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Life and Teachings of Tukaram

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Life and Teachings of Tukaram The Life and Teaching of Tukaram J. N. Fraser & J. F. Edwards THE LIFE AND TEACHING Of TUKARAM Downloaded from www.holybooks.com The Life and Teaching of Tukaram BY THE LATE J. NELSON FRASER, M.A. Indian Education Department, Joint, Author of The Poems of Tukttritm AND THE REV. J. F. EDW A!i,J:?S; oe Author of The Holy S,Pirit, The Cif,;ii/i;i/·O.Y~amk ~i;,i.Stb~ .. .. .' Article on 'Tukaram' in Hasting,;' En~·clo,Padia of Religion q11d Etl1ic1, PROBSTHAIN & CO .. ORIENTAL BOOKSELLERS .a, AND PUBLISHERS, .&- 41 GT. RUSSELL ST., LONDON, W.C.l. CHRI8'l'lAN Ll'PERATURE SOO!ETY FOR INDIA MADRAA ALLAHABAD CALCUTTA ·RANGOON COLOMBO 1922 TO THE STUDENTS AND PUNDITS OF THE LANGUAGE SCHOOL, MAHABALESHWAR, :fASTi P.RESENT AND FUTURE PHEFACE This book was prom1~ed many years ago by the late Profe ..,sor Jameb Nelson Fra;,er, Pnnc1pal of the Trammg College 10 Bombay for Teachers m Secondary Schools, who pastied away after but a few days' 1llne!is on March 12, 1918/ and 1,ome eighty pages may be regarded as commg from Im; pen. They are distributed among the first eight chapter<; as follows. six pages m chapter I, five in chapter II, six in III, twenty,three in IV, sei'eo m v, five in IV, six in vn, twenty 10 vnr and two in appendix II. These pages I have carefully worked over and rewritten in the light of the latest findmgs, but whenever possible I have allowed hrn material to stand unchanged. e.g., page 28, the first halt of page 32, and the thud paragraph on page 123 are almoRt exactly as I found them, His one desire was' to add a brick to the fabric of orie1ital learomg ', as be wrote in a letter three years before his trntlmely death. For the remamder of the book, over two hundred pages, includ. mg the whole of the last two cbaptern and appendices r, m-v, as well as the footnotes throughout the work, I must accept full respon~1bihty. Often has tt ~eemed as 1f the many claims of work m a city hke Bombay would preclude the completion of the task, but the preparation of a great part of the book for lectures to the Language'School at MabUbaleshwar has helped to make 1t possible, and I have been sustamed by the two, fold conviction that study of India's poet,samt<; 1~ a sure road to umty between East and W~st, and u; a master-key to unlock the treasures of religious aspiration in the soul of India. Numerous and generous have been my helpers, their generosity being indicated by the fact that some prefer to remam anonymous. Some obligations must, however, be discharged. My first Marathi pandit, Mr. Krisbnarao Vitlhl:U Kandhlllkar, rendered much as~is~ tance to Mr. Fraser, as he has done also to my:nelf; Dr. Macmcol ha:i not only becured toe loan frnm tb~ As;;ociat10n l:'re~s of the 1 Mt, Praoer'~ collabo1ator m the threE' H)h;me~ of Engh\b tra.m,!ri.t10ns, The Poems of T:ikdr&m (ptthh:,lwd by tbc C, L, S,, M.1dras at Rs 2~~ per vol.), was the laie Rao Bahadur Ka!.hmith B;tlkmhna Ma1at:he, pa&sed away eight months later on November 13, 1918. viii PREFACE block of Vithoba but has given invaluable counsel at different stages; the Bhifrata Itihiisa Sanshodhcik Mandala of Poona has kindly lent three other blocks; Mr. Vinil.yak Laxman Bhiive of Thana gave me a photograph of Santiiji Teli Jaganii(je's manus· cript and rendered much other priceless help besides: Mr. W. H. VVarren, formerly of the Cambridge University Press and now of the C. L. S-., has carried through a difficult piece of work with unfailing courtesy; and last but not least, the Honourable Dr. Sir Ni:iriiyan G. Chandi'ivarkar, after reading through the book in page~ proof, has most generously found time to write a Porewo1,d which in itself is a worthy contribution to English-Marathi literature. Should this work, despite its many imperfections, lead other investigators, Indian and non•lndian, further to explore the-as yet -largely-uuworked gold-mine of the Marii.thii Poet-Saints, I shall feel amply compensated. BYCCLLA, BOMBAY } J. F. E:.>WAHDS. December, 19]1 CONTENTS P .AGES FOREWORD. By the Hon. Dr. Sir Narayan G. Chandiivarkar xi Chap. I. THE LAND AND PEOPLE OF TUKAR,\M 1-n II THE VAISHl'ifAVA HINDUISM OFTUKAR.\M'S " DAY 24-43 III. THE PILGRIMAGE TO PAN.l;)HARPDR: A " Study in India's Religious Aspiration 44- 64 IV. THE BIOGRAPHY OF TUKAR.\M " 66-117 Prelimmary Considerations: ... 67-68 (1) The Biographical Sources 68-75 (2) The Probable Biograpb1cal Facts 76-106 (3) The 'Legendary' Element 107-117 V. TUKARAM'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY " 118-144 (1) The Critical Problem 119-126 (2) The Literary Characteristics 127-133 (3) Tukiiriim's Picture of Himself 134--144 VI TU.KA.RAM'S ATTITUDE TO CONVI!."NTIONAL " HINDUISM ... 146-166 VII. TUKARAM'S PERMANENT PLACE AND IN- " FLUENCE 168 185 (1) His Influence among His Countrymen 169-179 (2) Tukiiriim's Permanent Place m Religion 179-185 vm. TUKARAM'S LEADING RELIGIOUS IDEAS ... 186-213 " (1) God and His Relation to the World ... 187-190 (2) God's Relation to H1s Worshippers .. 190-193 (3) Sin 193-194 (4) The Means of Salvation ... 194-198 (5) The Obstacles to Salvation 198-199 (6) The Rehgiou1, Life 199-202 (7) The Moral Ideal 202-206 (8) The Samts ... 206-208 (9) Duty towardi; Animal!. 209-210 (10) Reincarnation and the State after Death ... 210-213 B X CONTENTS Chap. IX, TUKARAM'S EXPERIENCE OF BHAKTI RELI-- GION ... 214-231 X. IS TUKARAM'S RELIGION ADEQU,.,.,,_'E FOR " TODAY? ,., 232-268 APPENDIX I. HINDU AVATARAS AND THE CHRISTIAN INCARNATION ... 269-273 II, VERBAL PARALLELS BETWEEN TUK.A- " RAM AND THE NEW TESTAMENT , •. 274-278 III. TUKARAM'S ALLEGED INDEBTEDNESS " TO CHRISTIANITY 279-.ze~ IV. ADDITIONAL NOTES 286-295 " V. BIBLIOGRAPHY 296-298 " INDEX OF' ABHANGS' 299-302 AUTHORS 302-304 " SUBJECTS 305-323 " ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 1. The View From Dehii, Tukilralll's Birthplace 5 2, V1thob1i of Pal].Q.harpii.r 53 3. Mabipati, The Biographer of Tukaram 70 4. Samples of Mahipati's Handwriting 74 5. Image of J1jiibi.i (or A.va!ibai), Tukara.m's Wife, now Worshipped at DehU 87 6, The River Indrayai;,.i where Tuk!lram threw his Poems and where he ' disappeared ' I 05 7. A Page of Santaji TeJi Jaganai;ie's MS. of Tukariim's Abhaiigs 122 8. A Sample of what is claimed to be Tukaram's Handwriting 127 9. The Takpifkyrt (Imitation) Vithoba at PaI,1· Q.harpUr... 156 10. Baburao Hari DevaQ.ikiir of Pai:u;iharpUr, a Blind 'Handas' (Preacher) and 'Warkari' who knows Tukaram's thousands of A bhaiigs by heart 170 11. Temples on the River Bank at Pai;iQ.harpiir... 229 12, A K1rtan Band such as Tukaram led .. , 276 FOREWORD Saint Tukiiriim bas so deeply entered the soul of the people of Mabariishtra that the attempt made by Mr. Edwards and the late Mr. Fraser in tb1s book on the hfe, tea(:hings and influence of th1s saint deserves to be cordially welcomed by those who work for India's good and greatness. In these days when more than ever before 1t has become necessary for the Ea~t and the West to grasp each other's bands rn the spint of brotherhood and promote the world's peace, we can only serve that end by findmg the tbrobbmgs of that spirit in each country''! poets and samts that have been. Of no country 1s that true more than of India; and of the poets who were also saints and who have more than anyone else striven to give her, and through her to the world, the best of thoughts and hfe, the poet~saints of Maba:rasbtra appeal to us peculiarly by their directness and sturdiness of teaching and life. Dnyineshwar1 Niimdev, Eknath and last but not least of all, Tukarim, the subject of the followmg pages-to name but a few and those few who are familiar as hou!lehold words in Mabarasbtra-are the glory of the Maratha race ; and of these Tukaram is the most popular. Nearly sixty years ago the late Sir Alexander Grant,1 then Principal of Elphmstone College, Bombay, read a paper on Tuka­ riim as a poet of Maharashtra at a meeting of the Bombay Branch of the Royal A.s1at1c Society w1tb a view to acquaint Europeans with the character of the saint's teachings. A few years later the late Rev. Dr. Murray MitchelJ,i of the Free Church of Scotland, published a pamphlet, giving bis (Dr. Mitchell's) view, from the Christian standpoint, of the religious principles taught by Tukatam and the influence his teachings had Oil his people. Both these attempts to interest Europeans and Americans in the saint's worth aod work were but of a fragmentary character. Rev. Dr. Macnicol of Poona/ who has made it for years his life's mission to live and move amoog the people of the Mabiirii.sbtra country and whose genuine sympathies for those people have endeared him to a large number of tbem, bas brought more close to tbe Europeao mind the beauty of Tukli.rim's saintliness by a sweet rendering ioto English verse of some of the hymns of the saillt, These, read by the light of the Wilson Philological Lectures of the late Mr, W.
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