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Heterosis–Genetic Basis and Utilization for Improvement of Dairy Cattle: a Review

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Heterosis–Genetic Basis and Utilization for Improvement of Dairy Cattle: a Review Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science andTechnology ISSN: 2319-3409(online), ISSN:2349-3704(print) Volume 5, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com Heterosis–Genetic Basis and Utilization for Improvement of Dairy Cattle: A Review Manoj Kumar1,*, Poonam Ratwan1, Anil Kumar2 1Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India 2Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstract The phenomenon in which progeny of crosses between inbred lines or purebred populations are better than the expected average of the two populations or lines for a particular trait is known as heterosis. Utilization of heterosis is the main goal of crossbreeding. The amount of heterosis maintained in a herd depends on the type of crossbreeding system selected for breeding. Heterosis includes greater viability, faster growth rate and greater milk production in dairy cattle. The genetic basis of heterosis is nonadditive gene action (dominance, overdominance, pseudo-overdominance, and epistasis). The main requirements for heterosis are there must be genetic diversity between the breeds crossed and there must be some nonadditive gene effects present for the particular trait involved. No heterosis was observed for traits governed by additive gene action. However, it tends to be greatest for traits with low heritability and least for traits with high heritability in nature. Traits of low heritability (reproductive traits) are generally most benefited from heterosis as compare to high heritability (growth rate). They can be improved through the adequate use of crossbreeding systems. Keywords: Crossbreeding, heterosis, cattle *Author for Correspondence E-mail: [email protected] INTRODUCTION [2]; larger these differences greater the Heterosis has been defined as the superiority heterozygosity and the heterosis effects. of a hybrid organism when compared with its Crossbred animals often show improvement in parents. If the performance of the crossbred performance traits. This is known as heterosis animal is different from the midparent average or hybrid effect. The word ‘Heterosis’ was for a particular trait, heterosis exists for that given by Shull in 1914 after observing the trait. Depending on the economic value of the stimulation of heterozygosis upon cell difference, heterosis can be positive or division, growth performance and other negative, large or small and it may be physiological characters in maize. According considered to be favorable or unfavorable. to Shull, the developed superiority of the Heterosis for a trait is specific for the two hybrid is hybrid vigour and the mechanism by breeds involved in the cross. For example, which superiority is developed is heterosis. heterosis for production and fertility may not Lippman and Zamir [3] described that be the same in Holstein-Sahiwal and Holstein- offspring from parents with greater genetic Tharparkar crosses. diversity are genetically superior to offspring of parents with lesser diversity. This heterosis may be superiority of a single attribute or may be expressed as hybrid vigor The highest level of heterosis is most for a number of traits. Heterosis arises from commonly seen in low heritable traits or the effects of gene combinations means effects functional traits affecting reproduction, of pairs of genes [1]. Heterotic effects in the survival and overall fitness of the animals. crossbred progeny depends upon the These traits often show at least 10% heterosis differences in the frequencies of the different and low heritability. Production traits affecting alleles at each locus that contributes to the trait milk yield and growth showed about 5% heterosis RRJoDST (2016) 40-50 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 40 Research and Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology Volume 5, Issue 2 ISSN: 2319-3409(online), ISSN: 2349-3704(print) and a moderately high heritability [4]. between the two breeds is known as genetic Heterosis level differs depending on the type diversity. Non-additive gene effects refer to and number of breeds in the crossbreeding the kinds of gene actions that exist with regard system, subsequently the expected level of to the many gene pairs that are involved in heterosis is difficult to predict [5]. According determining a particular performance trait. to Lammers et al. [6], those traits having low These effects fall in two categories: (1) non- heritability show more heterosis as shown in additive gene effects that are expressed by Table 1 in which main benefits of heterosis are individual gene pairs (due to level of seen in fitness and health traits. About 16% dominance); and (2) non-additive inter-allelic increase in the pounds of calf weaning weight interaction between the effects of genes per cow exposed above the average of the present at one locus with the effects of genes parent breeds [7]. Crossbreeding as a mating at one or more loci (epistasis). system optimizes the additive genetic and non- additive (heterotic) breed effects of Bos taurus The continued maintenance of breeds and and Bos indicus cattle in sustainable breeding crossing them to find the highest performance systems [8]. levels combinations under broad range of existing management and environmental The main aim of crossbreeding is to increase conditions is the practical way of using the dairy cattle production through new heterosis in beef cattle. This procedure will combination of genes in different breeds [9]. work irrespective of kinds of non-additive Crossbreeding can also result in adverse gene effects are responsible for the heterosis. effects such as recombination loss. Separation Since increased heterozygosity was involved of favorable gene combinations that are in the crossbred individual, intermating among accumulated in the parental breeds results in crossbred individuals results in increased recombination loss. This loss can be difficult genetic diversity. Consequently, crossbred to estimate although it has been seen to reduce populations are less likely to breed true than the level of heterosis [10]. Two basic genetic the purebred populations. requirements for a trait to exhibit heterosis are genetic diversity between the breeds crossed Intermating crossbreds leads to decline in the and presence of some non-additive gene numbers of heterozygous gene pairs and as a effects for the particular trait involved. result a regression toward the average Absence of either one of these conditions performance of the base parents. Thus, it being fulfilled for a particular cross for some seems very difficult, if not impossible; to fix trait would result in that trait exhibiting no heterosis, i.e., to maintain heterosis and its heterosis in crossbred animals. resulting high performance by mating those crossbred individuals having the highest In such a case, the expected performance of degree of heterosis. Accordingly, to fully the crossbred offspring would simply be the capitalize on increased productivity due to average of the performance levels of the heterosis, it is necessary to restore the crosses particular purebred parents involved in the among each generation of purebreds. Various cross. For those traits that express heterosis, environmental factors significantly affected the magnitude of heterosis will be dependent the milk production efficiency traits indicating upon how much genetic vaiablity exists the scope of improvement in Jersey crossbred between the two parent breeds. Degree of animals [11,12]. genetic similarity or dissimilarity that exists Table 1: Relationship between Heritability and Heterosis of Different Traits. Traits Heritability Heterosis Fertility, Mothering ability, Calf survival Low High Birth and weaning weight, Milking ability and Feedlot gain Medium Medium Mature weight, Carcass quality High Low RRJoDST (2016) 40-50 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 41 Research and Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology Volume 5, Issue 2 ISSN: 2319-3409(online), ISSN: 2349-3704(print) Table 2: Average First Lactation Milk Yield in F1 and F2 Generations of Crossbreds. Genetic group F1 F2 % decline References BS 2898 2183 24.67 Bhatnagar et al., 1976 [28] BS 3548 2805 20.94 Taneja and Chawala, 1978 [29] JH 1679 1328 20.91 Parmar et al., 1980 [30] JR 1929 1115 42.20 Parmar et al., 1980 [30] FH 1933 1349 30.21 Parmar et al., 1986 [31] FG 3391 2533 25.30 Taneja and Bhat, 1986 [32] JK 2547 2031 20.26 Patel et al., 1989 [33] FH 1926 1293 32.87 Bala, 1981 [34] JH 1610 1139 29.25 Bala, 1981 [34] KS (B × S) 3247 2380 26.70 Saha, 2001 [35] KF (F × T) 3747 3105 17.13 Saha, 2001 [35] F, Friesian; B, Brown Swiss; J, Jersey; S, Sahiwal; H, Hariana; K, Kankrej; R, Red Sindhi; G, Gir The objective of choosing a three-way cross as inter se mated populations does not occur if compared to the traditional two-way cross was inbreeding is evaded [19]. Cows exhibit more to exploit hybrid vigor in the future hybrid vigour in first and second parities than generations. About 86% hybrid vigor is at later parities [20]. maintained in later generations in case of three-way cross, while a two-way cross will UNDERSTANDING OF HETEROSIS level off at 67% and a four-way cross at 93% Complementary to phenomenon of inbreeding [4]. The decision to pick a three-way cross depression, hybrid vigor or heterosis is over a four-way cross can be explained by the opposite. When inbred lines are crossed, the complexity and dilution of individual breeds progeny showed an increase of those traits
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