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History of Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecasting Interviews with U.S

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History of Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecasting Interviews with U.S This page intentionally blank. The History of Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecasting Interviews with U.S. Department of Agriculture Pioneers Editors: Douglas Helms Steven E. Phillips Paul F. Reich 2008 U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Cover photos: Front Top right: Glen Brado, U.S. Forest Service, attaches scales to ski pole while Morlan Nel- son, Soil Conservation Service, prepares to measure snow sampling tube. SCS photo by Branstead. (114H−IDA−35070, National Archives, College Park, Maryland) Middle right: Snow surveyors with sampling set and rucksack viewing Ward Creek, a tributary to Lake Tahoe. 2/16/61 (114H−CAL−7264, National Archives, College Park, Mary- land Middle left: R.A. “Arch” Work on a Santa Clause chimney entrance, Crater Lake National Park, 1945. (114G−ORE−40191, National Archives, College Park, Maryland) Bottom right: Snow surveyor utilizing Tucker Sno-Cat in Crater Lake National Park, Or- egon. April, 1945. (114G−ORE−40193, National Archives, College Park, Maryland) Back Weighing the tube and snow core to determine the water content of the snow. Lower snow course, Baker Creek, Great Basin National Park, Nevada. (114H–N–644, National Archives, College Park, Maryland) Historical Notes Number 8 Resource Economics and Social Sciences Division, NRCS, Washington, DC Editors: Douglas Helms National Historian, NRCS, Washington, DC Steven E. Phillips Associate Professor, History Department, Towson University, Towson, Maryland Paul F. Reich Geographer, NRCS, Washington, DC The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activi- ties on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political be- liefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. • • CONTENTS Foreword ..................................................................................................vii Preface .......................................................................................................ix Acknowledgments .....................................................................................xi Part 1 Introduction .................................................................................... 1 Part 2 Snow Survey Sites by State ........................................................... 9 Part 3 Articles Bringing Federal Coordination to Snow Surveys ............................................27 Snow Surveying Comes of Age in the West ......................................................35 Recollections of R. A. “Arch” Work Concerning Snow Surveys in Western States ................................................................................................................44 Part 4 Interviews R.A. “Arch” Work (by Douglas Helms) ..............................................................65 R.A. “Arch” Work (by Jeffrey LaLande) ........................................................... 94 Gregory Pearson ............................................................................................... 114 Jack Washichek ................................................................................................. 146 Morlan Nelson ................................................................................................... 183 Bob Whaley ........................................................................................................ 217 Arthur Crook ..................................................................................................... 243 Phil Farnes ......................................................................................................... 264 Index ....................................................................................................... 291 • • iii • • Figures 1.1 James E. Church ......................................................................... 3 1.2 The Observatory Building, Thanksgiving 1906........................ 5 1.3 Cabin cruiser “Mount Rose” used to sample snow courses along the shoreline of Lake Tahoe ....................................... 7 2.1 Alaska Snow Survey Sites .......................................................... 11 2.2 Arizona Snow Survey Sites ........................................................ 12 2.3 California Snow Survey Sites .................................................... 13 2.4 Colorado Snow Survey Sites ..................................................... 14 2.5 Idaho Snow Survey Sites............................................................ 15 2.6 Montana Snow Survey Sites ...................................................... 16 2.7 New Mexico Snow Survey Sites ................................................ 17 2.8 Nevada Snow Survey Sites ........................................................ 18 2.9 Oregon Snow Survey Sites ......................................................... 19 2.10 South Dakota Snow Survey Sites .............................................. 20 2.11 Utah Snow Survey Sites ............................................................. 21 2.12 Washington Snow Survey Sites ................................................. 22 2.13 Wyoming Snow Survey Sites ..................................................... 23 3.1 Arch Work .................................................................................... 44 4.1 Arch Work at transmitter and receiver of Station KBEI (Soil Conservation Service) at Medford, Oregon, March 1942 .............................................................................. 80 4.2 Dale Palmquist, 2 miles southwest of Slide Mountain, Nevada, driving Tucker Sno-Cat to snow course, Spring 1961 .............................................................................. 82 4.3 Edgar Boardman (left) and Ashton Codd having lunch during snow survey. Grant peak, west of Verdi, Nevada, Spring 1923 .............................................................. 87 4.4 Snow survey research station at Crater Lake National Park, March 1942 .................................................................... 96 4.5 Arch Work on a Santa Claus chimney entrance, Crater Lake National Park, 1945 ...................................................... 99 4.6 Snow survey shelter sign at Honeymoon Creek, Rouge River, Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon ............................. 101 4.7 Snow surveyor utilizing Tucker Sno-Cat in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, April 1945 ....................................... 105 4.8 Pack train carrying supplies to shelter passes the Upper Seven Lakes Basin Snow Course Marker, South Umpqua River, Oregon .......................................................................... 107 • • iv • • 4.9 R.A. Work Deed of Gift ............................................................... 113 4.10 Western Snow Conference, 27th annual meeting, April 21–23, 1959, Reno, Nevada. Seated: James E. Church; standing: left to right) W.W. McLaughlin, George D. Clyde, and H.P. Boardman ................................................................................ 116 4.11 Ski-Doo snowmobile used in snow surveys in Montana ....... 133 4.12 Aerial snow depth marker south of Humphreys Peak, Arizona .................................................................................... 133 4.13 Installing snow pillow and instrument shelter at Mill Creek Watershed, Washington ......................................................... 134 4.14 Program of the West-Wide Snow Survey Training Conference, Squaw Valley, California, 1964 .............................................. 138 4.15 Gregory Pearson Deed of Gift ................................................... 145 4.16 Jack Washichek writes down the measurements as George Peak reads them, Colorado, 1955 ......................................... 146 4.17 Ralph Parshall ............................................................................. 149 4.18 Ray Malsor and Dale Palmquis unload the Tucker Sno-Cat up Ward Creek Road, west of Lake Tahoe, 1961 ................ 150 4.19 KRISTI Ber-Kat being demonstrated at the Snow Survey Training School, January 1960 .............................................. 158 4.20 Snow-Survey Sampling Guide ................................................... 160 4.21 Skiing lessons at the West-Wide Snow Survey Training Confer- ence, Winter Park, Colorado, January 14–19, 1962 ............ 161 4.22 Repeater at Park Range transmits data to base station at Steamboat Springs, Colorado ............................................... 177 4.23 Jack Washichek Deed of Gift..................................................... 182 4.24 Morlan Nelson (left) and Glen Brado, Forest Service, 1950 .. 183 4.25 Soil Moisture Station at Hoop Creek, Colorado, 1961 ........... 197 4.26 Soil moisture measuring equipment manufactured by the Beckman Instruments Company. Note the map of the snow course on the
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