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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 12, December 2015 87 ISSN 2250-3153 A Study on Hydrochemical Characteristics of Fresh Water Lentic Ecosystems in Chavara Industrial Area- South West Coast of India Meera D.*, Sanal Kumar M.G. **¹, .Sherly P. Anand **² *, **² Department of Zoology, S. N. College, Kollam, Kerala, South India. **¹ Department of Zoology, N. S. S. College, Pandalam, Kerala, South India. Abstract- The pollution status of freshwater ponds in Chavara, an MT waste product (sludge) per annum during the production of industrial area in Kollam district, south west coast of India was titanium dioxide pigment. (Jayasree et al., 2009). Accidental studied seasonally for a period of one year from January 2014 to leakage of this industrial effluent has led to the degradation of December 2014. The parameters determined for the study were adjacent area of industry along with surrounding aquatic pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, total hardness, ecosystems. Compared to other water bodies less research work Chloride, Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen demand have been carried out related to the conservative status of pond (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate and nitrate ecosystem. (Linton et al., 2000). In the recent years several concentrations. The study revealed that maximum conductivity, studies have been made on KMML related issues (Humsa et al., TDS, Chloride, Total Hardness, BOD, sulphate and COD were 2015; Krishnan et al., 2013; Shaji et al., 2009 and Divakaran et recorded during summer and minimum during the monsoon al., 2013) but not much information is available on Physico- season. pH and total alkalinity was found to be high in post Chemical parameters of the pond water bodies in this area. monsoon period and low on summer. Maximum DO was recorded during monsoon and minimum on summer. Highest MATERIALS AND METHODS value of Nitrate was observed during pre monsoon and lowest The sites selected for the study include seven naturally value on summer. The study indicated that the waste water from occurring fresh water ponds from Chavara taluk, an industrial the industrial area is deteriorating the water quality of nearby area in Panmana panchayat where KMML, one of the few profit- water bodies. making public sector units in Kerala, situated in the south west coast of India. Seven sampling stations (S1 to S7) were preferred Index Terms- Physico-chemical Parameters, Chavara industrial for this study based on the requirement of this investigation. For area, Pollution status, COD, DO. analysing the physic-chemical properties, water samples were collected from selected stations for a period of one year from January 2014 to December 2014. For analysis, the samples were I. INTRODUCTION collected in clean polyethylene, white two litre cans. After proper resh water availability is the most important criteria for the labelling, the samples were brought to the laboratory for further F survival of life on earth. Without water, life will not exist in analysis of various physico-chemical parameters. The physico- this planet. Ponds, lakes, rivers and reservoirs form the chemical characteristics of water was analysed using standard important fresh water bodies on earth. Ponds and lakes are methods of (APHA, 2008). lentic water bodies and have tremendous capacity to retain water in an ecosystem .They play a chief role in maintaining the water RESULT AND DISCUSSION balance in the ecosystem. Even though water is that much vital The values of each parameter during different seasons for life, fresh water bodies are not getting hold of great (pre monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon and summer) and botheration. Rapid industrialization always leads to waste different stations ( seven pond ecosystem in Chavara industrial disposal issues. Most of the industries are to be found on the area ) during Jan-2014 to Dec 2014 are given in different Tables banks of aquatic water bodies and consider them as easiest and (1 to 11. The result obtained was compared and discussed with cheapest place for disposing their waste products. Such other water quality standards and also with other works related to indiscriminate disposal of toxic industrial effluents always leads this study. to severe environmental problems. So it is important to monitor the water quality profile of aquatic ecosystem using Physico- pH chemical Parameters and pollution status of aquatic ecosystems In the present investigation the pH in different pond can be monitored time to time for proper utilization of water ecosystem (Table 1) varied between 3.1 (S7) summer and 8.4 bodies. (S4) Post monsoon. Seasonal average showed a high pH in the In Kerala as per Kerala State Pollution Control Board post monsoon and low in the summer in the study period. The (KSPCB), 423 hazardous waste generating units were present. station average showed a very low pH in station S7 where pH Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd (KMML) is one such public dropped to highly acidic nature. The (WHO, 1993) and (BIS, sector, sited at Chavara, Kollam District, Kerala produces 40,000 1991) recommendation of pH is 6.5- 8.5. Minimum value of 3.1 recorded at S7 representing good evidence on the effect of the www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 12, December 2015 88 ISSN 2250-3153 industrial effluent at this site. Variation in pH will be affect the in Table 5. Highest seasonal average of total hardness is 364.52 metabolic activities of aquatic organisms .The analysis of mg/L for summer season and lowest for monsoon. This result variance (ANOVA) of pH revealed a significant variation was also supported by the studies of (Hoare, 2008). In summer between station and between seasons at P<0.05 level. excluding S5 and S7 all station values ranges above 300 mg/L. Domestic and industrial effluents also impart high hardness to Electrical conductivity water (Singh et al., 1999). Ca and Mg salts get solubilise faster in High concentration of acid, base or salt in water results in summer due to increase in temperature, hence high hardness can increase of Electrical Conductivity (EC) of that water (Ramesh, be noticed during these seasons ( Kalpana et al., 2014; 2014). Electrical conductivity (EC) of different pond ecosystem Shivayogimath et al., 2012; Mumtazuddin et al., 2012). The showed that the highest EC was noticed in station S4 (1951.33 analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant variation μS.) during summer season and minimum value obtained during between season and between stations at 0.05 levels. monsoon season in S1 (345.33 μS) (Table-2). Due to greater evaporation, concentration of salts gets increased so as to show a Chloride higher EC in summer; during monsoon due to precipitation Chloride occurs in all type of water and is one of the results in dilution makes value reduced (Trivedy et al., 1984). important parameter for determining the quality of water. In this Similarly high E.C. was reported from Bandematta Hosakere study lowest value obtained was 76.66 mg/L (S1) in monsoon Lake during the summer season and low during monsoon season and highest value in summer (700 mg/L in S4), ( Jain 2008), (Bheemappa, 2015). ANOVA showed highly significant (Dhanapakiam et al ., 1999) also reported that lower value of variation between seasons and between stations at 0.05 % level. chloride was recorded in rainy season (Manjare et al., 2010), (Swaranlatha and rao,1998) reported that highest chloride value Total Dissolved Solids was obtained in summer. Highest seasonal mean is observed in In the present investigation the seasonal mean concentration summer (357.71 mg/L) and lowest in monsoon (147.38 of total dissolved solid were shown in Table 3. The TDS of the mg/L).This was shown in Table 6. The annual average is highest stations ranged from 234.66 mg/L (S1) in monsoon to 1298 mg/L in S4 (419.08 mg/L). These elevated levels of the chlorides may (S4) in summer. The highest seasonal average for TDS was be endorsed of the industrial discharge or accidental leakage of 768.04 mg/L for summer and the minimum 363.6667 mg/L for Titanium Tetra Chloride. This was supported by Humsa et al., monsoon and this may be due to dilution effect of rainy season (2015). The maximum annual average of chloride was in the (Manosathiyadevan , 2009). Compared with other stations, in station S4 (419.08mg/L). ANOVA showed highly significant monsoon the highest value (490 mg/L) was for S7. This high variation between seasons (P<0.05) and between stations value of TDS may be due to the leaching of various pollutants (P<0.05). into the groundwater (Jothivel et al., 2014). Water having value more than 500 mg /l cannot be used for drinking purpose. Dissolved Oxygen (Kamble et al., 2013). High level of dissolved solids inversely The value of DO varies from 2.1 mg/L to 6.8 mg/L (Table affect the gas solubility, hence reduces usability for water for 7). Low DO may indicate the presence of higher organic matter drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes (Saxena, 1994). The (Solanki et al., 2007). The maximum value (6.8 mg/l) was analysis of variance (ANOVA) of TDS shown highly significant recorded in site-3 in Monsoon and minimum values (2.1 mg/l) in variation between stations and between seasons at P<0.05 level. site- 7 in summer. When comparing the seasonal mean values highest dissolved oxygen was noticed during the monsoon and Total Alkalinity lowest in summer which agrees with the observation of Baskar et In the present study, total alkalinity values ranged from al., (2013), Singh et al., (2010). Reduction of organic matters 48.33 mg/L (S7) to 148 mg/L (S6) were shown in Table 4.