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Aeronaves Y Vehículos Espaciales Tema 1 – Introducción General Del Entorno Aeroespacial

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Aeronaves Y Vehículos Espaciales Tema 1 – Introducción General Del Entorno Aeroespacial Aeronaves y Vehículos Espaciales Tema 1 – Introducción General del Entorno Aeroespacial Sergio Esteban Roncero Francisco Gavilán Jiménez Departamento de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Universidad de Sevilla Curso 2011-2012 Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial Contenido Clasificación General de los Vehículos Aeroespaciales. Clasificación General de los Sistemas de Propulsión . Infraestructuras Terrestres. TáfiTráfico Aé reo. Industria Aeronáutica. Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 2 Índice Clasificacióíón General de los Vehículos Aeroespaciales. Aeronaves Vehículos Espaciales Vehículos Cohete Clasificación General de los Sistemas de Propulsión. Infraestructuras Terrestres. Tráfico Aéreo. Industria Aeronáutica. Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 3 Clasificación General de los vehículos aeroespaciales La clasificación de los vehículos aeroespaciales puede hacerse siguiendo distintos criterios. A continuación se da una posible clasificación general. Aeronaves Aerostatos Aerodinos Vehículos Espaciales Satélites / Estaciones orbitales Sondas interplanetarias Módu los d e d escenso Vehículos Cohetes Lanzadores Misiles Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 4 Aerostatos Aeronave qqppqpue se sirve del principio de Arquímedes para volar. Constan de un gran recipiente donde se almacena un gas ligero. La densidad total de la aeronave es menor que la del aire que lo rodea. Dos tipos: Globos: no tienen ningún tipo de propulsor, se ”dejan llevar” por las corrientes de aire , aunque sí hay algunos tipos que pueden controlar su elevación. Dirigibles: aerostato con propulsión y capacidad de maniobra. 3 2 1 Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 5 Aerostatos - Globos Un aerostato es una aeronave provista de uno o más recipientes llenos de un gas más ligero que el aire atmosférico, lo que la hace flotar o elevarse en el seno de este. Compuestos por: Una bolsa que encierra una masa de gas más ligero que el aire. Estructura sólida (barquilla) o se le puede "atar" cualquier tipo de cuerpo. No tienen ninggpún tipo de p ppropulsor: se "dejan llevar" pp(or las corrientes de aire (controlar su elevación). Usos comunes: Aeronavegación deportiva, turística y lúdica. Meteorología – globos estratosféricos. Anuncios publicitarios Hermanos Montgolfier (1782) Glo bos met eoro lógi cos Globo aerostático Aire caliente Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 6 Aerostatos – Dirigibles Un dirigible es un aerostato con propulsión y con capacidad de maniobra para ser gobernado libremente como una aeronave. Su forma suele ser de globo alargado ovalado para ofrecer menos resistencia aerodinámica en el avance. Como gas sustentador para el globo se suele usar gas helio. Glob o di ri gibl e Frances Diiirigibl e f uturos? Hindenburg Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 7 Aerodinos Aeronaves más densas que el fluido en el que se mueven. Consiguen la sustentación mediante el desarrollo de fuerzas fluidodinámicas generadas en alas fijas o alas giratorias. Clasificación: Sin M ot or Veleros Planeadores Con Motor Aeronaves de ala fija: Aeroplanos. Anfibios Hidroaviones Aviones de baja velocidad Aviones subsónicos AiAviones supersó óinicos Aviones hipersónicos Aeronaves de ala rotatoria Autogiro Girodino Helicópteros Convertibles Ornitóptero Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 8 Aeroplanos – Anfibios Un aeronave anfibia es aquella que puede aterrizar tanto en tierra, hierba o en agua. Canadair CL-215 Beriev Be-200 PBY Catalina Dornier Do X Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 9 Aeroplanos - Hidroaviones Un hidroavión es un avión qq,gue lleva, en lugar de ruedas, uno o varios flotadores para posarse sobre el agua. Esto le hace capaz de despegar desde y aterrizar en el agua (o amerizar). Spruce Goose DeHavilland Twin Otter DeHavilland Single Otter Harbour Kaspian Monster Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 10 Aeroplanos – Hidroaviones Futuros Boeing Phantom Works: Pelican ULTRA (Large Transport Aircraft) Carga 1400 Tn Alcance 16.000 km Envergadura 152 m Length 400 ft US Aerocon Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 11 Aviones de baja velocidad Aviones de baja velocidad en las que la propulsión suele ser mediante propulsores de hélice: Primer vuelo de los hermanos Wright el 11 de diciembre de 1903 El vuelo de motor de baja velocidad se ha convertido en una actividad muy asequible al público en general Avionetas Paramotor Ala delta con motor Cessna 182 Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 12 Aviones Subsónicos En esta categggyoría se encuentra la gran mayoría de las aeronaves actuales. Pueden alcanzar velocidades cercanas a la del sonido (Mach ~ 0.85) Messerschmitt Me 262 B 787 B 737 B 747 A 380 Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 13 Comparativas del tamaño de los aviones SGSpruce Goose B 747 An-225 A 380 Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 14 Avión Supersónico - I Un avión supersónico, es un avión capaz de pasar la barrera del sonido (Número Mach). Es 1947 el piloto norteamericano Chuck Yeager rompe por primera vez la velocidad del sonido en su avión-cohete Bell X-1, demostrando que es posible viajar más rápido que el sonido. El Tupolev Tu-144 es un avión supersónico construido por el Bell X-1 fabricante ruso Tupolev. El pri mer vuel o d e un prot oti po d el T u-144 se llevó a cab o el 31 d e diciembre de 1968 cerca de Moscú, dos meses antes que el Concorde. El Tu-144 cruzó por primera vez la barrera del sonido el 5 de junio de 1969 y e l 15 de ju lio d e 1969 se conviióirtió en el pri mer transporte comercial que excedió el Mach 2. Concorde Grandes problemas medioambientales. Tu-144 Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial Avión Supersónico - II Lockheed SR-71 (Blackbird) : Avión de reconocimiento estratégico de largo alcance de Mach 3 (~3500 km/h @ 24000 m) . SpaceShipOne: El 4 de octubre de 2004, el SpaceShipOne consiguió alcanzar el espacio por segunda vez en 15 días, consiguiendo con ello ganar el premio Ansari X-Prize, dotado con 10 millones de dólares, y proclamarse el primer vehículo espacial tripulado de capital privado con una velocidad máxima de Mach 3. 09. SpaceShipOne SR-71 Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial Avión Supersónico - III Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial Avión Supersónico - IV Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial Aviones Hipersónicos - I Pueden alcanzar velocidades superiores a cinco veces la velocidad del sonido (~6120 km//)hr). Son conocidos como aviones cohete, ya que usan un cohete como propulsión, a veces junto con un reactores. Su tiempo de funcionamiento es muy corto, típicamente sólo unos minutos. Antecedentes X-15: Avión cohete de la década de los 70 que estableció varios récords de velocidad (Mach 8 ~7274 km/h) y de altura (107960m). X-43A Hyper – X 23 de marzo del 2004 supp(/)ero velocidades de Mach 9.6 (11200 km/h) X-15 Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 19 Aviones Hipersónicos – II (X-43A) Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 20 Aeronaves de alas giratorias - I Una aeronave de alas giratorias es un aerodino en el que las fuerzas de sustentación se logran mediante el giro de alas (o palas) alrededor de un eje. Autogiro Se clasificación en: Autogiro Girodino Girodino Helicóptero Convertibles: Alas inclinadas (tilt-wing) Rotores inclinados (tilt-rotor) Convertibles Helicóptero Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 21 Aeronaves de alas giratorias - II FiFairey RtdRotodyne La Cierva C.19 AtAutog iro Girodino HliótHelicóptero V22 - Osprey Convertible Ka-50/52 Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 22 Autogiro Dispone de un dos sistemas de alas giratorias. Uno de ellos es accionado por un motor y proporciona el empuje necesario para vencer la resitistenc ia al avance. El otro sistema de alas giratorias no consume potencia y proporciona sustentación mediante el proceso de autorrotación por el cual es el aire en el que comunica energía a las alas giratorias. Es ta aeronave no tiene capac idad d e reali zar vuel o est aci onari o o a punt o fij o. La Cierva C.4 Aurogyro-ELA-07-Casarrubios La Cierva C.19 x Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 23 Girodino Dispone también de dos sistemas de alas giratorias. AbAmbos si stemas son accidionados me ditdiante un mot or: Uno de los sistemas es el principal responsable de generar la sustentación. El otro genera el empuje necesario. Fairey Rotodyne Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 24 Helicópteros Dispone también de dos sistemas de alas giratorias y también accionados por un motor . El sistema de alas giratorias (rotor principal) es el responsable de crear la sustentación y a su vez es el responsable de crear el empuje necesario para el vuelo. El otro sistema de alas giratorias (rotor antipar) se encarga de proporcionar el par necesario para contrarrestar el par que crea el rotor ppprincipal. Existen configuraciones especiales dónde no existe rotor antipar (NOTAR) o dónde coexisten varios rotores principales. NOTAR Bell 206B Jet Ranger III Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 25 Helicópteros – Configgppuraciones de rotor principal Monorrotores. Birrotores. Entrelazados. En tandem. Multirrotores. Introducción a la Ingeniería Aeroespacial 26 Aeronaves Convertibles Único sistema de alas giratorias para proporcionar sustentación y empuje. El cambio de funcionalidad lo consigue mediante el cambio de orientación. Despegue las alas giratorias proporcionan el empuje en dirección vertical, tracción, colocando las alas giratorias en
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