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TESE-ALICE.PEREIRA -- Pós-Defesa.Pdf UFF – UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS ÁREA DE CONCENTRAÇÃO EM TEORIA DA LITERATURA E LITERATURA COMPARADA ALICE DE ARAUJO NASCIMENTO PEREIRA UM ÚTERO TODO SEU: REPRODUÇÃO, BIOPOLÍTICA E O CONTROLE DO CORPO FEMININO EM O CONTO DA AIA, THE CHILDREN OF MEN E SUAS ADAPTAÇÕES Niterói 2021 UFF – UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE ALICE DE ARAUJO NASCIMENTO PEREIRA UM ÚTERO TODO SEU: REPRODUÇÃO, BIOPOLÍTICA E O CONTROLE DO CORPO FEMININO EM O CONTO DA AIA, THE CHILDREN OF MEN E SUAS ADAPTAÇÕES Tese apresentada ao Curso de Doutorado em Estudos de Literatura da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Título de Doutor. Subárea: Literatura Comparada Orientador: Prof. Dr. André Cabral de Almeida Cardoso Niterói 2021 Ficha catalográfica automática - SDC/BCG Gerada com informações fornecidas pelo autor P436? Pereira, Alice de Araujo Nascimento Um útero todo seu: reprodução, biopolítica e o controle do corpo feminino em O conto da Aia, The children of men e suas adaptações / Alice de Araujo Nascimento Pereira ; André Cabral de Almeida Cardoso, orientador. Niterói, 2021. 243 f. : il. Tese (doutorado)-Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 2021. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/POSLIT.2021.d.12001710712 1. Distopia na literatura. 2. Infertilidade. 3. Maternidade. 4. Biopolítica. 5. Produção intelectual. I. Cardoso, André Cabral de Almeida, orientador. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Letras. III. Título. CDD Bibliotecário responsável: Debora do Nascimento - CRB7/6368 UFF – UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE ALICE DE ARAUJO NASCIMENTO PEREIRA UM ÚTERO TODO SEU: REPRODUÇÃO, BIOPOLÍTICA E O CONTROLE DO CORPO FEMININO EM O CONTO DA AIA, THE CHILDREN OF MEN E SUAS ADAPTAÇÕES Tese apresentada ao Curso de Doutorado em Estudos de Literatura da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Título de Doutor. Subárea: Literatura Comparada Aprovada em: 10 /02/ 2021-04-03 BANCA EXAMINADORA TITULARES ___________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. André Cabral de Almeida Cardoso (Orientador - UFF) ___________________________________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª. Eurídice Figueiredo (UFF) ___________________________________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Sonia Torres (UFF) ___________________________________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª. Leila Assumpção Harris (UERJ) ___________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Eduardo Marks de Marques (UFPEL) SUPLENTES ___________________________________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Carla de Figueiredo Portilho (UFF) ___________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Anderson Soares Gomes (UFRRJ) AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador, pelo apoio, pela generosidade e pelas valiosas contribuições ao longo desse processo prazeroso e doloroso que é a pós-graduação. À minha banca, pela disponibilidade de leitura desse trabalho. À Universidade Federal Fluminense, local que me acolheu. Aos professores do programa de pós-graduação em estudos literários e aos colegas com quem tanto aprendi dentro e fora das salas de aula. Aos meus familiares e amigos, por seu carinho, parceria e por me incentivaram a cada passo do caminho. E a todas as mulheres que lutam por direitos, justiça, autonomia e pelo fim de todas as formas de opressão. Venceremos! RESUMO As narrativas distópicas retratam sociedades futuras onde predomina o autoritarismo, delineando contextos sombrios e decadentes. Segundo Keith Booker, as distopias revelam males sociais através de choques de reconhecimento causados pela sua transposição para outro contexto, possibilitando novas perspectivas sobre conflitos políticos, que poderiam de outro modo ser ignoradas, naturalizadas ou dadas como inevitáveis (1994a). Iremos analisar as distopias pela perspectiva dos estudos de gênero, focando na questão da sujeição do corpo feminino, reprodução e maternidade em contextos de infertilidade generalizada, que resulta em grandes crises demográficas, culturais e políticas. Nossas fontes primárias serão os romances O conto da aia (1985) de Margaret Atwood, The Children of Men (1993) de P.D. James e suas respectivas adaptações, a primeira, como seriado e a segunda, como filme. As quatro obras utilizam o tropo da infertilidade com objetivos e implicações diferentes, permitindo-nos levantar questões acerca da religião, modernidade, sexualidade, gestação e maternidade, a partir de uma leitura calcada nos conceitos de biopolítica e de reprodução social. Pretendemos discutir também como as adaptações lidam com esses assuntos, já que são fruto de circunstâncias históricas diferentes das obras literárias que as inspiraram. Almejamos discutir e analisar as representações que tais obras tecem acerca do controle do corpo da mulher e seu potencial reprodutor através da crítica literária, dialogando com os estudos de gênero, teoria feminista, ciências sócias, filosofia e outros campos do saber. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Distopia; P.D. James; Margaret Atwood; infertilidade; maternidade. ABSTRACT Dystopian narratives portray societies where authoritarianism predominates, underpinning bleak and decadent contexts. According to Keith Booker, dystopias reveal social maladies through the shock of recognion caused by their transposition to another context, providing new perspectives on problematic social issues, which could otherwise be ignored, naturalized or taken as inevitable (1994a). We will analyze dystopias from the perspective of gender studies, focusing on the issue of the subjection of women’s bodies reproduction and motherhood in the contexts of generalized infertility, which results in great demographic, cultural and political crisis. Our primary sources are Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale (1985), P.D. James’s The Children of Men (1993), and their respective adaptations, the first as a series and the second as a film. These four works make use of the trope of infertility with different objectives and implications, allowing us to dwell on matters concerning religion, modernity, sexuality, pregnancy and motherhood, through a reading based on the concepts of biopolitics and social reproduction. We also intend to discuss how the adaptations deal with these issues, since they are the result of different historical circunstances in relation to the literary works that inspired them. We aim to analyze the representations that such works weave around the control of the women’s bodies and their reproductive potential, through literary criticism and in dialogue with gender studies, feminist theory, philosophy, social sciences and other fields of knowledge KEY WORDS: Dystopia; P.D. James; Margaret Atwood; infertility; maternity. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO 8 1. O CONTO DA AIA, THE CHILDREN OF MEN E SUAS ADAPTAÇÕES 32 1.1. Romances inquietantes 32 1.2. Adaptações instigantes 39 1.3. Adaptar ao presente 50 2. PODER, MULHERES E BIOPOLÍTICA 70 2.1. Definições 70 2.2. Biopoder e biopolítica 78 2.3. O poder sobre, para e das mulheres 92 2.4. Dominação e resistência 103 3. O CONTROLE DO CORPO E DA SEXUALIDADE FEMININOS 109 3.1. Gênero, sexualidade e corpo 109 3.2. Sexualidade nas distopias 122 3.3. Violência contra o corpo 136 4. REPRODUÇÃO E INFERTILIDADE 146 4.1. O corpo que se reproduz 146 4.2. Perpetuando a espécie 152 4.3. Reprodução biológica e reprodução social 161 4.4. Infertilidade e contracepção 169 5. GESTAÇÃO E MATERNIDADE 188 5.1. Gravidez e parto 188 5.2. Maternidade sob regime patriarcal 202 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS 223 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 234 8 INTRODUÇÃO O presente nos parece um pesadelo que nenhuma previsão de futuro parece redimir. Os avanços científicos e tecnológicos ocorridos desde a Segunda Guerra Mundial até hoje tornaram a obtenção de informação e a comunicação massivamente acessível e incessante, além de praticamente instantâneas, fazendo com que seja possível para os indivíduos de diferentes localidades e contextos políticos, econômicos e socioculturais terem acesso às notícias, discursos e transformações ocorridas nos diversos cantos do mundo, em todo lugar e a qualquer hora, contanto que disponibilizem dos meios materiais para tal. Se, por um lado, tal desenvolvimento trouxe mais conhecimento a respeito dos acontecimentos políticos, econômicos e culturais do presente, também fez de nós, a parte da população com acesso a essas informações, consumidores estranhamente fascinados pelas tragédias cotidianas. Como essas notícias são quase sempre negativas, nos transmitem a impressão de que vivemos num caos constante, levando-nos a temer cada vez mais o que está por vir. Segundo avaliam Eduardo Viveiro de Castro e Débora Danowski no livro de ensaios Há um mundo por vir?, devido à gravidade da atual crise ambiental e civilizacional, proliferam e renovam-se variações em torno de uma velha ideia do “fim do mundo” (2014, p. 11). Há um forte receio de desastres ou transformações políticas, tecnológicas e ambientais tão drásticas que o mundo se tornaria quase irreconhecível e inabitável. Tal ideia vem sendo retratada no cinema, nos quadrinhos, na televisão, nos video games e na literatura, mostrando a preocupação e a ansiedade em relação a esse presente obscuro que parece ser o prenúncio de um horizonte ainda mais tenebroso. Frequentemente, esses meios trazem representações de uma sociedade no futuro mais ou menos distante após algum acontecimento catastrófico que (quase) elimina a humanidade da face da terra. Aqueles que sobrevivem devem lidar com circunstâncias tenebrosas, um “‘mundo sem nós’, uma humanidade
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