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Miltefosine Combined with Intralesional Pentamidine for Leishmania Braziliensis Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Bolivia
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 99(5), 2018, pp. 1153–1155 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0183 Copyright © 2018 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Miltefosine Combined with Intralesional Pentamidine for Leishmania braziliensis Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Bolivia Jaime Soto,1* Paula Soto,1 Andrea Ajata,2 Daniela Rivero,3 Carmelo Luque,2 Carlos Tintaya,2 and Jonathan Berman4 1FUNDERMA (Fundacion ´ Nacional de Dermatolog´ıa), Santa Cruz, Bolivia; 2Servicio Departamental de Salud, Departamento de La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia; 3Hospital Dermatologico ´ de Jorochito, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; 4AB Foundation, North Bethesda, Maryland Abstract. Bolivian cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis was treated with the combination of mil- tefosine (150 mg/day for 28 days) plus intralesional pentamidine (120 μg/mm2 lesion area on days 1, 3, and 5). Ninety-two per cent of 50 patients cured. Comparison to historic controls at our site suggests that the efficacy of the two drugs was additive. Adverse effects and cost were also additive. This combination may be attractive when a prime consideration is efficacy (e.g., in rescue therapy), avoidance of parenteral therapy, or the desire to treat locally and also provide systemic protection against parasite dissemination. INTRODUCTION METHODS AND PATIENTS Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the New World gener- Study design and treatments. This was an open-label ally presents as a papule that enlarges and ulcerates over evaluation of one intervention: standard treatment with oral 1–3 months and then self-cures, but the predominant spe- miltefosine in combination with intralesional treatment with cies at our site in Bolivia, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis pentamidine. -
The National Drugs List
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204684Orig1s000
CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH APPLICATION NUMBER: 204684Orig1s000 OFFICE DIRECTOR MEMO Deputy Office Director Decisional Memo Page 2 of 17 NDA 204,684 Miltefosine Capsules 1. Introduction Leishmania organisms are intracellular protozoan parasites that are transmitted to a mammalian host by the bite of the female phlebotomine sandfly. The main clinical syndromes are visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). VL is the result of systemic infection and is progressive over months or years. Clinical manifestations include fever, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and bone marrow involvement with pancytopenia. VL is fatal if untreated. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome®) was FDA approved in 1997 for the treatment of VL. CL usually presents as one or more skin ulcers at the site of the sandfly bite. In most cases, the ulcer spontaneously resolves within several months, leaving a scar. The goals of therapy are to accelerate healing, decrease morbidity and decrease the risk of relapse, local dissemination, or mucosal dissemination. There are no FDA approved drugs for the treatment of CL. Rarely, CL disseminates from the skin to the naso-oropharyngeal mucosa, resulting in ML. ML can also develop some time after CL spontaneous ulcer healing. The risk of ML is thought to be highest with CL caused by the subgenus Viannia. ML is characterized in the medical literature as progressive with destruction of nasal and pharyngeal structures, and death may occur due to complicating aspiration pneumonia. There are no FDA approved drugs for the treatment of ML. Paladin Therapeutics submitted NDA 204, 684 seeking approval of miltefosine for the treatment of VL caused by L. -
Review Article Use of Antimony in the Treatment of Leishmaniasis: Current Status and Future Directions
SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research Molecular Biology International Volume 2011, Article ID 571242, 23 pages doi:10.4061/2011/571242 Review Article Use of Antimony in the Treatment of Leishmaniasis: Current Status and Future Directions Arun Kumar Haldar,1 Pradip Sen,2 and Syamal Roy1 1 Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata West Bengal 700032, India 2 Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh 160036, India Correspondence should be addressed to Syamal Roy, [email protected] Received 18 January 2011; Accepted 5 March 2011 Academic Editor: Hemanta K. Majumder Copyright © 2011 Arun Kumar Haldar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In the recent past the standard treatment of kala-azar involved the use of pentavalent antimonials Sb(V). Because of progressive rise in treatment failure to Sb(V) was limited its use in the treatment program in the Indian subcontinent. Until now the mechanism of action of Sb(V) is not very clear. Recent studies indicated that both parasite and hosts contribute to the antimony efflux mechanism. Interestingly, antimonials show strong immunostimulatory abilities as evident from the upregulation of transplantation antigens and enhanced T cell stimulating ability of normal antigen presenting cells when treated with Sb(V) in vitro. Recently, it has been shown that some of the peroxovanadium compounds have Sb(V)-resistance modifying ability in experimental infection with Sb(V) resistant Leishmania donovani isolates in murine model. -
T. Cruzi Invasion Summary Leishmania Phagosome
What is happening in invasion? T. cruzi invasion- non phagocytic Phagocytosis Active invasion Yeast Trypanosoma cruzi Actin filaments Lamp-1 T. cruzi invasion summary Leishmania phagosome Treatment for kinetoplastid diseases HAT Early (these drugs cannot cross the blood/brain barrier) Suramin (1916) highly charged compound Mode of action (?) - inhibits metabolic enzymes (NAD+) Pentamidine (some resistance) Mode of action (?) - likely multiple targets Differential uptake of drug - parasite conc. mM quantites Late Melarsoprol (lipophilic) (1947) Highly toxic arsenical - up to 10% treated die Mode of action (?) - possibly energy metabolism Eflornithine (drug has similar affinity to mammalian enzyme) suicide inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase blocking polyamine biosynthesis Treatments for HAT 1985 2005 Early Stage First-line drugs Pentamidine Pentamidine Suramin Suramin Clinical trials - DB 289 (Phase III) Pre-clinical stage - - Late-stage/CNS First-line drugs Melarsoprol Melarsoprol Eflornithine Clinical trials - Nifurtimox + Eflornithine Pre-clinical stage - - Treatment for kinetoplastid diseases Chagas Acute Nifurtimox 60-90 days Mode of action (?) ROS - then DNA damage Benznidazole 30-120 days Mode of action - thought to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis (ROS?) Chronic Virtually untreatable - just treat symptoms Treatments for Chagas 1985 2005 Acute Stage First-line drugs Benznidazole Benznidazole Nifurtimox Nifurtimox Clinical trials Allopurinal Indeterminate Stage Clinical trials - Benznidazole Chronic Stage First-line drugs - -
Drugs for Amebiais, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis & Leishmaniasis
Antiprotozoal drugs Drugs for amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis & leishmaniasis Edited by: H. Mirkhani, Pharm D, Ph D Dept. Pharmacology Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Contents Amebiasis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis ........................................................................................................... 2 Metronidazole ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Iodoquinol ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 Paromomycin ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Mechanism of Action ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Antimicrobial effects; therapeutics uses ......................................................................................................... 3 Leishmaniasis ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Antimonial agents ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Mechanism of action and drug resistance ...................................................................................................... -
Natural Products That Target the Arginase in Leishmania Parasites Hold Therapeutic Promise
microorganisms Review Natural Products That Target the Arginase in Leishmania Parasites Hold Therapeutic Promise Nicola S. Carter, Brendan D. Stamper , Fawzy Elbarbry , Vince Nguyen, Samuel Lopez, Yumena Kawasaki , Reyhaneh Poormohamadian and Sigrid C. Roberts * School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA; cartern@pacificu.edu (N.S.C.); stamperb@pacificu.edu (B.D.S.); fawzy.elbarbry@pacificu.edu (F.E.); nguy6477@pacificu.edu (V.N.); lope3056@pacificu.edu (S.L.); kawa4755@pacificu.edu (Y.K.); poor1405@pacificu.edu (R.P.) * Correspondence: sroberts@pacificu.edu; Tel.: +1-503-352-7289 Abstract: Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a variety of devastating and often fatal diseases in humans worldwide. Because a vaccine is not available and the currently small number of existing drugs are less than ideal due to lack of specificity and emerging drug resistance, the need for new therapeutic strategies is urgent. Natural products and their derivatives are being used and explored as therapeutics and interest in developing such products as antileishmanials is high. The enzyme arginase, the first enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway in Leishmania, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. The flavonols quercetin and fisetin, green tea flavanols such as catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and cinnamic acid derivates such as caffeic acid inhibit the leishmanial enzyme and modulate the host’s immune response toward parasite defense while showing little toxicity to the host. Quercetin, EGCG, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid have proven to be effective against Leishmania Citation: Carter, N.S.; Stamper, B.D.; in rodent infectivity studies. -
Topical Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Topical Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Joseph EI-On, Ph.D., Rita Livshin, M.D., Zvi Even-Paz, M.D. , David Hamburger, Ph.D., and Louis Weinrauch, M. D . Department of Microbio logy and Immunology, Facult y of Hea lth Sciences, Dcn G urion University of the N cgev UE-O), Deer Sheva; Departmcnt of Dcrmatology, Hadassah Universi ty H ospital, Hebrcw University Had assa h Mcdical School (R L, ZE-P, LW), j erusalem; Teva Pharm aceutica l In dustries Ltd. (01-1 ), j erusa lem, Israel Six ty- seven patients, 19 fem :ll es and 48 m ales, 4-66 years develo pments did not affect the clinical he:ding process o ld , sufferin g fro m lesions o f cutaneous leishmaniasis which was generall y completed in a period of 10-30 d ays were treated to pica ll y with an o intme nt comprising 15% after termination of trea tment. In addition, 94% of the paro m o mycin sulfate and 12% m eth ylbenzethonium chl o treated lesio n s healed with little o r no scarring. N o adverse ride in white soft pa raffin (P-ointment, U .K . patent clinica l or laboratory side effe cts w ere observed except fo r GBll7237A). After 10 d ays of treatment, twice daily, the a burning sensation at the site of trea tment. Parasites iso_ lesio ns in 72% of the treated pati ents were free of parasites, lated fro m patients w ho failed to respond to topical treat_ 15% becam e free with in an additional 20 d ays, witho ut m ent were found to be susceptible to PR-MBC I in both further trea tment, and 13% failed to respond. -
Nitroaromatic Antibiotics As Nitrogen Oxide Sources
Review biomolecules Nitroaromatic Antibiotics as Nitrogen Oxide Sources Review Allison M. Rice, Yueming Long and S. Bruce King * Nitroaromatic Antibiotics as Nitrogen Oxide Sources Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; Allison M. Rice , Yueming [email protected] and S. Bruce (A.M.R.); King [email protected] * (Y.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-336-702-1954 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; [email protected]: Nitroaromatic (A.M.R.); [email protected] antibiotics (Y.L.) show activity against anaerobic bacteria and parasites, finding * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-336-702-1954 use in the treatment of Heliobacter pylori infections, tuberculosis, trichomoniasis, human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Despite this activity and a clear need for the Abstract: Nitroaromatic antibiotics show activity against anaerobic bacteria and parasites, finding usedevelopment in the treatment of new of Heliobacter treatments pylori forinfections, these conditio tuberculosis,ns, the trichomoniasis, associated toxicity human Africanand lack of clear trypanosomiasis,mechanisms of action Chagas have disease limited and their leishmaniasis. therapeutic Despite development. this activity Nitroaro and a clearmatic need antibiotics for require thereductive development bioactivation of new treatments for activity for theseand this conditions, reductive the associatedmetabolism toxicity can convert -
204684Orig1s000
CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH APPLICATION NUMBER: 204684Orig1s000 SUMMARY REVIEW Division Director Review NDA 204684, Impavido (miltefosine)Capsules 1. Introduction NDA 204684 is submitted by Paladin Therapeutics, Inc., for the use of miltefosine for the treatment of visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis in patients ≥12 years of age. The proposed dosing regimen is one 50 mg capsule twice daily with food for patients weighing 30- 44 kg (66-97 lbs.) and one 50 mg capsule three times daily with food for patients weighing ≥ 45 kg (≥ 99 lbs.). Leishmaniasis is caused by obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania. The clinical manifestations are divided into three syndromes of visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucosal leishmaniasis. A single species of Leishmania can produce more than one clinical syndrome and each of the syndromes can be caused by more than species of Leishmania. Human infection is caused by about 21 of 30 species that infect mammals. These include the L. donovani complex with 2 species (L. donovani, L. infantum [also known as L. chagasi in the New World]); the L. mexicana complex with 3 main species (L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, and L. venezuelensis); L. tropica; L. major; L. aethiopica; and the subgenus Viannia with 4 main species (L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) panamensis, and L. (V.) peruviana). Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The promastigotes injected by the sandflies during blood meals are phagocytized by macrophages and other types of mononuclear phagocytic cells and transform into amastigotes. The amastigotes multiply by simple binary fission and lead to rupture of the infected cell and invasion of other reticuloendothelial cells.1 Miltefosine is an alkyl phospholipid analog with in vitro activity against the promastigote and amastigote stages of Leishmania species. -
Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Visceral Leishmaniasis in South Sudan
Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of visceral leishmaniasis in South Sudan Acromyns DAT Direct agglutination test FDA Freeze – dried antigen IM Intramuscular IV Intravenous KA Kala–azar ME Mercaptoethanol ORS Oral rehydration salt PKDL Post kala–azar dermal leishmaniasis RBC Red blood cells RDT Rapid diagnostic test RR Respiratory rate SSG Sodium stibogluconate TFC Therapeutic feeding centre TOC Test of cure VL Visceral leishmaniasis WBC White blood cells WHO World Health Organization Table of contents Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 4 Foreword ...................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Background information ............................................................................................... 7 1.2 Lifecycle and transmission patterns ............................................................................. 7 1.3 Human infection and disease ....................................................................................... 8 2. Diagnosis .............................................................................................................................. -
The Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Balamuthia Mandrillaris Disease in the United States, 1974 – 2016
HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Clin Infect Manuscript Author Dis. Author manuscript; Manuscript Author available in PMC 2020 August 28. Published in final edited form as: Clin Infect Dis. 2019 May 17; 68(11): 1815–1822. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy813. The Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Balamuthia mandrillaris Disease in the United States, 1974 – 2016 Jennifer R. Cope1, Janet Landa1,2, Hannah Nethercut1,3, Sarah A. Collier1, Carol Glaser4, Melanie Moser5, Raghuveer Puttagunta1, Jonathan S. Yoder1, Ibne K. Ali1, Sharon L. Roy6 1Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA 2James A. Ferguson Emerging Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program, Baltimore, MD, USA 3Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA 4Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco, CA, USA 5Office of Financial Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, GA, USA 6Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA Abstract Background—Balamuthia mandrillaris is a free-living ameba that causes rare, nearly always fatal disease in humans and animals worldwide. B. mandrillaris has been isolated from soil, dust, and water. Initial entry of Balamuthia into the body is likely via the skin or lungs. To date, only individual case reports and small case series have been published. Methods—The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains a free-living ameba (FLA) registry and laboratory. To be entered into the registry, a Balamuthia case must be laboratory-confirmed.