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AI Teen Sex INT 2/12/04 7:52 AM Page 1 Teen Sex AI Teen Sex INT 2/12/04 7:52 AM Page 2 Other books in the At Issue series: Affirmative Action Animal Experimentation Anorexia Anti-Semitism Biological and Chemical Weapons Child Labor and Sweatshops Child Sexual Abuse Cloning Creationism vs. Evolution Date Rape Does Capital Punishment Deter Crime? Drugs and Sports The Ethics of Abortion The Ethics of Euthanasia The Ethics of Genetic Engineering The Ethics of Human Cloning Ethnic Conflict Food Safety The Future of the Internet Gay Marriage Guns and Crime Heroin How Should Prisons Treat Inmates? Immigration Policy Interracial Relationships Is Media Violence a Problem? Legalizing Drugs Marijuana The Media and Politics Nuclear and Toxic Waste Nuclear Security Physician-Assisted Suicide Rain Forests Rape on Campus Satanism School Shootings Sex Education Sexually Transmitted Diseases Single-Parent Families Smoking The Spread of AIDS Teen Suicide The United Nations U.S. Policy Toward China Violent Children Voting Behavior Welfare Reform What Is a Hate Crime? AI Teen Sex INT 2/12/04 7:52 AM Page 3 Teen Sex Tamara L. Roleff, Book Editor Daniel Leone, President Bonnie Szumski, Publisher Scott Barbour, Managing Editor An Opposing Viewpoints® Series Greenhaven Press, Inc. San Diego, California AI Teen Sex INT 2/12/04 7:52 AM Page 4 No part of this book may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means, electrical, mechanical, or otherwise, including, but not lim- ited to, photocopy, recording, or any information storage and re- trieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Teen sex / Tamara L. Roleff, book editor. p. cm. — (At issue) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7377-0808-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7377-0809-3 (lib. : alk. paper) 1. Teenagers—United States—Sexual behavior. 2. Sex instruction for teenagers—United States. 3. Hygiene, Sexual— United States. 4. Sexual ethics for teenagers—United States. I. Roleff, Tamara L., 1959– II. At issue (San Diego, Calif.) HQ27 .T394 2002 306.7'0835—dc21 2001040357 CIP0 © 2002 by Greenhaven Press, Inc. 10911 Technology Place, San Diego, CA 92127 Printed in the U.S.A. Every effort has been made to trace owners of copyrighted material. AI Teen Sex INT 2/12/04 7:52 AM Page 5 Table of Contents Page Introduction 7 1. Premarital Teen Sex Is Normal 10 Eric Zorn 2. Teen Sex Is Not Acceptable 12 Nancy Jergins 3. The Rate of Teen Sex Is Declining 15 Richard T. Cooper 4. Teens Are in the Midst of an STD Epidemic 18 Robyn Davis 5. Abstinence Is Increasing Among Young Teens 21 Vanessa Grigoriadis 6. Teens Are Substituting Oral Sex for Intercourse 28 Bella English 7. Teens Are Becoming Sexually Experienced at Younger Ages 33 Anne Jarrell 8. Sexual Activity Among Adolescent Girls Is Increasing 39 Liza Mundy 9. Factors That Indicate a Teen Is Not Ready for Sex 56 Nathalie Bartle with Susan Lieberman 10. Parents Should Talk to Their Children About Sexual Values 60 Deborah M. Roffman 11. Virginity Pledges Help Delay Teen Sex 65 Commonweal 12. The Effectiveness of Virginity Pledges Is Exaggerated 68 Susan Dominus 13. Sex Education Encourages Teen Sex 71 Richard Nadler 14. Teens Need More Sex Education 75 Lisa Collier Cool AI Teen Sex INT 2/12/04 7:52 AM Page 6 15. Gay Teens Face Unique Challenges 80 Paula Schleis and Kim Hone-McMahan 16. Distributing Condoms in Schools Encourages Teen Sex 87 John D. Hartigan 17. Distributing Condoms in Schools Does Not Encourage 91 Teen Sex Lynda Richardson 18. Teen Magazines Encourage Teen Sex 95 Wendy Shalit 19. Television Influences Teen Attitudes Toward Sex 98 Gina R. Dalfonzo Organizations to Contact 101 Bibliography 105 Index 108 AI Teen Sex INT 2/12/04 7:52 AM Page 7 Introduction The teen birthrate declined steadily throughout much of the 1990s. In 1999, the last year for which records are available, the birthrate among teens aged fifteen to nineteen dropped to a record low of 49.6 births per 1,000. The 1999 teen birthrate is the lowest it has been since the National Center for Health Statistics began keeping records in 1940. The rate, which declined every year during the 1990s, fell 3 percent in 1999 and has fallen 20 percent since 1991. The 20-percent decrease has effectively erased the 24-percent increase in teen births from 1986 (50.2 per 1,000) to 1991, when teen births were 62.1 per 1,000. Many sex researchers and commentators hail the declining teen birthrate as an indication of teens’ changing values and beliefs about pre- marital sex. They believe “abstinence-only” sex education programs— classes in which students are taught only about the benefits of abstinence with no mention of birth control or “safe sex”—are having an effect on teen sexual behaviors. “More teens are choosing abstinence,” contends Janet Parshall of the Family Research Council, an organization that pro- motes the traditional family. She asserts that tens of thousands of teens have pledged to remain virgins until marriage in abstinence programs such as True Love Waits. A survey conducted for the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy (NCPTP) seems to support her contention that more teens are deciding to remain abstinent. According to the 2000 sur- vey, 58 percent of teenagers believe high-school teens should not engage in sexual activity, even if precautions are taken against pregnancy or sex- ually transmitted diseases (STDs). An overwhelming majority—93 per- cent—said they believe society should tell teens to remain abstinent at least until they graduate from high school. The survey also found that half of the teens said that fear of pregnancy or STDs is the main reason they are abstinent. In addition, the vast majority of teens—87 percent— do not think it is embarrassing to admit that they are virgins. Perhaps due in part to the message emphasizing abstinence, fewer teens are having sex. According to the NCPTP, the number of male teens who have had sex declined from 61 percent in 1990 to 49 percent in 1997. The number of teen girls who have had sex has fluctuated: 48 percent in 1990, up to 52 percent in 1995, and back down again to 48 per- cent in 1997. Abstinence-only programs frequently stress the consequences of pre- marital sex: pregnancy and STDs, including HIV/AIDS. Donna E. Shalala, secretary of Health and Human Services under President Bill Clinton, be- lieves that a fear of contracting AIDS has persuaded many teens to post- pone sexual activity. “We all believe AIDS has scared teenagers,” she says. Teens have a right to be scared: They have the fastest-increasing rate of HIV infection in the United States. Approximately 25 percent of the 40,000 new HIV infections reported annually occur among youth aged 7 AI Teen Sex INT 2/12/04 7:52 AM Page 8 8 At Issue thirteen to twenty-one. Another 3 million teens aged thirteen to nineteen contract new STD infections each year. Others contend that the falling birthrate is due to increased use of birth control by teens. They assert that partial credit for the increase in contraceptive use among teens can be given to school programs that dis- tribute free condoms to students who request them. Studies comparing sexually active students in schools that provide condoms with schools that do not found that students were significantly more likely to use con- doms during intercourse if they could get them at school. A few studies and anecdotal evidence suggest to sex researchers that another reason the birthrate among teens is dropping is the increasing prevalence of oral sex as a substitute for intercourse. A 1999 survey by Planned Parenthood reported that 10 percent of teens who described themselves as virgins had had oral sex, some in their early teens. Other researchers contend that as many as one-third of middle-school girls are performing oral sex on boys. (Most experts agree that oral sex is not re- ciprocal—it is almost always boys who are the recipients.) However, re- searchers find it difficult to accurately determine whether the prevalence of oral sex is indeed increasing as many surveys about teen sexual behav- ior—past and present—concentrate solely on vaginal intercourse. Some experts theorize that the increase in oral sex—if, indeed, there is one—is because many teens do not consider oral sex to be “sex.” Ac- cording to Peter Sheras, professor of adolescent development at the Uni- versity of Virginia, oral sex “might mean what a French kiss meant to us when we were kids.” Some teens even believe they are practicing absti- nence if they engage in oral sex instead of sexual intercourse. Many adults are also not clear on whether oral sex is a form of abstinence. A 1999 sur- vey even found that one-third of health educators believed that oral sex was abstinent behavior. President Bill Clinton, when answering questions regarding his affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky, conveyed a similar attitude when he stated that they had not had “sexual relations” since they had engaged in oral sex. Many parents and sex educators omit discussions about oral sex when telling teens about sex, and at least some experts believe this is a mistake. Linda Alexander, president of the American Social Health Association, be- lieves that society has “drilled the kids on the dangers of pregnancy” but has not “talked as much about activities that don’t result in pregnancy,” such as oral sex.