAMONT .31 The Event 31 Media Coverage 36 Historical Significance 38 PEOPLE'S PARK: "A TURF OF THEIR OWN" 40 The Event 40 Media Coverage 50 Historical Significance 51 THE SAN FRANCISCO DIGGERS, COMMUNES, AND THE HUMAN BE-IN 52 Communes 52 The Diggers 54 San Francisco 55 CONCLUSIONS 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY 61 2 ABSTRACT After WWII, the world had to adjust to new technologies, new scientific concepts, new political realities, and new social standards. While America was economically wealthy after the war, it still had to deal with extremely difficult social and cultural challenges. Due to these new aspects of life, there were increasing differences in both the interests and values of children and their parents, what we have learned to call the "generation gap". The "generational gap" between the youth culture and their parents meant a polarizing society, each hating and completely misunderstanding the other.. This eventually resulted in a highly political youth culture that was laterally opposed to the government. Through isolation, the counterculture began to develop new philosophies and new ways of thinking, and a huge part of that philosophy was the pursuit of a "Good Society", a utopian dream for world peace.
    [Show full text]
  • Bohemian Space and Countercultural Place in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury Neighborhood
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2017 Hippieland: Bohemian Space and Countercultural Place in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury Neighborhood Kevin Mercer University of Central Florida Part of the History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Mercer, Kevin, "Hippieland: Bohemian Space and Countercultural Place in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury Neighborhood" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 5540. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/5540 HIPPIELAND: BOHEMIAN SPACE AND COUNTERCULTURAL PLACE IN SAN FRANCISCO’S HAIGHT-ASHBURY NEIGHBORHOOD by KEVIN MITCHELL MERCER B.A. University of Central Florida, 2012 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2017 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the birth of the late 1960s counterculture in San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury neighborhood. Surveying the area through a lens of geographic place and space, this research will look at the historical factors that led to the rise of a counterculture here. To contextualize this development, it is necessary to examine the development of a cosmopolitan neighborhood after World War II that was multicultural and bohemian into something culturally unique.
    [Show full text]
  • Tripping with Stephen Gaskin: an Exploration of a Hippy Adult Educator
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Spring 5-2012 Tripping With Stephen Gaskin: An Exploration of a Hippy Adult Educator Gabriel Patrick Morley University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Adult and Continuing Education Administration Commons, Civic and Community Engagement Commons, Critical and Cultural Studies Commons, Curriculum and Social Inquiry Commons, Educational Methods Commons, and the Educational Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Morley, Gabriel Patrick, "Tripping With Stephen Gaskin: An Exploration of a Hippy Adult Educator" (2012). Dissertations. 808. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/808 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi TRIPPING WITH STEPHEN GASKIN: AN EXPLORATION OF A HIPPY ADULT EDUCATOR by Gabriel Patrick Morley Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education May 2012 ABSTRACT TRIPPING WITH STEPHEN GASKIN: AN EXPLORATION OF A HIPPY ADULT EDUCATOR by Gabriel Patrick Morley May 2012 For the last 40 years, Stephen Gaskin has been an adult educator on the fringe, working with tens of thousands of adults in the counterculture movement in pursuit of social change regarding marijuana legalization, women’s rights, environmental justice issues and beyond. Gaskin has written 11 books about his experiences teaching and learning with adults outside the mainstream, yet, he is virtually unknown in the field of adult education.
    [Show full text]
  • Manhood in the Age of Aquarius | Chapter 5
    Manhood in the Age of Aquarius Chapter 5 Tim Hodgdon Chapter 5 "We Here Work as Hard as We Can": The Farm's Sexual Division of Labor In the spring of 1975, Patricia Mitchell, her preschool son, and her lover, Don 1 Lapidus, arrived at the entrance to The Farm, hoping to join. They had read about the burgeoning commune in its book-length recruitment brochure, Hey, Beatnik, and after much discussion, had packed their possessions in their car. At the front gate, a man with a clipboard described the hippie village as a monastery of householder yogis where Stephen Gaskin's teachings guided daily labor and family life. Gaskin's students, he said, agreed to live together nonviolently, to consume a strictly vegan diet, and to hold all money and property in common. After some time at the gate, the three were admitted as "soakers," soaking up the new life that was The Farm.1 A member of the gate crew drove the new soakers to their host households. The 2 Mitchell-Lapidus trio were welcomed into a structure consisting of a large army tent (recall the frame–and–canvas structures in the television comedy M*A*S*H) flanked by two Caravan-vintage school buses, where twelve people made their home. For the duration of their time as soakers, the family slept on a couch in the tent.2 They arrived in time to help with preparations for dinner. Patricia joined women in the kitchen area of the tent, washing potatoes from the previous year's harvest.3 Over dinner, their hosts reminisced about The Farm's beginnings.
    [Show full text]
  • For Immediate Release
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE presents A TESTAMENT TO THE SHEER JOY OF LIVING A LIFE OF SERVICE TO HUMANKIND AND OUR PLANET THE WAVY GRAVY MOVIE: SAINT MISBEHAVIN' RELEASES NOVEMBER 15 ON DIGITAL AND DVD An unforgettable trip through the extraordinary life of a poet, clown, activist and FUNdraiser “’Saint Misbehavin’’ is an unabashed love letter to the world that defies the cynicism of our age.” – The New York Times September 19, 2011 – “Some people tell me I’m a saint, I tell them I’m Saint Misbehavin’.” Poet, activist, entertainer, clown. These are a few ways to describe Wavy Gravy, an activist and prominent figure during the Woodstock era who continues to spread a message that we can make a difference in the world and have fun doing it! THE WAVY GRAVY MOVIE paints a moving and surprising portrait of his lifelong passion for peace, justice and understanding. The film features extensive verité footage and interviews with Wavy telling his own stories: from communal life with The Hog Farm, to his circus and performing arts camp, Camp Winnarainbow, to the epic cross-continent bus trip through Europe and South Asia that led to the founding of the Seva Foundation. Award-winning director Michelle Esrick weaves together this compelling film with rare footage from key events: Greenwich Village beat poets and folk music, Woodstock, non- violent protests, and many seminal moments of the ‘60s and ‘70s, and Wavy’s present day life. The Gaslight Café The year was 1958. The Vietnam War had just begun. Born as Hugh Romney, Wavy commanded the stage as a poet, comedian “tongue dancer,” and MC at The Gaslight Café in New York City’s Greenwich Village.
    [Show full text]
  • The 6Os Communes Messianic Communities) Bus at Bellows Falls) Vermont
    The 6os Communes Messianic Communities) bus at Bellows Falls) Vermont. Photograph by Timothy Miller. TIMOTHY MILLER The 60s Communes Hippies and Beyond Syracuse UniversityPress Copyright © 1999 by Syracuse UniversityPress, Syracuse, New York 13244-5160 AllRights Reserved First Edition 1999 02 03 04 05 06 6 5 4 3 2 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard forInformation Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANS I z39.48-1984.@ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG ING -IN-PUBLICATI ON DATA Miller, Timothy, 1944- The 6os communes : hippies and beyond/ Timothy Miller. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8156-2811-0 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 0-8156-0601-x (pbk.: alk. paper) I. Communal living-United States. 2. United States-Social conditions- 1960-1980. I. Title. II. Title: Sixties communes. III. Title: Hippies and beyond. HQ97I.M55 1999 307.77'4'0973-dc21 99-37768 Manufactured in the United States of America For Michael) Gretchen) andJeffre y TIMOTHY MILLER is professor of religious studies at the University of Kansas. Among his previous publica­ tions is The Quest forUt opia in Twentieth-CenturyAm erica: 1900-1960) the first of three volumes on communal life to be published by Syracuse UniversityPress. Contents Acknowledgments IX Introduction xm I. Set and Setting: The Roots of the 196os-Era Communes I 2. The New Communes Emerge: 1960-1965 17 3. Communes Begin to Spread: 1965-1967 41 4. Out of the Haight and Back to the Land: Countercultural Communes after the Summer of Love 67 5. Searching for a Common Center: Religious and Spiritual Communes 92 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Woodstock: the Creation and Evolution of a Myth
    UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-1994 Woodstock: The creation and evolution of a myth Jo Raelene Sorrell University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Sorrell, Jo Raelene, "Woodstock: The creation and evolution of a myth" (1994). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/hbla-mq2i This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microhlm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Altered States: the American Psychedelic Aesthetic
    ALTERED STATES: THE AMERICAN PSYCHEDELIC AESTHETIC A Dissertation Presented by Lana Cook to The Department of English in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of English Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts April, 2014 1 © Copyright by Lana Cook All Rights Reserved 2 ALTERED STATES: THE AMERICAN PSYCHEDELIC AESTHETIC by Lana Cook ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English in the College of Social Sciences and Humanities of Northeastern University, April, 2014 3 ABSTRACT This dissertation traces the development of the American psychedelic aesthetic alongside mid-twentieth century American aesthetic practices and postmodern philosophies. Psychedelic aesthetics are the varied creative practices used to represent altered states of consciousness and perception achieved via psychedelic drug use. Thematically, these works are concerned with transcendental states of subjectivity, psychic evolution of humankind, awakenings of global consciousness, and the perceptual and affective nature of reality in relation to social constructions of the self. Formally, these works strategically blend realist and fantastic languages, invent new language, experimental typography and visual form, disrupt Western narrative conventions of space, time, and causality, mix genres and combine disparate aesthetic and cultural traditions such as romanticism, surrealism, the medieval, magical realism, science fiction, documentary, and scientific reportage. This project attends to early exemplars of the psychedelic aesthetic, as in the case of Aldous Huxley’s early landmark text The Doors of Perception (1954), forgotten pioneers such as Jane Dunlap’s Exploring Inner Space (1961), Constance Newland’s My Self and I (1962), and Storm de Hirsch’s Peyote Queen (1965), cult classics such as Tom Wolfe’s The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968), and ends with the psychedelic aesthetics’ popularization in films like Roger Corman’s The Trip (1967).
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Protests and Emergence of a Counter-Culture 1964-1974 Origins of Movement • Counter-Culture: Beliefs Opposed to Social Norms (Esp
    Youth Protests and Emergence of a Counter-Culture 1964-1974 Origins of Movement • Counter-culture: beliefs opposed to social norms (esp. norms of 1950s) • "Generation Gap” (divide in views between old and young – students!) • Social issues of 1960’s fueled goals for the movement: – Denial of civil rights (especially racial segregation and disenfranchisement) – Vietnam (especially use of chemical weapons & the draft) – Opposition to nuclear weapons – Poverty & lack of government aide to lower classes/rural communities – Lack of access to birth control (coincides with Sexual Revolution) – Censorship (media and Hollywood) – Environmentalism (Increased knowledge of pollutants) Characteristics of Movement • Protests • Civil Disobedience • Draft Avoidance • Music/Art • Experimentation with drugs • Popularity of communes • Rise of the hippie and other alternative lifestyles What is a hippie? • Slang for “hipster” – hippies were activists in the counter-culture movement. • Hippies originated from the two hotspots of the counter-culture movement; NYC and San Francisco • Eventually, the term was used to describe anyone participating in the movement • Watch hippie culture in action and describe them on the worksheet https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJgwGxY3 7OE Hog Farm Commune Watch this clip to learn about commune living from the founder of Hog Farm, “Wavy Gravy” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zis-b_i19IM Important Activists: Mario Savio • Angered by 1960’s government censorship; fought for free speech and freedom of assembly • 1964: Worked to promote African American voter registration in Mississippi inspired him! • Helped found/lead the Free Speech Movement (FSM) at Berkeley University • Organized Sit-Ins and demonstrations • Showed importance of students and college campuses within the movement • Protests spread to college campuses across the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesewaneepurplev179n8021800.Pdf (839.6Kb)
    1 etoanee Burpte Vol. CLXXVIII No. 8 TENNESSEE. FEBRUARY 18. 2000 UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH SEWANEE. Sewanee History: An African You Little Shrimp American's Perspective u, DoagtoWMtrmu Wriiet h hruan S. Mi Jo On I enlightened studenl ,eph i ajan ' 1 w>* an African ,i into lift foi during thi ri, an in Sewanei i •I 1930 1970 Vwan ingofl African American nostalgicall) ol Month i ujan spoke well as hisSi as A the militar) ><> hi i tijanthen ,,, Vl lopmeni Mi i ., questions fromthi withra audience dealing primaril) ai Sewanei Popl i ial issues discussion ranged from life in i to the i" an Lu|an in his days at the Ku Klux Klan in this Joseph Sowanee. Lu|ans speech i n i Awareness phi ujani ami toSi wane* in opened African Missouri v- i,,, m M i ouis Month. hi worked in the home Pholo By Elizabeth Ogletree ayoungman had I nlon rheatn indt - The Sewanei ol Vlc« Chancell twodlffen m mowings 1 Utai graduating from Win Guerr) and thi attended the 00 ihowing hool hewasdrafted people wi n allowed n 1943 Previously, colored Spring BreakOutreach Trip. inW the Nav) in towards the Honduras ,,. 10:00 shov ,„ \i,,, an American could onl) itlon iteward,acooi 01 ..baker going to the colored re< died aboui whites forces I ujan in the armed colored ihowing During this tim( Until Fall 2000 regulation was changed Suspended thai this in Epsilon allowed to e II Phi Kappa draft d people wi rt not around the time thai lw was ... .u . ...,r.i.
    [Show full text]
  • AIMS Pays Tribute to Stephen Gaskin & Mary Ann Cahill
    Page 1 of 2 AIMS pays tribute to Stephen Gaskin & Mary Ann Cahill • aims.org.uk AIMS pays tribute to Stephen Gaskin & Mary Ann Cahill AIMS Journal 2014, Vol 26 No 4 Stephen Gaskin AIMS was saddened to hear of the death of Stephen Gaskin (16 February 1935 – 1 July 2014) in July. Stephen was the husband of our sister, long-term AIMS supporter and protector of women’s birthing rights, Ina May Gaskin. Together with a small group of like-minded activists in 1970, Stephen and Ina May founded The Farm, a spiritual intentional community in Summertown, Tennessee with an international reputation for spiritual, woman-centred midwifery with unrivalled outcomes. Stephen was a prominent American counterculture icon and self-labelled professional Hippie. He was a freethinker, author of over a dozen books, a political activist and a philanthropic organiser. He was also an acclaimed speaker on magic, energy, life in community and service to humanity. On his leadership of The Farm, he famously said: ‘I'm a teacher, not a leader. If you lose your leader, you’re leaderless and lost, but if you lose your teacher there’s a chance that he taught you something and you can navigate on your own.’ He was possibly most well known in the UK as US Green Party presidential primary candidate in 2000, with a manifesto including campaign finance reform, universal healthcare, and decriminalisation of marijuana. AIMS sends our condolences to Ina May and to the rest of Stephen’s family, friends and community. Mary Ann Cahill AIMS also pays tribute to Mary Ann Cahill (10 June 1927 – 26 October 2014), one of the seven founders of La Leche League.
    [Show full text]