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Home , Claude Debussy, Jeux

Chapter 28: Is

I. Introduction A. Introduction 1. French and Austro-German composers were moving in different directions at the same time. 2. As with the Germans, the French movement was influenced by rapidly changing styles and innovations.

B. Wagnerian Hommages and Exorcisms 1. Wagner’s music was popular in France in the late ninteenth century. 2. Several French composers sought to neutralize German excesses (maximalism).

C. Getting Rid of the Glue: 1. Satie, the original hippie, wrote three in 1887. a. Satie’s sarabandes, however, were different, particularly in their use of harmony. “Consonant” seventh and ninth chords became a sign of French style. b. By making these chords consonant, Satie removed the harmonic glue.

II. A. ’s Early Years 1. Satie’s use of harmony was influential. 2. Debussy’s early works appeared before Satie’s most famous work (the three Gymnopédies). 3. Even though their lives intersected in several ways, Debussy differed significantly from Satie. 4. He believed in musical pleasure over rules and tradition; in his Sarabande, he created an atmosphere of sound where what once was labeled “dissonant” and in need of resolution no longer needed to be so.

B. : Sails and/or Veils 1. Debussy’s “Voiles” demonstrates his harmonic idiom. a. His preludes derive from Chopin’s. b. “Voiles” can mean either “veils” or “masks” or “sails” or “sailboats.” 2. The whole-scale serves as an organizing factor through most of the work. a. As such, everything exists in equal proportion—without tension. b. A within the work provides structure and contrast.

C. and 1. Aspects of “Voiles” correspond to painting techniques. 2. These adjectives are associated with Impressionism.

3. Debussy disliked being called Impressionist. 4. The absence of a harmonic push forward can be likened to an artwork that extends in space rather than unfolds in time.

5. Debussy’s “Voiles” can also be compared to the French poetry movement known as Symbolism, associated with Baudelaire.

D. Pelléas et Mélisande 1. Symbolism was a main factor in several of Debussy’s most important pieces. 2. His first famous work, Prélude à L’après-midi d’un faune, was based on a poem by Mallarmé. 3. His only , Pelléas et Mélisande, was based on a drama by Maeterlinck, the leader of the Symbolist movement after Mallarmé. 4. Debussy threw out Wagner’s harmonic glue, allowing more options for harmonic movement.

III. Fauré and Ravel A. “Essentially French”: Fauré and Mélodie 1. Fauré, an older contemporary of Debussy, was attracted to Symbolist poetry as well, and he set many poems to music. 2. His settings are known as mélodie, a genre of . 3. Fauré set many poems by Verlaine. 4. Fauré’s Requiem dates from the last quarter of the nineteenth century and is typically French.

B. 1. The remaining Impressionist composer was Ravel. a. His music was more popular than Debussy’s, eventually, thanks to the Bolero (1928). 2. Ravel’s music is particularly colorful and sensual.

IV. Others A. New Possibilities for Women 1. Women artists, in any medium, fought against a variety of prejudices. 2. A few noteworthy women were able to succeed in spite of almost unbeatable odds. 3. France allowed opportunities much earlier than other European countries (including the United States). a. Women were allowed to compete for the beginning in 1903. b. Four women won it in the first decade they were eligible. 1) These include (1913). 2) Her sister, Nadia, was an influential teacher in the twentieth century.

B. Ballet: A Missing Genre 1. The history of European music does not frequently deal with ballet. 2. The genre is prominent in France, where it can be regarded as a “wordless opera.” 3. Later in the nineteenth century, ballet lost credibility as a “serious” compositional product, but it remained a serious art in Russia. 4. Tchaikovsky rescued the ballet as a serious musical composition.

C. Ballet Finds Its Theorist

1. In the early twentieth century, Russian ballet did not reflect current trends in Russia— those reflected by novelists like Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky. 2. Benois and Diaghilev looked to a new artistic movement: Mir iskusstva. 3. Diaghilev may have been the world’s greatest impresario. 4. With the lessening of popularity for the , Diagheliv commissioned a new work based on a Russian folk subject.

V. Stravinsky A. Stravinsky’s and Petrushka 1. Stravinsky agreed to Diaghilev’s request for a Russian folk subject. 2. The first of Stravinsky’s ballets was The Firebird, which also exists as a popular suite for , sans ballet. 3. As he composed The Firebird, Stravinsky had an idea that would develop into . He chose, however, to first write a comic piece: Petrushka. 4. With the second tableau of Petrushka, Stravinsky moved into a new realm— octatonicism became a in its own right. 5. The Petrushka-chord (Ex. 28-9) illustrates outbursts of emotion among the characters.

B. The Rite of Spring 1. The success of Petrushka turned Stravinsky back to the idea of a prehistory ballet, a somewhat common theme among artists of the period. 2. Some of the tableaux are based on historical documents that describe aspects of prehistorical worship practices. 3. Stravinsky sought maximal dissonance and sounded it through an extremely large orchestra, which he used to brilliant effect. 4. One of the most remarkable elements of the Rite is that of innovations in rhythm. a. The rhythmic innovations contribute to the “savagery” of the work.

C. Reactions to Two Ballets 1. Debussy’s and Stravinsky’s Rite were premiered within two weeks of each other. 2. Debussy’s work was not so successful, or at least notorious, and disappeared from the stage until the mid-twentieth century. 3. Stravinsky’s work had more than the typical number of rehearsals—much more than Jeux. 4. The premiere of Rite is a thing of legend, although the details of exactly what happened are unclear. 5. The work has been described as Primitivism (appealing to savages/peasants/raw emotion and far removed from Romanticism)—and even Biologism (life is ultimately the sum of physicality). The latter challenged traditional religious beliefs. 6. With Stravinsky’s Rite being discussed in all the papers and elsewhere under such weighty consideration, Debussy’s Jeux dropped from such discussion altogether. 7. Debussy’s work is about trivial, everyday life—which is just as modern as Stravinsky’s neoprimitivism. 8. The music was also new, particularly in the way in which Debussy structured musical time.