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De L'astronomie À L'entrepreneuriat De l’astronomie à l’entrepreneuriat Juin – août 2017 Olivier Ezratty De l’astronomie à l’entrepreneuriat – Olivier Ezratty – Juin-Août 2016 - Page 1 / 255 A propos de l’auteur Olivier Ezratty olivier (at) oezratty.net , http://www.oezratty.net , @olivez consultant et auteur +33 6 67 37 92 41 Olivier Ezratty conseille les entreprises dans l’élaboration de leurs business plans, stratégies produits et marketing, avec une focalisation sur les projets à fort contenu technique et scientifique (objets connectés, intelligence artifi- cielle, medtechs, biotechs, …). Il leur apporte un triple regard : technologique, marketing et management ainsi que la connaissance des écosystèmes dans les industries numériques. Il a réalisé depuis 2005 des missions diverses d’accompagnement stratégique et de conférences ou formations dans différents secteurs tels que la télévision (TF1, RTS-SSR, SES Astra, TDF, Euro Media Group, Netgem), les télécoms (Bouygues Télécom, Orange, SFR, Alcatel-Lucent), les produits grand public (LG Electronics, groupe Seb, L’Oréal, Alt Group), la finance et l’assurance (BPCE, Crédit Agricole, Crédit Mutuel-CIC, Société Géné- rale, Natixis, Groupama). Ces missions couvrent l’assistance à la création de roadmap produit, l’analyse de posi- tionnement et de la concurrence, la définition technologique et marketing de stratégies d’écosystèmes et « d’innovation ouverte », l’assistance à la réalisation de business plans, l’animation de séminaires de brainstor- ming, ainsi que l’intervention dans des conférences et séminaires sur les tendances du marché dans le numérique. Ses contributions s’appuient sur un fort investissement dans l’écosystème de l’innovation et sous différentes cas- quettes, notamment dans l’univers des startups : Expert, membre et l’un des présidents du comité d’agrément de Scientipôle Initiative (Wiplo), une associa- tion membre d’Initiative France qui accélère les startups franciliennes. Membre depuis fin 2015 du Comité de Prospective de l’ARCEP. Advisor du fonds d’investissement INVST I/O spécialisé dans les objets connectés. Expert auprès du pôle de compétitivité Cap Digital ainsi que de la Caisse des Dépôts et du CNC. Membre du jury de divers concours entrepreneuriaux comme le Grand Prix de l’Innovation de la Ville de Paris ou la Startup Academy, mentor dans de nombreux Startups Weekends. Il est guest speaker dans divers établissements d'enseignement supérieur tels que HEC, SciencePo, Neoma Rouen, CentraleSupelec, l’Ecole des Mines de Paris, Télécom Paristech et l’ECE où il intervient sur le marketing de l'innovation dans les industries numériques, sur l'entrepreunariat et le product management, en français comme en anglais selon les besoins. Olivier Ezratty est l’auteur du Rapport du CES de Las Vegas, publié à la fin janvier de chaque année depuis 2006, et du Guide des Startups qui est devenu une référence en France avec plus de 200 000 téléchargements à date. Le tout étant publié sur le blog « Opinions Libres » (http://www.oezratty.net) qui traite de l’entrepreneuriat et des médias numériques. Comme photographe, il est aussi le co-auteur de l’initiative « Quelques Femmes du Numérique ! » (http://www.qfdn.net), devenue une association en 2016, et qui vise à augmenter la place des femmes dans les métiers du numérique, en sensibilisant les jeunes à ces métiers. Olivier Ezratty débute en 1985 chez Sogitec, une filiale du groupe Dassault, où il est successivement Ingénieur Logiciel, puis Responsable du Service Etudes dans la Division Communication. Il initialise des développements sous Windows 1.0 dans le domaine de l'informatique éditoriale ainsi que sur SGML, l’ancêtre de HTML et XML. Entrant chez Microsoft France en 1990, il y acquiert une expérience dans de nombreux domaines du mix marke- ting : produits, canaux, marchés et communication. Il lance la première version de Visual Basic en 1991 ainsi que Windows NT en 1993. En 1998, il devient Directeur Marketing et Communication de Microsoft France et en 2001, de la Division Développeurs dont il assure la création en France pour y lancer notamment la plate- forme .NET et promouvoir la plate-forme de l’éditeur auprès des développeurs, dans l'enseignement supérieur et la recherche ainsi qu’auprès des startups. Olivier Ezratty est ingénieur de l’Ecole Centrale Paris (1985). Ce document vous est fourni à titre gracieux et est sous licence « Creative Commons » dans la variante « Paternité-Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale-Pas de Modification 2.0 France » Voir http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/fr/ Photo de couverture : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Milky_Way_over_Nanga_Parbat.jpg. De l’astronomie à l’entrepreneuriat – Olivier Ezratty – Juin-Août 2016 - Page 2 / 255 Table des matières L’Univers .................................................................................................................. 5 L’astronomie commence avec les astronomes ! ..................................................... 6 Ce que l’on sait des dimensions de l’univers ......................................................... 9 Télescopes terrestres .............................................................................................. 18 Les moyens d’exploration de l’Univers ............................................................... 18 L’histoire des télescopes terrestres ....................................................................... 20 Les capteurs photo, du CCD au CMOS ............................................................... 22 Grands télescopes ................................................................................................... 29 Les innovations des grands télescopes ................................................................. 30 Les grands télescopes contemporains ................................................................... 35 Les télescopes à miroirs segmentés ...................................................................... 46 Réserver son télescope ......................................................................................... 54 Télescopes géants.................................................................................................... 56 Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) ........................................................... 57 Giant Magellan Telescope .................................................................................... 59 Thirty Meter Telescope ........................................................................................ 63 European Extremely Large Telescope ................................................................. 70 Radiotélescopes....................................................................................................... 75 Grandes découvertes de la radio astronomie ........................................................ 76 Types de radio télescopes ..................................................................................... 83 Particularités des radiotélescopes à antenne parabolique ..................................... 85 Grands radiotélescopes paraboliques ................................................................... 90 Interféromètres ..................................................................................................... 102 Les grands interféromètres ................................................................................. 102 La recherche d’astéroïdes ................................................................................... 110 Télescopes spatiaux .............................................................................................. 112 Les bandes de fréquences observées .................................................................. 113 La diversité de leurs instruments ........................................................................ 115 Leurs sources d’énergie ...................................................................................... 119 La cryogénie des instruments ............................................................................. 120 Leur orbite .......................................................................................................... 120 Leur durée de vie ................................................................................................ 122 Les télécommunications avec les télescopes spatiaux ....................................... 124 Des budgets élevés ............................................................................................. 126 Les réservations des créneaux ............................................................................ 127 Les entrepreneurs ................................................................................................ 128 Télescopes spatiaux dans le visible ..................................................................... 129 Hubble Space Telescope (1990-2021) ............................................................... 129 Gaia (2013-2023) ................................................................................................ 139 De l’astronomie à l’entrepreneuriat – Olivier Ezratty – Juin-Août 2016 - Page 3 / 255 Télescopes spatiaux dans l’infrarouge ............................................................... 143 Spitzer (2003-2020) ............................................................................................ 144 Herschel (2009 – 2013) ...................................................................................... 146 WISE (2010 – 2013) ..........................................................................................
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