Special Libraries, October 1981

San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks

Special Libraries, 1981 Special Libraries, 1980s

10-1-1981

Special Libraries, October 1981

Special Libraries Association

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1981

Part of the Cataloging and Metadata Commons, Collection Development and Management Commons, Information Literacy Commons, and the Scholarly Communication Commons

Recommended Citation Special Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, October 1981" (1981). Special Libraries, 1981. 4. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1981/4

This Magazine is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Libraries, 1980s at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Special Libraries, 1981 by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected].

ISI/ISTPCD" (Index to Scientific & Technical Proceedings & Books) ISINSTP&B solves the difficult problem of locating articles published in proceedings and multi-authored books. The only multidisciplinary online data base to scientific proceedings and books, it will cover 10,000 proceedings (from books and journals) which appear in the printed Index to Scientific & Technical Proceedingsg, plus over 2,000 books (including annual review series). And all items will be indexed at the chapter level. Publications from 1978 to the present will be covered, and each month 300 new proceedings and books will be added. ISI/ISTP&B may be searched by article title; authorleditor; author's corporate affiliation; conference title, location, date; s onsor, book and series title; journal title; publisher; anJsubjei-to name a few. Covering virtually every scientific and technical discipline, ISI/ISTP&B will make our retrospective and current awareness searching, bib- Kographic verifications, and acquisitions fast, easy, and comprehensive.

ISI/CompuMath provides access to the core literature in the fields of mathematics, computer science, statistics, and operations research. Nearl 300 journals and multi- authored books will be covereJfrom 1976 to the present. The user-friendly ISI/CompuMath s stem will provide users with a unique new search capagility-research front specialties. Research front specialty searching permits you to enter a code number (found in the thesaurus) for a highly s ecific research front, and you'll receive a bibliography otrelevant articles which cite the core papers of the specialty. And ISI/CompuMath is only one art of a comprehensive package of information services for these disciplines. Also ~ncludedin thelSI/CompuMath subscription are a monthly current awareness edition of Current ContentP which reproduces tables of contents from recently-published journals and books; and an annual index featuring author, subject, and citation indexes. There will be a fee for workshops on how to use these IS1 data bases, but you may attend FREE of charge simply by placing your reservation today. Just complete and mail the coupon now.

...... Please place my FREE reservation for a workshop descr~bing: 0 ISI/ISTP&BTM IS1/CompuMa th '" And send me your FREE brochures about: 0 ISINSTP&B ISI/CompuMath

ADDRESS

CITY STATVPROVINCE COUNTRY

ZIP/POSTAL CODE PHONE

BBBQlnstitutefor Scientific InformationS 3501 Market Street. Unlverslty C~tySclence Center, Phlladelphla, Pennsylvania 19104 U S A Telephone 1215) 386-0100. Cable SCINFO. Telex 84-5305 /TI€ BUSINESS IDEX 3 The most comprehensive index to recent and current information of interest to the decision makers in business The BUSINESS INDEX database includes more than five times the coverage of any other reference work. We provide: w Cover to cover indexing of more than 325 business periodicals, with abstracts, plus w The Wall Street Journal w Barrons w The New York Times Financial Section and selected relevant articles w Business articles from more than 1,000 general and legal periodicals Business books and reports from LCMARC Every month you receive a new cumulation for the ROM COM Terminal that we include with your subscription. To see the BUSINESS INDEX in action, or To arrange a demonstration, or To attend a seminar, or 0 For more information. . . CALL TOLL FREE

In California call COLLECT (41 5) 367-71 71 Information Access is the publisher of The National Newspaper Index. rn The Magazine Index, The Business Index, NEWSEARCH: The Daily Online Index, The Legal Resource Index and The Current Law Index. IAC 1s a Zlff-Dam Company

october 1981 Every library has a set of unique information objectives. That's why DATALIB, an automated library system from Sigma Data, is designed to respond to the objectives you set. The more specific, the better. You get information control benefits only an integrated library system like DATALIB can offer. It's the one system for users who demand the utmost in automated information resource management. Whatever your applications, DATALIB gives you flexibility in meeting your requirements. Whether you require the complete package or any of the stand-alone modules, DATALIB addresses every management need: Acquisitions Cataloging On-line Retrieval Book Catalogs Circulation And as powerful as DATALIB is, you'll be glad to know how easy it is to learn and use. What's more, you can install DATALIB in-house, or access it through Sigma Data's service center. DATALIB. There's no limit to what it will do for you. Because it lets you set the limits. Complete the coupon, or call (301) 984-3636 and ask about DATALIB. /------\ / YES! Show me how I can meet my information objectives \ with DATALIB. ( ) Send me DATALIB literature. I ( ) Have the DATALIB librarian call me Computing Corp. I Name I i Title i I 551 5 Security Lane Library I Rockville, Maryland 20852 Address I Telephone: (301) 984-3636 I I City StateZip I

Much more than an automated library system special libraries OCTOBER 1981 VOLUME72, NUMBER4 ISSN 0038-6723 SPLBAN

Letters 36 1 Author Indexing Virgil P. Diodato Decision-making Processes for Information Managers 3 70 Bibliographic Instruction in Margaret K. Park Business Libraries Judith M. Pask Decision Support Systems in Libraries Allan J. Heindel and H. Albert Napier Online Bibliographic Services Susan Weiss Selling the Business Library Grace M. Pertell 390 Cooperation Among Special Libraries Electronic Mail Has a Future at the International Level in the Library Paul Kaegbein and Renate Sindermann Robert J. Veenstra

Is There a Future for the End User On the Scene in Online Bibliographic Searching? Sylvia Faibisoff and Jitka Hurych SLA 1981 Salary Survey Update The Government Library as a Community Resource Actions of the Board and Bev Tyson Cabinets. 1981 Annual Conference

405 Management Education for Librarians

406 Staff Development Publisher: DAVIDR. BENDER Editor: NANCYM. VIGGIANO 408 Reviews Assistant Editor: DORISYOUDELMAN Advertising Sales: DOROTHYE. SMITH Circulation: FREDERICKBAUM 412 Pubs

Specid Libraries is published by Special Libraries Association, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003 (2121477-9250). SLA Directory Quanerly: January, April, July, October. Annual index in Octo- Officers, Committees, ber issue. Representatives O Copyright 1981 by Special Libraries Association. Mate- rial protected by this copyright may be photocopied for the noncommercial purpose of scholarship or research. Second class postage paid at New York, N.Y., and at additional lndex to Advertisers offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Special Libraries Association, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10003.

Annual lndex october 1981 3A CCMy colleagues and I have just completed an extensive critical examination of the new Academic American Encyclopedia. Please accept our compliments on a first-class job of encyclopedia-making.I was especially impressed by the set's unusually high degree of currency, the easy and efficient manner in which the contents are accessed, the plentiful and intelligently prepared bibliographies, and the many colorful and informative visuals. It is clear after careful review that the Academic American is an innovative, forward-looking encyclopedia which has the wherewithal to become a major presence in the reference and information field in the 1980s. I can also tell you that the Academic American will be highly recommended in the forthcoming revised edition of Encyclopedia Buying Guide (Bowker, 3d ed., 1981).33 R&F/*Kcnncth F Kist~ Enc.v~.lr,ptdioL(ovr,,g Grrrdc Thousands of schools and public libraries across Anier~cahaw dread>-ordered. Shouldn't thc Academic Amerlcanl"be in your 11hra1.y'For a free dr~nonstrat~~~n.contact our Sales L)epaltnrent ,ti Areti. Publ~sh~ngCompany, Inc . 101 Collegc Road East. Prinwton, NJ 08540 1609)452-8090.

AcademicEncyclopedia American

Subscription Rates: Nonmembers, USA $36.00 per Special Libraries Association assumes no responsibil- calendar year includes the quarterly journal, Special ity for the statements and opinions advanced by the Libraries, and the monthly newsletter, the contributors to the Association's publications. SpeciaList; add $5.00 postage for other countries Instructions for Contributors appears in Special including Canada. Special Libraries is $12.00 to Libraries 72 (no. 2):193 (Apr 1981). A publications members, the SpeciaList is $3.00 to members, catalog is available from the Association's New York included in member dues. Single copies of Special offices. Editorial views do not necessarily represent Libraries (1 98 1 - ) $9.00; single copies of SpeciaList the official position of Special Libraries Association. $1.00. Membership Directory (not a part of a Acceptance of an advertisement does not imply subscription) is $20.00. endorsement of the product by Special_.Lmies--A.w Back Issues & Hard Cover Reprints (1910-1965): Association. Inquire Kraus Reprint Corp., 16 East 46th St., New York, N.Y. Microfilm & Microfiche Editions (1910 Indexed in: Book Re@w Index. Business Periodicals to date): Inquire University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Microforms of the current year are available only to current subscribers to the original. Changes of Address: Allow six weeks for all changes to become effective. All communications should include both old and new addresses (with ZIP Codes) and should be accompanied by a mailing label from recent issue. Members should send their communications to thb SLA Membership Department, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003. Membership Nonmember Subscribers should send their communications to the SLA Circulation Department, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003. DUES. Member or Associate Member $55; Claims for missing issues will not be allowed if student ~~~b~~ $1 2.00; ~~~i~~d~~~b~~ received more than 90 days from date of mailing plus the time normally required for postal delivery of the $I0; Sustaining Member $250; issue and the claim. No claims are allowed because of $500; Patron $1,000. failure to notify the Membership Department or the Circulation Department (see above) of a change of address, or because copy is "missing from files."

4A special libraries Please

be seated- to load, omrate, view

Dukane's new Model 27A66 film handling, loading and all Microform Reader controls conveniently reached from the viewing position . . . is convenience engineeM! eye-level screen for comfortable I viewing. Please be seated and enjoy these Model 27A66 benefits: The 27A66 projects 35mm and quality optics and controlled 16mm roll film with either manual illumination to give desired eye or motorized film drives. It also comfort. . . highly visible instruc- offers the option of projecting tions to make operation easy, microfiche or aperture cards. even for the first time user. . .

. .. Next to its tasteful styling and troublefree performance, the economical price and minimal operating costs are appealing, too! Covered by Dukane's one-year warranty on parts and labor. UL approved. For added information, contact us or your local authorized Dukane micrographics dealer.

b DUKANE DUKANE CORPORATION/ AUDIO VISUAL DIVISION/ I DEPT. SL- 1O/ST. CHARLES, IL 60174 The latest edition of the most up-to-date, economical data base reference guide is now available. Users! The Directory of Online Information Resources, 8th Edition The Directory covers over 300 of the most popular and useful online data bases available in the United States. Widely recognized as a standard reference in its field, it is regularly consulted by thousands of individuals and organizations using data base resources. The Eighth Edition offers: concise descriptions of each data base, including coverage, file size, unit record, producer, vendors, and pricing information complete subject and vendor indexes addresses and phone numbers of all producers and vendors The Directory of Online lnformation Resources expands with each semi-annual edition. Therefore, a two-year $48.00 subscription represents a 35% savings, based on the current single-copy price, and a time-saving investment for the future.

VlSA and MasterCard accepted.

To: CSG Press 11301 Rockville Pike Kensington, MD 20895 Phone 301-881-9400 Send us copy(ies)of the eighth 0 Entersubscription(s) to the Direc- edition of the Directory of Online Informa- tory of Online Information Resources at tion Resources at $1 8.50 each (single copy $48.00 each. Subscriptionscover 2 years(8th orders must be accompanied by payment or edition through 11th edition). credit card charge) or: U VlSA 0 MasterCard 0 A check for $ is enclosed. Card No. U Bill us (subscription only) Expiration Date

Name Posltion

Organ~zatinn Addrrss

c tY Stdte ZIP 6A special libraries all of its ramifications, but we are also aware LETTERS that daily routines may often entail work which may not be, strictly speaking, professional. Yet, it is our responsibility to maintain the professional milieu which Janice Defining Professionalism Holladay does so effectively in her article. Your January issue [SL 72 (no. 1) 19811 has Perhaps professionalism is a concept which two articles which are of special interest to needs to be defined in depth. Certainly this me: Small Libraries: Keeping the Professronal is true for the beginner in SLA. Posztion Professional [by Janice Holladay] and lnternship Programs in Specral Libraries [by Ron Sherry Terzian Coplen and Muriel Regan]. At one time I, Mental Health Information Service too, had hoped that my program would be, Neuropsychiatric Institute, UCLA as the authors of the latter article state in Los Angeles, Calif. their subtitle, "a mutually beneficial experience for librarian and student." My aim was Authors' Reply to drill into the students the professionalism The authors agree with Sherry Terzian that was inherent in me dating back to my that there is "no experience like work expe- Columbia days and enhanced by all my SLA rience to become a true professional" and an activities in the Southern California Chap- internship must by definition be work and ter, as well as some national committees. experience. True, none of us particularly I encountered some interesting reactions like to do some of the routine tasks which to professionalism per se in the course of my we must do, but we do know it is part of the program. Initially, it was called the SPA job. program, the SPA being the designation for An internship should be designed to the Student Professional Assistants in the make the student aware that it is part of the California State system receiving field work job-but only part of the job. There must be a experience in the various disciplines. These "clear understanding" with evaluations and 50 students were carefully selected from the grades to make it worthwhile. There must local library schools, personally supervised be supervision because they are students. by me, and well paid. They were exposed to But if all concerned (student, librarian, and all of the activities described by the authors library school) begin the internship with in the SL January issue, and they were the same parameters, a professional manner encouraged to correlate all of their work and attitude will evolve, and it will be a experiences with their various and sundry "mutually beneficial experience for librar- courses in library school. My own feeling ian and student." In the context of these has always been that there is no experience statements, the authors have had no bad like work experience to become a true experiences with interns, only good ones. professional. The students were basically students. I Ron Coplen anticipated supervision-after all, what is a Harcourt Brace Javonovich Library training program for?-but not the kind of Muriel Regan monitoring that, in effect, had to come Rockefeller Foundation Library about. I see now that if there were to be a New York, N.Y. clear understanding between the library school and the student that what is to be offered is professional field work experi- Computer Software Workshop ence, it would clarify the relationship, in fact formalize it, with evaluations and A. J. Neumann of the Institute for grades. Possibly what one is apt to overlook, Computer Science and Technology, Na- in the zeal for professionalism, is that we, tional Bureau of Standards, is organizing a too, were once students and were subjected workshop on computer software documen- to the discipline of courses and all that it tation standards and guidelines, to be held entails. at the NBS site in Gaithersburg, Md., on Mar What was disconcerting, however, was 3, 1982. In addition to invited speakers, the students' reluctance to handle various Neumann plans to have discussants, critical routine work in the name of professional- evaluators, reviewers of papers, and panels. ism! Certainly as SLA members, we are all He would like to involve all elements of the much concerned about professionalism in library and information community in this octoher 1981 workshop, to get cross-disciplinary input of Stumped experiences in indexing, abstracting, and Our library has been stumped by a certain document description. request for information. About fifteen years I have agreed to survey library and infor- ago a man in our organization dealt with a mation groups that I thought might have an private company located in a small town in interest in this topic. If your group or some the Midwest which maintained a library of of its members have an interest in such areas manuals for old industrial and scientific as classification schemes for software appli- laboratory equipment. It published a catalog cations, abstracting of program descriptions, listing its holdings, and if an individual adequate definitions, and unique, meaning- wanted to order a manual for a particular ful data description terminology, please piece of equipment, the company would contact me. I need suggestions for partici- supply a copy for a fee. pants in discussions, panels, or critical eval- We have contacted various scientific, uations. engineering, and instrumentation agencies, For further information, I can be reached but none of them are aware of the organiza- at the National Bureau of Standards Library, tion I described. If any readers of Special Admin. E106, Washington, D.C. 20234 (301 / Libraries have any information regarding 921-3405). such an organization, we would appreciate Patricia W. Berger hearing from them. We are not interested in Library and Information obtaining any particular manuals from any Services Division particular vendors, but we would like to National Bureau of Standards find out what happened to the organization Washington, D.C. 20234 in question. If it still exists, we would like to find out how to contact them. Stefanie Mendell Immigration Information Philip Morris Research Center P. 0. Box 26583 After a quarter century of SLA member- Richmond, Va. 23261 ship in the Science-Technology Division, I have developed an avocational interest which I do not recognize as being represented in any other Division. This new interest is in historical demography. Library Automation? Through it, I have become acquainted with numerous professional genealogists. I do ILlAS Is The Answer not find genealogy, either, represented To A Total Service among SLA Divisions; perhaps its own special library network does not need SLA, Monographs although that is something to wonder On-line MARC II cataloging about. Professional cataloging to your specs My reason for writing is in search of On-line, book, COM and card catalogs certain demographic information. I find no Journal data U.S. immigration figures before 1820. I esti- On-line or printed catalogs of mate these numbers (in thousands) of immigrants per decade: one (thousand)for the ten library holding, binding, personal years preceding 1630, 1640/2,1650/2, 16601 subscription and routing data 3, 167014, 168015, 169016, 170017, 171018, Binding and routing slips 1720/10, 1730113, 1740116, 1750119, 17601 Union lists for multi-location systems 24, 1770129, 1780136, 1790144, 1800154, Private Files 1810167, 1820182. The 1830 figure, for On-line data base management immigrants arriving 1820-1829, is 128 from for report or special collections official records. I would welcome any Simplified input format easily comment upon my estimates, but particu- adapted to your needs larly. any . citation of actual data, which I have been unable to uncover INFORONICS, INC. Gilbert S. Bahn 550 Newtown Rd. Littleton, MA 01460 615 Brandywine Dr. 61 7/486-8976 Newport News, Va. 23602 special libraries ,------1 " tiple keyword searching ca- I The Source 9 pability. It provides timely I SOURCE LIBRARY SERVICES investment and business I Department LLS-10 the librarians?information. It includes I 1616 Anderson Road, Information on Demand, the McLean, Virginia 22102 electronic New York Times Consumer Data Base, airline schedules, Pleasesend me comprehensive information on Source information games, educational programs Library Services. I understand and much, much more. You I am under no obligation. can even create and store Your staff and patrons can your own information pro- Name (please print clearly) now gain access to over 1,000 grams on The Source to information and communica- streamline library operations. tion services through Source And your subscription will Address Library service^.^^ THE also include Source Mail,TM an advanced electronic City/State/Zip SOURCESMrequires no pro- -We need The Source for gramming knowledge and can message system. more than one location. Please be accessed through most To receive more informa- contact us with quantity dis- standard data terminals, micro- tion on The Source's extensive count information. computers, or communicating services and low cost, call THE SOURCE is a service mark ol Source Telecomputing Corporation, word processors. Source Library Services at I a subsidiary of The Reader's Digest The Source can scan the 1-800-323-1718, and ask for I Association. Inc. UP1 news service with a mul- Operator 27. In Illinois, L------J phone 1-800-942-8881, Operator 27. Or, mail us the coupon at right. NOW ONLINE! BOOKS IN PRINT - AMERICAN MEN AND WOMEN OF SCIENCE ULRICH'S INTERNATIONAL PERIODICALS DIRECTORY Maximize resources while saving time and money...

Online access is now available initially through Bibliographic Retrieval Services (BRS) to the databases of three of the most frequently consulted Bowker reference books in your library. Employing these databases will provide currency, speed, and accuracy at each step of your reference, research, and acquisitions process.

special libraries BOOKS--- IN PRINT Updated monthly, the Book\ in Print database pro\~dcbaccess to current data on over 660,000 b~bl~ogrdph~centrles of nh~ch60,000 are Forthcom~ngBook, up to s~xmonths In adiance of puhl~cat~onand 40,000 t~tlesdeclared out ot prmt by publrshers smce Jul) 1979 All entr~esare class~t~edunder more than 80,000 L~brary of Congress subject head~ngs,5mrs head~ngsfor c h~lclrcns books and paperbound head~ngs,where appropr~at(' The BIP database tan be searthcid h\ author, t~tle,publ~sher, subject as well as any comb~nat~on ot thtw and other b~bl~ograph~celements In a matter of seconds, you can perform complex warchc. \%h~chik~uld take man) hours to complelt, manuall) Ansners to queries for reference, rescwch and a( qulslt~on, purposes w~llbe at your f~ngert~ps

AMERICAN MEN AND WOMEN OF SCIENCE This most comprehensive d~rectoryot its kind provides full biographies of 130,500 U.S. and Canadian scientists active in 65 disciplines. Online access to this database allows location of desired information more quickly than before and greatly facilitates more specialized and moresexhaustive searches. In seconds you can locate scientists by university, degree year, scient~ficdisc ipl~nc,,research interests, residence, honors and awards, as well as by other criteria.

ULRICH'S INTERNATIONAL PERIODICALS DIRECTORY Tho ijlric 11'5 databaw, which includes Irrc~gularSerial5 di)dA~~ntials,is a unique and comprehensive source of ~nlormationon pt.riod~tals and serials published throughout the world. It provide, IOL,000 complc.te bibliographic cltatlons, covering 05,000 periodicals and 38,500 serials, annuals, corltin(cations, and confcwnce protrrdmgs-all organ~zecl under 385 subject headings and updated monthl\. ('ontact, bu)~ngand ordering intormalion, subjet t coverage, advertising data, and circulation tlfiurt'\ lor ~c ~ILC't3ntrlc>s art, wpplied to make profiling for subscr~pt~ons,advertising and P.R. li5t (omlxl~t~onqu~c k anti easv. Alw included is a listing of morv than 10,000ceaseti t~tlesfrom 1974on.

FCI~".c.rc, BOWKER ~ntcmnat~on,contact. mmc R.R. Bowker Company Marketing Department INFORMATION 1180 Avenueof the Americas = New York, NY 10036 -mh- SERVICES -- --=

october 1981 Give your library a worldwide reach with the world's biggest online retrieval system.

The scope of Dialog circles the world. It's Dialog also provides a powertul but sim- in Australia, China, Europe, Japan, Latin l>lesearch language, exc-ellent tr

"Simplicity of arrangement and ease of use make Business Periodi- cals lndex appropriate for general public and undergraduate usage. In Business addition, the coverage of subjects and journals is broad enough to Periodicals make it eq~rryexcellent forgradu- ate studies. In light of the high Index standards of the Wilson tradition, BPI should undoubtedly be the first choice for a business index." KEFEK- Published Since 1958 ENCE SERVICES REVIEW (JanIMar '81 )

Business Periodicals Index now indexes 264 important business periodicals. Soon it will indexeven more. After careful evaluation by consultants with specialized business expertise, a voting list that includes more than 450 business periodical titles representing nearly 30 business subject fields will be sent to subscribers in the fall. The result: complete indexing of and easy access to even more business information. Another reason Business Periodicals lndex continues to be the first choice for a business index.

Published monthly except August, with quarterly cumulations and permanent bound annual cumulations. Sold on the service basis rate.

For more information, please write to: The H. W. Wilson Company 950 University Avenue, Bronx, New York 10452 Preservation

r old document /Encapsulation Hollinger's preservation/encapsulation materials provide a safe, permanent method for preserving and protecting valuable one-sheet documents. Both sides of the document can be read when encapsulated, making this method suitable for both storage and display. This simple. easy-to-use preservation method was developed by the Library of Congress. The document is placed between two sheets of polyester film. using the alignment grid for centering. Double-coated tape holds the polyester film together outside the document's dimen- 2. GIW~t eben th~\ rough treatment' sions. Thus the document is protected against air. dirt and handling, yet no damage is inflicted on the document itself. If necessary, the polyester film can be removed and the document re-encapsulated. Send for information and instruction sheet to Archival Products Dept.

HOLLINGER CORPORATION 3. kxument rrmaln\ wt'e & protected 3x10 South Four M~lcRun Dr~vc P 0 Box 61x5 Arlmeton. L'A 2220fI (703l67146OO INSIDE INFORMATIONTM is a new service of Herner and Company INSIDE INFORMATION'" is an extension of an activity we have been conducting for more than 26 years on behalf of government and selected private-sector clients. Specifically, we process your in-house manual files for on-line searching via your own computer or a commercial vendor such as Lockheed DIALOG. We are now converting private files for several Fortune 500 firms. How about your firm's files? Contact Ruthann Bates at (703) 558-8220. HERNER&COMPANY 1700 North Moore Street, Suite 700, Arlington, Virginia 22209

14A specia 1 libraries TECH-NETTM: 8-million pages of engineering information instantly within your reach. . .

From Information Handling Services You spend only minutes instead of hours in comes TECH-NET - a new, on-line, your searches - a savings in money as well. interactive search service that gives you TECH-NET references our VSMF@ microform access to: data bases, highly respected sources of More than 24,000 vendor catalogs, current and extensive'technical information. including a table of contents for each Or you can use TECH-NET to obtain catalog, vendor name listings, home specific pages of data in printed form office locations and telephone through a companion service - Documents- numbers, sales office locations and on-Request. Another savings: space. With telephone numbers. TECH-NET you eliminate the need of ac- A comprehensive collection of US. quiring and storing this mass of data in hard Military Specifications and Standards, copy. If you already have a computer termi- retrievable by document numbers, nal, TECH-NET is easily within your grasp. In document titles and subject. any event, call us for details. We'll be happy Over 91 % of the world's most com- to answer questions or send you complete monly used standards, including US.. information about TECH-NET and VSMF. national, and international standards. Call 1-800-525-7052.ext. 360. In Colorado. No special skills or complicated language call 779-0600, ext. 360. are required for this simplified search system.

% Information Handling Services An lnd~anHead Company october 1981 what?

a research project .. . and it's needed now? no problem. go online

International management and administrative information for decision makers. . . accessible online in a matter of minutes. For more details, return the handy coupon below. . . or call toll-free 8001626-2823.

produced by DATA COURIER, INC., 620 South Fifth St., Louisville. KY 40202 U.S.A. Phone: 5021582.41 11 Toll-Free- 8001626-2823 Telex. 204235

I I Dept. RC-53 I DATA COURIER, INC., 620 So. Fifth St., Louisville, KY 40202 U.S.A. I! !I 1 17 Send free info about ABIIINFORM and the ABIIINFORM User Guide. I I i Send free "Getting Acquainted With Online" booklet. I I Send ABI/INFORM Journals List and Article Retrieval order information, I I I I Name I I Organization I I Address I I I I I

16A special libraries I I I Technical translations of I I I all

I I I I I I I I

mi%jh AUrv cmwnw. INr Technical Translators I I 2102 Rio Grande Austin, Texas 78705 I I I 512-472-6753 FAX 512-477-6671 Let us put our translation servies to wo* for wu.

QUALITY: Ralph McElroy's translation process insures highest quality translations. This is how we do it. Your work is first translated by an experienced translator in the appropriate field, then edited by an expert in that field, retyped, carefully proofread, corrected and then sent to you. TURNAROUND TIME: We deliver most translations within eight to ten days. Rush service is available at same rates. Our Panafax MV 1200 (compatible with most analog faxes), Federal Express, etc. are recommended for fastest service. Call our FAX number below. COMPETITIVE RATES: Our experience allows us to keep our rates competitive. 5Y4 cents per word for most Western languages. Oriental and others are 6Y4 cents per word. Rates for English into foreign languages are available upon request. SEARCHING DEPARTMENT: years of experience enable our searching staff to find articles and patents that are often difficult to find. Usually, only a phone call is needed and our staff will do the rest-from finding the source document, obtaining a copy and returning the finished translation to you.

THE JbjJh ,/ZlrUrVCOMPANY. wc. Technical Translators 2102 Rio Grande Austin, Texas 78705 5124724753 FAX 512477671 accwzr to vital

' Ei's main products and derivatives

Ei Monthly, Annual Today, you can't afford to mlss news of Important technical developments in your field. Nor can you afford the time to read every publicat~onpresenting the results of vital research in engineering and related disciplines of science and management ENGINEERING INDEX, INC. (El) provides swift, reliable access to this information-covering the entire engineer- tng spectrum, in a variety of forms, frequencies and fields. For nearly a century Ei has been creatmg abstracts (accurate representations) of material published In over 3,000 sources, and considered by ~tsedttors to be of sig- energy n~ficantinterest and lasting research value. The total data base now contatns over TWO MILLION abstracts-an mvaluable source for both current and retrospectwe information retrieval. If or~ginalsource documents are not ava~lablelocally, copies of most can be obta~nedthrough Eng~neeringSoc~eties Library in New York Ctty. Depending on your requirements, abstracts can be obtained.. . In printed, computer-readable (including on-ltne) or microform yearly and monthly in the speciahzed fields of ENERGY anti BIOENGINEERING For libraries, eng~neeringorganizations, research groups, universities, governmental agencies, etc., the Engineer~ng Index series of publca!ions provide maximum technical awareness at a mintmum cost in time and money. 1381 EI Monthly $990 00 (U S Canada Mexlco) $1090 00 (forergn) 1980 EI Annual $495 00 (U S Canada Mexco) $545 00 (fore~gn)Cornb~natlon Prce $1 200 00 (U S Canada Mex~co)$1 320 00 (fore~gn) Call or write for sample coples of Ei products- and further information. Engineering Index, lnc. 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 2121644-7615 N.Y. State; 800122 1- 1044 elsewhere

octohcr 1981 PAIS...a database of surprising depth and vematility With a name like Public Affairs Information Service, you would expect us to have strong coverage of public policy and political science. And we have.

But you may be surprised to know that we cover a wide range of other subject areas, such as:

.Business .International law .Economics .Sociology .Statistics .Government/business relations

In fact, we cover just about every subject that has to do with people and their social, political, and economic activities.

Just as importantly, PAlS doesn't cover journal articles only. Mono- graphs, trade books, government documents, directories, and year- books are also included in the database. And coverage is worldwide because the database is the online version of both the PAlS Bulletin and the PAlS Foreign Language Index.

So-next time you're online and the subject has anything to do with people interacting with people (and their institutions and businesses) try the PAlS database.

You may be quite pleasantly surprised!

For more information, write or phone: Public Affairs Information Service 11 West 40th Street New York, N.Y. 10018 (212) 736-6629 The PAlS database is available through Lockheed DIALOG and BRS

special libraries The Biochemical Information Solution: BIOSISICAS SELECTS

O ALLERGY 8 ANTIALLERGY 1 G BIOCHEMISTRY OF FERMENTED FOODS BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS n CANCER IMMUNOLOGY C ENDORPHINS G GERIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY IHISTOCHEMISTRY 8 CYTOCHEMISTRY 3 IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS 3 INTERFERON L3 MAMMALIAN BIRTH DEFECTS 0 PEDIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY PLANT GENETICS 3 SCHIZOPHRENIA ;1 TRANSPLANTATION

october 1981 19A How can Citibase provide you with an Economic Data Base at such low cost?

We sell only- Data.

A subscription to Citibank's Economic Database (Citibase) gives you access to the full range of U.S. economic variables prepared, maintained and used by Citibank's own Economics Department. The data are available as needed-without expensive models, programs or computer systems. This makes it economically feasible to experiment with a large number of economic variables for current business analysis, economic fore- casting or market research. Documentation follows recommended A.L.A. standards. Citibase is accessible through many time-sharing services, which provide software for its use. Or, for in-house operations, the data are available on a machine-readable magnetic tape, compatible with virtually any computer system. r

Mall to ClTlBASE Mail the coupon P.0 Box 5294 FDR Statlon New York, NY 10022 today or call, Jonathan Sheer at (212) 559-8052 for more complete information.

20A special libraries r 1 For man ers who seek a higher leve7 of excellence in azhanging business world. PRACTICAL MARKETING INFORMATION-THE ULTIMATE RESEARCH MANAGEMENT RESOURCE Jeffrey Pope How to Find, Use and Manage It Developed from the author's own experi- Dr. Morton F. Meltzer ence, this book presents techniques for The author, Information Manager of Martin conducting an effective msrket research Marietta Corp., stresses the value of program-packaging the product, planning information management as an organi- the project, testing, the use of research zational function; how to develop the companies, more. 38 illustrations. information manager's role, coordina- 304 pp. I ISBN: 5651-0 i Oct. '81 I$24.95 ting personnel to provide information, NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT much more. STRATEGIES 192 pp I ISBN: 5700-2 I Sept. '81 /$14.95 Frederick D. Buggie JOB DESCRIPTIONS IN New product development often suffers MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES because the business environment John D. Ulery discourages creativity, says the author, The definitive guide to 75 job descriptions who shows how to overcome this barrier. in manufacturing! Covers managerial, su- Buggie offers incisive techniques for pervisory and technical jobs, identifying evaluatina, develooina. ., and ~resentina- function, responsibilities and organization- products diective~y. al relationship. With instructions for pre- 192 pp I ISBN: 5626-X i Nov. '81 i $1 6.95 paring and using job descriptions. 144 pp i ISBN: 571 0-X INOV. '81 i $21.95 COMPENSATION Robert E. Sibson URWICK, ORR ON MANAGEMENT Revised Edition Latham & Sanders In this revised edition of an established The authors examine the management best-seller, a leading authority shows how philosophy of one of the world's most compensation systems are best structured respected consulting firms, Urwick, Orr. and administered, while examining the Here are simple guidelines for manage- enormous changes in our socioeconomic ment procedure. .. that can be applied to any structure in the last 25 years. organlzatlon. 288 pp. i ISBN: 5654-5 I Dec. '81 i $18.95 272 pp. IISBN: 5689-8 I Sept. '81 /$17.95

From AMACOM's Executive Audio Cassette Library .. .newly revised and expanded! APPRAISAL AND CAREER COUNSEL- PRODUCTlVE INTERVIEWING ING INTERVIEW. Donald Faber. 45 min- Specialists in five phases of employee inter- utes ISBN: 9207, $34.95 viewing provide guidelines for building an effective interview program. Professionally THE PROBLEM-EMPLOYEE INTERVIEW. recorded, each cassette is complete with an G.A. Bassett. 60 minutes with manual. ACTION workbook for use with the cassette ISBN: 9202. $34.95 or as an independent interview tool. THE EXIT INTERVIEW. J.R. Hinrichs. 45 minutes with manual. ISBN: 9209. $34.95 THE INTERVIEW. R. F. Valentine. 60-minute cassette with manual. THE INFORMATION INTERVIEW. 60 min- ISBN: 9204 $34.95 utes with manual. ISBN: 921 1. $34.95

Publ~shingD~vis~on of Amer~can Management Associations \ 135 West 50th St. New York, N.Y. 10020 octoher 1981 21A EUROPEAN ACQUISITIONS OUT OF REACH? -

If you've tried everything in your attempts to acquire European publications, D&N (USA) Libraary Services Inc. in Philadelphia can extend your grasp. A division of Dekker & Nordemann B.V of Amsterdam, Holland, D&N is backed by more than 50 years' experience as modern and antiquarian booksellers and subscription agents to libraries world-wide.

Specializing in publications in science, technology, engineeri medicine, economics, business and the humanities, D&N offers US. customers fast, reliable, and com- petitively priced acquisitions from virtually every publisher in Europe, the U.K., Scandinavia, the Middle and Far Easts, Russia and the Slavic countries. Orders are processed at our facilities in Shan- non, Ireland, and shipped via airfreight to the US. on a regular basis, reducing delivery time and handling charges, Invoices are in US. dollars, payable at our bank in New York.

Libraries of all kinds will find D&N1s US. office an ideal source for the supply of any European publications. Let D&N extend your reach.

Books Film Orders Rush/ Reserve Approval Plans Search Service Subscriptions Continuations/Standing Orders Check-in-Service Anti~uarian/Out-of-PrintPublications lnvoices in U.S. Dollars

D&N (USA) Library Services Inc. THE EUROPEAN 48 E. Chestnut Hill Ave.. Phila., Pa. 19118 BOOK CONNECTION 21.5242-4484 TWX:~IO-~~O-I~~~

22A special libraries Decision-making Processes for lnformation Managers

Margaret K. Park

Computing & lnformation Services, Boyd Graduate Stud- ies Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602

Harrison's model of group decision making is described and discussed in terms of its implications for the decisions librarians and other information managers are called upon to make. Attention is given to questions of decision quality and to factors, such as group size, reward and penalty mechanisms, and group norms, which affect decision making within groups. lnformation managers have special responsibilities when it comes to group decision making: improving their own group decision-making skills and processes, removing barriers to effective group decision making, broadening the information resource base they and their clients use in decision making, designing information systems to facilitate decision making, and raising the visibility of the library and information sciences as contributing disciplines to the decision sciences.

roup decision making is on the Whether one believes that group increase at every level in every decision making is better or worse than kind of organization and institu- individual decision making, the fact tion. Teams, task forces, committees, remains that collective choice, wrapped consortia, advisory groups, and coun- in the mantle of ideas like participative cils have become a matter of course. The management, is rapidly becoming a increasing complexity of decisions in- way of life in most organizations: herent in technology-driven change may be a contributing factor. Individu- Too many decisions, too fast, about too als may have sufficient knowledge and many strange and unfamiliar problems. . . . Our institutions are reeling from expertise to make the routine, opera- a decisional implosion. (Alvin Toffler, The tional decisions in most of our organi- Third Wave) zations, but the complex, nonroutine, nonrecurring problems that look to- Group decision making is relatively ward the future usually require collec- new to U. S. organizations and is not tive approaches to decision making. always as successful as one might wish. october 1981 Copyrght o 1981 Specal Llbrartes Assoc~at~on 307 The potential advantages of group deci- and statistics, modeling and simulation sion making-greater knowledge or techniques developed in mathematics information about the problem, more and operations research, and environ- alternatives to consider, better compre- mental and social considerations ob- hension of the decision, greater accep- tained from such fields as law, anthro- tance of the final choice-are often pology, and political science. outweighed or negated by the potential A small but growing group of liabilities-social pressure which si- researchers is beginning to focus lences disagreement and favors consen- attention more broadly on the process of sus, domination by vocal individuals or decision making rather than just the minorities which prevents alternatives decisions or the decision makers. They from being seriously considered, reso- are also beginning to look at the various lution of conflict through compromise individual and social phenomena of or negotiated settlements which results decision-making groups under condi- in decisions of low quality. While these tions of imperfect knowledge and liabilities do, unfortunately, occur far constraints on time and money, using too frequently, they are not necessarily decision criteria based on assumptions intrinsic to group decision making. The of value other than cost-effectiveness. characteristics of effective groups are well known, and positive actions can be The Harrison Model taken to establish productive conditions for effective group decision mak- E. Frank Harrison, in his excellent ing. These same criteria can also be used book on the managerial decision- to diagnose dysfunctional or ineffectual making process (I), presents a general decision-making groups, with a view model as it applies to group decision toward correcting the deficiencies or making for nonroutine, nonrecurring eliminating the causes of impaired decisions with a good deal of uncer- effectiveness. Knowing the mecha- tainty of outcome-the kinds of policy nisms of decision-making processes, the and planning decisions that committees factors affecting the quality of deci- and task forces usually tackle. sions, and the role of information is the Harrison's model consists of six major first, and perhaps most important, step steps, or phases: 1) setting organiza- in producing effective group decisions. tional objectives, 2) searching for alternatives, 3) comparing and evaluating The Decision-making Process alternatives, 4) choosing among alternatives i.e., making the decision, 5) Over the past decade, researchers in implementing the decision, and 6) the decision sciences have placed monitoring and controlling the imple- increased emphasis on viewing deci- mentation. His model also provides for sion making as an integrated, interdis- substantial feedback between steps. Ob- ciplinary phenomenon. No longer is jectives can be revised in light of the decision theory confined to the narrow, search for alternatives; decisions can be restrictive scope of operations research, modified in light of implementation statistical analysis, and strategic plan- experience; new alternatives can be ning which arose from World War 11. identified when implementation The behavioral sciences, as well as the proves unsuccessful. physical and mathematical sciences, are This model is fundamentally one of now making substantial contributions. rational decision making in which the This integrated approach draws on the evaluation and selection of the pre- knowledge of individual behavior from ferred alternative is based upon a psychology, group behavior from soci- perceived advantage accruing to the ology and social psychology, values and decision maker. It assumes that deci- ethics from philosophy, the concepts of sions will be based upon identified utility and probability from economics alternatives and can be judged in terms of stated objectives through use of logi- should be, judged. All of which cal reasoning processes. assumes that the objectives of a group By contrast, nonrational decision can and will be formally stated. Such making refers to decisions which are does not always happen, of course; made without heed for the conse- hidden agendas-hidden objectives- quences, and which may stem from often lurk within a group. such sources as: commitment to a Members of the group may not wish dogma or theory that shuts out relevant to solve a problem, may not wish to data or is inapplicable to the situation; make a decision, or may not wish to education, training, and experience that consider any change to the status quo; prevents attainment of the "whole however, they would probably not be view"; or limited or distorted perspec- willing to state, as their objective, sand- tives resulting from bureaucratic paro- bagging the effort.But whether explicit chialism (2). or implicit, such objectives generally Emotional goals, such as honor, pres- become known to the group through tige, or revenge, may be factors in the behaviors of its members. either rational or nonrational decision making. A decision based on an emotional objective would be quite Setting objectives can provide rational if the consequences were understood and weighed, but a decision the basis for cooperation and based on momentary passion rather the development of good mo- than sober judgment would be nonra- rale among group members. tional. While there may be scant research to substantiate the belief that rational decision-making processes lead to bet- Perhaps of more interest is what ter decisions than do nonrational pro- happens, or fails to happen, when a cesses, it is certainly apparent that writ- group simply does not give attention to ers in the business management field, defining objectives, or does so only at as well as researchers in many support- some later point in the group's life.This ing fields, clearly believe that better failure occurs more often than might be decisions do result when objectives are expected. It is not unusual for someone set and alternatives judged in terms of in a group, after hours or days or even satisfying these objectives. weeks of haggling, to stop discussions cold by asking "just what is it we are Setting Objectives supposed to be doing?" -- - By focusing attention on setting objec- Volumes have been written about tives early in the group decision- setting objectives-Step 1 of Harrison's making process, it should be possible to model. Management by objectives obtain more effective and more effi- (MBO) and all its offspring have been cient decisions. If the objectives of the around for some time. Setting objec- group members prove so incompatible tives can have a decided impact on deci- and irreconcilable that a satisfactory sion making. Objectives can provide the decision is impossible, the effortcan be basis for cooperation and development abandoned early, before scarce funds of good morale among group members, are spent and tempers flare. Perhaps a for example, serving to focus attention group effort was not the best way to on the purpose for which the group was make the decision in the first place. convened. They can serve to identify Perhaps the membership of the group the different and often conflicting was not appropriate. Upon examination goals of individuals or the constituen- of objectives, what may first appear to cies they represent. They serve as the be a technical problem may prove to be criteria against which decisions are, or a policy question. The Search for Alternatives It requires attention to interpersonal - - communications, willingness to learn, Harrison's second stage is the search openness to unfamiliar viewpoints, and for alternatives likely to fulfill the recognition of contributed expertise to objectives. This search may be informal, exploit this broader knowledge base. drawing only upon the opinions of a The defensive, protectionist, and com- few members of the group, or formal, petitive behaviors which sometimes involving a deliberate effort and an surface in mixed groups will prove established methodology for obtaining counterproductive. Consequently, information about possible alterna- some groups would rather accept the tives. lower quality decision limits of an I'd- The breadth of the search domain rather-do-it-myself approach than face and the willingness of the group to the challenges posed by interdisciplin- consider new or novel alternatives can ary groups. greatly affect the quality of the deci- Alternatives need not necessarily be sion. It is known, for example, that considered competitive or mutually lower quality decisions often result exclusive. They can often be combined when the set of alternatives is limited to form even better alternatives. For or the group reaches closure on a single example, when Churchill was pre- alternative early in the deliberations. In sented with the alternatives of a south- fact, a group which adopts or endorses ern assault on Nazi-held Europe from the solution advanced by one of its the Mediterranean or a western assault members or subgroups without judi- from England, he succinctly replied: cious consideration of other alterna- "Or both." Combined alternatives not tives is not performing group decision only extend the list of choices available making at all. Any attempt on the part but also provide an effective way of of an individual or faction to force achieving a win-win solution. adoption of a particular solution should be viewed with concern, if not alarm, at Comparing Alternatives this stage of the process. Cooperation, tolerance, and openmindedness are Step 3 of Harrison's model deals with essential for identifying alternatives. comparing and evaluating alternatives. Conflict or competition at this stage is Drucker points out: "A judgment in counterproductive. which one can only say 'yes' and 'no' is The breadth of the search for alterna- no judgment at all. Only if there are tives will also influence the quality of alternatives can one hope to get insight the resultant decision. A homogeneous into what is truly at stake" (3). group drawn from similar organiza- The desirability of alternatives and tions and backgrounds will, inevitably, their expected outcomes will vary, have a smaller pool of collective knowl- often widely, among participants in a edge than will a heterogeneous group. group. For any given problem, the A group of librarians, for example, with priority rankings assigned to alterna- limited background in automation, will tives may vary within the group, and generally have a smaller pool of collec- different values may be attached to tive knowledge about data processing such factors as risk, uncertainty, than will a group made up of both change, conformity, and even informa- librarians and data processing profes- tion. sionals. Similarly, a group of data The group dynamics involved at the processing professionals can be ex- point of evaluating and comparing pected to have little knowledge of the alternatives are complex and often library sciences. Thus, the more hetero- emotion-laden. It takes a skilled group geneous the composition of the group, leader, along with sensitive and mature the richer the knowledge base is likely group members, to transcend rivalries to be for identifying alternatives. and biases. Unfortunately, few profes-

special lilyfurips sionals outside the social sciences have rison: "Adecision made without imple- had formal training and experience in mentation is merely an interesting small group dynamics. Group skills are abstraction. It is in the implementation important and can make all the differ- phase that the choice moves from the ence in the world between a mediocre intellectual realm to a commitment of and a great group. time, energy, and resources" (1, p. 36). The success or failure of the imple- Choosing Among Alternatives mentation often hinges on the quality, -- quantity, and timeliness of information The fourth stage of Harrison's model disseminated to those affected by or deals with making the decision- responsible for the implementation. making the choice among alternatives. Even the best decision can prove unsat- This stage frequently presents a com- isfactory if not understood, or if misun- plex cognitive problem, particularly in derstood. It is interesting to note that important decisions where the choice perceived involvement in the process of can affect many people, commit sub- decision making and implementation is stantial financial resources, or chart a the key to success, rather than actual course of action from which there may involvement (4). be no reasonable return. Contrary to what has often been Individuals differ widely in their asserted concerning participative man- attitudes toward decision making and agement, people need not actually have its attendant risks, rewards, and respon- participated in the decision making to sibilities. Psychological research tells us accept a decision if they know their that individuals with dominant risk- interests and concerns have been con- avoidance preferences are generally sidered and if they can understand the willing to accept more risk in groups, basis upon which the decision was where the responsibility for the deci- made. Good communications, based on sion can be shared, than they will as accurate and timely information re- individuals. Individuals with a prefer- sources, are critical to the implementa- ence for risk acceptance, on the other tion stages of this decision-making hand, sometimes find the group deci- process model. sion-making processes frustrating or intolerable. They enjoy the excitement The Decision Quality Question of risk; they value the high payoffs that can come with success; and they gener- No universal agreement exists as to ally shrug off any criticism that may what constitutes a best, or even a good, come with failure, the pleasure having decision. For years, the closed decision come with the doing. models of economic theory held sway, Group decision making tends to with the quality of the decision based mediate the effects of risk and uncer- on the maximization of some sought tainty, resulting in decisions with end such as profits, income, physical somewhat higher risk and reward goods, or some form of utility. This potential than is preferred by the more maximization philosophy still domi- conservative members but with lower nates decision making in the world of risk and reward potential than is business and government, with its preferred by the adventurous members. rather narrow focus on cost or cost- effectiveness as the sole criterion for Implementation and Follow-through decision making. There is increasing dissatisfaction The last two stages of Harrison's with this economics-based philosophy, model-implementing the decision partially because its assumptions of and monitoring the progress-provide perfect knowledge of alternatives and the test of the decision and of the deci- their consequences are unrealistic for sion-making process. According to Har- real-world choices and partially be- octoher 1,981 cause it fails to take into account social, and conflict than do groups with low ethical, and environmental consider- degrees of cohesiveness. ations. While some conflict is necessary and The newer models of decision mak- constructive, cooperative groups will, ing espouse the concept of "satisficing" on the average, make better decisions decisions. Under this philosophy, the than groups with extensive interper- best decision will be that alternative, sonal conflict. Conflict resolution strat- among those available, which will lead egies that attempt to reduce stress to the most complete satisfaction of through forced compromise, authoritar- goals and objectives. Likewise, any ian behavior, or majority rule are decision that satisfies the objectives is a usually detrimental to decision quality. good decision. Consensual or unanimous decisions, Groups are often considered to be while significantly more difficult to conservative or poor decision makers achieve, are much more likely to be because the need to arrive at consensus superior to those obtaining only major- may result in a choice at the lowest ity support. Drucker attributes the common denominator. However, cases effectiveness of the Japanese' style of of exceptionally high quality decision decision making to their concentration making by groups, while rare, are not on defining the question and reaching unknown. The Kennedy administra- decisions through consensus (6). tion's handling of the Cuban Missile In terms of Harrison's multistage Crisis in 1962 has become a textbook model, groups are probably superior to case study of effective group decision individuals in setting goals and objec- making. tives because of the greater amount of

Groups can also be more effective than individuals in comparing and evaluating alternatives and in making the choice-provided the conditions for effective group functioning have been met-because of the wider range of critical viewpoints.

Group decision making frequently knowledge available to their combined produces better results than those of the membership. Groups can also be more average individual; yet, it is seldom effective than individuals in comparing better than the best individual (5). In and evaluating alternatives and in fact, a group's superior performance making the choice-provided the con- may result from the efforts of one ditions for effective group functioning superior problem solver. Cases have have been met-because of the wider also been made for the superiority of range of critical viewpoints. However, group decisions made by experts from the search for alternatives requires several fields due to the synergism that individual effort, either by the mem- can result from highly cohesive interac- bers of the group or by individuals tion among group members. Indeed, supporting the group in staff capacities. cohesiveness is probably the single Harrison feels, too, that the implemen- most influential determinant and indi- tation of a choice, once made, must be cator of group effectiveness. Highly accomplished by individual managers cohesive groups work harder, identify who accept personal responsibility for more closely with, and are more enthu- the outcome. Thus, in terms of Harri- siastic about the goals of the group and son's model, groups are potentially exhibit much less internal competition superior to individuals in three of the 312 six steps; individuals are superior in th~so on), especially at the regional, remaining three steps. national, and international levels. Even Since the quality of group decisions those groups which start out at moder- is so heavily dependent upon the effec- ate size-perhaps 10 to 12 members- tiveness and cohesiveness of the group, swell rapidly as other interested parties it is important to look at the factors are added as members or observers. The affecting these two variables and the motivation is clear: group membership actions which can be taken to produce is being used as a means of obtaining optimal conditions for group function- input to the deliberations so all inter- ing. ests are ostensibly represented. It would be much more effective,both for Factors Affecting Group assuring representation of viewpoints Decision Making and improving decision making, if other methods were used to obtain this Entire books have been written on important information. Smaller deci- the factors affecting group behavior. sion-making bodies, coupled with the Each of the factors is, in itself, a use of position papers, hearings, open complex topic, with the complexity forums, and debates, would be much further increased by interactions more effective than these large repre- among the variables. The following sentative bodies. discussion simply skims the surface, Rewards and Penalties-The effects calling attention to some of the major of rewards and penalties are closely tied factors which seem especially relevant to attitudes toward risk and uncertain- to the decisions information managers ty. As noted earlier, individuals vary are called upon to make. considerably in their attitudes toward Group Size-Other things being risk, and these preferences strongly equal, size has an inverse relationship influence the values they accord alter- to group cohesiveness. The larger the natives. While risk acceptance-risk group, the greater the difficulty estab- avoidance behaviors are usually consid- lishing good communications among ered individual traits, the range within the members, achieving common un- which an individual can comfortably derstanding of goals and objectives, and work, vis-a-vis risk and uncertainty, is reaching consensus. As group size situation-dependent. increases, factions and coalitions tend Individuals may be willing to operate to form, often to the detriment of group under conditions of considerably functioning. greater uncertainty in their personal Enlarged group size also tends to lives than in their professional lives, or foster political rather than analytical vice versa. An individual may be will- solutions to disagreement. Centrality ing to make much riskier decisions in and dominant leadership tend to one job than in another. A person increase with group size, as well, which would likely accept a decision with in turn leads to identification and eval- greater risk of failure if the reward uation of fewer alternatives. Opinions system favors the effort and attaches concerning optimal group size vary, but little or no disgrace to failure. However, it is generally felt that a size of five to if rewards are based only on a success- seven members is generally best, with ful end result, and the penalties for effectiveness decreasing as size in- failure are perceived as harsh, then creases beyond that point. even small degrees of risk or uncer- The effectsof group size would seem tainty may be unacceptable. Under such of particular interest and concern to conditions, decision makers, whether librarians and other information pro- individuals or groups, will tend toward fessionals, given the extensive use of choices where the probabilities of both rather large groups (committees, advi- success and failure are zero, that is, sory boards, consortia, task forces, anti toward the choice for no decision at all or for maintenance of the status quo. serious that new or unfamiliar alterna- The reward-penalty mechanisms rep- tives with even modest amounts of resent one of the key differences uncertainty or risk will only be consid- between librarians and data processing ered with reluctance. Obviously, indi- professionals. At the risk of oversim- vidual differences vary widely among plifying and overgeneralizing, it seems professionals in each of these fields. that data processing professionals work Not all data processing people exhibit under the maxim "nothing ventured, risk-acceptance behaviors any more nothing gained" and are quite willing than all librarians exhibit risk-avoid- to explore the unknown under rela- ance behaviors. However, the differ- tively high levels of both risk and ences seem pervasive enough to sug- uncertainty. In fact, the programmer's gest they represent part of the phenom- most commonly used problem-solving enon of group norms for these two technique is probably trial and error. professions. Substantial personal and professional Group Norms-Group norms specify rewards-"satisficers"-are associated the standards of conduct that must, as with being first-first to design a new the price of continued membership, be system, first to solve a particularly chal- subscribed to by the participants. lenging computer hardware problem, Norms are ideas specifying what mem- first to introduce a new product into the bers should do, ought to do, are data processing market, first to publish expected to do, under given circum- research leading to a breakthrough in stances (7). They also dictate what applied technology. members ought not to do. Norms are enforced by group processes such as education, surveillance, warning, disci- The reward-penalty mecha- plinary or rewarding actions, and social nisms represent one of the key pressures. If a deviate does not heed the warning, the group may alienate or differences between librarians even expel the nonconformist. and data processing profes- Group norms are necessary, though sionals. not necessarily sufficient, to achieve cohesiveness, and in this regard they are positive factors. However, they can Failure, on the other hand, tends to also have negative influence when they be dismissed with little or no thought, freeze out objectives, alternatives, or beyond taking note of its value as infor- values of interested individuals or mation concerning what does and does groups. Norms created or adopted by not work. Negative results are routinely the group for purposes of achieving published, along with an analysis of the stated objectives would be highly desir- reasons for the failure. In fact, more able, while norms employed either professional reproach is accorded the consciously or unconsciously for pur- person or group which fails to heed the poses of dictating the choice or decision warning and proceeds blindly down would be highly detrimental to achiev- the same primrose path than is asso- ing the benefits of group decision ciated with the person or group making making. the initial discovery that a particular Group norms may occasionally be method, approach, or product would established by a group after due consid- not work. eration of its objectives and the By contrast, the attitudes toward the processes most favorable to their rewards for innovation and the per- achievement. Rules of procedure, in- ceived consequences of failure seem cluding the rule as to how decisions are almost reversed in the library field, and to be made, could be considered other fields as well. The penalties asso- formally adopted norms. More often, ciated with failure are perceived as so though, members of the group simply special libraries bring to the group whatever norms the decision-making situation alto- they are accustomed to obeying. Conse- gether or find some way to reduce the quently, homogeneous groups tend to complexity to an acceptable level. adopt pre-established norms, while Unfortunately, the most commonly heterogeneous groups may need to give used techniques also reduce decision formal attention to determining the quality: alternatives are excluded; in- standards ofbehavior. formation is disregarded; objectives are Groups which do not give attention narrowed; votes are taken. to this important matter early in their life find themselves wrestling with conflicting values and behaviors, often Group norms are necessary, without understanding what is happen- though not necessarily suffi- ing or the barriers being raised to effective decision making. cient, to achieve cohesiveness, Earlier, it was suggested that stan- and in this regard they are posi- dards of behavior vis-a-vis riskluncer- tive factors. tainty and rewardlpenalty might well be group norms. Collegiate educational programs, especially at the graduate Two methods for reducing complex- level, have as one of their primary ity without compromising decision purposes indoctrination into the norms quality are systematic problem-solving and mores of the particular discipline strategies and information repackag- or field. This socialization Drocess ing. occurs to some extent in all fields (woe Problem-solving strategies reduce betide the graduate student who fails to complexity by partitioning the problem at least appear to conform), and it is into manageable pieces. Folklore perhaps strongest in those professions, abounds with such- problem-solving such as medicine, law, accounting, and strategies: "take your time"; "divide perhaps librarianship, which are self- and conquer"; "think it through"; "one regulated through examination, certifi- step at a time." They represent sage cation, and accreditation procedures. To advice. Harrison's six-step model is a the extent these norm; support and good example; it reduces the complex- enhance group decision making, such ity of the decision-making process by academic programs and professional partitioning it into manageable pieces accreditation procedures are perform- addressed in a logical sequence. ing a valuable service for their mem- Another example is the systems bers. To the extent the established approach which is so widely taught in norms are detrimental to group deci- business administration, the computer sion making-assuming group decision and information sciences, and related making is an important function of the fields. Under the systems approach, the professionals and managers in the development of a computer-based in- field-attention needs to be given to formation system is handled in six more deliberately and systematically altering or less discrete stages: requirement defi- these norms-an undertaking with nition, design, production (program- considerable risk and uncertainty in its ming), installation, testing, and opera- own right. tions/maintenance. Decision Complexity-The diffi- The scientific methodology tradition- culty of reaching a decision generally ally used by the physical sciences and increases with the complexity of the increasingly by the behavioral sciences problem to be solved-;p to-a point. is another example ofa systematic prob- Beyond the point where the complexity lem-solving strategy. At a more detailed exceeds the level at which a group is level, the data processing field has prepared and willing to cope, the generated a whole grab bagVofproblem- members will either back away from solving techniques designed to reduce systems design and programming com- gests, abstracts, surveys, analytical re- plexity to manageable levels: flow- ports, and the use of specialist consul- charts, HIP0 diagrams, structured pro- tants. gramming, pseudocoding, to mention a The library and information sciences few. may well be the most important fields One of the most promising missing from Harrison's list of contrib- methodologies is Myers' composite de- uting disciplines for integrated deci- sign technique (8).Although originally sion making. Systematic application of intended for use in designing complex well-known information packaging computer software, this technique has techniques within the framework of also been used for higher level systems group decision making could substan- analysis and design. Composite analysis tially improve such processes. should be of particular interest to information professionals because it uses the Responsibilities of Information information flow through a system as Managers the basis for partitioning the task into manageable functional units, or mod- Given the importance of information ules. It would be interesting to apply and information resources to the deci- Myers' methodology to the national sion-making process and the quality of library networking problem and see the resultant decisions, information what system configuration results. professionals have a dual responsibili- The curriculums of some fields place ty: They must assure that their own considerable emphasis on problem- decision-making processes are effec- solving skills: computer science, for tive, and they must assure that the example. The curriculums of others are information resources they manage do heavily structured around the memori- enhance and enrich the decision- zation and application of rules: library making processes of their clients. Five science, for example, with its concentra- sets of recommendations follow for tion on filing, cataloging, and classifica- achieving these goals. tion rules. Certainly it seems likely that 1. 1lll}7~07~fgri~zip d~cis~oi~-maklq sk~lls professionals trained in problem-solv- nt~d~~r~mssrs-Provide training-to stu- ing techniques as part of their school- dents, to employees, to managers, to ing or in-service education will be government representatives-in the better equipped for group decision group dynamics and problem-solving making than those who have not had skills required for effective group deci- this opportunity. sion making. Establish groups only for A second constructive way of reduc- those types of problems where groups ing complexity is through information are appropriate; select their member- repackaging. Information overload is a ship and limit their size so they can real phenomenon. When the volume or achieve the desired objectives. Obtain the complexity of the information input via means other than group becomes too great, the information will membership. Provide staff support for be ignored, filtered, or distorted. information-related activities (i.e., People will hear only what they want identify alternatives, compare and eval- or expect to hear. They may ignore or uate alternatives) where appropriate. reject alternatives out of hand, espe- Communicate the deliberations of the cially those which would require assim- group to its various constituencies ilation of new information to achieve openly and fully, without bias. Explain understanding. Information packaging, the advantages and disadvantages of or repackaging, can be used to reduce various alternatives objectively. Explain complexity and volume. Classification the rationale for the decision and its and indexing are classic examples of probable implications and conse- such techniques, as are summaries, quences. Solicit acceptance through synopses, critical reviews, briefs, di- shared understanding. 2. Rcmovc~ barriers to effectlvc group duction methods or dated management decision making. Dispassionately exam- styles. Shift attention and financial ine the policies, procedures, and tradi- resources to packaging and repackaging tional practices of the department or information to support decision-mak- organization in light of their effects on ing processes. Systematically research group decision making; correct or elim- alternative methods of reducing infor- inate those which are detrimental. mation overload; evaluate their effec- Dispassionately examine the mores, tiveness for group decision making. conventions, and norms of the profes- 5. Raise the visibility of the library and sion in light of their effects as incen- informati011 scicrlces as colltribiititlg disci- tives or disincentives for group deci- plines to the decision sciences. Encourage sion making. Use the influence and and support research into the role of prestige of authority figures, profes- information in decision making. Take sional society officers, journal editors, an active stance toward the role and academic deans, and conference leaders responsibilities of information profes- to arouse awareness and institute sionals in decision-making processes. desired changes. Conclusion

It would be interesting to apply Having examined Harrison's decision-making process, looked briefly at Myer's methodology to the the decision quality question, surveyed national library networking factors affecting group decision mak- problem and see what system ing, and enumerated some special responsibilities of information man- configuration results. agers, it seems appropriate to summa- rize the characteristics of effective groups for use in evaluating our own 3. Broaden the iiiformatioii base used iii group decision-making processes. decision making. Actively solicit diver- Costello and Zalkind (5, p. 444) char- gent opinion. Admit, indeed seek, acterize effective problem-solving outside expertise. Adopt the interdisci- groups as follows: 1) The group's prac- plinary task force approach for interdis- tices and procedures enable it to carry ciplinary problems. Maintain an atti- out systematically the steps in the prob- tude of openness to new ideas, to new lem-solving (decision-making) process, solutions, to unfamiliar alternatives, to and its members have skills appropriate criticism. Actively and aggressively to the task. 2) The group members have look for "satisficing" solutions which received training in problem-solving accommodate the widest range of objrc- strategies, and their efforts are appro- tives. priately motivated. 3) The group has a 4. Desigll ii~forrnatiolisystem to facjlj- stable status system, familiar to all its fate decision making. Rigorously critique members. 4) The size of the group is manual and automated information sys- large enough to accomplish the task but tems for utility and effectiveness for not so large as to introduce distracting decision making. Simplify indexing, organizational problems. 5) The group classification, and filing systems, where is cohesive, interacting cooperatively necessary, to make them usable by with members possessing compatible wider ranges of people. Develop alter- personality characteristics. 6) The nate strategies or access routes to the group is operating under mild to same information resources. Embrace moderate, but not extreme, stress. new technologies when they improve McGregor (9) describes effective the availability or use of information groups as follows: 1) The atmosphere for clients. Eliminate archaic or obsolete tends to be informal, comfortable, practices grounded in outmoded pro- relaxed. People are involved and inter- octohcr IYNl ested. 2) There is a lot of discussion in group members as each brings his which virtually everyone participates, particular knowledge or experience to but the discussion remains pertinent to bear on the task. There is little evidence the task. 3) The task or objective is well of power struggles since the group understood and accepted by the mem- focuses on getting the job done. 11) The bers. There will have been discussion of group is self-conscious about its own the objective. 4) The members listen to operation and will frequently stop to each other! Every idea is given a hear- examine how it is doing. ing. People are not afraid of being fool- ish by putting forth creative thoughts, Literature Cited even if fairly extreme. 5) There is disa- 1. Harrison, E. FranklThe Managerial Deri- greement, but the group is comfortable sion-Making Process. Boston, Houghton- with it and shows no signs of having to Mifflin, 1975. avoid conflict. Disagreements are not 2. Snyder, Glenn H./Deterrence and Pow- suppressed or overridden by premature er. Journal of Conf7ict Resolution 4 (no. 2): group action. The reasons for disagree- 174 (Jun 1960). ment are examined, and there is an 3. Drucker, Peter F./Thc Efective Executizw. attempt to resolve them rather than New York, Harper and Row, 1967, p. 147. suppress them. Disagreement is treated 4. Trull, Samuel G./Some Factors Involved as an expression of a genuine difference in Determining Total Decision Success. Management Science 12 (no. 6, series B): of opinion. 6) Most decisions are B279-B280 (Feb 1966). reached by some kind of consensus in 5. Costello, Timothy W. and Sheldon S. which there is a general willingness to ZalkindlPsychology in Administration. En- accept the decision. Formal voting is glewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1963, p. suspect; the group does not accept a 429. simple majority as a proper basis for 6. Drucker, Peter F./Manngement: Tasks, action. 7) Criticism is frequent, frank, Responsibilities, Practices. New York, and relatively comfortable. There is Harper and Row, 1974, pp. 465-467. little evidence of personal attack, either 7. Homans, George C./The Human Group. openly or in a hidden fashion. Criticism New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1950, p. 123. 8. Myers, Glenford J./Reliable Software is constructive, oriented toward accom- through Composite Design. New York, plishing objectives. 8) Members feel Petrocelli/Charter, 1974. free to express their feelings as well as 9. McGregor, DouglaslThe Human Side of their ideas both on the problem and on Enterprise. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960, the group's operation. There are few pp. 232-235. 'hidden agendas'. 9) Assignments to members are clear and accepted. 10) Received for reulcm Apr 6, 1981. Manu- The chairman does not dominate. Lead- script accepted for publication Apr 23, ership shifts from time to time among 1981.

Margaret K. Park is associate director, Planning, Computing and Information Services, Boyd Graduate Studies Re- search Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. Decision Support Systems in Libraries

Allan J. Heindel

Library, Columbia Gulf Transmission Company, Houston, Tex. 77027

H. Albert Napier

Management Department, University of Houston, Hous- ton, Tex. 77002

The use of computers and management science/operations research in libraries is reviewed. The concept of a Decision Support System (DSS) is introduced. DSS can be viewed as a synthesis of the use of computers and quantitative methods to assist librarians in managerial decision- making situations. An example of a DSS application for a medium-sized library is described.

S MANAGER, a librarian is that can contribute considerably to responsible for planning, orga- effective library management is Man- A nizing, staffing, coordinating, agement Science/Operations Research and controlling the operations of the (MS/OR). A concept known as Decision library. To fulfill these responsibilities, Support Systems-a blending of com- the information manager must tap all puter information with decision-mak- available resources. ing analysis techniques from MS/OR- One primary resource is the com- can lead to more effective decisions by puter. Many libraries and information library managers. centers are currently developing computer-based information systems to Computer Use in Library Management assist the librarian. Another discipline Anthony developed an excellent framework for structuring and evaluating the managerial planning and con- At the time of this writing, Allan Heindel was trol activities of managers in any orga- librarian, Columbia Gulf Transmission Co., nization (1). He specified three catego- Houston Tex. He is currently director, Hurst ries-strategic planning, management Library, Hurst, Tex. control, and operational control-and octoher 1981 Copyright o 1981 Specm Llbrarles Assoc~at~on 319 Figure 1. Management Information Characteristics.

TASK TASK VARIABLES VARIABLES argued that each of these levels of MS/OR Applications in Libraries managerial activity is suHiciently different in kind to require distinctive MS / OR models have been designed planning and control systems. for use in libraries. However, to date Figure 1, which is adapted from their impact has been minimal. In many Davis (2) and Gorry (3), provides a cases, the models are too technical for framework for considering the use of librarians to understand or they require computers at various levels of manage- assumptions that are too unrealistic. All ment. Part of this diagram is based on too often the library literature is filled the work done by Anthony. with examples of the inability of library As can be noted in Figure 1, the char- managers to use these powerful analyti- acteristics of the information needed at cal tools of simulation and optimiza- the various levels of management differ tion. considerably. The information system There are several primary reasons can be viewed as a support tool that that seem to be preventing operations binds together the various elements of a research from achieving its potential library's organization with the library's and fulfilling the expectations of its objective of serving its clientele. The proponents in library management. system provides data necessary for the Bommer describes these reasons as too daily operations of a library, as well as much mathematics, too little implemen- for the formulation, validation, and tation, too little emphasis upon the implementation of models (4). The process of operations research, and too information required for the strategic little attention placed on the pressing planning level is less structured, more strategic problems of library managers summarized, less programmable, and (6). more external than the information The usual excuses for these problems needed in the other stages (5). fall into one of two categories: the special libraries manager is not trained or versed in the (EDP) applications, the emphasis is on mathematical formulations of the mod- efficiency while MS/OR analysts often els, or the manager is not sympathetic develop models with more emphasis on to systematic decision making. Many the modeling activities than on the managers fear that they will lose an problem at hand. DSS is a blend of EDP understanding and sense of reality to and MSIOR. "real-world" situations. DeGennero sums it up rather well: "The danger lnformation Systems and DSS for with both kinds of management sys- Library Use tems (the quantitative and the behavioral or psychological) is that they offer In order to gain a better understand- mechanistic formulas for dealing with ing of the role of DSS as a support complex realities and keep us from system within a library context, a thinking about and solving our man- framework for library management agement problems in practical, realistic, information systems is presented in and common sense ways" (7). Both Table 1. This model is based on Keen sides are never short on words when and Morton (8) and adapted for library blaming the other side for failures in applications. It is examined in three using management science techniques. stages: the structured decision stage, the unstructured decision stage, and the semistructured decision stage. DSS can DSS be most effective at the semistruc- Recently, a new concept for using the tured level. The structured level con- computer to help managers in their tains those decisions that do not decision-making activities has evolved. involve managers, although managers This concept is called Decisions Sup- may have input and, in fact, may have port Systems (DSS). The emphasis in designed the system. However, in these situations the decision is well under- developing- - DSS is to examine the actual decision-making process and to de- stood and can be handled by clerks or velop a system that can assist managers. automated through the computer. The emphasis is not on technical factors Most computer applications of infor- such as MS/OR models or on computer mation systems in libraries today are technology but rather on effectiveness. concentrated along the base of a While ef&iency is important, greater pyramid (Figure 1) and fit neatly into priority is placed on effectiveness. In the three-stage structured format. The traditional electronic data processing current emphasis on computerization

Table 1. A Framework for lnformation Systems in Libraries.

Type of Operational Operational Management Strategic Support Activity Control Control Planning Needed Structured Circulation, in- Optimal alloca- Location of a new Clerical, EDP, ventory con- tion of re- branch library or MIS mod- trol sources in els libraries Semistructured Database litera- Setting budget Justifying resource DSS ture searching for library inputs in terms system of resource outputs Unstructured Search strategy Hiring depart- Shaping the future Human intuition of reference ment heads of libraries librarian of circulation, acquisition, and catalog- use of any one of the more than 160 ing processes in libraries is actually available databases to help solve a nothing more than an attempt to build client's request is a prime example of a a system to assist librarians and clerks support system in a semistructured in the transaction processing and opera- environment (10). This is an instance tional control stages of the structured where no automated system can per- management information system. It is form the reference search from the basically an inventory control problem. basic inquiry, yet the librarian can This can readily be seen by the exam- quickly and effectively utilize the ples used to illustrate the structured machine for searching complex data- level in Table 1. bases, analyzing alternatives, and de- The top of our framework (Figure 1) veloping rudimentary search strategies. contains unstructured decisions which are either not capable of being struc- Semistructured Management Control tured or which have not yet been examined in depth and so appear to the An example of the kinds of decisions organization as unstructured. It is here contained in this cell might be a finan- that the manager must take active cial planning system that supports the responsibility for identifying appropri- manager's planning functions. Such a ate direction for library development system can explore in detail the impli- and for the vigorous, aggressive pursuit cations of inflation rates, trend/cycles, of clearly defined institutional and hidden costs, and other probable factors client interests (9). This especially holds that must be taken into consideration true on the strategic planning level. when forming the operating budget. Table 1 shows the typical library situa- Often these factors are implicit in the tions which arise within this area of manager's own concepts but are diffi- management decision making. Notice cult to formalize. how the examples reveal the high degree of human involvement needed Semistructured Strategic Planning to understand the subjective variables which play an important role in deter- DSS can be used when managerial judgment alone is not adequate and mining a correct course of action. The middle level of the framework is when models or data alone are not sufficient to solve the problem, as, for of primary concern. For these decisions, example, when a library manager needs managerial judgment alone will not be to justify resource inputs in terms of adequate, perhaps because of the size of library outputs (11). Using DSS, the the problem or the computational effects of different financial strategies complexity and precision needed to and assumptions can be reliably extra- solve it (8, p. 89). On the other hand, the polated, given the manager's judgmen- model or data alone is also inadequate tal inputs. because the solution involves some judgment and subjective analysis. This is where DSS can bridge the gap An Operational Model of the Use of between the manager and the problem DSS for Financial Planning or decision area. For library management, the key word is accountability. Organizations Semistructured Operational Control expect their libraries to be accountable for the funds they spend and the There are many operational control services they provide (12). From the decisions that cannot be automated but managerial standpoint, those in for which computer support in the form charge of resources are held responsible of information retrieval, analytic mod- for their actions or behavior (13). els, or data manipulation may be Current public awareness of the costs invaluable. The reference librarian's involved in support of public services special libraries Table 2. Summary Budget Report for a Typical Library.

78% 79% 80% 79 Budget 79 Est. 80 Est. 80 Propsd. 78 Actual Diff. 79 Diff. Diff. 80 Diff. Diff. 81 Proj.

Total Salaries 163864.00 145240.00 146044.0 1 150304.00 Total Supplies 9432.00 7897.00 8100.00 8100.00 Total Services 40372.00 43019.00 46280.00 46280.00 Total Capital 2745 1 .OO 26339.00 26230.00 26230.00 Total Budget 241 1 19.00 222495.00 226654.01 230914.00 Total Salaries Pct. 67.96 65.28 64.43 65.09 Total Services Pct. 16.74 19.33 20.42 20.04 Total Supplies Pct. 3.91 3.55 3.57 3.51 Total Capital Pct. 11.38 11.84 1 1.57 1 1.36

78% Diff. = (78actual - 79 budget)/78 actual 80 Diff. = 80 est - 80 proposd

79 Diff. = 79 budget - 79 est 80% Diff. = (80 diff I80 est) * 100 79% Diff. = (79 diff I79 est) * 100 81 Proj. = 80 propsd * 12%

Table 3. Specific Item Budget Report.

78% 79% 80% Services 79 Budget 79 Est. 80 Est. 80 Propsd. 78 Actual Din.* 79 Diff.* Diff.* 80 Din.* Diff.* 81 Proj.*

Building Grounds Machines Rentals Special Periodicals Laundry Travel Education Fuel Lights Communications Dues Total Services Total Services Pct

*See footnotes to Table 2. places an additional burden on the the user to focus on the problem, not on manager. the solution vehicle (15, pp. 1-29). Galvin succinctly points out that in Table 2 illustrates the summary today's managerial world, the library budget report for a typical library using budget derives from and becomes a figures for 1978 through 1980. An vehicle for the im~lementationof insti- attempt was made to show the versaility tutional plans and the achievement of and ease of use of this system by service goals (14);it is no longer, as in extending the original five columns of the pas< simply a device for obtaining data to eleven columns, the last six and dispensing the largest possible representing statistical manipulations piece of the institutional, corporate, or of the data. The eight rows containing government financial pie. ~ciountabil- the percentage figures for each major ity has become an issue that must be budget category are also evidence of the dealt with directly in the library system's capability to perform simple manager's decision-making process. and complex calculations in a matter of DSS can assist managers in the control- seconds. ling and planning functions associated Table 3 is a closer look at just one of with budget preparation, resource allo- the four major budget categories. It cation, overall accountability, and long- reveals the items involved under the range planning. heading "Services," and shows once In order to illustrate the concepts again some fairly straightforward data mentioned earlier in the semistructured manipulation. Both Tables 2 and 3 are

The library budget is a vehicle for the implementa- tions of plans and the achievement of goals. management control and strategic plan- based upon a one-time initial input of ning areas, an operational DSS will be the data contained in the actual, esti- described within a library framework. mated, and proposed budget for 1978, This DSS is based on EXECUCOM's 1979, and 1980. The development of the Interactive Financial Planning Systems IFPS program took less than two hours (IFPS) (15). The model itself is based and includes all requests for percent- upon a compilation of statistics fur- ages and differences in the budgets nished by a typical medium-sized between the three years. Within sec- library. The data from a medium-sized onds, the computer can complete all library was used because it bridged the calculations, and the printer can begin gap between the huge research library to produce the hardcopy version of the and the small special library. reports. A listing of the IFPS program IFPS is a computerized simulation for the basic model used in Tables 2 and system which enables planning as a 3 is illustrated in Table 4. natural extension of normal manage- As a decision support tool for library ment thought processes. It provides a managers, IFPS makes modifications workable analytical and decision- and/or interrogation of the model oriented environment for open and easily; thus, changes in assumptions or understandable communication (16). data take only a matter of minutes for Within a financial setting, IFPS is conceptualization to implementation designed to make the power of the and report generation. For example, the computer directly available to the projected budget figures for 1981 in nontechnician-the library manager- Tables 2 and 3 are based on a 12% by using an English-type syntax model inflation factor over 1980's figures. A (problem) formulation and a set of simple command could raise or lower simple commands to solve the model this inflation factor in order to test its and generate the results. IFPS allows effects on the budget items in times of 324 special libraries

future uncertainty. Command results sentences and did not require a are almost instantaneous, with the deri- knowledge of COBOL, FORTRAN, vation of new estimates based on the or other languages (Table 4). new data inputs. Built-in financial analysis capabili- In another situation a library man- ties include present value, internal ager may need to determine how much rate of retirn, depreciation, and to budget for temporary help if the total amortization. Although not illus- salaries cannot equal more than 65% of trated in this paper, simple com- the budget, all other things remaining mands produce these results. constant. Through the use of the The user has the choice of editing powerful "Goal Seeking" command, his own reports and of obtaining the answers appear within seconds, either complete reports or just the allowing the manager to make valid values for selected items. Both decisions rather than performing time- Tables 2 and 3 are edited reports consuming calculations or relying on based upon the same model. estimates. IFPS is one example of several DSS Other typical IFPS applications for available (17). Nevertheless, it is capa- library managers include operating ble of reducing a complex budgeting budgets, cash budgets (cash flow projec- problem into a simple solution by a tions), lease or purchase decisions, vari- computer. Koenig illustrates a simple ous strategic planning cases, library problem in present value calculations expansion analysis, project selection, to determine the acceptability of a new capital budgeting, risk analysis, and computer-assisted cataloging system discounted cash flow analysis. High- (18). By using DSS, this kind of prob- lights of this particular system can lem solving becomes routine and versa- reveal the general usefulness of DSS in tile. The information gained from the the semistructured environment of the data manipulation supports the man- library manager: ager who must make the decision. A special "what if" capability for testing alternatives and sensitivity Conclusion analysis is available for the manager. For example, what happens to Although libraries appear to be inex- the budget totals and percentages if orably bound to the transaction pro- utility bills increase dramatically cessing level in the management infor- because of energy embargos by mation system through their current foreign countries in the next 18 computerization attempts, the times are months? swiftly changing. It is not prophetic to Consolidation features are avail- say that library management will able for budgeting applications. If a change. It is already happening. Opera- library system has several tions research has been applied to the branches, each unit could produce library's problems for over a decade a budget as illustrated in Tables 2 (19). Library schools are now reaching and 3. They could then be consoli- beyond thi traditional subject areas to dated into one master budget by prepare tomorrow's librarians for the the use of a simple command to the roles they will assume as managers of computer. libraries (20). Systems are being de- As stated previously, the problem signed, tested, developed, and imple- to be solved is formulated in mented to provide for more than just English-like statements. The man- processing day-to-day transactions on ager can directly use the system the clerical level (21). without going through an interme- In the continual evolution of man's diary language. Our example using use of machines, it appears that DSS are the statistics from a typical library the next step-a half-step, really, bridg- took less than 70 statements or ing that gap between the analytical and the heuristic. It places the powerful American Society for Information Science tools of the computer specialist in the 4:29 (Dec 1977). hands of the manager, to be used not as 11. Hamburg, Morris, Leonard Ramist, and a recall device but as a support system. Michael Bommer/Library Objectives and Performance Measures and Their Future applications can open new doors Uses in Decision Making. The Library for librarians who cross into the world Quarterly 42:107-128 (Jan 1972). of library management. 12. Martin, Susan K./To See the Future, Remove the Blinders. American Libraries Acknowledgment 9:560 (Oct 1978). 13. Lusinger, Vincent/New Approaches to The author gratefully acknowledges an Old Problem-Personnel. Unpub- the use of EXECUCOM's IFPS system, lished paper presented at the 66th installed on the Honeywell 6000 at the Annual Conference of the Texas Library University of Houston, to complete this Association, San Antonio, Tex., Apr 5, research. Thanks are also due to 1979. Christopher Albertson, director, Tyler 14. Galvin, Thomas J./Zero-Base Budgeting Public Library, for his assistance in in Libraries and Information Centers. providing data upon which the model Library Acquisitions 2 (no. 1):lO (1978). 15. EXECUCOM Systems Corporation/An was based. Introduction to Computer-Assisted Planning Using the IFPS. Dallas, Tex., EXECU- Literature Cited COM, 1978. pp. 1-29. 1. Anthony, Robert N./Planning and Con- 16. EXECUCOM Systems Corporation/lFPS trol Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Users Manual. Dallas, Tex., EXECUCOM, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University 1977. p. ii. Graduate School of Business Adminis- 17. Real Decisions CorporationlA Compara- tration, 1965. tive Analysis of Financial Reporting and 2. Davis, Gordon B./Management Informa- Modeling Systems. New York, Real Deci- tion Systems: Conceptual Foundations, sions Corporation, 1978. pp. 45-53. Structure, and Development. New York, 18. Koenig, MichaellBudgets and Budget- McGraw-Hill, 1974. p. 222. ing. Special Libraries 68 (nos. 7/8):228- 3. Gorry, G. A. and M. S. Scott Morton/A 240 (Jul/Aug 1977). Framework for Management Informa- 19. Morse, Philip M. Library Effectiveness: A tion Systems. Sloan Management Review Systems Approach. Cambridge, Mass., 13 (no. 1):59 (1971). MIT Press, 1968. 4. Hamburg, Morris et al./Library Planning 20. University of Pittsburgh. The Graduate and Decision-Making Systems. Cambridge, School of Library and Information Mass., MIT Press, 1974. pp. 210-212. Sciences/University of Pittsburgh Bulletin, 5. International Business Machines Corpo- 1978- 1980. Pittsburgh, University of ration/Business Systems Planning: lnfor- Pittsburgh, 1978. pp. 40-47. mal-ion Systems Planning Guide. New 21. Rouse, Sandra H. and William B. Rouse/ York, IBM, 1975. pp. 5-7. Design of a Model-Based On-Line Man- 6. Bommer, Michael/Operations Research agement Information System for Interli- in Libraries: A Critical Assessment. lour- brary Loan Networking. Information Pro- rial of the American Society for Information cessing 6 Management 15 (no. 2):109-122 Science 26:137-139 (May / Jun 1975). (1978). 7. DeGennaro, RichardILibrary Adminis- tration and New Management Systems. Received for review Jan 25, 1980. Revised Library Journal 103:2482 (Dec 15, 1978). manuscript accepted for publication Iune 29, 8. Keen, Peter G. W. and M. S. Scott 1981. Morton/Decision Support Systems: An Or- ganizational Perspective. Reading, Mass., Allan J. Heindel is director, Hurst Addison-Wesley, 1978. p. 87. 9. Galvin, Thomas J./Beyond Survival: Library, Hurst, Tex. H. Albert Napier is Library Management for the Future. associate professor, Management Infor- Library lourrlal 101:1835 (Sep 15, 1976). mation Systems, College of Business Ad- 10. Montegomery, K. Leon/The On-Line ministration, University of Houston, Revolution in Libraries. Bulletin of the Houston, Tex. Selling the Business Library

Grace M. Pertell

Rosary College, Graduate School of Library Science, River Forest, 111. 60305

In today's cost-conscious economy, it is imperative that the special library has a well-defined public relations program. Public relations activities and problems of the special library in a business environment are considered. The audiences served are identified, and some of the active means by which business libraries can successfully sell their services are outlined.

IKE the weather, public relations Traditionally, public relations in the gets talked about a lot. One of the corporate library has been a way of L greatest obstacles to implement- thinking translated into action: The best ing an effective public relations pro- public relations is a job well done. This gram is coming to grips with what concept flourished in the early years of public relations really means. Every the business library and continues organization has a public relations today in a completely different envi- program, whether it is recognized or ronment-one in which the library not. It is the organization's total staff is competing for the corporate communications effort. Basically, pub- dollar and trying to justify collection lic relations is simply a matter of doing and staff expansion, if not the library's good and telling about it. very existence. Today's corporate library is really a It is time to forsake the clichi. that, small business within a large business. insofar as the business library is Since this concept can result in misun- concerned, good public relations is a job derstandings of the library function by well done. Admittedly, a good profes- the parent organization, it is incumbent sional performance is an indication of a upon the small business operator (the good public relations program. Howev- librarian) to translate the operations of er, the "good job" may be known and his concern to overall corporate goals. recognized by only a few hard-core users who are aware of the services provided and have benefitted from the The author is currently assistant librarian, job well done. Business librarians must Commonwealth Edison Company, Chicago, broaden their horizons and actively sell 111. themselves and their services.

328 Copyrght o 1981 Special L~brarlesAssocfatlon special libraries The Public Relations Program Defined the public relations efforts do not receive emphasis in a clearly defined In today's era of the hard sell, busi- and implemented program. Identifying ness librarians must be armed with the goals is the first step in the program, tools of an effective public relations and this involves identifying the public program to efficiently market the being served and targeted for public services of the library to its public. If relations activities. Once this audience the library is viewed as a vital part of has been identified, priorities can be the parent organization's operation, it set, overall creative strategies can be will be in a better position to justify its developed, and the program can be acti- programs and policies. If libraries are vated. considered luxuries or extravagancies Setting specific goals goes hand in by some corporate managements, the hand with a written plan. A written selling job has not been done. plan gives control; it indicates what The obvious reason for the company will be done and when, and equally library to develop a formal public rela- important, what won't be done. A tions program is to improve the satisfac- planned program with realistic, con- tion of its clientele. Everyone is aware crete goals helps identify public rela- of the potential patron problem: a tions objectives to be achieved in terms tendency on the part of users not to ask of activities; what kind and how many questions or request assistance, even newsletters, house organ articles, cur- when they know it is available. It may rent awareness services, management be that the reference librarian looks meetings, open houses, or public ser- unapproachable or disinterested. Then, vice announcements. too, most people don't like to ask for The plan should also state objectives help, and particularly help from stran- or goals in terms of the actions the gers. clientele might be expected to under- If an effective public relations pro- take: increase the budget, use the gram is implemented, the apprehen- services more, become public relations sions of potential users can be dis- advocates for the library, and so on. pelled. The public relations effort can make significant advances in reaching Management and Its Public potential users who need the information librarians can supply but are not Any library, regardless of size and willing or able to ask for help, and, situation, has several distinct user consequently, are not being satisfied. groups it must serve, and the nature of The second reason for a formal public these users determines public relations relations program is the trend toward policies and activities. financial accountability in today's high In the business environment, it is of inflation economy. The best defense utmost importance that the library be against budget cuts is to become an guided in its overall functions by the indispensable source of services and objectives and goals of the organization information and to convince manage- in which it is located. Librarians should ment that the library is indispensable. consider themselves an integral part of An effective public relations program the management team and support the produces a cycle effect: the library planning and decision-making process reaches more potential users, encour- of the parent organization. If manage- ages use of its resources, becomes an ment places the library relatively low in indispensable part of the total organiza- the organizational chart, the librarian tion, and thereby, is in a position to has a difficult selling job. Ultimately, increase its resources and services and the place of the library in the total better satisfy its growing clientele. organization is determined by the qual- The library will quickly lose its effec- ity of its services and programs and by tiveness, and perhaps even its budget, if how well they are known. october 1981 Within the chain of command, the plishment that has archival signifi- librarian reports to a designated officer cance. It offers an opportunity to who is the link to top management. review goals and objectives, evaluate This officer should be the primary the current status of programs and object of the management-oriented services, and plan for the future. public relations program, the first line The periodic report should contain of communication, and the first subject statistics: staff size, budget commit- of any information program. ments, circulation figures, in-house use, According to Elizabeth Ferguson, searches completed, interlibrary loans, "the fate of the library literally depends and so forth. Additionally, it should on effective communication between contain details of the collection (books the librarian and the officer, and the acquired and books disposed of), new burden of initiating and maintaining services available, outstanding or unu- the interchange falls squarely on the sual searches completed or questions shoulders of the librarian" (1). Ongo- answered, writings or publications pro- ing, two-way communication with an duced, special assignments undertaken, immediate supervisor opens doors to staff accomplishments, and so on. All of other corporate executives in the man- these activities should be related to the agement hierachy. overall corporate objectives.

In the business environment, it is of utmost importance that the library be guided in its overall functions by the objectives and goals of the organization in which it is located. Librarians should consider themselves an integral part of the management team and support the planning and decision-making process of the parent organization.

The foremost method of keeping the The format for an annual report will officer informed is a regular schedule of be guided by budgetary constraints. It face-to-face meetings, supplemented by may be a slickly produced piece, in frequent memos and periodic written color and with illustrations and photo- reports, which take stock and review graphs, or it may be a simple photo progress and activities over the pre- offset job, reproduced from typed copy. vious month or previous quarter. In whatever format it is presented, it The periodic report to an immediate should be attractive and stimulating, supervisor provides the basis for an with an interesting cover, creative .annual report to top management and layout, some graphics, and above all, the user public. An interesting and clear and concise writing. readable annual report is an excellent Another vehicle to sell management vehicle to convey the library story to on the business library is to accept a management. It is an ideal public rela- variety of possible assignments in the tions medium for key corporate execu- organization. The opportunity for addi- tives who are used to dealing with facts tional management-level involvement and figures and the concept of an increases proportionately with the ex- annual statement of accountability. tent of rapport with and cooperation Whether or not it is requested or and support from the librarian's imme- circulated to management, it should be diate supervisor. Special assignments prepared. It is a factual record of accom- might include working on management

330 special libraries and research committees; participation and employees, outside members of the in organizational future planning ses- board of directors, stockholders, and sions; cooperation in developing com- others. pany educational programs; providing Atmosphere plays an important role material for corporate sales, advertis- in the library's "showcase" function ing, and public relations packages; and applies to the user clientele as well organizing an archival collection; and as to management's public. The goal is issuing regular intelligence reports or to make the library a pleasant place to news summaries. Of course, the extent visit and spend time in. Even if the of these additional management ser- library is not ideally located, other vices hinges on staff size and compe- compensating elements can be intro- tence and the time element involved in duced: good lighting and ventilation; task completion of projects not directly efficiently placed study tables or car- connected with the library's ultimate rels; easily accessed materials and reason for existence: service to users. equipment; and a courteous, pleasant, The business librarian must plan and well-informed library staff. ahead and be alert to change within and without the organization. Strable points out that the librarian "can do The staff is a key factor in the much to encourage management to library's relationships with its keep him informed by following up on any clues afforded by new material public. The staff is both a public being requested, articles that users are relations tool and a public to be borrowing or having clipped, or by served. If it is not adequately speeches given by users that reflect a new field of interest" (2). served as a public, it can hardly One often overlooked link in the be expected to function as a library's communication program with tool. management is the executive secretarial staff. The executive secretaries and administrative assistants can be a vital It is important to provide an attrac- part of the library's public relations tive setting for the occasional V.I.P. program, and one of the staff's best visitor, as well as a comfortable place, allies. They should be carefully culti- conducive to study, for the repeat vated and oriented to the services and customer. If the setting is cold and program of the library, perhaps with a uninspiring, users will not want to periodic tour, occasional memos of the spend much time there. "to keep you informed" variety, and thank you notes for special services The Library Staff provided. - - -- With an aggressive information pro- The staff is a key factor in the gram, the immediate supervisor and library's relationships with its public. ultimately the rest of top management The staff is both a public relations tool will be receptive to the new and imagi- and a public to be served. If it is not native ideas promoted and the creative adequately served as a public, it can leadership displayed by the business hardly be expected to function as a librarian who then becomes more than tool. a custodian of the collection. In choosing staff members, it is the By serving as a public relations tool librarian's assignment to find persons for management's public, the corporate with enthusiasm, initiative, and inquir- library can enhance its own image. The ing minds, who are informed and well- library staff must be prepared to put on trained for the position they will hold. a "dog-and-pony show" for visiting Staff members must be encouraged in dignitaries, clients, potential clients their job assignments so that the library's goals and the parent organiza- al, first-hand browsing can be encour- tion's objectives become their own. aged. As indicated earlier, it is impor- It is vital to the total effort that the tant that the library have a comfortable, staff be continuously informed as to welcoming atmosphere, that invites important management policies and use. That welcoming atmosphere can be decisions, as well as library plans and used effectively to stimulate potential activities. The exchange of information users on an orientation tour. can take many forms: staff meetings, Publicity is a technique of public bulletin boards, memos, suggestion relations that can be used in many boxes, organizational manuals, and so forms in reaching the user public. Orga- on. Additionally, constant input from nizations large enough to support busi- staff members should be invited in the ness libraries usually publish a variety planning and development of pro- of house organs, whose editors are grams and activities. Suggestions, par- constantly in need of interesting, ticipation, and evaluation should be newsy items. The library could supply part of any intra-library communica- articles or news items on such subjects tions program. as unusual acquisitions, lists of new books, book reviews, historical items The User Public about the company, graphic statistics, new programs or services, personal Everyone in the organization, from news about library staff members, or the chairman of the board on down, is a perhaps a regular library column incor- potential client of the business library. porating all of the above might be But, as Rathbun asks, "How do you get appropriate. them to come into the library?" (3). The library could post news items, Even more importantly, how do you get acquisition lists, or book jackets on the them to become frequent users? company bulletin board. The official Personal contact is an effective employee handbook should contain method of selling the library's services. information about the library. Addi- This can involve getting library staff tionally, new employees should be out of the library and into meetings furnished with an attractive brochure, with employees, both individually and describing the library's services, collec- in groups. New personnel in the orga- tion, operating procedures and prac- nization should be welcomed with tices, and introducing staff members. personal visits, informational materials Depending on its budget, the library about the library, and an invitation to can produce audiovisual presentations visit. Particular reader interests should of its operations; run annual open be ascertained, and a special effort houses; and provide enclosures for should be made to provide a pertinent inter-company bulletins, such as calen- current awareness item as quickly as dars of upcoming meetings, bookmarks, possible after the initial contact. Service "did you know" flyers, and so on. The is the word! Mitchell points out how range of publicity opportunities is as important it is to assist management wide as the creative genius of a librar- trainees and maintain contacts with ian and an enthusiastic staff. What is them as they move up the corporate needed is a regular reminder to the ladder. "There is nothing like starting organization that the library is there! in on the ground floor," she empha- After users have been identified and sizes (4). attracted to the library, another phase Talking with employee groups is of the selling job comes into play: keep- another means of personally reaching ing them interested users. Caring about old and new employees. If the group the clients and communicating with can be brought together in the library, them in various ways can make a great there is a distinct advantage: an orienta- difference and is a simple way to guard tion tour can be provided and individu- against making them non-users. special lihrarics Responsiveness to user's needs or at least Here again, the exhibits must be timely considering these needs is a major part of and frequently changed to be effective any library's service, and identifying and as "people-stoppers" and "people-mov- publicizing any answers to the needs is ers." Imagination and creativity come part of library public relations. Communi- to the forefront in developing exciting cation between the library and patrons exhibits. concerning patron needs is the most basic part of the library's public relations program. When no interest is shown in Library Publications patron needs, it follows there is no public relations program-other than a negative The need for up-to-date information one-and it is only to be expected that in the business community is para- non-users will not become users and the mount. Corporate personnel rely on a reverse can happen (5). great deal of nonbook materials to keep Within the library, the bulletin board current in their specialties. Newspa- should have a prominent position, near pers, periodicals, loose-leaf services, the door or information counter. It bank reports and newsletters, and should provide an attractive focal point government publications comprise a to keep timely information before the great portion of the business library personnel of the organization. Timeli- collection. Additionally, computerized ness is the keyword: new acquisition information services are receiving lists, forthcoming calendar of events, greater emphasis. The corporate execu- news clippings about the organization tive needs to know about trends and or its competitors, clippings about orga- activities, not only in his particular nization personnel, historical notes industry, but in all areas of business. He about the company, book jackets of new or she needs to know about the social, acquisitions, cartoons, company news political, economic, and technological releases, photographs, and other atten- developments in today's changing busi- tion-grabbers. The dynamic bulletin ness environment. board can invite and encourage users. It It is up to the business librarian to can say, "This is an exciting place. We serve the needs of this particular clien- warmly welcome you and invite you to tele, by making known the availability use our services; ask your questions. We of appropriate materials and informa- stand ready to serve." tion as soon as it is received. The librar- In addition to the bulletin board, a ian should quickly connect the user special area should be reserved for exhi- with the required information, so as to bits: new acquisitions, perhaps some minimize time loss and time waste. In newly discovered company archival order to expedite dissemination of material, recent company sales promo- information, business libraries must get tional materials, a model of a new prod- into the publishing industry in one uct or the new product itself, and so on. form or another. A top priority publication in any business library is a guide, or manual, or handbook. This basic publication may only be a general information sheet or general purpose brochure, or it may be a more elaborate, more detailed piece. The single sheet information bulletin should contain such information as borrower qualifications and privileges, circulation periods, penalties, hours of service, staff, telephone numbers, areas of service, and so on. A general purpose brochure would include all of the above information, as well as details about the the library clientele the new material history of the library in the corporation, acquired. some information about the parent Periodical title lists are similar in organization, the collection, special format to the accession lists, citing programs or activities presented, and articles of current interest and useful- present and future objectives and goals. ness to the clientele. Titles are arranged The brochure can be distributed to new in classified, or near-classified, order employees and library visitors, as well with no annotations in the interest of as circulated outside of the corporation. saving time and space. This style of list Depending on the size and services is selective, in contrast to the more of the library, a more detailed user's general contents list. There is no reason manual may be required. The more why the periodical title list should be comprehensive guide would include an limited to articles in periodicals and outline of the library's objectives, link- newspapers. Titles of reports, disserta- ing library goals to corporate goals and tions, and other manuscripts may also indicating the library's place in the be included, as well as patent lists or reports. Contents lists are compiled by producing masters of a standard size from In order to expedite dissemina- the table of contents pages of journals, tion of information, business reproducing a number of copies, and libraries must get into the pub- collating them into a bulletin with an lishing industry in one form or appropriate cover. The contents pages can be arranged in alphabetical order another. by name of journal, by broad subject groupings, or in random order (industry importance, date of publication, corporate hierarchy. It explains library date of receipt, and so forth). Users can facilities, resources, services, and how be instructed to order specific periodi- to use them. It may include an explana- cals or articles via an accompanying tory map, taking the user on a library reservation form. Because of their broad tour. It includes rules and regulations, coverage, contents lists are of limited hours, staff, telephone numbers, and value, particularly since titles can be specific policies and guidelines. The misleading indicators of subject matter. library guide also describes the general With the periodical title lists, there is at communications program, publications least a preliminary screening of subject produced, and special services such as matter. However, both of these lists are selective dissemination of information good devices for current awareness. (SDI). Overall, the guide provides The natural extension of the forego- complete information and instruction. ing is the abstract bulletin. While there Accession lists, periodical title lists, are any number of commercial abstract- abstracts, and bibliographies are some ing services providing the same materi- of the methods that may be used to als, the principal advantage of an in- disseminate current information. The house abstracting service lies in its accession list is frequently the first timeliness. For easy access to informa- venture into the publishing field. Such tion, a subject arrangement should be a list is easy to prepare, with straight- employed. Normally, the material ab- forward information, often typed from stracted will be from the library's a set of cards which becomes part of the collection of periodicals, journals, and library catalog. This type of list can be reports. arranged in alphabetical order, but a Of all library publications, an anno- classified scheme is preferred. Usually tated subject bibliography is probably there are no annotations. The function the most professionally fulfilling and of an accession list is to make known to the most time-consuming assignment. special libraries The subject bibliography may result coming conferences or symposia being from a user request for information, or conducted by outside groups, and items it may evolve as a natural function of about library staff members. the library staff's attempt to provide The internal library bulletin can be continuing service to users. The subject extended into an external public rela- bibliography, which may in fact be a tions tool, with a controlled outside state-of-the-art bulletin, requires the circulation, or on a subscription basis. services of someone familiar with the field, its literature and terminology. It Graphics and Budgets is a professional challenge for the true reference librarian or subject specialist. It is important that all library publi- It can be a very specialized, individual- cations, regardless of purpose, format, ized service for a single user. or content, project an image consistent Library bulletins can have many with the type and degree of service the purposes and take many forms. A daily library purports to provide. Logos, or weekly news bulletin summarizes letterheads, flyers, covers, and inside current economic or business news of layouts play a vital part in the image a significance to the parent organization. library projects. The prime purpose of The bulletin can consist of brief news informational bulletins or abstract ser- clippings, mounted in page form and vices is to provide the user with infor- duplicated by one of the conventional mation. However, the appearance, de- copying processes, or it can consist of sign, format, and color of a bulletin or typed copy reproduced by the same brochure may be what attracts the process. The main element with a news person to pick it up, read it, retain the bulletin is speed and timeliness. If information, and act upon it. issued daily, it should be on the client's The logo or cover of a publication is desk before noon; if weekly, the compi- responsible for the initial impact. If the lation of news items should be available logo or cover is not arresting or attrac- before noon on Friday. tive, the publication may go unheeded

It is important that all library publications, regardless of purpose, format, or content, project an image consistent with the type and degree of service the library purports to provide.

A more extensive library bulletin can among the mass of papers received be issued on a monthly basis, or more daily, thereby defeating the prime frequently if the budget permits. The purpose. Imagination and creativity can library bulletin can combine elements be employed in producing an eye- of the bibliographic bulletins with catching bulletin, even if financial general news of the library and the funds are limited. Good graphics attract parent organization. Written in a narra- the readerluser and good writing keeps tive, newsy style, the bulletin can his interest and attention. Clear and contain state-of-the-art surveys, special concise writing, combined in an infor- treatment of subjects in successive mal style, can make even the most tech- issues, book reviews, critical reviews of nical material readable. report literature, features on unusual The number, style, frequency, and acquisitions or literature searches, cal- circulation of library publications are endars of events within the librarv and closely tied to budgetary consider- the parent organization, news of forth- ations. In a tight budget situation, october 1981 elements of various publication services professional organizations for both pro- can be combined into one newsletter or fessional and public relations purposes. bulletin, or the frequency of appear- Shared experiences and interchange of ance can be curtailed. A more expansive information are learning experiences budget situation can lead to an even designed to enhance the value of the wider range of publications, with more librarian's commitment and contribu- and better graphics, colored illustra- tion to the parent organization. The tions and photographs, and so on. same is true of continuing education of As to staff, the almost constant reading, formal education, and register- complaint is that there is not enough ing in seminars or workshops of a time to provide all of these "extra- professional nature or in the field that neous" services. It may well be that the the organization represents. business librarian voicing these complaints has a few misplaced priorities. Until you get clients to use the material, The exchange of information the biggest and best cataloged collec- among speci;l librarians has an tion in the world is unproductive, if not informal, person-to-person worthless. If the users come in greater numbers and increased services are quality that makes it an ex- provided, the library becomes an indis- tended arm of the in-house pensable part of the total organization reference service. and requests for increased budgets and additional personnel are easier to obtain. Business librarians also have a public relations role to play in the community- External Relations at-large by participating in civic organizations and functions. Since librarians The business library's public rela- are an educational resource, they can tions does not end at the outer bounda- become a network of referral and ries of the parent corporation. The exchange information in their commu- library and the librarian have commit- nities. ments to build good will outside the As more corporations become public organization. The outside public is relations-oriented and conscious of comprised of the professional commu- their social responsibility, their library nity and the community-at-large. collections are being made available to The exchange of information among people outside of the organization on special librarians has an informal, some kind of limited access basis. It can person-to-person quality that makes it be anticipated that this type of commu- an extended arm of the in-house refer- nity service will grow, particularly in ence service. Information or items can smaller communities where students be obtained by telephone, visit, mes- are sometimes restricted in the materi- senger, or mail. als available to them in a local, small The business librarian makes interli- library. brary loans and networking a part of the public relations program. The Conclusion extension of service is reciprocal. As part of the public relations program, Drake points out that the survival of individual libraries are never over- large libraries in their present form "is imposed upon, and all compliances very much in doubt. Few organizations with loan requests call for an immedi- can outlast protracted conflicts with ate note of appreciation and an offer of funders, managers, staff, and clientele" assistance in the future. (6). The staffs of business libraries should The same might be said of the busi- be encouraged to join and participate in ness library in an age of frequent busi-

special libraries ness mergers, management realign- Guide for Management. New York, Special ments, cost reduction measures, and Libraries Association, 1975. p. 31. reevaluation of all corporate activities 3. Rathbun, LoydIThe Small Library's and services. An assertive librarian- Large Problem: "I'm Ready and Eager, but Where Are the Clients?" S~ecial one who promotes the library effective- Libraries 65 (no. 516): 223-227 (~ayl~un ly, outlines a definitive public relations 1974). program for the library, and masters the 4. itch ell, Alma C. /Selling Your Library various public relations techniques and to Management. Special Libraries 43 (no. implements them in contacts with the 1): 18-21,34 (Jan 1952). library's public-is a critical factor in 5. Kies, Cosette/Problenzs in Library Public the success of the business library. Relations. New York, R. R. Bowker Co., 1974. p. 42. 6. Drake, Miriam A. / Management of Li- Literature Cited braries as Professional Organizations. 1. Ferguson, Elizabeth /Public Relations in Special Libraries 68 (no. 516): 181-186 Special Libraries. In Public Relations for (May / Jun 1977). Libraries: Essays in Communicat~onsTech- niques. Edited by Allan Angoff. Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 1973. p. 185. Receizwd for review Feb 17, 1981. Manu- 2. Strable, Edward G./Special Libraries: A script accepted for yuhlicafion 1un 8, 1981.

Grace M. Pertell is assistant librarian, Commonwealth Edison Company, Chica- go, Ill.

octoher 1981 Electronic Mail Has a Future in the Library

Robert J. Veenstra

University of lowa, lowa City, lowa 52240

In 1982 the United States Postal Service will begin the first part of a three-phase plan to offer Americans electronic delivery of mail. The important potential this development has for libraries is discussed. Documents can be sent via electronic mail as facsimile messages or displayed on the library C.R.T. Interlibrary loans in the future could be accomplished within minutes using a special library electronic mail system.

lectronic mail systems will pro- Information managers should, there- vide an exciting and perhaps fore, examine the various alternative revolutionary opportunity to im- systems and consider the numerous prove library services in the near implications electronic mail systems future. New technology and the prom- will have for libraries and information ise of regulatory change have created a services. ~otentialfor the instantaneous trans- The Federal Communication Com- mission of written messages and docu- mission defines electronic mail as "the ment delivery systems for interlibrary sending and receiving of messages loan and oth;r services anywhere in the which otherwise would be done via the world. Postal Service or the telephone" (1). Many powerful organizations, in- The idea of electronic delivery of infor- cluding AT&T, Western Union, Exxon, mation is not a new concept. The first Satellite Business Systems (SBS) which primitive example was the telegraph. A is owned by IBM, COMSAT, Aetna Life world-wide electronic message service & Casualty, and the United States Postal which has been in use over a century is Service (USPS), have positioned them- the telephone. Today, according to Don selves to offer large-scale electronic Avedon, Executive Director, Interna- message services directly to the public. tional Micrographic Congress (IMC), "close to one third of the Fortune 500 The author is currently science reference companies and many government librarian, University of Missouri at Kansas agencies use some kind of electronic City. mail system" (2).

338 Copyrqht c 1981 Specla1 L~brar~esAssoc~atfon special libraries Technology has played an important of large-scale public messages are tele- role in this current surge of interest in phone lines, trunk lines, conventional electronic mail, but scientific advances radiowaves, microwave transmissions have not been the dominant factor. The from rooftop antennas, and satellites. ability to send electronic transmissions Implementation of public message of mail has been available for many delivery systems in the United States is years. Xerox introduced the Telecopier restricted by government regulation, 400, the first U.S. commercial facsimile and the exact roles of private enterprise, copier 20 years ago. This unit permitted USPS, and the Federal Communication a page of information to be electroni- Commission are still being hotly cally transmitted across the country to a debated. The stakes are high and receiving machine where a faithful billions of dollars may be involved. The reproduction of the original was pro- U.S. Post Office is fighting to retain its duced. Early analog machines of this exclusive monopoly over the delivery type, called "fax" printers, were slow, of First Class Mail granted under the taking several minutes to transmit a Private Express Statutes. According to a standard A-4 size page which is 210 x report of the National Research Coun- 297 mm-or 8lI4 in. by 1111/16 in. The cil, USPS needs to get into the elec- development of the faster digital tele- tronic mail delivery system or "the facsimile machines has shortened this future of the Post Office is dim" (3). time considerably, and transmission of Recommendations of this sort gave one or two pages per minute is now USPS impetus to research the use of common. Research by the USPS in electronic mail. collaboration with Western Union to Postal officials quickly dismissed the make electronic mail more economical possibility of home or point to point has led to a new generation of digital electronic delivery systems as undesir- non-impact "fax" printers called able and technologically several de- "Group 3." These super fast printers cades down the road. Many competitors will enable the transmission of ten A-4 disagree with this philosophy and pages per second. argue that labor, which accounts for The primary reason why companies 86% of the cost of mail, is causing the and governmental agencies are using Postal Service to drag its heels because electronic mail, and why librarians the point to point system would elimi- should be, is that information has itself nate too many jobs. become more valuable. In response to the increasing demand ECOM for reliable, current information, many types of electronic distribution pro- The USPS' entrant into electronic cesses have already been developed. mail will be called Electronic Computer Databases, bibliographic utilities, and Originated Mail (ECOM) System. The online catalog systems are nearly com- transition to an electronic mail system monplace in libraries and businesses. will be gradual and consist of three ~ajorcorporations including Exxon, phases, as suggested by the National Xerox, and AT&T have begun to Research Council (4). develop methods to enable people to obtain information more quickly. One Generation 1 of these systems can collectively be called electronic mail. There are many This phase marks the initial entrance variations of how each prototype of the USPS into the communications works, but the concepts are basically marketplace. Electronic transmissions similar. The electronic mail systems will be limited to exchanges of mail provide a means of sending and receiv- among computers of major U.S. Post ing computerized data. The different Offices. The facsimile copy of the origi- vehicles proposed for the transmission nal letter would still need to be deliv- ortohcr 1981 ered by letter carrier. As Generation I a need for local computer input and an usage increases and more postal com- electronic point to point delivery puters are interconnected as part of a system. national network, Generation I1 of There is a real need for electronic ECOM will follow. mail service. During a recent congressional hearing, Bolger stated that the Generation 11 Post Office "stood to lose 80%of its First Class mail within two vears." if it were Generation I1 will permit the direct not granted exclusive rights to elec- computer-to-computer link between tronic mail delivery in the United major organizations and the U.S. Post States (6). Office. Letters would be entered via Western Union estimates the market computer, and automatically transmit- for electronic mail is four billion pieces ted by the USPS where a facsimile copy of business-to-business mail and six would be delivered by carrier. billion in the business-to-household mail per year, assuming the system Generation 111 were connected to the 100 largest metropolitan areas (7). Generation 111 is a point to point The USPS electronic mail project system. This is quite different from the received a tentative go-ahead from the earlier stage of electronic mail. Genera- Postal Rate Commission, and ECOM tion 111 capability would eliminate the service is scheduled to begin January need to produce a paper facsimile docu- 1982. Organizations which send out 200

Technology has played an important role in this current surge of interest in electronic mail, but scientific advances have not been the dominant factor. The ability to send electronic transmissions of mail has been available for many years.

ment. The system would enable a or more messages at one time will pay totally computer-to-computer transmis- 26c for the first page and 5c for each sion and response to any home or busi- additional page mailed. An additional ness within seconds. Messages would 24 will go to the communication be stored in a computer memory and companies working with the USPS to recalled on a screen upon demand. If transmit the mail between post offices desired, the recipient may have a hard- (8). Bolger wants ECOM labeled as an copy printed. Under the Generation 111 experimental service with only 25 system, there would be little depen- branch offices involved. The Postal dence on letter carriers or paper. Rate Commission, however, wants to USPS first claimed that under the see ECOM as a permanent service, Generation I system electronically representing a commitment to elec- transmitted mail would arrive by the tronic mail right from the start. following day, but now Post Master USPS will not be able to stop its General William Bolger is predicting regular letter service; instead, it will that delivery would probably be within have to provide both message delivery two days after the item was received for systems. Since USPS uses First Class processing (5). mail to help pay for its other services, Present plans for ECOM are limited an increase in rates for the other classes to the implementation of Generation I. of mail seems unavoidable. To the However, many companies already see librarian and publisher this means

340 higher costs for the shipment of books and magazines when budgets are already tight. The Association of American Pub- lishers testified before the National Telecommunications and Information Administration that USPS should be allowed to provide electronic message service and that such service should be offered only at rates which will make a reasonable contribution to the overall costs of USPS (9). Indications are that the projected expenses for electronic mail have been raised to help pay for other types of mail services. In congres- cost of a Mailgram is $1.50. This high sional hearings, the Post Office testihed cost is partly due to tariffs imposed by that its costs for electronic mail would the government. As large as the Mail- be 1.8~,plus local carrier's delivery gram system is, the capacity would have charge, plus the cost of paper (10). It felt to be increased over 100 times to allow that the biggest part of the charge for the estimated 25 billion messages would result from the cost of paper in sent each year. which the facsimile message is printed. There are several reasons for the tran- Bolger has yet to justify this difference sition from the older Mailgram system in cost in lieu of his commitment not to to the newer ECOM. The ECOM system make a profit from ECOM. To avoid the would be exempted from government extra costs, libraries need to develop tariffs, cost far less and be more effi- their own electronic mail system. cient than Mailgram. The newer system would use the latest technological ECOM Versus Mailgram advances, such as packet switching, digital transmission, nonimpact Group Western Union began to explore elec- 3 printers, and satellite communica- tronic mail delivery in 1965. This tions. The system would be designed to resulted in the purchase of a message handle the huge increases of electronic system from William Von Meister, mail expected. In 1977, Western known as "Mailgram." The Mailgram Union's total message volume was 31 system has three Central Phone Bu- million. The Postal Service has esti- reaus which have 24 hour toll-free mated the annual potential market for answering services. By dialing a toll- ECOM at 15 billion messages (I 1). free number one can call in a message which is then routed to one of two International Systems main-frame computer switching centers, called Infomasters. From here, the message is transmitted by Western United States Union to a local, high-speed printer near the destination, and a printed copy The Post Office has realized that the is produced. Western ~nibncontracts market for electronic mail does not stop with USPS for delivery of the Mailgram at U.S. boundaries. International tele- on the next day. Mailgram orders can phone calls increase 25% annually, and also be placed by Telex, or TWX. New 40% of all U.S. phones have a direct dial features include "Stored Mailgram" capability to 80 countires. Plans for and a special private line, "Info Com." taking advantage of the international The Mailgram investment cost $1.5 market rest with INTELPOST, Interna- billion dollars and takes in over fifty tional Electronic Post (12). Although million dollars annually. The average delayed by the Federal Communication Commission's refusal to grant necessary the Prestel system can be used economi- tariffs, the project is underway. In cally for electronic mail, since one initial tests, INTELPOST sent facsimile would have to pay an extra fee just to messages between the United Kingdom connect with the videotext system. and USPS sites in Washington D.C. and New York. Eventually Belgium, Argen- England tina, The Netherlands, and (according to the original plan) Iran are to send In 1982, the British will test Public electronic mail to each other via satel- Packet Switching Service (PPSS),a new lites. Although uncertain at this time, electronic mail system. The Postal cost estimates are about five dollars per Service claims it -will be faster and page. This high cost is largely due to cheaper than sending information government tariffs. through ordinary letters. Cost estimates are four p, or six p less than the cost of a Canada second class stamp. TELEX currently costs 70 p for the-same message (14). In June 1980, there were transmis- The system would receive an electroni- sions of fax copies of documents cally typed or word processed message between Toronto and London using from a disc or cassette, add a telephone satellites. Canada also has a link number, and send a digitalized message between word processing machines in when the "send" button is pushed. The Montreal and Munich, Germany, as computer will wait for an open line and part of the Teletex system. then transmit the message. Because a memory device will hold the message, France it can be recalled or even stored for a time when the telephone rate is cheap- Spurred by a deteriorating postal er. This is a "store and forward" capac- system, France has ambitious plans for a ity. Because the PPSS uses existing national electronic mail system. The phone lines, they anticipate 4,700 users French Postal and ~elecommunications by 1983 delivering 40% of the United Administration (PPT) has set specifica- Kingdom's 30 million letters. Electronic tions for a domestic facsimile receiver mail revenues are expected to be about (13). The telecopying service will start 1,100 million pounds annually by 1987. in 1981. The PPT estimates it will have Electronic mail is advancing faster in one million fax users in the mid-eight- Europe than in the United States but ies. The postal trade unions are not without problems. The Post Office concerned because many workers will Engineering Union (POEU) is fighting be replaced by the new k~ectronicmail the advancement of message delivery system. systems in England. The POEU is The printer will cost about $400 and granted a monopoly by law to maintain transmissions will take about two min- all of the phone terminals. Should utes per page. The system will use a competitors be allowed to offer better, thermal minter based on an element mork efficient, or cheaper systems, charge-couple device which reads the many jobs will be lost. document to be sent. The unit is produced by Europest, a major producer Japan of black-and-white picture tubes in Europe. Versatility is being incorpo- The Japanese are working on a rated into the printer. It can assist in hybrid system using optical character photocopy servks delivered into the recognition and an intelligent printer home, receive messages, print a hard that would also handle color at one to copy, or act as an output device for two pages a second. Prestel or the French equivalent, Tele- International standards are being tel. However, many people doubt that established to ensure compatibility

special libraries among the various electronic mail high security" option that would use a systems. Because of a stronger commit- code system not yet developed (16). ment on the part of other nations to Independent research on new secu- develop electronic mail systems, the rity codes for common usage are United States has had little input in the progressing rapidly (17). These new formulation of these regulations. codes use math equations as the key. For everyone to have their own code, Radio Mail some special systems would have to be available. This specialized code would William F. Von Meister, president, enable anyone to send a message but TDX Systems Inc., and the designer of only allow the person with the unique the Mailgram system, is working on key to be able to decode transmissions digital data transmission. He has devel- sent to him or her. Such a prototype oped a prototype electronic mail system code is in use at selected nuclear called "Data Post" which uses ordinary research plants and reactor sites where F.M. radio signals to transmit the tight security is required. It is based on messages. According to Von Meister, the idea that knowledge needed to "By modulating subcarriers of Muzak encode is not the same as the knowl- or other background music services we edge needed to decode a message. The can effect digital data transmission" decryption is made public, and the (15). Because the digitalized messages encryption key is kept a secret. The can carry much more information and code system is waiting for National communicate directly with the com- Security Agency approval. puter, he believes the capacity is great Some system of this type will be enough to carry a major portion of the essential in the future. Today experts present volume of First Class mail. This say that, on average, only one in every means that by using F.M. radio towers 100 cases of computer crimes is detected presently in place and high speed (18). Having this security system would printers, Data Post would be able to eliminate the worry caused by informa- give next-day delivery of facsimile- tion being routed to the wrong person oriented messages in 60 major areas, at or company. one-half the cost of Mailgrams. Von Fortunately, librarians are not that Meister also believes that digitalized concerned with industrial espionage, information can be adapted to operate and present means would be adequate through telephones, A.M. radio, and to insure library message privacy and television. the confidentiality of our clients.

Privacy of Electronic Mail Electronic Mail in the Library Business, industry, and government The OCLC interlibrary loan system is will be the first groups to use electronic one well-documented example of the mail. However, these organizations are use of electronic mail systems by librar- also concerned with the security and ians. This service incorporates several privacy of their messages. When asked levels of electronic communication or if electronic mail would be as secure as electronic mail. Yet, successful as it is, a letter, Geller, Assistant Secretary for OCLC is only the beginning. The next Communications and Information, said step points toward the transfer of short it could be as private as space and articles, papers, and even chapters of defense communications. He suggested books using a CRT or a Group 3 printer. there would be "typical security," Attempts to stimulate librarians' in- protected by the overwhelming volume terest in electronic mail systems has of junk mail that spies would have to come from many sources. Computer- sort through, and available for a higher land, Bibliographic Retrieval Service, cost, there would be offered a "very Systems Development Corporation and

octoher 1981 The Source Telecomputing, Inc., now Whitney Lab. Dr. Richard Smith, the offer limited service modules designed director of Whitney Lab, states that for libraries. although the initial cost was high, the The Communications Engineering system was "economical and effective" Branch of the Lister Hill Center has when the time and speed of the docu- "begun a program to design, develop, ment delivery was considered. and evaluate an experimental system Planning should begin for a national that will electronically store, retrieve, link of major library systems in the and display documents" acquired by United States with facsimile printers the National Library of Medicine (19). and CRT's. The library could become This electronic mail system will be the heart of electronic mail. The ILEM useful for interlibrary loan service and system would allow for a new meaning significantly contribute to the N.L.M. to interlibrary cooperation and net- mission to act as the national archive working. Librarians would set the for biomedical literature. example and forge new uses of elec-

A national electronic system of libraries would offer users an accurate and inexpensive opportunity to obtain copies of materials from nearly anywhere in the country within seconds.

Diversified systems or links of this tronic mail for others, even the USPS, type will continue to proliferate as to follow. A national electronic system administrators realize the potential uses of libraries would offer users an accu- of electronic mail in libraries. As elec- rate and inexpensive opportunity to tronic links become more numerous, it obtain copies of materials from nearly will be desirable for librarians to estab- anywhere in the country within sec- lish their own point to point Interli- onds. The ILEM system would not only brary Electronic Mail (ILEM) network. be advantageous to librarians and users, Using ILEM, a user's request for an it would also save energy. interlibrary loan of a short article could The initial investment needed to start be accomplished within minutes. The an electronic mail system is high, but requested document could be sent as many libraries are developing compu- facsimile transmissions or even dis- terized systems for automation which played on the library CRT. could be expanded to include ILEM. One library electronic mail link has Even small libraries will be able to tie been set up already. A recent Wilson into the system as part of a network Library Bulletin describes an electronic with a small computer switching cen- mail system using a high speed fax ter. The cost of electronic mail systems printer operated by a library assistant will continue to drop as technology (20). The Marine Biological Laboratory continues to improve and as more at Woods Hole, Mass., is linked to the companies become involved. C.V. Whitney Lab for Experimental here would have to be a transmis- Marine Biology and Medicine in St. sion fee established for all copyrighted Augustine, Fla. Digital transmission of materials. This fee would automat&ally documents is done using a Rapicom be recorded and charged to the user. system and the telephone. Transmis- The system to allow this type of prede- sion of their material takes only termined charge is already part of the seconds. The printer can send and National Periodical Center Project. receive material. The University of When the copyright problem is solved, Florida at Gainesville is also linked to any material could potentially be repro- 344 special libraries duced anywhere within minutes. Long Let the history books show that items would probably continue to be librarians led in the development and sent by the traditional method of inter- application of electronic mail systems library loan via the Post Office. for the benefits of their users. You stand For a library electronic mail network at the threshold of the information era, to become a reality, we must push and and as librarians you have the opportu- fight for our rights. Our professional nity to lead the way. organizations will need to become more aware and involved in communication regulations.

Conclusion Literature Cited The wave of electronic mail is on the 1. Electronic Mail Offers First-class Ser- horizon. However, electronic mail is vice. New Scientist 82 (no.1149): 29 (Apr 5 only one aspect of the advancing world 1979). of information technology. There are 2. Avedon, Don / The Automated Office: other equally significant technological Electronic Mail Systems. Information O Records ~ana~emeht15 (no.lj: 12/56 (Jan advances being made which challenge 1981). the present role of the library. The next 3. Alexander, Tom / The Postal Service step after electronic mail is probably Would Like to Be the Electronic Mail- going to be "Voice-Mail" (21). AT&T1s man, Too. Fortune 99 (no.12): 92-100 Antilope and 3M's Datapoint systems (Jun 18, 1979). are already working to eliminate the 4. U.S. Congress. House. Committee On previously unsolved problem of a Don- Post Office and Civil Service /Research and Development into Electronic Mail ald Duck sound caused by the digitali-- zation of voices. Concepts by the U.S.P.S., Briefing before the Voice activation technology-also a Subcomlnitfee on Postal Personnel and Modernization of the Committee on Post spinoff of electronic mail-is nearly Office and Civil Service. E.M.S. for the here. Prototypes of voice systems can U.S.P.S. 95th Cong., 1st Sess., Serial No. recognize 95% of the terminology used 95-45. 41-90 (Mar 21, 1977). in English, and Japanese language 5. The Electronic Battleground. Postal Life systems are even more accurate (22). 13 (no.2): 8-9 (Sep/Oct 1979). One can exoect to see voice-activated 6. Pulling Postal Rank over Electronic typewriters and appliances for sale by Mail. Business Week (no.2627): 46 (Mar the middle of the 1980's. 10, 1980). Work is underwav at the Massachu- 7. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on setts Institute of Technology, to make Post Office and Civil Service / Hearings before the Subcommittee on Postal Personnel the CRT more like a book by perfecting and Modernization of the Post Ofice and a method that gives the impression of Civil Service. Postal Research and Devel- pages being turned in a book or maga- opment. 95th Cong., 2nd Sess., Serial zine on a CRT screen. In the future, No. 95-81.31-48 (Apr 18, 1978). users will be able to thumb through the 8. ECOM Begins. Bulletin of the American pages of their desk terminals. Society for information Science 7 (no.1): 8 The role of the librarv in the future (Oct 1980). will be to gather, organize, and dissemi- 9. AAP Testifies on Electronic Message nate information-and to provide this Service Proposal. Publishers Weekly 215 information within seconds rather than (no.14): 28 (Apr 2, 1979). 10. US. Congress. House. / Postal Research the days or weeks it takes today. The and Development. 95th Cong., 2nd user will demand and expect this timely sess., Serial No. 95-81. 1-15 (Apr 13 service. Great strides have been made 1978). by bibliographic utilities, databases, 11. US. Congress. House. Committee on and online catalogs, but those are only Interstate and Foreign Commerce / Hear- the first steps. ings before the Subconimittee on Communi-

october I981 cations of the Committee on Interstate and 17. Kolate, Cina/New Codes Coming into Foreign Commerce. The Communications Use. Science 208 (no.4445): 694-695 (May Act of 1979. 96th Cong., 1st Sess., Serial 16, 1980). No. 96-121.364-396 (Apr 25,1979). 18. Cannon, Maggie / Odds Favor Computer 12. Annual Report of the Post Master General, Criminal. Info World 2 (no.16): 24 (Sep Fiscal 1979. Washington D.C., G.P.O., 15, 1980). 1980. p. 6. 19. Electronic Document Storage and Re- 13. Electronic French Letters. New Scientist trieval. U.S. National Library of Medicine 83 (no.1172): 806 (Sep 13, 1979). News 35 (no.12): 5 (Dec 1980). 14. Britain's Electronic Mail Arrives On 20. Electronic Interlibrary Exchange. Wilson Time. New Scientist 86 (no.1204): 181 Library Bulleti~ 55 (no.3): 175 (Nov (Apr 24,1980). 1980). 15. U.S. Congress. House. / Postal Research 21. Voice Mail Arrives in the Office. Bus]- and Development. 95th Cong., 2nd Sess., ness Week (110.2640): 80-8134 (Jun 9, Serial No. 95-81, 51-60 (Apr 18, 1978). 1980). 16. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on 22. Typewriters Learn to Listen. l~foWorld commerce, Science, and Transporta- 2 (no.19): 22 (Oct 27, 1980). tion./ Hearings before the Subcommittee on Communications of the Committee on Com- merce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate. To Amend Title 39. 95th Cong., 2nd Sess., Serial No. 95-123. 75- Received for rcz)icw Feb 20, 1981. Manu- 76 (Aug 2,1978). script accepted for publicatioi7 lun 23, 1981.

Robert J. Veenstra is science reference librarian, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Mo.

special lihrarics Is There a Future for the End User In Online Bibliographic Searching?

Sylvia G. Faibisoff

Department of Library Science, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, 111. 601 15

Jitka Hurych

Computer Reference Services, University Libraries, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, 111. 60 1 15

-- As access to computer terminals becomes an everyday reality, many end users, particularly those in research, will undoubtedly attempt to perform their own online bibliographic searches. Regardless of the concerns of librarians regarding the results of this development on the effectiveness of the search, this is a challenge that librarians and library educators will have to face. The concerns and problems of end user searching are discussed, new developments in the field of online access are reviewed, and some recommendations for meeting the challenge through education are discussed.

he concept of end users searching becomes more affordable to the general online bibliographic databases public for office, home, and laboratory touches many sensitive chords use, we may expect the end user to use and is a matter of concern to librarians. the terminal to access all types of infor- These concerns range from doubts that mation. This does not suggest that end users can master the intricacies of either the need for a library or librarian searching to fears that librarians will no will diminish as we approach the 21st longer be needed if end users under- century. Instead, this development may take their own searches. These concerns lead to the expansion of centralized may be legitimate, but they should not searching services in which the library remain unresolved. search analyst is the most important component. It may also mean that Concerns about End User Searching systems designers will provide systems that are more adaptable and responsive As the use of computers for problem to use by nonexperienced searchers. solving becomes more widespread, and Librarians have accepted direct end as the price of computer terminals user interaction with some types of computerized bibliographic files. They increase as systems and design software have conceded that the end user who is are modified to facilitate machineluser familiar with the technique of search- interaction. It is to their advantage to ing author, title, and subject entries have educated and trained end users in manually in a card catalog can transfer addition to the traditional librarvl, . this skill to searching the same information science intermediary. elements in a computerized catalog file. In order to respond proactively to And they have found that users will be future change, we should examine the comfortable using the terminal and the concerns of librarians, as well as the display on the video screen, particu- problems and situations that have been larly if it does not differ dramatically responsible or have inhibited end user from the display on a catalog card. interaction with computerized biblio- Reports from libraries that have graphic databases. p an^ of these were closed their card catalogs have been identified in the last decade by John extremely positive (I). Librarians have Bennett (4), F.W. Lancaster (5), and noted that end users are not only will- others. Bennett, predicting that the card ing to search online catalogs but also catalog would be closed and replaced enjoy the use of the terminal. Librarians by thecomputer stated: have also reported that they have not The possibilities for interactive search had to intervene in the computerized have captured the imaginations of infor- searching process to any greater extent mation scientists both inside and outside than was necessary in a manual search the library context. How shall we have in a card catalog. succeeded in bringing this potential to realization? How well have we recognized and accepted the double challenge Librarians have noted that end of organization of the mechanism for search and the casting of it into a useable users are not only willing to searcher interface? How prepared are we search online catalogs but also to build the transitions for a relatively familiar yet underused tool such as the enjoy the use of the terminal. card catalog to the new world of the interactive search? (4, p.5). Bennett itemized problems that had If we can assume that end users can to be addressed relative to end user/ effectivelv search and retrieve author machine interaction: and title information from a "computerized-card-catalog," we can move to the Can a system be designed for use next step and assume that end users can by the general public? retrieve a variety of information from What are the characteristics of the other bibliographic online files as well. users served by the facility? In 1977, John Bennett suggested that What are the problems in the we should expect the intermediarylend education and training of the end user pattern of bibliographic searching user? to change, and that, eventually, end What are the operational character- users would become their own informa- istics of the facilities that place tion specialists (2). Some database constraints on use by the end producers are already anticipating this users? change and are planning to provide Is the assumption that end users are educational programs that will enable less motivated to do their own end users to perform their own searching valid? searches. BIOSIS is among the pioneers Will the end user use the facility (3). often enough to gain expertise in Certainly, it can be expected that the use of the system? producers will not overlook a potential Will he use the system enough to user market that will undoubtedly make it cost effective?

special libraries To date, these questions have not been so that end users might access the satisfactorily answered. systems directly. In the early seventies, when online Fortunately, progress is not unidi- searching became a reality and the mensional. By identifying the problems demand for online bibliographic infor- encountered by the intermediary in mation increased beyond expectation, searching computerized databases, the end user did not become the progress is also being made in design- searcher as might have been expected. ing systems that, in turn, can facilitate Instead, in order to meet the informa- end user searching. Even a factor as tion needs of the users, to expedite simple as keyboarding has been exam- service, and to provide immediate ined. Since all users are not touch searching capabilities, the.scenario that typists, other than standard touch emerged was that of the information typing keyboards have been devel- specialist who acted as the intermediary oped. between the computer system and the We have been led to believe that end user. That intermediary-a librarian, a users are not searching and probably subject specialist or a combination of will not do so for psychological and both-intercepted the user's inquiry, behavioral reasons: They lack sophisti- translated it into the language of the cation and have limited motivation; appropriate system (e.g., DIALOG, BRS, they will not search often or exten- ORBIT, RECON), and then provided sively enough to develop any degree of the users with the results of a search. At expertise; time spent by users online this point, the end user became will be costly and ineffective. These involved. Although the intermediary concerns may be valid, but considerably evaluated the results of the search, the more research is needed to either end users actually measured their satis- substantiate or reject these premises; faction with it. and to identify current users. As a result of this process, the inter- Carol Fenichel is among those who mediary became aware of the problems have undertaken some research in these involved in online searching, identi- areas. For her dissertation, Fenichel fied obstacles in the search process or in studied "the differences among the the computer system, and reported searches of users of online systems who

In the early seventies, when online searching became a reality and the demand for online bibliographic information increased beyond expectation, the end user did not become the searcher as might have been expected. these to vendors, systems persons, or have different amounts of overall expe- database producers. The latter, in turn, rience" and "the differences between directed their attention to the needs, the searches of persons with and with- education, and training of the interme- out experience in the data base being diary rather than the end users. searched" (7). She selected novices Meadow observed that librarians and (library school students at Drexel Uni- users may expect this situation and versity School of Library and Informa- their roles to remain static (6). Thus, the tion Science), moderately experienced efforts of vendors and database produc- searchers without ERIC experience, ers were directed toward improvement moderately experienced searchers with of the intermediary/computer relation- ERIC experience, very experienced ship rather than improving the system searchers without ERIC experience, and october 1981 very- experienced- searchers with ERIC learned reference skills and the ability experience. Searches were performed to organize knowledge are the more on the DIALOG system using ONTAP. critical characteristics and qualities re- Fenichel noted: "The results showed, quired of the searcher. Additional that compared to the experienced research in these areas is in order. subjects, the novices performed surpris- We should expect that differences in ingly well. Although as a group they the searching patterns of end users and searched more slowly than the experi- intermediaries will exist. Mallen found enced subjects, made more errors, and that information specialists tend to be scored lower on most (but not all) more exhaustive in their searching outcome measures, the differences were habits; end users more arbitrary (12). not as great as might be expected" (7, p. End users do not always think in terms xv). The results of this study were of thesauri and indexes. They fail to use limited, but a good beginning. The all possible alternatives to searching Fenichel study was part of a larger databases. Nevertheless, end users do project aimed at developing a system search in spite of their lack of sophisti- for end users that would enable them to cation and their lack of knowledge of perform online bibliographic searches indexing techniques. (7, p. 5). There are end users who search Meadow, one of the foremost sup- directly and some who work with the porters of education for end users, has, intermediary. In 1975, Wanger studied to some extent, explored the matter of the searching behavior of professionals, motivation (8). He observed that the researchers, scientists, engineers, stu- end users who are most likely to dents (graduate and undergraduate), perform their own searches are persons lawyers, and marketing and sales comfortable with computers and com- personnel (9). She noted that in approx- puter systems. They are not necessarily imately 27% of the searches performed traditional library users. Wanger ob- in that study, end users worked directly served that persons who view the use of with the intermediary at the terminal, the terminal as part of their normal guiding and providing immediate feed- work patterns will be motivated to back relative to performance of the invest in learning to search (9). It has search. In about 5% of the instances, also been suggested that as users end users preferred to execute their become aware of the browsing capabil- own searches in spite of the availability ity of computers, they will feel suffi- of an intermediary. They performed ciently motivated to conduct their own effectively. searches. The question of whether continuous Obstacles to End User Searching searchi& is necessary in order to be a searcher-and here we are begging the Although machine-readable informa- question of whether it is necessary to tion was initially created for the benefit becoming a good searcher-or whether of end users, access to the use of this it is dependent on the mental or information has been impeded by the personal -traits of an individual is yet to design of the online systems, by the be fully explored. Van Camp (lo), and multiplicity of available online re- Dolan and Kremin (1I), identified some trieval systems, by variations in retriev- of the characteristics of an online ing information from individual data- searcher. They cited such qualities as bases, and by the proliferation of these self-confidence, a logical and keenly databases. The complexity has been analytical mind, skill in communica- such, that for the end user, there tion, infinite patience, a retentive mem- appears to be some mystique in the ory and dogged persistence-qualities process of accessing and retrieving that might also be possessed by end information for online databases. Al- users. However, it is possible that though there is nothing mysterious special libraries about searching, there are real prob- tional Library of Medicine public card lems. catalog online. The interface is not Nickerson enumerated differences intended to provide all the capabilities he found in using the various command of the main computer system, Elhill 111, languages required of different systems but only to emulate the card catalog for (13). Login and logoff protocols, com- the casual, less sophisticated user. The mand grammar, conventions for de- authors appear to be introducing the fining functions and procedures, tech- concept of a "customized interface" for niques for array handling, options users at various levels of sophistication. available for output formatting, editing Marcus addressed the problems of features, and techniques in string end user interaction with "heterogen- manipulation and searching presented eous bibliographic retrieval systems" real barriers to ease in searching and (17). With his colleague, Reintjes, Mar- were frustrating for inexperienced as cus has been experimenting with Con- well as experienced searchers. nector for Networked Information

End users do not always think in terms of thesauri and indexes. They fail to use all possible alternatives to searching databases. Nevertheless, end users do search in spite of their lack of sophistication and their lack of knowledge of indexing techniques.

A number of recommendations have Transfer (CONIT), a computer interme- been made to alleviate what Atherton diary that "translates" the end users has referred to as the "veritable Tower requests into the appropriate command of Babel" (14). These include standard- language of the retrieval system for ization of login and logoff protocols; which the user's request was intended. development of interface languages CONIT transmits the translated request between the computer and the searcher; over appropriate network communica- development and standardization of tions connections to the retrieval the use of technical terms and sym- system and receives the response from bols-recommendations presently un- that system which it then presents to der advisement by Committee Z39-G the user in a common format. In this which is currently chaired by Atherton manner, the network of heterogeneous (15). systems is made to look like a single A decade ago, Bennett suggested an virtual system to the user. interface language, a type of negotiated In reporting on this experiment, search facility, that would enable end Marcus stated: "Experiments with users to formulate queries in their own CONIT have demonstrated that even terminology that would, in turn, be inexperienced end users can operate translated into machine terminology the intermediary system to get some through an intermediate computer pro- relevant documents in reasonable gram (6). amounts of time" (17, p. 349). However, Since that time, Goldstein and Ford he also observed that "computer inter- of the National Library of Medicine mediaries of this kind have not yet have developed a user-oriented inter- approached the retrieval effectiveness face that accommodates different types achievable by expert human interme- of users and their inquiries (16). They diaries working in conjunction with the have experimented with a user-cordial end user." interface-a system friendly to the While considerable effort is being user-that searches CATLINE, the Na- made to alleviate the problems in- october 1981 volved in searching multiple retrieval sions in which the search is not exclu- systems, others have been concerned sively in the hands of the intermediary. with the problems involved in multiple Wanger pointed out that in many cases database searching. Robert Niehoff ad- the intermediary was dependent on the dressed the problem of "heterogeneous subject skill of the end user (17). In such database vocabularies and how these instances, it appeared that the interme- differences can be neutralized to facili- diary was acting in a quasiprofessional tate multi-based switching" (18). His capacity: a person familiar with the Vocabulary Switching System (VSS) techniques of searching but needed permits the system to translate user only in a supportive role. This raises requests into search queries across target two questions. Does the subject special- databases with little user intervention. ist want to relinquish control of the Marcus and others have been ex- search to an intermediary? Is the inter- ploring various search aid techniques mediary in complete control of the that end users can employ in using search only in those instances in which search saves; in techniques that will helshe has strong subject background? automaticallv enable the-user to select the appropriate database from the vast Solutions array of available databases; in searching on keyword stems found in the Searching requires a high level of user's natural language expression; and, intellectual activity. The current me- generally, in trying to find a "simple chanics of searching, the structure of individualized search strategy formula- individual bases, the multiplicity of tion for different databases" (19). command languages, and other obsta- Martha Williams and Scott Preece cles to ease in accessing online data- report that their system, "an integrated bases are such that even intermediaries manlmachine interface to facilitate net- require training and continuing educa- work resource utilization," is still tion in order to effectively interact with another approach to accommodate the the computer. For the same reasons, end user's search of a variety of online educational programs should be devel- systems (20). Their "transparent sys- oped for end users. tem" is designed to eliminate the vari- We are in a period of transition. ous associated with variations Although the intelligent terminal may in access protocols, command lan- be the solution and will facilitate end guages, search techniques and output user searching, there are, at this time, format. end users who want to search and many

We are in a period of transition. Although the intelligent terminal may be the solution and will facilitate end user searching, there are, at this time, end users who want to search and many more who will want to in the future.

An aspect of online searching that is more who will want to in the future. not system dependent, but one that Elias and others (3) have pointed out creates obstacles and problems, is the that database producers such as BIOSIS extent of subject specialization needed are returning to "end user points of by the searcher. As mentioned earlier, consumption" and are preparing pro- while the intermediary may dominate grams to train and educate the end user the searching process, there are occa- in the searching process. Librarians, special libraries information scientists, and library edu- cessful. Griffith's (24)evaluation of this cators should also play a role in this training program concluded that prop- process, just as they do in any form of erly trained end users will use online bibliographic instruction. The question systems to meet their information is when, where, and how can this train- needs. ing be effected? At the present time, there are innum- One of the techniques that might be erable printed manuals, searching aids, considered in end user education is the and guides used by the intermediary to use of computerized instructional pro- facilitate searching. Perhaps these grams. Several programs have been should be expanded and aimed at the developed or are in the developmental end user. This would be of particular stages. benefit to those subject specialist end Individualized Instruction for Data users interested in accessing databases Access (IIDA), developed by Charles in their own fields. Training packages Meadow (21) is one such program; containing slide-tape programs and TRAINER, a computer program for video cassettes illustrating the search- users of DIALOG and ORBIT, devel- ing process might also be used to train oped by Elaine Caruso (22), another. end users. The variety of teaching The performance and effectiveness of programs will be as extensive as the IIDA as a teaching tool has been tested ingenuity of librarians, information and is still to be retested. In a joint specialists, database producers, and experiment conducted by the Franklin vendors. Research Center at Drexel University and EXXON Research and Engineering Conclusions Company, IIDA was tested to assess its value as a diagnostic system in an assis- For those who question the probabil- tance mode; as a teaching system, and ity that end users will be motivated to for its appeal to a user of engi- search or will perform effectively, neers. Landsberg and others (23) who Meadow reminds us that a decade ago reported on the experiment stated that no one would have presumed that in-spite of the constraints and reserva- computer programming was anything tions they had regarding the nature of but an inviolate activity of a particular the experiment itself, their impression group (6, p. 51). Today, there are was that participants liked using IIDA innumerable amateur programmers in and online searching. Several engi- addition to the professional program- neers requested that IIDA software be mer. We can expect that many users will One of the techniques that continue to turn to the intermediary as the searching specialist since there are might be considered in end user as many differencesin the research and education is the use of compu- searching habits of the public as there terized instructional programs. are in personalities. P.W. Williams Several programs have been observed that "there will always be some who will never be happy to turn developed or are in the develop- over the search and others who would mental stages. cheerfully accept almost any search results rather than perform the search installed, and various groups at EXXON themselves. There are research workers are already undertaking their own who know the literature extensively searching. and do not want the intermediarq--for Individualized training programs, anything but delivery of the document. such as the one developed for congres- There is the subject specialist who can sional staff in the use of Library of perform his own search in a narrow Congress SCORPIO, have proven suc- field but would be at a loss in trying to october 1981 obtain a search in a multi-disciplinary 4. Bennett, John L.llnteractive Bibliographic field, who would eagerly turn the Search as a Challenge to Interface Design. search over to others" (26). IBM Research RJ755. Yorktown Hights, As finger tip access to terminals N.Y., 1970. becomes more of a reality, the signs 5. Lancaster, F. N./User Education: The Next Major Thrust in Information point to increased end user searching. It Science? Journal of Education for Librarian- is possible that members of the research ship 11(2):55-63 (1970). community may be able to dial directly 6. Meadow, Charles F./Online Searching into the appropriate database when and Computer Programming: Some Be- they call a library for information. havioral Similarities (or. . . Why End Many organizations may prefer to Users Will Eventually Take Over the mount the most frequently accessed Terminal). Online 3(1):49-52 (Mar 1979). bibliographic databases. 7. Fenichel, Carol Hansen/Online Informa- Once the end user does learn to tion Retrieval; Identification of Measures search, there will be innumerable bene- that Discriminate among Users with Dif- ferent Levels and Types of Experience. fits for the profession. Meadow pointed (Ph.D. dissertation.) Philadelphia, out that the type of inquiry directed to Drexel University, July 1979. p.xiv. the professional can be expected to 8. Meadow, Charles F./Individualized In- change and that the reference inter- struction for Data Access. 1n:lst Interna- view, when necessary, will be more tional Online lnformation Meeting, Lon- meaningful. The end user will probably don, Dec 13-15, 1977. Oxford, Learned handle elementary inquiries, while the Information, 1977. intermediary/information specialist 9. Wanger, Judith, Carlos A. Cuadra, and will be called upon for the "top-of- Mary Fishbrunllmpact of Online Services: A Survey of Users, 1974-75. Santa Monica, the-line searches." A new breed of SDC, 1976. intermediaries may eventually devel- 10. Van Camp, Ann/Effective Search Ana- op ". . . so skilled and expensive, that lysts. Online 3(2) 18-20 (Apr 1979). management will not want these per- 11. Dolan, Donna R. and Michael C. Krem- sons to execute the 'you-tell-me-what- in/The Quality Control of Search Ana- you want and I will find it for you' lysts. Online 3(2) 8-16 (Apr 1979). searches" (6). 12. Mallen, Marie Christine/Online Infor- We can only hope that, as librarians mation Retrieval: Operators' Behaviour and information specialists become and Opinions. In: 1st International Online more confident that end users can Information Meeting. London, Dec 13-15, 1977. Oxford, Learned Information, search and will not contribute to a 1977. shrinking job market, they will facili- 13. Nickerson, Raymond S. / Man-Computer tate and extend the use of this powerful Interaction: A Challenge for Human bibiiographic resource to end users. Factors Research. Ergonomics 12:4 (Jul 1969). 14. Atherton, Pauline/Standards for a User- System Interface Language in Online Literature Cited Retrieval Systems: The Challenge and the Responsibility. Online Review 1. Closing the Catalog: Proceedings of the 7978 1(2):57-61 (Mar 1978). and 1979 Library and Information Technol- 15. Frase, Robert W./American National ogy Association Institutes. D. Kaye Gapen Standards Committee 239. In: The and Bonnie Juergens, eds. Phoenix, Bowker Annual 1979, pp. 98-100. Ariz., Oryx Press, 1980. 16. Goldstein, M. and William Ford/The 2. Bennett, John L./Expanded Roles for User Cordial Interface. Online Review Information Transfer Specialists in Interac- 3(2):269-275 (Sep 1978). tive lnformation Management. IBM Re- 17. Marcus, Richard S./Search Aids in a search Division, Yorktown, N.Y., 1977. Retrieval Network. In: Communicating 3. Elias, Arthur, et al./End User Education: Information; Proceedings of the 43 ASIS A Design Study. Online Review 4(2): 153- Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C. ASIS, 162 (Jun 1980). 1980. p. 394.

special libraries Niehoff, RobertIThe Optimization and Griffith, Jeffrey C. and Nancy Prothro Use of Automated Subject Switching for NortonITraining Congressional Staff to Better Retrieval. In: Communicating Infor- Search the Scorpio Online System. In: mation; Proceedings of the 43 ASIS Meeting, Communicating lnforrnation; Proceedings of v.17. Washington, D.C., ASIS, 1980. p. the 43 ASlS Annual Meeting, v.77, Wash- 397. ington, D.C., ASIS, 1970. p. 348-350. Marcus, Richard S. and J. Francis Williams, P.W./The Role and Cost Effec- Reintjes/Computer Interfaces for User Ac- tiveness of the Intermediary. In: 1st cess to Heterogenous Information Retrieval International Online Information Meeting, Systems. MIT Report ESL-R-739,1977. London, Dec 13-15, 1977. Oxford, Williams, Martha and Scott Preecel Learned Information, 1977. p. 53. Elements of a Distributed Transparent Information Retrieval System. In: Com- municating Information; Proceedings of the 43 ASlS Annual Meeting, v.17, Washing- Received for review Jan 27, 1981. Revised ton, D.C., ASIS, 1980. p. 397. manuscript accepted for publication Jul 22, Meadow, CharlesIComputer as a Search 1981. Intermediary: (IIDA). Online 3(3):57-59, (Jul 1979). Caruso, ElaineITRAINER for Online Systems. Online:28-34, (Oct 1977). Sylvia G. Faibisoff is chairman, Depart- Landsberg, Karen M. et al./A Joint Industrial-Academic Experiment: An ment of Library Science, Northern Illi- Evaluation of the IIDA System. In: nois University, Dekalb, Ill. Jitka Hurych Communicating Information; Proceedings of is coordinator, Computer Reference Ser- the 43 ASIS Annual Meeting, v.77. Wash- vice, Northern Illinois University Li- ington, D.C., ASIS, 1970. pp. 406-408. braries.

october 1981 The Government Library as a Community Resource

Bev Tyson

Consumer lnformation Centre, Ontario Ministry of Consumer and Commercial Relations, Toronto, Ontario M7A 2H6.

The Consumer Information Centre of the Ministry of Consumer and Commercial Relations is providing services and programs to encourage the development and use of community-based consumer information services and resources. By working with existing networks of information suppliers, the Centre seeks to minimize duplication of effort and to maximize access to consumer information. Specific strategies are discussed which may have application to other government libraries and to those with responsibilities to multiple client groups which are geographically remote.

HE ONTARIO Ministry of Con- Consumers in the province of On- sumer and Commercial Relations, tario are particularly fortunate in hav- T through its Consumer Informa- ing a wide variety of information tion Centre, has developed strategies networks from which to gain pre- for delivering consumer education ser- purchase information as well as assis- vices across a province with a popula- tance in resolving any consumer prob- tion of g1/2 million people. lems. The Ministry of Consumer and The key to responsive programming Commercial Relations seeks to encour- has been to involve resource people age the consumer to meet his or her who are known in the community (1, p. needs at the local level, rather than 96), who know local information needs centralize requests through its head and available resources, and who are, office operations. The Consumer Infor- therefore, best able to respond to indi- mation Centre has a responsibility to viduals directly. Centre staff does not provide support services and to act as a deliver or implement programs and backup resource to community infor- services. Rather, existing agencies and mation services. information specialists take on this role. Given constantly tightening budgets Several of these approaches, as they and increasing constraints on the relate to library services, are outlined delivery of service, it is particularly here as examples of ways to indirectly important not to "reinvent the wheel." assist individual consumers. Since both community information

356 c~l~~r,ght GI 1981 Speclai Lbrar~esAssoclatlon special libraries centers and public libraries are funded library staff to meet the needs of three by the Ontario provincial government, key target groups: ministry staff, conit makes good sense to support these sumer educators, and the general pub- programs at the local level and to make lic. The resource collection is the core consumers more aware of the plentiful from which all three teams draw. consumer information and assistance Whether designing innovative learning available in their own communities. resources, providing support materials for workshops, or answering public Background inquiries, the collection serves as the primary source. The Centre is actually a multi-service On a long-term basis, the Centre will program with three distinct operations: continue to act as a catalyst to develop Public lnquiry Services-This service in consumer education programs which French and English seeks to improve may be delivered by community group the information skills of consumers by leaders on an ongoing basis, and to act advising them of their rights and as a resource to community information responsibilities, especially as they re- services. Ontario has experienced an late to ministry programs and services. increase in these kinds of services in Collect telephone inquiries are wel- the past few years, as has the rest of comed from across the province. Canada. Library Services-The library service Strategies exists to encourage community information services, adult educators, and In addition to regular government ministry staff to use consumer and library service goals, the Centre's corporate affairs resource materials ap- library service tries to share informa- propriate to their individual needs. tion sources of consumer materials, as Consumer Education Outreach-This well as resources, in order to encourage education program seeks to promote a the development of substantial con- preventative, self-help approach to consumer resource collections throughout sumer education at the community the province and to foster consumer use level. Assistance is provided to con- of these resources at the local level. To a sumer educators, including teachers, lesser extent, Centre staff also assists social workers, family counsellors, in- with staff training and development formation specialists, and adult educa- related to consumer information. tors. Sharing Resources As with the majority of government libraries, the Centre's library staff The Centre assists librarians in devel- provides the usual special library oping their consumer resource collec- services to ministry staff. The Centre tions by providing a preview service by departs from the norm of government mail. For instance. consumer educators libraries in that its clientele includes, in and school librarians can borrow addition to ministry staff, consumer expensive, consumer education multi- educators and information specialists media kits or curriculum guides in across the province, whether they are in order to examine them prior to the public or private sector. Consumer purchase and to assess their effective- affairs professionals can be found in the ness. school system, industry associations, In a similar fashion, the ministry has community colleges, major retailing produced a number of 16mm films to and supermarket chains, and social highlight key consumer concerns. service and information agencies. Through a distribution service, the In the Centre, adult education and films are made available to teachers and public inquiry staff work together with community groups on a free-loan basis. octoher 1981 Sharing lnformation ing levels in ABE materials with an emphasis on consumer matters. Since "the key to consumer emanci- Finally, the Centre staff acts as a pation is better information," (2, p.9) backup resource for reference librar- one of the key services of the Centre is ians. Since the Centre welcomes collect sharing information about new con- calls, librarians from across the prov- sumer information resources with those ince are able to make consumer- who are building their own collection, oriented inquiries at no charge. A Key or who wish to occasionally access Contacts list of ministry staff is highly specialized research materials. published semi-annually to ensure that To this end, the Centre produces regu- all provincial information services have lar bulletins that are circulated to up-to-date access to ministry programs regional public libraries, community and services. information centers, northern affairs offices, and constituency offices. In Promotion of Local Consumer addition, the Centre has a regular lnformation Services column, "Consumer Buy-Line," in the Ontario Library Review which reaches The Centre's policy is to encourage every public library in the province. consumers to access consumer informa- For those who are actively building tion within their own community. consumer resource collections, the Cen- Therefore, a number of initiatives have tre's librarian has developed a series of been introduced to reinforce and pro- bibliographies on topics ranging from mote this policy. A portable library consumer issues in the eighties to adult display unit, as shown in Figure 1, is basic education. An annotated bibliog- being developed for circulation raphy is available on consumer educa- through the province's regional library tion resources of particular interest to networks to individual public libraries. schools and board of education resource Each unit is small, light, and compact centres, as well as a companion volume with colorful graphics. The tabletop for adult educators that indicates read- area is reserved for handout copies of

Figure 1. One of the prototype portable display units being developed in English and French for the Ontario regional library systems. 358 special libraries consumer pamphlets, and most impor- Workload Considerations tantly, materials from the public library's own collection, e.g., consumer In selecting those initiatives which periodicals, product test reports, and would provide more consumer infor- buying guides. Display materials are mation at the local level, the Centre prepared in both French and English. examined alternatives to identify those The regional library network will be which would make the least demands arranging bookings and shipping. In on Centre staff and Centre resources, the pretest, both rural and urban both human and financial. By using libraries experimented with the French existing communications vehicles, such and English units. The results indicate as an organization's internal staff bulle- that the general concept should work tin or professional association newslet- well. ter, the Centre staff develops only the Another feature of the Centre's article or news feature, without being policy is to refer phone or mail requests concerned about production systems of for information on product test reports other organizations, including their or other general consumer topics to the mailing lists. caller's local library. In this, the Centre The Centre selects those kinds of seeks to reinforce community access to activities that can be handled in a consumer information while avoiding modular fashion, i.e., that can take fragmentation of information systems place at selected times throughout the (3, p.61) and duplication of public year. For instance, articles are written library services. and presentations are scheduled when workloads are somewhat lighter. Stu- dents have helped out on work place- Staff Training and Development ments and, during the summer, have The Centre's staff also offers librar- prepared articles for publication. In this ians assistance in professional develop- way, the Centre can prepare for up to a ment concerning consumer-related col- year's programming through a man- lection development, and reference ser- power investment of just four months. vices. The consumer education staff has Responsibility for assisting with the designed a series of regional consumer dissemination of consumer information rights and responsibilities workshops and resources across the province is for public librarians, community infor- shared by several staff members. No mation centre staff, as well as social substantial demand is made on the time services agency representatives. These of any one person; rather, each member workshops provide information on has an occasional responsibility to consumer legislation, redress mecha- handle one particular assignment. nisms, effective complaint handling, and generally help to develop the Summary participants' skills in handling consumer complaints and inquiries at the By working with information net- local level. Each workshop is evaluated works across Ontario, the Consumer by participants with regard to the Information Centre is able to increase importance of the topic, the compe- access to consumer information for tence of the workshop leaders, the public library users. In addition, other workshop format, and the value of the information specialists, such as commu- resource materials. This ongoing evalu- nity information staff and business ation process allows the Centre's staff to information offices, are encouraged to keep the workshop content relevant to develop their own local consumer a consumer education audience. To information resource collections. In this date, an 80-90% level of satisfaction has way, the consumer is encouraged to been reported by the consumer work- seek information using existing agen- shop participants. cies and resource personnel. october 1981 The initiatives that have been imple- Bibliography mented by the Centre have been selected to minimize duplication of Berger, Patricia W./Federal Data Banks as effort, while ensuring that the Centre's Potential Information Resources to Meet the Needs of Local Communities. Special staff and budget are used for maximum Libraries 71 (no.2): 77-82 (Feb 1980). effect. Issues for Citizens Information Services. Report of a National Consultation on Community Information and Referral Services. Ottawa, Literature Cited Canadian Council on Social Develop- ment, 1971. Cagle, Liza / Reaching the Disadvantaged Thorelli, Hans B. and Sarah V./Consumer Adult. Illinois Teacher 21 (no. 2): 95-99 Information Systems and Consumer Policy. (Nov/Dec 1977). Cambridge, Mass., Ballinger Publishing, Thorelli, Hans and Jack L. Engledowl 1977. Information Seekers and Information Systems: a Perspective. Journal of Market- ing 44: 9-27 (Spring 1980). Long, Nicholas/lnforrnation Referral Ser- vices. Informafionfor the Community. Wash- Received for reviezc? Feh 23, 1981. Revised ington, D.C., American Library Associa- ~nanuscriptaccepted for publication Jun 12, tion, 1976. 1981.

Bev Tyson is assistant director, Consumer Education, and head, Con- sumer Information Centre, Ontario Min- istry of Consumer and Commercial Rela- tions, Toronto, Ont., Canada.

special libraries Author lndexing

Virgil P. Diodato

Graduate School of Library and lnformation Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. 6 180 1

lndexing terms supplied by authors can increase subject control of their documents. The terms can be used in the creation of indexes, abstracts, and other devices for information retrieval in the special library. An examination of the American Mathematical Society author indexing program suggests that contributions of authors enhance the indexing efforts of editors.

he important function the author other documents, and a text. Yet, the of a document fulfills in the area selection of title and references and the T of subject control is especially creation of the text are exercises of evident in the special library communi- subject control by an author. ty, where some library users also are The special librarian can use these authors of documents held by the explicit and implicit author contribu- library. An author can provide subject tions in any situation that requires control most explicitly by including in subject control, including: indexing the document itself indexing terms- and abstracting, current awareness pro- keywords, subject headings, classifica- grams, physical organization, and in- tion numbers, descriptors-that de- formation retrieval. scribe the content of the document. Of special concern here is author Other means available to the author are indexing, including the author index- implicit, if only because we expect a ing program sponsored by the Ameri- document to have a title, references to can Mathematical Society (AMS). The contributions of mathematics authors in the Society's program are quite clear, The author is currently assistant professor, making feasible a comparison of author School of Library and lnformation Science, indexing with indexing supplied by the The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, indexinglabstracting tool, Mathematical Milwaukee, Wisc. Reviews. october 1981 Copyright o 1981 Spec~alLlbrarles Assoctalton 361 Author lndexing Today, source indexing is used in journals such as ACM ~om~utingSurveys Author indexing is a form of source (Computing Reviews class numbers), Ap- indexing, a generic term for the publi- plied Physics Letters (Physics and Astron- cation of indexing terms in the same omy Classification Scheme numbers), issue of the report or journal as the The Canadian Journal of Statistics (key- document indexed. Source indexing is a words and AMS Scheme numbers), counterpart of monograph programs Journal of the Japan Society of Mechanical like cataloging in publication. The Engineers (keywords), ]ournal of Solution assigner of source indexing terms may Chemistry (keywords), Ukrainian Mathe- be the author, or an editor, indexer, or matical Journal (Universal Decimal Clas- some combination of these individuals. sification-UDC-numbers), and the In author indexing, the author of the Unesco Journal of lnformation Science, document assigns the terms. Librarianship and Archives Administration Discussions of source indexing have (UDC numbers). taken place at least since the early 19601s, when some writers urged jour- Author lndexing in the Special Library nals to accompany articles with author When author indexing is available, it assigned indexing (1,2). Two of the first can assist in the production of tools source indexing programs existed in such as general indexes, personal the fields of chemical engineering and indexes, abstracts, current awareness physics. The architects of these pro- reports, and online search strategies. grams sought to save time and money If a library has no commercial index by improving articulation between pri- that covers a given journal, or if an mary and secondary literatures. They available index is quite slow in extract- were successful enough to receive ing articles from the journal, a library congratulations from former Senator has the opportunity to create its own, Hubert H. Humphrey, "for advancing perhaps temporary, index. Vesenyi has the use of an indexing system to help suggested using author indexing terms simplify and speed the handling of data in such an index (4). For each journal to all along the line-from the author to be covered by this local index, a library the ultimate user" (3). staff member records on paper or in a Beginning in 1961, the chemical computer file brief bibliographic infor- engineers published "catalog cards" in mation for the articles as an issue is the journal, Chemical Engineering Prog- being checked into the library. Author ress. The cards contained not only indexing terms serve as the subject abstracts and bibliographic data but also headings or descriptors for these rec- keywords for each article published in a ords. If the index covers many journals, given issue. Although it was not clear some accommodation may be needed who provided the source indexing, it for multiple types of author indexing. was expected that authors eventually There may be separate files for records would assign the indexing. The Ameri- with terms selected from controlled can Institute of Physics began its aid- vocabularies-e.g., the UDC or a the- to-indexing program in 1963, requiring saurus of terms-as well as a separate contributors to some journals to submit file for records with uncontrolled keywords with their articles. Applied keywords. Phusics Letters did publish author- assigned data concurrently with the persona/ Indexes articles, but the main objective of the program was to use the data to assist in Author indexing terms also are the preparation of annual indexes to appropriate for creating records for a Applied Physics Letters. Thus began the personal index, whether it be for the present-day practice of source index- librarian or user. The individual need ing. select from a given journal only those 362 special libraries articles of personal interest; any journal from words in the narrative of the is a source of such articles, even if the documents-or controlled classification journal is covered also by a commercial numbers or thesaurus entries. Manage- or local index. The selection of an arti- ment of the author indexing program cle for study, for inclusion in a personal will require some decisions, such as: index, or for distribution in a current whether to create a thesaurus or to use awareness service can follow from an an existing one, if the terms are to be examination by user or library staff controlled; how many indexing terms member of the author indexing terms typically should accompany a docu- accompanying the article. ment; if the terms are to be ordered-by relative importance, for example; if Abstracts there is to be an indexing term for each of several predetermined facets, such as If a library produces abstracts of the material tested, test method, and appa- documents it acquires, the abstractors ratus; whether the terms can be already peruse documents for author accepted as is or require editing. supplied information: title, references, Once accompanied by author index- illustrations, and the text itself. Index- ing, these internal publications can ing assigned by the authors yields yet serve as aids in subject control activi- another hint of subject content. ties. In addition, the physical arrangement of documents can follow from Online Search Strategies examination of author indexing terms. For example, if author indexing consists Online searching of bibliographic of several classification numbers, one databases can locate documents that are can shelve the documents in class order similar to an identified document according to the initially listed term; known to be relevant to a client's needs. photocopies of title pages can appear in If the known document has author the positions suggested by the subse- indexing terms, the searcher has a start- quent terms. ing point from which to develop a search statement. This is an especially External Documents useful device if the known document is not in the database and therefore lacks The creation of author indexing indexing terms that can be readily terms also applies to external docu- discovered by querying the database. ments, available to users outside the These uses of author indexing are immediate service area of the library. applicable for any kinds of source When a library user or staff member is indexing terms; however, it is necessary the author of a document, the library that the source indexing exist. The has the opportunity to assist fulfillment special library can increase the inci- of author responsibilities to subject dence of author indexing, for both control. If an editor requests indexing internal and external documents. terms from an author, the librarian is a source for helping authors who might Internal Documents be indexing for the first time. By providing appropriate controlled vo- If library users and/or staff produce a cabulary lists and expert advice on how sizeable portion of the documents to use them, the librarian assists the distributed by the library, this internal individual who has become like Alvin publication program can be well served Toffler's prosumer: not only a con- by author indexing. Authors can list sumer but also a producer of documents indexing terms on a transmittal form, and their indexing representations (5). which might include the author's Even when author indexing is not abstract. The terms are either uncon- required, the author's responsibilities trolled keywords-perhaps extracted for subject control extend beyond october 1981 explicitly listing indexing terms. There MR entry that lists the terms 65F35, are other ways an author can influence, 15A60, and 41A65. In the AMS Scheme, at least indirectly, the selection of these terms represent matrix norms, indexing terms by-a professional index- norms of matrices, and abstract approxi- er: The author's title can become an mation theory, respectively. Each AMS entry in a KWIC/KWOC index; it can Scheme classification number, such as provide terms that an indexer extracts 65F35, consists of three parts: a major as keywords; or it can be matched to class number, 65 in this example; a terms entered into an online search. subclass letter, F; and a subsubclass The author's listing of references can number, 35. MR editors, who assign suggest the content of a dochment via one to three (but rarely more) terms per an analvsis of co-citation. in which an article, indicate that the article deals analyst seeks documents with refer- especially with matrix norms, since the ences to two or more previous works or article abstract appears in the 65F35 authors known to be relevant to a section of MR. particular subject. Even the narrative of If an article has appeared in an AMS a document affects subject control. As journal such as Bulletin, Mathematics of Bernier has noted, the selection of Computation, Memoirs, Proceedings, or concepts is the work of the author; Transactions, since 1970, the AMS has subject control depends on such selec- required the author to submit along tion (6). with the article manuscript classification numbers selected from the AMS Author lndexing vs. Editor-Assigned Scheme. These author indexing terms lndexing appear on the title pages of articles. Author indexing for the Friedland arti- In order to ascertain the relative cle consists of the terms 15A60 and usefulness of author indexing and 15A18. Both these terms are primary editor-assigned indexing of journal author indexing terms, for they de- articles, the author develoued a com- scribe the most important concepts in parative study of the two forms, the article. contrasting the indexing program of An author also may assign terms AMS with that of the indexing/ covering the secondary aspects of an abstracting tool, Mathematical Reviews article. There is no limit to the number (MR). The question arose: Would it of either type assigned by an author. make any difference to users of MR if According to the primary author index- editor-assigned indexing terms in MR ing terms, the most important concepts were to be replaced by author-assigned in the Friedland article are norms of terms? Informal observation has indi- matrices and eigenvalues. Note that cated that often it is easier for an inex- there is some disagreement between perienced searcher who is not a subject the author and MR on the content of specialist to determine the subject this article. Only the MR editor content of an article by examining assigned the indexing term for approxi- indexing terms rather than by attempt- mation theory; only the author as- ing to read the article or its abstract. signed the term for eigenvalues. When author indexing is available, the former method works even if the article Methodology of the Comparative has not yet been reviewed by MR. Study AMS indexing terms are classification numbers of the "1980 Mathematics The present study examined index- Subject Classification Scheme" and its ing via the creation of two simulated pre-1980 editions, all referred to as "the databases: one based on MR indexing; AMS Scheme" in this paper. For exam- the other on author indexing. The two ple, S. Friedland's 1975 article, "On databases consisted of indexing terms Matrix Approximations" (7),has a 1975 for the same 157 articles and were special libraries tested by the same 138 queries. The indexing terms taken from the AMS investigator used articles from the 1975 Scheme. The query for the Friedland issues of the Bulletin, Proceedings, and article reduced to the terms 65F35 and Transactions of the AMS. He included 15A12. Terms associated with a given only articles written in English, each no query became the search terms intro- more than 20 pages long, and repre- duced into the databases for that query. sented in the 1975, 1976, 1977, or 1978 There was a limit of ten search terms MR author index. This created a pool of per query, because searching took place 1,109 articles. in a printed tool. After a cursory examination of an To test how well author and MR article, the investigator assigned it to indexing would perform with these one of seven broad categories: algebra queries, the investigator recorded the and theory of numbers, analysis, author and MR indexing terms asso- applied mathematics, mathematical ciated with each article. Then, if at least logic and foundations, geometry, topo- one search term of a query was identical logy, and statistics and probability. to at least one author indexing term of Queries for testing the databases the article associated with that query, came from faculty and graduate stu- the investigator concluded that the dents of the University of Illinois at simulated database had responded suc- Urbana-Champaign Mathematics De- cessfully to the query under author partment. There were 85 such readers: indexing; the article had been re- 54 faculty and 31 students. Readers trieved. A similar rule held for MR listed one or more of the seven catego- indexing. ries as an indication of their areas of Table 1 includes examples of data expertise. For the major part of the used in this search process involving study, each reader examined two the Friedland article. The author and articles. The investigator extracted from MR indexing terms and the search the article pool the articles to be read by terms are as noted earlier. Therefore, randomly selecting articles that were in MR indexing, but not author indexing, the same broad category as the reader's retrieved the article. expertise. Attempting to satisfy the The investigator hypothesized that interests of readers from a predeter- authors indeed knew their works better mined collection of articles sometimes than anyone did; he expected that compromised the randomness of article authors would demonstrate better re- selection. For example, if a participant trieval performance than MR by allow- was not satisfied with the first set of ing retrieval of a greater number of the articles received, it was necessary to 138 articles than would MR indexing. select at least one replacement article for that reader. Most readers participated fully, each examining two articles, but a few Table 1. lndexing and Search Data for volunteered to process only one docu- an Article. ment. Each of the 157 articles was examined by at least one reader. The reader Article Title: "On Matrix Approximations" created a query that was to be related to an important aspect of the article and Author lndexing Terms: 15A60, 15A18 that could be answered satisfactorily by the article. Of the 157 source articles, MR lndexing Terms: 65F35, 15A60, 4 1 A65 the readers supplied queries for 138. For the Friedland article, the query was: Query: "How close is matrix B to being "How close is matrix B to being a scalar a scalar multiple of matrix A?" multiple of matrix A?" Upon receipt of a query, the investi- Search Terms: 65F35, 15AI 2 gator transformed its concepts into october 1981 Constraints produced a Z score of 0.0. There was no significant difference in retrieval per- During the study, there was not formance between author indexing and complete independence between au- MR indexing. thor and MR indexing assignments. Yet, the two indexing treatments The investigator did not attempt to were not identical. For example, au- prevent MR editors from viewing thors assigned a mean 1.87 indexing author terms that appeared on the terms per article; editors assigned 1.47 manuscripts. The calculation of results terms per article. Thirty-four of the 138 proceded as if the indexing treatments articles with queries had at least three were independent. A similar limitation author indexing terms; only 13 of the in a study by Schultz, Schultz, and Orr 138 had at least three MR terms. did not affect seriously the major results Was this greater depth of indexing there (8). Nevertheless, implications for authors an advantage in retrieval from the present study should be performance? Each indexing treatment tempered by this and other factors. The had higher recall scores for articles environment of the study was a single with at least three indexing terms than discipline, and the assignment of for articles with fewer than three. articles to readers was not always Author indexing retrieved 72% of the ideally random. There was no account former and 43% of the latter. MR index- taken of differences among authors and ing retrieved 77% and 47%, respec- editors concerning their previous expe- tively. These differences were signifi- rience with indexing and the AMS cant according to Chi Square tests (at Scheme. The queries might not have 0.90% and 8.45% confidence levels for developed from real needs of users, and author and MR indexing, respectively). in addition, only one article could be It seemed as if authors and MR editors the successful result of any search. had taken similar advantage of indexing depth. However, MR did have a lower mean indexing depth, and only Results once did MR assign more than three terms per article, while 14 authors Retrieval Analyses assigned more than three terms to each article. Under author indexing, the searches If we assume that authors and MR retrieved 69 of the 138 articles; under editors listed their indexing terms in MR indexing, there also were 69 descending order of importance, an retrieved articles. Thus, both treatments analysis of the results suggests that MR had recall scores of 0.50 (see Table 2). editors were using the initially ranked The two treatments did not retrieve term of each article more effectively the same 69 articles. They did agree on than were the authors. Author indexing the retrieval status of 118 of 138 articles, would have had a recall of only 0.40 if simultaneously retrieving 59 of them allowed to assign only these initial and simultaneously failing to retrieve terms. MR would have a recall of 0.44 the other 59. This left 20 disputed for the initial terms-the terms used to articles. Each treatment retrieved 10 locate the article abstracts in MR. Z articles that the other did not retrieve. scores compared these figures with the The major statistical tool used in the recall figure of 0.50 for both indexing study, a correlated proportions test (9), treatments for all terms, and there was a took into account the overall retrieval significant difference in recall for results for each indexing treatment, as authors (2.22% confidence level) but well as how the treatments retrieved or not for MR (11.51%). That is, for MR failed to retrieve the disputed articles. editors, but not for authors, overall There was no surprise here; the similar retrieval performance would have been results for author and MR indexing the same if each search had employed special libraries the initial indexing term instead of all ple, allowing 15A12 and 15A60 to assigned indexing terms for a given match because they both are in subclass article. Authors did not take advantage 15A), author recall increased from 0.50 of their greater indexing depth. (for perfect matches) to 0.63, and MR Analysis of indexing depth led to recall increased from 0.50 to 0.59. Both investigation of search term depth. The the increases were significant, accord- searcher assigned a mean 3.90 search ing to Z tests (confidence levels at 0.44% terms to each query. Recall under both and 3.51%, respectively). When requir- author and editor indexing (0.65 and ing only that matching terms be in the 0.69, respectively) was higher for same major class (for example, allowing articles associated with queries having 15A12 and 15B25 to match), author exactly three search terms than for recall increased from 0.50 to 0.76 and articles with more or less than three MR recall from 0.50 to 0.77, both search terms (for which both author increases being significant at less than recall and MR recall were 0.46). Chi 0.10%. Square tests demonstrated that the three search terms versus the more or Interindexer Consistency less than three terms recall difference was significant only under MR index- To complement the retrieval anal- ing (5.0%confidence level). yses, another part of the study exam- What would have been the recall ined the interindexer consistency (IIC) results if searchiindexing term match- between authors and MR editors (see ing had not required that terms be iden- Table 3). The IIC measure for an article tical? That is, what portion of the 69 was a typical one: the number of index- articles not recalled under a given ing terms assigned simultaneously by indexing treatment had indexing terms both indexing treatments divided by that almost matched search terms? the total number of unique indexing When requiring only that matching terms assigned by the two treatments. terms be in the same subclass (for exam- For the Friedland article (Table I),

Table 2. Recall Scores for Author1 MR lndexing under Various Conditions.

Indexing/ Indexing Search Search Term Terms per Terms per Matching Author MR Number of Article Article Conditions* Recall Recall Articles All All 0.501 I c All All 0.771

First Only All

At Least All (Author) Three ( MR)

Less Than (Author) Three ( MR) All Three

All More or Less Than Three

*I-Indexing and search term must be identical for a match to occur. *C-Indexing and search term must be in the same major AMS class for a match to occur. Differences between indicated figures are significant at 0.10% level (a.c); 1.00% level (d); 5.00% level (b,f); 10.00% level (e). Tests included Chi Square with Yates' correction (d.e.f) and 2-test (a,b,c). october 1981 367 authorlMR IIC was '14 or 0.25. The mean perfect score of 1.0, when one consid- authorlMR IIC for 157 articles was 0.42. ered the 0.42 result obtained for actual The readers provided a third indexing indexing terms assigned by authors and treatment, for most of them also MR. assigned indexing terms, although no Whether or not MR editors saw the reader supplied both a query and index- author indexing terms, editors in 120 of ing to the same article. This permitted 157 cases did assign to the articles a comparisons of IIC's. AuthorlMR IIC collection of indexing terms not identi- was significantly greater than both cal to that assigned by the author. For authorlreader IIC (0.26 for 144 articles) these 120 articles, there were two major and MRlreader IIC (0.28 for 142 means of disagreement: 1) the assign- articles). ment of different numbers of indexing AuthorlMR IIC was relatively high. terms for a given article by the author Further analysis emphasized this. By and by MR; this occurred in 90 of 120 considering only the major classes of cases, and for 63 articles the author indexing terms (so that, for example, assigned the greater number of terms; lOA15,20E05,20N25, 10A45 reduced to 2) the assignment of different indexing the major classes 10 and 20), authorlMR terms by the author and by MR for a IIC increased from 0.42 to 0.78. Similar- given article so that author and MR ly, by reducing all indexing terms to agreed only on a major AMS class one of the seven broad categories noted number without agreeing on some earlier, 151 of the 157 articles had at subclass letter/subsubclass number least one indexing term of the same combination; this situation occurred in category assigned by both author and 60 of 120 cases, as with the article for MR. However, IIC was far from the which the author assigned 02B25, 68A30, 94A30, while MR assigned 02F10, 68A30, 68A25. (The disagree- Table 3. Author1 MR lnterindexer ment was in the assigning of class 02.) Consistency for 157 Articles. Still, for the readers and their queries, the retrieval results indicated that Author1 MR interindexer consistency changes made by the MR editors had for complete indexing1 little effect on the retrieval perfor- search terms ...... 0.42 mance simulated in this study AuthorlMR interindexer consistency based on AMS major class numbers . . 0.78 Implications Articles for which author and MR The major finding of this study was assigned indexing terms from at least one common broad that retrieval performances of authors category ...... 151 of 157 (96.2%) and MR editors were comparable under the given experimental conditions, Articles for which author and MR which included the use of a limited assigned indexing terms that were collection of articles chosen from three not all identical ...... 120 of 157 (76.4%) journals in mathematics, the absence of Articles for which author and MR complete independence between au- indexing terms were not identical thor and MR indexing assignments, and for which author and MR and the use of simulated queries. assigned different numbers of indexing terms...... 90 of 120 (75.0%) These results suggest that author indexing is a viable device for the Articles for which author and MR subject control of documents. In addi- indexing terms were not identical tion to the applications noted earlier, and for which author and MR there are roles for author indexing in assigned the same AMS major class number but not the same subclass electronic publication, automatic index- letterlnumber ...... 60 of 120 (50.0%) ing, and automated information retrieval.

special libraries The electronic journal may well Acknowledgements succeed in lessening the distinction between the primary and secondary This article is based upon the author's literature of a field. Electronic journal doctoral work at the University of Illi- authors can input their documents nois Graduate School of Library and directly into a system which provides Information Science and upon his access to those documents and to the paper, "Author Indexing in Mathemat- associated indexing and abstracting ics," presented at the June 1981 meeting data. Inputting indexing terms at the of the Physics-Astronomy-Mathematics same time as the author inputs a docu- Division, Special Libraries Association. ment permits the speed of subject control to be electronic. Literature Cited If keywords assigned to articles in Platt, John R. / Pre-Indexing of Articles to any discipline were to produce results Speed up Indexing, Abstracting and similar to those attained here with AMS Search. American Documentation 11 (no. 3): classification numbers, then keywords 274-275 (Jul 1960). supplied as source indexing terms Clark, John R. /The Author as Indexer. would be useful in automatic indexing Science 133 (no. 3458): 1040 (Apr 7, 1961). systems. Source indexing terms accom- Genereaux, Raymond P./The A.I. Ch. E. panying documents could assist the System for Information Retrieval. In usual automatic techniques of statistical Proceedings of the EJC Engineering Informa- and linguistic analysis in identifying tion Symposium. New York, Engineers Joint Council, 1962. p. 41. the important concepts of documents. Vesenyi, Paul E./Indexing in Source. A document's representation in an College and Research Libraries 29 (no. 5): automated information retrieval system 400-402 (Sep 1968). (whether or not there are automatic Toffler, Alvin/The Third Wave. New indexing features in the system) could York, Bantam, 1981. pp. 265-288. consist of both professional indexer and Bernier, Charles L. / Indexing Process author-assigned terms. Storage capabil- Evaluation. American Documentation 16 ities should permit this, and use of tech- (no. 4): 323-328 (Oct 1965). niques like search coordination should Friedland, S. / On Matrix Approxima- be amenable to the existence of many tions. Proceedings of the American Mathe- search terms per document. matical Society 51 (no. 1): 41-43 (Aug 1975). Schultz, Claire K., Wallace L. Schultz, Summary and Richard H. Orr / Comparative Index- ing: Terms Supplied by Biomedical Author indexing and source indexing Authors and by Document Titles. Ameri- terms have been assigned to documents can Documentation 16 (no. 4): 308-310 (Oct for at least 20 years. These terms can be 1965). used in the special library to create Hays, William L. /Statistics. New York, indexes and abstracts, to flag articles for Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1963. pp. 601- processing by current awareness ser- 603. vices, and to accompanying articles entered into electronic journals. The existence of author indexing under- Received for reviezu Apr 30, 1981. Revised scores the important responsibilities manuscript accepted for publication Jul 13, given to authors. As demonstrated in a 1981. study of the AMS author indexing program, authors have not only a responsibility but also an opportunity to provide useful clues to the content of Virgil P. Diodato is assistant professor, their articles. Librarians have an oppor- School of Library and Information tunity to assist author/users in assign- Science, University of Wisconsin-Mil- ing indexing terms to documents. waukee. october 1981 Bibliographic Instruction in Business Libraries

Judith M. Pask

Krannert Library, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Recent articles have discussed the business student's lack of skill in using the library and the need for librarians and teaching faculty to become involved in preparing these future business leaders to do library-centered research. A survey of 120 academic libraries was conducted to identify useful and effective bibliographic instruction methods. Nearly 50% of the respondents to the survey questionnaire felt that teaching library use in connection with a regular course in the curriculum was the most effective method of library instruction. Of those responding, 88% of the libraries are using this method.

any articles during the past Most likely the student will become ten years have pointed out the frustrated and discouraged and develop M business student's lack of li- a poor attitude regarding the library brary research skills and the failure of and its benefits. Graduation does not business schools and faculty to make change this situation. New graduates, this a part of the business curriculum. as they enter the business world, will Little, however, has been written on continue to be handicapped in their successful methods or programs to ability to acquire information and data. improve this situation. Yet during this Their lack of research skills and nega- same period, librarians have increased tive attitude toward libraries will cause their efforts to improve bibliographic them to miss the valuable and free instruction in both the library and the information available in public, univer- classroom. sity, and corporate libraries. This may With little or no introduction to the result in managerial decisions made on library, the business student, when the basis of inadequate knowledge, or required to use it for his class assign- the purchase of information from comments, is left to "sink or swim" (1). mercial sources. As Bruner and Lee

370 Copyr~ghlo 1981 Specla1 Libraries Assoclalfon special libraries point out ". . . the real inadequacy is the undergraduates and 75% of the not only theirs [the students] -for -not graduate students claimed they rarely, knowing where or how to obtain the if ever, saw a faculty member using the needed information, but ours, the busi- library. ness educators for never having placed What is being done to improve this the proper emphasis upon the business situation? Broward (6) and Vernon (7) library and the skills needed to use it in describe teaching programs initiated by graduate and undergraduate business librarians in academic business li- programs" (1, p. 293). braries. Prompted by Bruner and Lee's article (2), Dorothy Eady Brown, Col- lege of Commerce and Business Admin- Background istration, University of Alabama, con- Three surveys of different business ducted a brief survey in 1973 of library student populations point out students' instruction programs at 138 business lack of knowledge about the library and schools accredited by the American their attitude toward it. Bruner and Lee Association of Collegiate Schools of tested undergraduates' knowledge of Business (AACSB). Of the 79 schools basic library sources and the students' that replied, it was found that 58% attitude toward the library (2). They conducted some form of library instruc- found that over 50% of the students tion, while 42% did not. "Of the were unable to list one index or abstract responding schools, 43 gave lectures, 19 with which they had any familiarity. used tours with instruction, and 15 used Sixty-two percent were unable to indi- both lectures and orientation tours" (8). cate a suitable source for obtaining The author conducted a similar but information on any of six specific more detailed survey in the winter of subjects. However, most (68%) agreed 1977178 to discover what is presently that the business library plays an being done by business libraries, what important role in the education of busi- has proved successful, and what has ness students. and 67% felt that a one- not. hour course introducing the business library would be worthwhile. Methodology A similar study of graduate business students was conducted in 1972 by Lee One hundred and twenty schools and Read (3). They found that graduate were selected by geographical distribu- students seemed to be better prepared tion and enrollment size. All but one to use the library than were undergrad- are members of AACSB. A special effort uates, but that both their levels of was made to include all "separate" busi- knowledge were inadequate. Forty- ness libraries listed in the annual eight percent of the graduate students College and University Business Library could not list one index or abstract they Statistics Survey. A "separate business knew how to use well, and 25% could library" is defined as "not part of the not indicate a single suitable source for main college or university library . . . obtaining information on any of six and is further defined as being in a subjects given. separate building or part of a b&lding A third survey, tested both under- with a separate budget and an easily graduate and graduate students (4,5). identifiable separate collection of mate- The results were similar: over 10% of rials" (9). both graduate and undergraduate stu- A total of 65 answers was received, dents claimed they had never heard of including 4 libraries that indicated they Business Periodicals Index! Most students would not participate. Thus, the data felt they needed to know how to use has been drawn from 61 libraries that the library for academic success but not completed the questionnaire. Of the 33 for career success. Few did any reading separate business libraries, 28 answered that was not required, and over 50% of with 3 declining to participate. october 1981 Survey Questionnaire have separate collections, while 86% of the business collections are part of the The questionnaire asked for informa- general stacks. Forty-eight percent of tion in four general areas: the libraries have only one professional 1) The business library: location, librarian, and over 90% have fewer than staff,and size of collection. six librarians. Onlv 10% of the libraries 2) The business school or depart- employ more than ten clerical assis- ment: number of students in tants, while 77% have five or fewer. The undergraduate, and graduate pro- number of student assistants was grams, number of faculty, and reported in various ways (absolute teaching emphasis. numbers, FTE, and so on), but a major- 3) Orientation/instruction methods ity reported ten or fewer student help- used by the business library in ers. 1977178, including printed mate- The size (total number of volclmes) of rials, audiovisuals, lectures by the the libraries varied, from 27% with librarian, separate bibliography 20,000 or less, to 4% with more than classes, and the effectiveness of 200,000 volumes. Over 75% of the these methods. surveyed libraries have 80,000 volumes 4) Cooperation with the business or less. A wide range in the number of faculty: involvement in school/ periodical subscriptions was also seen, department orientation, rating of from 43% with 500 or less, to 3% with student and faculty knowledge of more than 3.000. library use, and faculty interest in the library. Answers required numerical values The Business School/Department or checking the appropriate response. Forty-four respondents indicated that Several opportunities for comments or the school or department has an under- evaluation led to longer answers. graduate program, while 57 have graduate programs. All with graduate pro- The Business Library grams offera master's degree, while 29 offer PhDs. Most libraries serve under- Twenty-eight of the surveyed li- graduate business programs of 1,000- braries are located in the same building 5,000 students, master's programs of as the business school or department, 100-400 students, and PhD programs while 33 are in the main library build- with less than 100 students. Over 95% ing. Of those in the main library, 14% of the respondents indicated that the

Table 1. Use of Printed Materials for Orientation and Instruction.

Handbook / guide 86.7%

Single page handouts 70%

Subject bibliographies -70%

Information on specific sources -56.7% Walking tour -51.7% Map 50%

Library column -25%

372 special libraries Table 2. Use of Audiovisuals for Orientation and Instruction.

Slide1tape 23.3%

Audiotour 8.3%

Transparencies 8.3%

Videotape 13.3%

Television 1 1.7%

Other 15%

business faculty numbers less than 200, bibliographic instruction. Other audio- while 70% responded that it numbers visuals mentioned were librarv tours under 100. and audiotutorials. A question on teaching emphasis was Table 3 illustrates the percentage of asked to determine if schools using case libraries using lectures and/or a sepa- studies or textbooks had less library rate bibliography class. Lectures by the orientation, or rated student library librarian are divided into two groups:- - knowledge poorer. Since respondents to new students (orientation), and to generally checked more than one classes (instruction). Twenty percent of answer, or indicated that the emphasis these lectures are given on a regular varied between classes, such a compari- basis, while 83.3% are given upon the son could not be made. request of another instructor. The lectures presented as part of a Orientation Instruction Methods curriculum course are the most popular form of library-use instruction in the In this section of the survey, informa- surveyed schools. Sixty-two percent tion on the different kinds of materials indicated that they present 2 to 10 such and methods used was gathered. Table lectures a semester. Of the separate 1 shows the kinds of printed materials bibliography classes, 8.3% are given for and the percentages of the libraries that credit; 3.3% are required courses; and use these materials for library orienta- 5% are elective. tion or instruction. Other types of orientation or instruc- Most libraries checked more than one tion listed by the participating libraries category. The most often used printed included: individual instruction to fac- materials were handbooks or guides ulty members (1.7%), open houses and (86%), single page handouts (70%), and tours (8.3%), lunchtime bibliographic subject bibliographies (70%).Of the 52 lectures (1.7%), individual instruction libraries having handbooks or guides, (5%),and team teaching (1.7%). 38 indicated they had guides for the Tables 4 and 5 were prepared from library system as a whole, while 28 had two open questions: Which methods handbooks for just the business library. have been most effective, and which Table 2 similarly shows the types and least. Lectures to specific classes and percentages for the use of audiovisual printed materials were rated as the most materials. The most popular audiovi- effective. Comparing those libraries suals were slide/tapes (23.3%), audio- that listed these methods as most effec- tours (8.3%), and transparencies (8.3%). tive shows a full range in size of collec- Eighteen percent of the respondents tion and undergraduate student popu- use slide/tapes for orientation, while lation. This differed from those listing 13% indicated they use slideltapes for tours as most effective since, where data october 1981 was available, these libraries are small favored. However, this requires a time (less than 80,000 volumes, most under committment from both librarians and 40,000) and have undergraduate stu- faculty, and often faculty members do dent enrollments of less than 2,000. not see a need for library instruction in Rated least effective were orientation their classes (10). lectures and tours, while one library each listed lectures to specific classes, Cooperation with Business Faculty printed materials, and a separate bibliography course as least effective. Questions in this section were of a The overall effectiveness of the subjective nature requesting the re- orientation/instruction methods used spondent to rate the faculty involve- by the respondents was rated highly ment and interest in the business successful by 5% and moderately suc- library, as well as the library knowl- cessful by 58.3%. Thirty percent feel edge -of the undergraduate and grad- their program needs improvement uate students and the business faculty. while 1.7% believe their program is a Well over half (59%) of those total failure. responding to the question indicated Comments on the effectiveness of that the librarian is included in new these methods indicated a strong feel- faculty and student orientation pro- ing that they could be successful only grams. However, only 20 libraries (37%) with the business faculty's cooperation. reported that the business faculty was Again, presentations to specific classes actively involved with the library staff tied in with a class assignment were in bibliographic instruction, particu-

Table 3. Lectures and Separate Bibliography Classes.

Lectures by librarian to specific classes (instruction) 88.3%

Lectures by librarian to new students (orientation) -48.3% Separate class taught by librarian 16.7%

Separate class taught by other faculty 15%

Table 4. Most Effective Methods.

Lectures to specific classes -48.3% Printed materials 2 1.7%

Tours 1 1.7%

Separate bibliography class 13.3%

Team teaching 1 1.7%

Videotape 1 1.7%

special libraries Table 5. Least Effective Methods.

Orientation lectures 20%

Tours 1P/a

Lectures to specific classes 11 .7%

Printed materials 1 1.7%

Separate bibliography class 11 .7%

0 larly in structuring library use assign- library resources"; "In many cases a ments. Comments indicated that in- total lack of library exposure, let alone volvement with the library staff varied library training is noted"; "It is a greatly among faculties. No one indi- continuous shock to discover just how cated that more than 50% of their little students know about the sources faculty consult with the reference staff of information available to them and before making assignments. Many indi- the methods of properly using any cated little library use, or a preference library, yet alone that of their academic for a reserve system where the student interest." has only to ask for the material the Some comparisons between methods professor has gathered or provided. used and the librarians' ratings of The involvement of the faculty with library knowledge can be made. Librar- the library seemed to have a definite ians considering tours most effective, effect on the rating of undergraduate, rated undergraduate and graduate stu- graduate, and faculty knowledge of dents' knowledge of library use as aver- library use. The more involved the age or below. Institutions favoring a faculty is in library instruction, the separate bibliography class appeared to higher its knowledge of library use and have much larger collections and a that of their students was rated. The larger undergraduate enrollment. Li- respondents' evaluation of library use brarians there rated undergraduate knowledge among undergraduate and knowledge poor, and that of graduate graduate students in their schools is students average to poor. shown in Table 6. Team teaching (with business fac- All stated that knowledge of library ulty) was listed by only one school with use varied, but 92% rated undergrad- a large undergraduate population, but uates average or below, and 68% rated the librarian rated graduate knowledge graduate students average or below. of library use as excellent. Videotape Comments indicated that many feel was listed as most effective at only one graduate, particularly doctoral, and for- school where the undergraduate popu- eign students are quite capable. The lation was low. However, the librarian reason given was the smaller number of rated graduate knowledge of library use such students, and thus, the opportu- as good, and undergraduate knowledge nity to work with them individually. as average. On the other hand, comments such as As shown in Table 7. the facultv the following about undergraduate stu- members were rated higher in the& dents support Bruner and Lee's (2) and knowledge of library use, 38.7% rated Culley, Healy, and Cudd's (4) surveys: good to excellent. Comments again "Commonly our students require in- indicated a wide variation among indi- struction in the use of the simplest viduals, from excellent to very poor. october 1981 Some respondents felt there was little thought that little library instruction is understanding. One wrote: "I am con- done in corporate libraries, this may be tinually appalled at some things faculty simply a difference in terminology. For don't know; I don't think a faculty example, many of the suggestions listed member should refer to Business Periodi- by Strauss in her "Checklist of Sug- cals lndex as Reader's Guide to Business gested Media and Techniques for Pub- Mugazines!" Others were more encour- lic Relations Activities in Special aged: "We have found a good response Libraries" are activities included in from younger faculty members, espe- academic libraries' orientation or in- cially new to our campus." Most felt struction programs (11). that users could find their way around, Sullivan's survey of 1,437 special but that the nonusers among the busi- libraries in Great Britain showed that ness faculty lacked library skills, and 78.4% of all respondents (698) gave thus did not require their classes to use instruction to their users (12). It is inter- the library. esting to compare similar findings in Seventy-eight percent of the librar- Sullivan's study to those of this survey ians surveyed felt that faculty interest of academic business libraries. The most in the business library was moderate to popular and most effective form of great. Again, great variation was seen instruction reported by the academic among individuals and the subjects libraries was a-special lecture requested they teach; however, many librarians by a faculty member and given at the are encouraged by the increasing inter- time of a particular assignment. Simi- est on the part of younger, new faculty larly 45% of the special libraries members in the library and its use. reported that instruction was provided at the specific request of a user. As Business Students as Future lectures are often less suitable in a Corporate Library Users special library, this instruction was probably informal, and individualized. Business students, the target of bibli- The favored forms of instruction in the ographic instruction by academic busi- British special libraries were a printed ness libraries, are the future users of guide (28%) and a tour of the library corporate business libraries. Corporate (64%). Academic libraries ranked libraries are more apt to provide infor- printed material (21.7%) and tours mation to a user than expect him to find (11.7%) as the second and third most it unaided. While it is generally effective methods, respectively.

Table 6. Undergraduate and Graduate Student Knowledge of Library Use.

Excellent 0% 6.6%

Good

Average

Very poor

376 special libraries Table 7. Faculty Knowledge of Library Use.

Excellent 1 1.7% Good -37% Average 49.1%

Poor 10.5%

Very poor =

Additional information on user edu- and Culley, Healy, and Cudd's (4) cation in corporate libraries, as well as surveys, however, do show similar low evaluation of the required or expressed findings on the library knowledge of library skills of users, would assist in undergraduate and graduate students. establishing the emphasis academic The success of any library instruction business libraries should place on program is naturally dependent on the library instruction. Some questions to local conditions, such as student popu- be answered are: What do special librar- lation, library size, and staff availabili- ians expect of their users? Should busi- ty. Small libraries with low enrollments ness leaders learn basic library skills may find tours and individual instruc- during their educational training? tion still effective and feasible. Howev- Should special libraries provide user er, large universities find that other education? methods must be used to reach a greater number of students with their limited library staffs. Summary of Results Many libraries are just now develop- The 61 academic business libraries ing methods to test the effectiveness of included in the survey reported using a their orientation and instruction pro- wide variety of orientation and instruc- grams. From the additional comments tion methods, including printed mate- on the questionnaires it became evident rials, audiovisuals, lectures, and bibli- that tying library instruction to a partic- ography classes. Methods rated most ular assignment in a regularly sched- effective were lectures to specific uled business class is the most effective classes and printed materials. Rated method. Students see the immediate least effective-were orientation lectures need for such information and the and tours. Ninety-two percent of the faculty member can reinforce the future librarians surveved rated the under- value of such knowledge to the student. graduate student's knowledge of li- However, this form of instruction brary use average or below, while 68% necessitates cooperation from the busi- rated graduate students average or ness faculty. The librarian can assist by below. Faculty members were rated preparing bibliographies, lectures, higher in their knowledge of library slideltapes, and so forth for presenta- use. tion to the class. The faculty members' advance notification of such assign- Conclusions ments can assist the library staff in helping unknowing students learn This survey was, by design, quite library search strategies and prepare a subjective and, thus, the ratings of better paper. effectiveness of methods used and Although the business libraries sur- knowledge of library use have not been veyed have not used audiovisual meth- thoroughly tested. Bruner and Lee's (2) ods extensively, most of those who did october 1981 had good success. This is an area that 5. Healy, Denis F., James D. Culley and more academic libraries are investigat- Kermit G. Cudd/Secondary Research ing, particularly those faced with reach- Skills-An Overlooked Element of Busi- ing a large student population. ness Education. In: American Marketing Business students may not be better Association Proceedings. 1975. p. 627-633. 6. Broward, Marjorie A./One Business Li- library researchers than in 1971 when brary's Approach to User Education: A Bruner and Lee first conducted their Case History in Faculty Involvement. In: survey, but many academic business Educating the Library User, John Lubans, libraries are trying to improve business ed. N.Y., Bowker, 1974. p. 202-207. students' library skills. Feedback from 7. Vernon, K.D.C./Introducing Users to corporate librarians can also contribute Sources of Information: The Approach of to the evaluation and further improve- the London Business School. ASLlB ment of current bibliographic instruc- Proceedings 27(11/ 12):468-473 (Nov/Dec tion programs in academic business 1975). libraries. The ultimate goal of many 8. Survey of Library Instruction in AACSB schools. AACSB Bulletin 9(2):76 (Jan academic bibliographic instruction pro- 1973). grams is to provide the business student 9. Link, MargaretlThird Update-College and of today with the skills to satisfy his University Business Library Statistics: 19751 informational needs in the future. 76 and 1976177. Vanderbilt University Close cooperation between the business Graduate School of Management, May, faculty and librarians will hopefully 1978. p. 46. improve library skills through library 10. Pask, Judith M./Business Faculty In- instruction in both the library and the volvement in Library Instruction. Colle- classroom. giate News and Views 33(1):13-14 (Fall 1979). 11. Strauss, Lucile J., Irene M. Shreve, and Literature Cited Alberta L. BrownlScientific and Technical ------Libraries. N.Y., Becker & Hayes, 1972. p. Bruner, John M. and John W. LeeIFact, 27A-22n "&" "0". Fallacy and the Business Library. lmprov- 12. Sullivan, Catherinelsurvey of In-house ing College and University Teaching 18(4): User Education in Special Libraries." 292-293 (Autumn 1970). ASLlB Proceedings 31(7):322-333 (Jul -/Student Knowledge, Attitudes 1979). and Use of the Business Library. Colle- giate News and Views 25(2):1-2 (Winter 1971). Lee, John W. and Raymond L. Read/The Received for review Sep 19, 1979. Revised Graduate Business Student and the manuscript accepted for publication Jun 30, Library. College and Research Libraries 1981. 33(5):403-407 (Sep 1972). Culley, James D., Denis F. Healy, and Kermit G. Cudd/Business Students and the University Library:An Overlooked Judith M. Pask is associate professor of Element in the Business Curriculum. The library science, and assistant manage- Iournal of Academic Librarianship 2(6):293- ment and economics librarian, Purdue 296 (Jan 1977). University, West Lafayette, Ind.

special libraries Online Bibliographic Services A Comparison

Susan Weiss

Technical Information Center, E-Systems, Inc., ECI Division, St. Petersburg, Fla. 33733

A graphic comparison is offered of the commands, costs, and database availability of four online bibliographic retrieval systems: SDC ORBIT, Lockheed DIALOG, Biblio- graphic Retrieval Services BRS, and Defense Technical lnformation Center DROLS. Some particular features of the individual systems are also discussed. The command charts were constructed as one horizontal guide to be posted near a terminal for the operator's use. They are not intended as a substitute for manuals or training sessions.

HERE ARE many online biblio- A composite single chart could be graphic search services available posted next to a user terminal as an aid T to special libraries today. This to the multisystem operator. A looseleaf paper is a comparison of four of these entry book, including the charts and systems by command methods, cost, notes, has also been found to be a useful and database availability. It is not arrangement. meant as a substitute for manuals or The user of the online bibliographic training sessions. search system must choose the system The four charts that follow were based on available databases and cost. constructed to graphically match hori- With the exception of Defense Techni- zontally across all four examples. cal Information Center DROLS, the only requirement for use is registration with the company (Lockheed DIALOG,* ORBIT DIALOG BRS DROLS SDC ORBIT, and Bibliographic Re- Access ... Access ... Access ... Access.. -----* -----C -----L trieval Services BRS), receipt of password, availability of terminal with telephone, and establishment of acceptable payment method. ORBIT, DIALOG, and *Dialog is now Dialog Information Services, DROLS are based on monthly billing Inc., and is no longer affiliated with Lock- for actual usage only. BRS requires an heed. annual usage committment; the mini- october 1981 Copyrght 0 1981 Specnal L~braresAssoc~atton 3 79 mum subscription is 25 hrs/$750 worth (AB), Contract # or Project # (CN, of BRS time plus royalty fees estab- PN), Report # (RN) and so on. lished by each individual database DROLS accesses many more fields supplier. Defense Technical Informa- and has a numerical access method tion Center (DTIC) DROLS special for each of four separate databases. library users must also be government Only a few examples are given (e.g., agencies or government contractors "?56 . . . " for Title). registered with DTIC and have operator SENTENCE, ADJACENCY, FIELD: spe- and facility SECRET clearance. cial methods for linking terms in The charts created for this paper logical sequence of words. show the differences in the four systems. Tables 1-4 are the command LIMIT: methods of "limiting" search, by descriptions comparing the four sys- time period, classification, and so on. tems. BRS is directed mainly toward the TRUNCATION: methods of truncating medical databases; ORBIT is strong in terms to scope larger area without the chemical and patent (Derwent) multiple inputs. databases; DIALOG has the largest RANGING: from - to by year or by set, selection and variety of databases; and so on. DROLS is based on DTIC's own government document and R&D databases. STACKING: ability to stack command To assist in interpretation of the on one line. command charts, the following is STRATEGY: method of listing search offered: history during session. HEADING: DIALOG and ORBIT are SAVE: save-search strategy to be ap- West Coast, BRS and DROLS are East plied to another database or recalled Coast; first three are close to 24 hrsl another day. day, DROLS hours are listed; hotline PRINT: variety of print modes on and numbers are given. offline. ACCESS: short description of terminal ORDER: method for online ordering of access methods for getting online; documents themselves. space left so that users may fill in telephone numbers for their areas of EXIT: logging off the systems. the country. Table 5 shows a cost and database ENTER: how to get into selected data- availability comparison on three sys- base ("nu = number). tems; DROLS is based on DTIC files BOOLEAN: logic procedure selected only. The chart is organized into three determines how subject will be sections, each containing an abbre- searched by computer on inverted viated title of the database followed by files. perlhour cost and perloffline print cost. Some databases are split into SEARCH: expands (E) or selects (S) logi- several parts-this is indicated by cal sequence of input using Boolean parentheses (e.g., INSPEC (2)). In some logic. cases there are two prices-subscriber ABBREVIATIONS: AU /TI/DE and so and nonsubscriber. In these cases the forth are actual usage symbols per higher nonsubscriber price is listed. online system when user is searching Subscriber prices require contractual for Author (AU), Title (TI), Descriptor usage committments with database sup- (DE) or Index Term (IT), Language pliers. Additional price breaks on DIA- (LA), Organizational Source (0s) or LOG can be gained by signing a usage Corporate Source (CS), Update (UP, contract with Lockheed similar to UD), Journal (JN, JC, PT), Identifier subscription guarantees at BRS. BRS (ID-"Subject" added by indexer out- splits its costs two ways: BRS $30/hr + side of standard index lists), Abstract royalty charge based on each database. special libraries Table 1. ORBIT Command Chart.

.O R B I T' To VA: 800-336-3313 To CAI 800-421-7229

ACCESS DIRECT DIAL 213/828-9141 (30 cps) CHALF DUPLEX3

TELENET

TYP(NET A Ccontrol HI@

/LOGIN parsword 6 securitv code 66- ENTER FILE name BOOLEAN ( )-->NOT-->AND-->OR (U)ortnU)->(St->(F)->(L)->OR SEARCH NSR CDirect 'SELV/SEL I-3-4.5 I rr+DBI*rff (SELECT) NUTS AND ACORNS (+I )(W)or(nW)IADJI (F)C ln Field3 1 AND 2 AND BEANS13 AND JELLY (C)or(R)C In Record3 PRT SEL CAdds IT to Search Terms 1 SHOWSELECT CSEL Historul TFILE C 10 minuter 1 +CROSSFILE SEARCHtNG* RETURN tor FILE name) /AU /TI /IT /LA 10s /UP /JC /ST /AB

(BEN6 ) ( ADJ) (FIELD) LINK 4L)Csubf ields or rubrecords I (rl)(F) (LIMIT) /AU TI A0 .. .

(TRUNCATION) (I Crinple torm/r~acel I Cmultiplel (RANGING) FROM 76-78 GREATER THAN 76 LESS THAN 78

(STACKING) ... I ... 1 ... (STRATEGY) HIS SHO HI5 SHOUSRECT (SAVE) MEP nnn SDIPROFXLE SAVE SAVEOLD STORE STOREOLD SAW name tlle STORE name FINISHED or ERASEALL FINISHED RECALL name f I10 Coxocutes I RECALL name PURGE name PRINT PRT TR C2 postinas AU TI IT1 PRT C5 postinss AN TI SO DT LA3 PRT 2 SKIP 3 PRT FU Cl posting ?ull rocordl

(SORT ) SORT or SORTD (OFFLINE) PAT N OFF n SORTD AU TI STORAD INDENTED KEEP [ronumbrrr sots1 KEEP 5-10111.12 - SS 1-5 ORDER FILE ORBIT ORDER supplier (input document roquost) DONE

EXIT SYSTEM RESTART ERABEALLITIWZ RESET CSS 1 and new cjock in same DB3 STOP Y

(IPECS AL. NOTES (+I)Thoso new commands onlu on CAB filoslwill be added to ether5 (r2)'RENAM" RNM old TO now Lto change command nmol t*3)*SVNONYMg 8YN old TO neu Cacce~tssustom or now command3 (+4).MORTm S cr CboPoro uou loavo lino3 (+5)To ovorrid* MM mso* us. 1 Zo\low*d bw rnwthine (+L)AUDIT Cshowa intornodlate poatlnms on all soarch strtom*ntsl (+I) (8) Not vot avaLl.bl* october 1981 Table 2. DIALOG Command Chart.

'DIALOG. 800-227-1960 415-83B-2573

ACCESS DIRECT DIAL 415/858-2575 (38 cps) CHALF DUPLEX3 415/858-2461 (30 CPS) TELENET

C 413 48 @ password

E CFULL DUPLEX I LRSIDIALOG @ prrsword @

ENTER Bn BOOLEAN ( )->NOT->AND->OR Copt. sumbols NOTC-3 s AND[*) I ORC+33 SEARCH E ***DIALINDEX++* (SELECT) S SS C

CN- RN- ( SENS ) (W) or (F)/TI AB (ADJ) (W) (FIELD) (F) (L)Cmultilevel dexcriptor%I (S)Clink subfields3 (LIMIT) L set#/ ... LALLl ... LALL/ALL Ccrncells limit3

(TRUNCATION) 7 77 Csinole term3 7 Lmulti~lel (RANGING) S ELlEl0 S PY-19761PY=1978

(STACKING) t command ... (STRATEGY) DS ( SAVE ) END/SAVETEMP or ENDSAVE or END/SDI Bn .EX8 code .RECALL code .RELEASE code PRINT T 7/6/1-2 [Format &--TI AN1 T 7/3/1-5 CFormat 3--6iblio citation3 T 7/5 [Format S--All record1

(SORT ) .SORT 1/2-IB/AU/TI (OFFLINE) PR 7/3/2-LB/AUvTI K CSet or RN3 K- CDeletes KEEP3 ORDER .ORDER supplier COrdrrs all items Kept in set 993 .ORDERITEM CDlALOG orders w/n searched DB3 .LIST .REV1 EW

EXIT SYSTEM LOGON END LOGOFF LOGOFF HOLD SPECIAL NOTES trl) .COST (r2) Optional characterr tor commands1 E C. 3 s St#3 9 CI*3 r TC'3 1 PRCLl r KC(3 special libraries Table 3. BRS Command Chart.

ACCESS DIRECT DIAL C HALF DUPLEX 3 TELENET 00 Terminal ID 6h HALF @ - C 315 20BR 0 rrssword @ A Ccontrol H3 @ BRS @ password @

ENTER File Name BOOLEAN ( )-->AND-->OR-->NOT SEARCH ..ROOT Crl r5-81 ***CROSS***CBoolern allowed3 1 AND 2 OR (BEANS AND CANDY) ***OFFLINE SEARCH .. SEARCHOFF HOLD Creentering later 3 ..PRINT Qnnn C Strts3 .AU. ALL Cprints hits3 NUTS.TI. NUTS. .TI. Cneg3 6.TI. .DE. CLangur~eand Pub Date codes are standard on all DB's3 .IN. .UP. .PT. .ID. .AS. CNm or PN- RN- (ENS) NUTS WITH ACORNS C srme sentence 3 (ADJ) NUTS ADJ ACORNS CadJacent terms3 (FIELD) NUTS AND ACORNS OR (JELLY ADJ BEANS) (LIMIT) AND YR80 or 80.YR. Csee DB codes3 ...SDI/ .../EXP-7912

(TRUNCATION) S1 Isinale term3 S Cmultiple3

(STACKING) .. . / .. . / .. . (STRATEGY) ..DISPLAY Clrst search statement3 DISPLAY ALL ( SAVE ..SAVE ... CCrerte sour own label3 ..EXEC .. . ..SEARCH .. . ..EDIT ... ..SDI 5 BIBL/ID=SMITHvJ/EXPI7912 [expiration SDI DEC793 ..PURGEALL ..PURGE3Conlu one set3 PRINT ..PRINT 5 BIBL/DOC=l C1 biblio citation AU TI SO A83 ..PRINTOFF 5 BIBL/DOC-ALL/ID=SMITH~J/SORT-AU ..MERGE QnnnrQnnn COffline orders merged for printing3

EXIT SYSTEM END . . CHANGE/ERIC t new DB 3 ..OFF SPECIAL NOTES (*I)ACCT CSpecial DB to let uou keep cost and D6 usroe record online plus maillno address and billing address3 (*2)..tERGE and ..PRINTOFF and . .SEARCHOFF capabilities are unlwe to this sustem. october 1981 Table 4. DROLS Command Chart.

OD R 0 L 8. 202-274-7709 or 202-274-7251 or 800-336-5013 8130 - BPM EST

ACCESS DIRECT DIAL 202/274-8878 [HALF DUPLEX 3 202/274-9685 ES...... 0

E 82STINFO DROLSTYM ES...... account* password

BOOLEAN NOT-->AND-->OR (SEARCH) NUTS BSTRQ BRSQB recall AND aSRTABB soarch BRQQa 3 Cmdr ACORNS BSPPB ] cmds NOT aswua JELLY asc~a END 711BROWN RD 756TITLE IS FIVE WORDS 755 C 1.4r3.2123 Ifiller-*I 768 Cfrec text ssarchinprpunctuation-space1

702C6 dipit code from Source Header List3

AB 760 CN= 716F3360779C0087 RN- ?l)lMTRll16 ( 6ENS) BSTRa folluwcd bv a 8SRTABB

BSTRB.. . (LIMIT) NOT 8QSRB 7585 (or 758C or 758R limits to (U) I1 GE YYMMDD (TRUNCATION) % Cmin-23 CIndicatos top of hiorarchyl r CWeiphted Term3 (RANGING) CTablc 3-3 for .AD' Ranees3 (ADABB0001-ADA017003) CCY19753 GT GE LT LE EQ NE SJN78 keuod rs 780603 BQSRB 11 GE 780603 END

PRINT 2F Icatalopuinp data with abstract3 BDSRB BDTRa(1 AD) BDPPB 3F Ccatrlopuinp and toxtl 15 (contract W) IF Cmll rocordl 14 (RF~&) Y Cl item1 6 CTII W C cont inuour 3 10 (Pers AU) lll0W Cfirrt 101 1 C or BLSRB 3 (AD W) 6ORT ~SOQ~ AEND CAlphabstic sort 3

ORDER BOSRB or 80QR8 BTAB BOWUB BE863 CEraso I TR6800 t Bib-I 3 AD700809 850 (Last 6 of File ID) TR3061 C Paper 3 TB003 @ @ TR3062 EMF3 @ END END Q Q BOUF t RCL I (r4) 3 TRJ061 (a2) Fd" EXIT SYSTEM (SHIFT followed bv Underline Kou) or BTERMB

SPECIAL NOTES (tIl)This Burton onlv available to Govornmont aaonci*s and remistered contractors. (r2)Diroct ordor o? an .AD* document. (C3)lnterrupt soarch with CNTL Keu followed bu X. (*4)RCL 1-(UIBiblio which includes ALL hits,ranitirod vorsionr. special libraries Table 5. Cost and Database Availability Comparison.

SDC ORBIT Lockheed DIALOG BRS

ACCTNTS INDEX ADSEARCH AGRI COLA AGRICOLA (2) 25 .05 AGRICOLA 30 -10 AIP(/AM 25 .la AMERICA 65 .13 APILIT AP IPAT APTIC 35 .i0 AQUACULTURE 35 .15 AQUAL INE 35 .30 AQUATIC SCI 47 -20 ARTBIB 60 .15 AS I AS I 90 .I5 BANKER BHRA FLUID 65 -15 BIOCODES BIOGRAPHY 55 .15 BIOSIS(69-P) 8IOSIS PREV(T;r-P) 49 .15 BIOSIS PREV 50 .I0 BIOSIS PREV(69-76)49 .I0 BOOK REV INDEX 55 -15 BOOKSINFO 45 CAS (3) CA (4) 70 .20 CA SEARCH 60 .1B CA TRAINING 8 COLD 65 -15 50 CAB ABSTRACTS 35 .n CBP I 75 .la CMMDEX 60 .12 31 CHEUNAME CIN 70 .l0 19 CHEM IND NOTES 30 CHEnSEARCH 130 CHEMSIS (2) 64 CHILD ABUSE 410 CHRONOCOG CIS 90 -25 101 CIS 23 CLAIMS (50-62) 222 CLAIMS/CITATION 24 CLAIMS (4) 223 CLAIMS (3) CNI 55 .10 COMPENMX 65.10 8 COMPENDE X 68 .28 CDI 55 .12 35 COMP DISSERTATION 55 .12 DISS COW PAPERS 75 .I?,77 CONF PAPERS 73 .20 CRECORD 1515 135 CONGRESSIONAL REC 75 .15 CRDS Derwrnt 60 CRIS/USDA 40 .10 1- DISCLOSURE 60 S5 103 DOE ENERGY 33 .15 DOE 36 -10 DRG/ALCOHOL 35 -15

ECONOMIC AS. 65 .20 €18 90 .50+ ELCOM ENCY OF ASSN 35 -15 ENERGYL INE ENERGYLINE 90 .20 ENVIROLINE ENVIROLINE 90 .20 ENVIR 818 60 -15 EPIA

october 1981 Table 5 (continued).

SDC ORBIT Lockheed DIALOG BRS ...... DATABASE S OLP DATABASE S OLP DATABASE 8 OLP ERIC ERIC ERIC 30 .l0 EXCPTL CHILD EXCL CHILD 35 .I25 EXRPT WED (3) FEDEX FED INDEX FEDREG FEDREG FOREST FSTA FSTA FOODS ADLIBRA FOREIGN TRADE FDVND. DIR FGRANTS FROST/SVLL DM2 GEOARCHIVE GEOREF GEOREF GPOMC GPOMC 30 .l0 GRANTS GRANTS HEALTH 10 .I0 HISTORY AB INFORM INFORM INFORM 65 .30 INPADOC INSPEC (2) INSPEC (2) INSPEC 60 -20 INTL PHARM IRL-LS ISMEC ISFlEC LABORDOC LABSTAT LANGUAGE LEGAL LIBCON(MARC) LISA LI8A MAGAZ INE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT 65 -15 HEM-ARa 10 .I0 HEDOC 35 .10 MEDL INE MENTAL HEALTH METADEX METADEX METEOR MLA BIB MONITOR MSGS 30 NAL SERIALS 30 NARIC 30 .15 NATL FOUND. NSPR NATL NSPR NCJRS NEWSEARCH NIMH 30 .I0 NICEM NICSEM/NIMIS NIMIS 30 -10 NONFERROUS NTIS NTIS 3B -10

special libraries Table 5 (continued).

SDC ORBIT Lockhoed DIALOG BRS

OCEANI C 55 .la OCEANIC OMAP (3) PAIS PAIS PAPERCHEM 110 .IS USPATENTWUSCLASS -- -- PATSEARCH P/E NEWS 95 .11 PESTDOC Derwent PHARM PHARM PHILOSOPHERS PIRA POLLUTION 65 -15 POLLUTION POLLUTION POPULATION PRE-WED PROMPT PTS PROMPT PROMPT PTS (7) PSYCH PSYCHINFO PSYCH BUEBEC RAPRA RILM RINGWC Dorwont BAE 80 .15 SAFETY SCI 75 .15 SCI (2) SC I SC I SELECTED WATER SSC I SOC SCI SSCI SOC AB SPORT SSIE SSIE SSXE

SPECIAL EDUC SPIN STD & POOR8 NEWS 85 .15 STATEPUBS SURFACE CTGS 65 -15 75 -15 TRADE (2) 43 .25+ TRIS 48 .10 TSCA 45 -15 TULSA +I25 .50 USCA ( CBD ) 65 -13 US EXPORTS 45 -2% U8 POL SCI 65 -15 US POL SCI 65 .15 US PUBLIC SCHOOL 35 .10 VETDOC Derwont VOTES -- -- WELD 65 .15 WORLD ALUM 50 .10 WRLD TEXTILES 55 .l0 WPI Dorwent DBI 45 -23 DIALINDEX 31) -- CROSS DIALOG PUQS 15 --

october 1981 The prices listed for BRS are the "CROSS" and "DIALINDEX" can combined fees based on the smallest be searched with careful use of subscription committment. All quoted Boolean operators. DBI must be prices in Table 5 are based on maximum searched with NBR command. cost/database/system. However, the new direct retrieval In addition these observations can be from NBR ("SEL") expands the made: user's ability to create multiple The COST command and continu- search strategies with little input ous accounting capacity online time required. with DIALOG is helpful in tracing The unique offline searching complicated search charges back to (. . SEARCHOFF) and printing originators. ORBIT has this feature (. . PRINTOFF and . . MERGE) com- under consideration at present and mands on BRS allow lengthy expects to add it to its system. BRS searches to be initiated one day and takes this one step further with its returned to the next. They then can ACCT file for each user. This keeps be edited, have the multiple data- a running tally of database usage base results "merged," and then throughout the month and can be printed online or offline. Alterna- accessed online at any time. DTIC tively the search could be automati- charges are $20/hr against NTIS cally mailed when finished. This deposit accounts. method could be a cost-effective The print capacity on ORBIT and feature. DROLS is more flexible than DIA- The DTIC DROLS system is a LOG (i.e., each part of the record fantastic breakthrough for govern- may be chosen separately to format ment contract work. It cuts the time the posting printout). The com- factor for securing information, mand format on DIALOG is easier which is critical in this kind of to input once learned (i.e., less work, and makes inaccessible infor- characters required). No STORAD mation accessible. The main draw- (stored address) is necessary on back for the operator on DROLS is DIALOG. It would be helpful to the single line entry method and have STORAD capacity on DROLS. the double-carriage-return trans- BRS has billing and mailing admit. Once this is overcome, one can dresses stored on ACCT file auto- appreciate the speed of computer matically (can be edited if neces- response and the infinite variety of sary). search fields available. Any special The new PRINT SELECT and TFILE library working on government commands on ORBIT make cross- contracts should consider this sys- file searching a possibility (new tem. Boolean operators and these com- The online systems today are a boon mands are now only in CAS files). to libraries and library users every- DIALOG and BRS do not yet have where. It is not necessary to depend on the ability to temporarily go to one system, but it would be helpful to another database and then return have some standardization to improve to original point in first search operator efficiency. This seems to be the strategy. The main use expected for direction of the future. these new commands is in the chemical files for which a com- For further information on these sys- pound identification number is tems contact the following: often required to complete a search strategy. All three systems have DIALOG Information Services, Inc. cross-database comparison files: 3460 Hillview Ave. SDC "DBI," DIALOG "DIALIN- Palo Alto, CA 94304 DEX," and BRS "CROSS." 8001227-1960 or 8001 982-6689 (CA) special libraries System Development Corporation (SDC) If the reader would like a copy of the 2500 Colorado Ave. command charts presented herein, Santa Monica, CA 90406 please send a self-addressed stamped 800 / 421-7229 or 800 1352-6689 (CA) envelope to the author at the following address: E-Systems, Inc., ECI Division, Bibliographic Retrieval Services, Inc. 1502 72nd St., N., St. Petersburg, FL Corporation Park, Bldg. 702 33733. Scotia, NY 12302 5l8/374-5Oll or 8001833-4708

Defense Technical Information Center Attn: DTIC-2 Defense RDT&E On-Line System Cameron Station, Alexandria, VA 22314 Received for review Mar 23, 1981. Manu- 202 / 274-7709 script accepted for publication Jun 11, 1981.

Susan Weiss is supervisor, Technical In- formation Center, E-Systems, Inc., ECI Division, St. Petersburg, Fla.

october 1981 Foreign Correspondents

Cooperation among Special Libraries at the International Level

Paul Kaegbein

School of Library Science, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Renate Sjndermann

Central Library, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

At the international level, special questions arise regarding direct and indirect cooperation among special libraries. As examples of the possibilities for effective cooperation, including bilateral agreements between official and unoffi- cial bodies, an overview is given of the special library situation in Germany and Brazil. The priorities for supplying literature in specialized fields and for information retrieval are considered. In addition, the activities and working methods of special libraries and their economic aspects are surveyed tracing the sources of information and its use. Consideration is also given to the political impact of different types of cooperation among special libraries.

he state of the art of information trally using scientific literature gath- science and documentation is ered from around the world. Today a T changing worldwide. Formerly, philosophy is spreading which gives bibliographies and abstract journals priority to decentralized literature ab- were the chief sources of information to stracting combined with central storage international clients about new publi- and decentralized access to central data cations within their disciplines. Now, banks or to regional mediating data data banks have joined these media and banks. partially replaced them in many areas. This development also affects special Complex searches can now be handled libraries. Cooperation among special quickly with the help of data process- libraries in the same field will have to ing. The provision of information intensify, not only at the national level services has also changed. Formerly, but also at the international level. This such services had been compiled cen- is self-evident in countries where

390 Copyright 0 1981 Specla1 Llbrar~esAssoc~at~on special libraries special libraries have an established Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Kunstbi- tradition and, therefore, maintain close bliotheken; contacts among themselves. It will Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur medizi- become more apparent in countries nisches Bibliothekswesen; where special libraries have developed Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Parla- only recently and are trying to achieve ments- und Behordenbibliotheken; international standards of development Gesellschaft fur Bibliothekswesen with the help of well-equipped special und Dokumentation des Land- libraries in other countries. baues. The possibilities for direct and indi- These subject-oriented library associa- rect cooperation can be seen in the tions hold conferences separately or example of libraries in Germany and jointly with other German library and Brazil. Before examining their activities documentation associations. There also and working methods, it is necessary to are separate documentation associations consider and compare the general situa- in the Federal Republic of Germany. tions of special libraries in both coun- These include: tries, as well as to investigate the tendencies for various types of coopera- Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Doku- tion in selected subject areas. mentation; Deutsche Gesellschaft fur medizinische Dokumentation und Statis- Library Associations in Germany and tik; Brazil Verein Deutscher Dokumentare. In spite of a history going back to the Seen from the point of view of their 19th century, established associations of tasks and aims, particularly close rela- special libraries have only existed in tions exist between documentation as- Germany since World War 11. In 1945, sociations and special library associa- the so-called Arbeitsgemeinschaft der tions. In addition, there are a number of Spezialbibliotheken (ASpB) was supraregional library associations, informed. Modeled after Aslib, with a cluding: core of libraries from the technical, scientific, and economic fields, ASpB Deutscher Bibliotheksverband, deals with the methods of work and with a section for special libraries; practical concerns common to special Verband der Bibliotheken des libraries and serves as an umbrella asso- Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; ciation for all subject-oriented library Verein der Bibliothekare an 0f- associations in the Federal Republic of fentlichen Bibliotheken; Germany. Verein Deutscher Bibliothekare; Subject-oriented library associations Verein der Diplom-Bibliothekare in Germany also have developed only an wissenschaftlichen Bibliothe- during the last decades. They are ken. loosely organized and address the specific concerns of libraries working There are also several library associa- within their disciplines. These library tions in Germany which operate on a associations include the following: regional level and independent of each other. Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur das Ar- In Brazil, the development of library chiv-und Bibliothekswesen in der associations has taken another direc- evangelischen Kirche; tion. Separate library associations exist Arbeitsgemeinschaft katholisch- in the individual Brazilian states; for theologischer Bibliotheken; instance: Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur juris- tisches Bibliotheks- und Dokumen- AssociacZo dos Bibliotec5rios de tationswesen; Minas Gerais; october 1981 Associac5o Paulista de Bibliotech- Congress for Librarianship and Docu- rios; mentation, an event noteworthy for its AssociacFio Riograndense de Biblio- excellent offering of continuing education seminars led by international experts in their fields. In exchange, the These regional associations are com- president of ARB participated in the bined within the Federaczo Brasileira German Library Congress in 1978. de Associacdes de Bibliotec6rios. Work- Unfortunately, due to limited financial ing groups have been created to handle questions concerning specific disci- resources, the number of such invitations that library associations can afford plines, above all in the field of docu- to extend will remain small in the mentation. Their task is also to promote absence of government subsidies for cooperation among the respective special libraries and to inform their such purposes. In Germany, the Bibliothekarische members about new developments in Auslandsstelle (BA) handles invitations library procedures and methods. to librarians from other countries. The It is interesting to note that in Brazil BA is an institution belonging to the an organizational split between librar- Deutsche Bibliothekskonferenz, an um- ianship and documentation is not so brella organization of the German distinguishable because Brazilian spe- supraregional library associations men- cial libraries adopted documentation tioned earlier. working procedures from the beginning and integrated them in the education and training of librarians. The subject areas of the various associations, which shall be treated more fully and be used for comparison regarding the situation in Brazil and in Germany, include biomedicine, agriculture, law, and sports. International cooperation is not yet highly developed among national library associations; In both Germany and Brazil, govern- instead, their primary emphasis has ment programs have been established been on resolving internal problems. to integrate special libraries on the Library associations, after all, are mem- national level into supraregional infor- ber associations whose interests are first mation systems. In the Federal Republic and foremost in fostering cooperation of Germany this is being implemented among themselves; the effects of the through the Deutsche Forschungsge- associations' work on the outside are meinschaft (DFG). Within a plan to more neglected. Yet even here, one can establish centers of specialized litera- find general points of cooperation ture, the DFG has asked special libraries among these library associations and of supraregional importance to collect those of other countries which may relevant scientific materials from have valuable results for the future. abroad for purposes of future research. Participation in library conferences These collections include, for instance, by representatives of foreign library criminology, nuclear energy law, and associations is a valuable way for partic- regional geology. In addition, the DFG ipants to gain information about the has requested participating libraries to specific conditions and problems of work toward improving accessibility to librarianship in other countries. For the literature in their respective subject example, in 1977 the chairman of the areas through modern information ASpB was invited by the Associac50 means. Riograndense de Bibliotechrios (ARB) to The German federal government also take part in the Ninth Brazilian involved special libraries in a program

special libraries for the promotion of information and documentation, the so-called I and D program. In each of the planned systems for subject information there should operate in the future both a central subject-oriented library and a subject-oriented information center. The latter should be responsible for information on literature; the former for the supply of literature. In this way, the government has given new definition to the role of special libraries as subject-oriented libraries within a national information network. The plan also called for direct cooperation among information retrieval from the col- special libraries beyond national bor- lective catalog of periodicals; ders by including single systems for bibliographic research in informa- subject information into subject- tion science; oriented information databanks which providing photocopies from Brazil- are compatible with those of other ian literature on request; countries. Of course, direct cooperation providing foreign literature to ex- between libraries has been practiced perts within Brazil. before in cases where there has been In this way, the IBICT functions as a actual need; however this plan tried to central coordinating and nonsubject- broaden the scope of resource sharing, oriented institution for the transfer of nationally and internationally. information among special libraries in Similar steps are also underway in Brazil as well as those in foreign coun- Brazil where special libraries have been tries. included in supraregional plans for At present, IBICT is engaged in a development. The Brasilian Institute project to collect information on stocks for Information, Science and Technol- of periodicals in the supraregional area. ogy (IBICT), a member of the National In 1955, a commission for the national Council for the Development of Science union catalog was established to coordi- and Technology, is responsible for: nate the compilation of entries from lending support to the integrated regional union catalogs. These catalogs development of information and primarily contain regional union lists documentation in the country and of periodicals such as the union list of for the standardization of docu- periodicals from the Brazilian state Rio mentation in order to obtain a Grande do Sul, edited by the Biblioteca perfect compatibility with similar Centrale da Universidade Federal do systems elsewhere; Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre and bibliographic control of the na- published in 1961. Since 1968, IBICT tional collections in science and has been involved in a project to technology in order to make them compile a supraregional union list of accessible to the searcher and user; periodicals by means of datamation. cooperating with other interna- Characteristic of the tendency toward tional systems and integrating Bra- decentralization, this union list is being zil into UNISIST. arranged according to the major disciplines. For example, a union list of Within this scheme, IBICT offers the natural sciences and agriculture already following services: appeared in 1975. IBICT also promotes information retrieval from the Bra- continuing education in librarianship zilian specialized bibliographies; and plays a role in furthering the use of october 1981 computer systems for information de- via direct contacts between the respec- livery. tive national centers. This is especially Among the subject-oriented institu- important in light of the strong interna- tions involved in this effort to improve tional attention Unesco and IFLA have cooperation at the regional and supra- focused on the program of Universal regional level and to expand interna- Availability of Publications. tional contacts in the area of informa- Until recently, cooperation in this tion delivery and interlibrary loan are: area was largely limited to efforts by Biblioteca Regional de Medicina individual libraries to access special (BIREME) in SZo Paulo; literature requested by their users or, Servico de Documentac30 e Infor- more systematically, to acquire litera- macZo Educacional in Brasilia; ture within a specific subject area. The Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa em Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preus- Agricultura (EMBRAPA) in Bra- sischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin, for exam- silia; ple, regularly carries out acquisitions Processamento de Dados de Senado journeys throughout Latin America and (PRODASEN) in Brasilia; maintains direct contacts with libraries and other information suppliers in Another project of the National these countries in order to obtain litera- Council for the Development of Science ture that is not easily obtainable. and Technology is the National System for Scientific and Technological Devel- Standardization opment. Its aim is the improvement of searches and information retrieval in One example of bilateral cooperation science and technology. at the governmental level is the agreement between the Brazilian and Ger- Networking man governments to improve standardization. This agreement should extend If one compares the efforts by the to standardization in librarianship and government sectors in Germany and documentation, too. Brazil to promote information delivery On the German side, the Deutsches and documentation, common aims can Institut fur Normung (DIN) is partici- be seen despite many distinctions pating in the preparation of educational regarding the scope and effect of the materials to be used in seminars in arrangements introduced. Both coun- Brazil for teaching methods of stan- tries share the conviction that, in the dardization. The ~ormenausschussBi- long run, only supraregional informa- bliotheks-und Dokumentationswesen tion systems will prove to be economi- (NABD) is responsible for librarianship cally feasible and cost-effective. Special and documentation within the DIN and libraries and other institutions within maintains close contacts with Technical like disciplines are to be integrated into Committee 46 of the International Stan- an information network as central focal dard drganization, its committee re- points and as points which can also be sponsible for documentation. addressed in the periphery. In every In Brazil the Associac50 Brasileira de information network there must be a Normas Tbcnicas has several standard- well-balanced relationship between ization committees with study commis- central and peripheral components to sions responsible for the preparation of ensure that information needed at the specific standards. The Instituto Na- periphery can be requested there with- cional de Metrologia, NormalizacHo e out burdening the center unduely. Qualidade- Industrial has the task of At this level of organization, special directing the implementation of Brazil- libraries within federally directed or ian standards, promoting their use, and supported information systems can eas- carrying through the decrees of the ily engage in international cooperation Conselho Nacional de Metrologia,

394 special libraries NormalizacZo e Qualidade Industrial (CONMETRO), which is organized as an intergovernmental body. CONMETRO is responsible for political decisions within the Brazilian system of metrology, standardization, and industrial quality. However, from the point of view of library politics, its structure has a serious weakness: its 22-member decision-making body, representing the Brazilian Ministries, fails to include the Ministerio da Educado e Cultura (MEC), which is responsible for general questions of documentation and librarianship. Owing to this situation, the importance of standardization in librarianship and documentation is presently not receiving sufficient recognition. This circumstance is difficult to understand, since the CoordenacZo ing photocopies through national and do Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de international interlibrary loan systems. Nivel Superior at the MEC, with its On the basis of agreements between Servico de Documentac50 e Informac5o BIREME and individual university li- Educacional, has the special task of braries, regional subject information promoting continuing education for systems have also been established. librarians. A similar situation exists in the The bilateral agreement between Federal Republic of Germany. Here the Germany and Brazil is meant to ensure Deutsches Institut fiir Medizinische that the benefits of NABD's interna- Dokumentation und Information in tional contacts can be transferred to the Cologne has access to the MEDLINE Brazilian partner, and that the gains databank. Terminals have been set up made on that level can be used to bene- in German university libraries, as weli. fit Brazilian as well as German informa- However, access to literature is ar- tion centers. ranged differently than in Brazil. According to the aforementioned orga- Biomedicine nizational structure of the ~erman subject information systems, the Zen- In the field of biomedicine in Brazil, tralbibliothek der Medizin (Central the Biblioteca Regional de Medicina Library of Medicine) is responsible for (BIREME) in S5o Paulo functions as a furnishing biomedical literature re- center for literature information and quests through national and interna- supply. BIREME was established by tional interlibrary loan. agreement between the Panamerican The safeguards that need to be Organization for Health and the Brazil- considered at the national level to ian government through its respective ensure the supply of information and ministries, the MEC and the Ministry of literature are also valid at the interna- Health. It is organizationally linked to tional level, yet to a much higher the Escola Paulista de Medicina of the degree. For this reason, the DFG in University of S5o Paulo. BIREME has Germany attempts to access materials at access to MEDLINE and, therefore, can the local and regional levels before mediate Brazil's biomedical informa- requesting them through supraregional tion needs. It also handles requests interlibrary loan systems. As a general from experts for copies of single articles principle, the time and money involved available through MEDLINE by send- in international interlibrary loan re- october 1981 quires that national information re- The databank is connected with the sources must first be tapped and fully information system AGRIS managed by exhausted. Otherwise, there is a risk FAO. University libraries and special that the national centers may become libraries can access information too burdened by the demands of inter- through EMBRAPA. In this way, the national loan to fulfill their functions. agricultural information system is com- Interlibrary loan on the international parable to the biomedical system in its level requires that lists of holdings organizational structure. This is also must be as complete as possible through true of the situation in Germany. The union catalogs or at least through union chief difference there is that documen- lists of periodicals. In addition, it is tation in agriculture is not yet as well- important to ensure that titles that are organized as in Brazil. While there are in heavy demand, especially foreign many well-equipped institutions work- titles, remain available to domestic ing in specific areas of agricultural users. International interlibrary loan information and documentation, they should be limited to those materials belong to different governmental ad- which are used more seldom or which ministrations at the federal or state are not available for acquisition by the level or to independent institutions. requesting library. This situation makes it difficult to coordinate activities within a national Agriculture framework. Only the supply of literature is administered centrally by the In Brazil, information gathering in Zentralbibliothek der Landbauwissen- the field of agriculture is directed by schaft in Bonn. the documentation and information system of the Empresa Brasileira de Law Pesquisa AgropecuAria (EMBRAPA) which is subordinated to the Ministry An information network in the field of Agriculture. This system is composed of law, the Processamento de Dados do of: one center responsible for coordina- Senado (PRODASEN), has been estab- tion, the Documentation and Informa- lished in Brazil. Its bibliographic file, tion Department (DID); 3 regional and the Sistema de InformacSo Juridica 22 product-oriented institutions which (SIJUR), was developed in 1971 by are attached to agencies of the federal contract with a firm in the computer government of Brazil; 24 institutions at industry. It has a data bank containing the state level; and 40 independent information on legislation, jurisdiction, centers. DID is responsible for the and theoretical foundations of law. This following activities: information system serves users ranging from the Senate in Brasilia to coordinating the supply of subject- university libraries that need access to oriented literature; juridical information. These libraries registering ongoing research pro- can conduct searches through computer jects in agriculture; terminals when needed. In 1974, the publishing scientific monographs Ministry of Finance joined PRODASEN and pamphlets; in order to use SIJUR for tax legislation. managing union catalogs of scien- The system, however, is only capable of tific periodicals and books; delivering information; it is not used preparing specific bibliographies; for providing literature. supplying photocopies of single Compared with developments in Bra- articles on request to users at the zil, the juridical information system in national and international level; Germany is not as far developed. Prepa- managing a data bank; ratory work has been underway since SDI services for specific user pro- the early seventies on an information files. system, JURIS, which is intended to

special libraries combine literature documentation and field of documentation, and a sports data documentation. The attempt to documentation institution. An analysis combine these two different levels of of the state of the art of sports libraries documentation may be the reason why and documentation institutions was a development has been slow. Regarding primary requisite for establishing a provision of literature, the Staatsbiblio- framework for Brazilian sports docu- thek Preussischer Kulturbesitz in West mentation. Berlin is the central depository for Steps had been taken in this direc- juridical collections. It contains a com- tion. In 1974, during a meeting of the prehensive collection of foreign juridi- scientific department of the Brazilian cal literature which is supported finan- Association for Sports Medicine, the cially by the DFG. In addition, the Center for Documentation and Infor- Staatsbibliothek acquires official publi- mation in Sports Medicine was estab- cations on legal matters from other lished in Porto Alegre. Later renamed countries. These publications are sup- the Center for Documentation and plied, in substantial number, through Information in Sports Science, its activi- bilateral exchange contracts. These ma- ties had been directed from the begin- terials are excellent sources for studies ning toward the supraregional level. in comparative law. The Bibliothek des The Center published a journal, Medi- Iberoamerikanischen Instituts is cina do Esporte, which regularly carried housed in the same building as the bibliographic listings of sports-related Staatsbibliothek, affordingclose coordi- literature. nation of South American acquisitions Although the work being done in between the two libraries. Porto Alegre to improve documentation in sports is impressive, a survey Sports made in 19761 1977 concluded that most special libraries within Brazil's 80 Some time ago, the Federal Republic sports academies contain fewer than of Germany and Brazil had concluded a 2,500 volumes. Little has been done, in mutual agreement to promote sports. terms of documentation, to make the This agreement included not only the literature more widely accessible. development of sports facilities and Hopefully, this situation will improve arenas but also information and docu- through cooperative efforts on the mentation in this field. The central national as well as the international agencies for these endeavors are the level. One such effort was the transla- Bundesinstitut fiir S~ortwissenschaft tion into Portuguese of the German- in Cologne and the Departamento language thesaurus of sports science, do EducacZo Fisica e Desportos de sponsored by the International Associa- Ministerio da EducaqZo e Cultura tion for Sports Information. (DEDIMEC) in Brazil. Plans called for While advances were being made in the joint development of base-lines to sports literature documentation, data establish a centralized sports informa- documentation lagged behind. The tion network in Brazil. The practical organizational separation between experiences of the ~undesinstitutfiir these two areas of documentation was Sportwissenschaft, the central German partly responsible for this develop- institution for sDorts documentation ment. For while literature documenta- and information,together with those of tion in sports science is the province of library institutions at the national and the MEC, data documentation is, by international level was looked at as a law, under the aegis of the National valuable asset in this work. The DED/ Sports Council in Rio de Janeiro. This MEC had established an advisory panel structural bifurcation has also tended to consisting of one representative each restrict cooperative efforts among li- from the DED/MEC, the sports braries to emphasis on literature docu- sciences, the library profession, the mentation.

october 1981 Conclusion Almeida, M.L.P. / Bibliotecas especializadas. BelCm, Universidade Federal do Par& This brief overview of some of the Curso de Biblioteconomia, 1970. areas in which direct or indirect cooper- Bahe, H., u. F.J. Kuhnen/"Information und ation on the international level is possi- Literaturanforderung, Eine Untersu- ble among special libraries does not chung bei einer zentralen Fachbiblio- pretend to cover all conceivable aspects. thek" in: Nachrichten fur Dokumentation 31:232-241 (1980). The authors have been selective owing Bibliotheksausschub der. Deutschen For- to space limitations, as well as to the schungsgemeinschaft / Uberregionale Liter- objective differences that qualify com- aturversorgung von Wissenschaft und For- parison of librarianship and documen- schung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. tation within certain disciplines in Denkschrift. Boppard, Boldt, 1975. Germany and Brazil. However, it is Fang, J R., and A. H. Songe/lnternational hoped that this paper will stimulate Guide to Library, Archival, and information thinking about how equivalent solu- Science Associations. New York, London, tions can be found in similar cases. In Bowker, 1976. this sense, it may serve as a contribution Kaegbein, P. /Libraries as Special Informa- tion Systems. Special Libraries 69 (no. to greater international library coopera- 12):493-498 (Dec 1978). tion. Kaegbein, P., and V. WeimarIRemarks on the Present Library Situation in the Acronyms and Abbreviations Used Federal Republic of Germany. IFLA Jour- nal 2:93-96 (1976). ARB-AssociacBo Riograndense de Bibliote- Nagelsmeier-Linke, M. / Automatisierte ju- cirios ristische Informationssysteme. Gegen- ASpB-Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Spezialbi- wartiger Stand ihrer Entwicklung und bliotheken ihre Bedeutung fur die bibliothekarische BA-Bibliothekarische Auslandsstelle Praxis. Miinchen, New York, London, BIREME-Biblioteca Regional de Medicina Paris: Saur, 1980. (Bibliothekspraxis. v. CONMETRO-Conselho Nacional de Me- 25.) trologia, Normalizacao e Qualidade In- Nonhoff, M. / Der gegenwartige Stand des dustrial Juristischen Informationssystems JURIS. DED/MEC-Departamento do EducacZo Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt 95:343-345 Fisica e Desportos de Ministerio da Educa- (1980). cao e Cultura The Programme of the Federal Government DFG-Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for the Promotion of Information and DID-Documentation and Information De- Documentation (IUD-Programme) 1974- partment 1977. (Transl.: A. Coblans, H. Coblans.) DIN-Deutsches Institut fur Normung Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Docu- EMBRAPA-Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa mentation, 1976. Agropecuiria Reichert, M. / Brasilianische Normung im IBICT-Brasilian Institute for Information, Umbruch. DIN-Mitteilungen 57:686-689 Science and Technology (1978). MEC-Ministerio da EducacBo e Cultura Sindermann, R. V. H. /Sports Documenta- NABD-Normenausschuss Bibliotheks-und tion and Information in Brazil. In: Vlth Dokumentationswesen international Congress for Sports Information, PRODASEN-Processamento de Dados do Duisburg, 1977. pp. 169-172. Senado Wieder, J./ Internationale Verflechtung der SIJUR-Sistema de Informaclo Juridica Bibliotheksarbeit. 10 Jahre Bibliothekar- ische Auslandsstelle. Bibliothekarische Bibliography Kooperation: 32-41 (1974).

Albuquerque, C.A. de / A InformacBo em Paul Kaegbein is professor of library Cicncia e Tecnologia e o IBICT. In: Anais science, University of Cologne, Cologne, do 9 Congresso Brasileiro e V Jornada Sul- Rio-Grandense de Biblioteconomia e Docu- Germany. Renate Sindermann is librar- mentariio, Porto Alegre, July 3-8, 1977. Val ian, Central Library, Federal University 2: Temirio Oficial (Porto Alegre 1977) p. of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Bra- 41-47. zil. special libraries On the Scene

SLA 1981 SALARY SURVEY UPDATE

In an effort to assist special librarians survey report, the 1981 report indicates in salary negotiations, special Libraries general national salary trends, and in Association conducts an in-depth salary conjunction with the 1979 report and survey every three years. In the inter- the 1980 update, provides special librar- vening years the Association, using a ians with guidelines for salary discus- sampling technique, polls 25% of the sions. membership in an effort to provide During May 1981, a 25% sample of current salary information. The results Members and Associate Members re- provide an overview of the salaries of ceived the survey questionnaire. special librarians and a measure of annual salary increases since the last Questionnaires Mailed 2,248 survey. Questionnaires Returned 1,507 (67%) The 1981 data updates the overall Invalid for Computation 2 national and regional salary data Useable Responses 1,398 (62.2%) reported in the 1979 in-depth triennial salary survey report and the 1980 salary The usable responses show an increase survey update [see Special Libraries 70 of 0.2% from the 1980 update survey. (no. 12):559-589 (Dec 1979) and Special Table 1 reports the changes in mean Libraries 71 (no. 12):541-542 (Dec 1980)l. and median salaries from Apr 1, 1980, to While not as comprehensive as the 1979 Apr 1, 1981, within each U.S. census

Table 1. 1981 Mean and Median Salaries by Census Region in Rank Order of Percentage Change in Median from 1980 to 1981. Median Oh of Increase Means Census Region 1980 (or Decrease) 1981 Yo East North Central 18,700 12.8 2 1,000 Canada* 2 1,000 11.9 23,500 West South Central 17,600 10.8 19,500 South Atlantic 20,600 9.2 22,500 Mountain 18,500 8.1 20,000 Middle Atlantic 19,500 7.7 2 1,000 West North Central 18,800 7.4 20,200 Pacific 20,500 7.3 22,000 New England 18,000 6.7 19,200, East South Central 17,000 1.8 17,300 Overall 19,700 7.1 21.100

*Salaries in 1981 reported in Canadian dollars. The exchange rate on Apr 9, 1981, was approximately Canadian $1.00 = United States $0.84.

october 1981 399 region and Canada. The figures present with the 1980 update, the East North changes in dollar amounts and in Central region moves up from sixth to percentages. fourth in the rankings. This shift The survey indicates an overall displaced the Middle Atlantic region to median salary increase of $1,400 from fifth and the West North Central region $19,700 in 1980 to $21,100 in 1981. This to sixth in the rankings. The top three represents a 7.1% increase since last regions and the last remain in the same year. The overall mean salary reflects a order as the 1980 update. West South $1,600 increase from $21,200 in 1980 to Central advances from ninth to eighth $22,800 in 1981, a 7.5% increase. while New England drops from eighth A comparision with past surveys to ninth in the rankings. indicates an increase of 17.2% in The salary survey instrument, like median salaries over the last two years the data it requests, needs constant from $18,000 in 1979 to $21,100 in 1981. updating. In 1982 the Association plans The 1981 figures also reflect an 18.1% to conduct its next triennial survey. We increase in mean salaries from $19,300 expect that the 1982 survey will request in 1979 to $22,800 in 1981. information in several areas not cov- All ten regions indicate median ered in previous triennial surveys. One salary increases ranging from 12.8% to of the more important additions in the 1.8%above the 1980 figures. 1982 survey will be questions designed to obtain salary data by industry. Table 2 lists the salary distribution in After reading this 1981 update, let us rank order of 1981 median salaries for know how you use the information and Canada and the nine U.S. census how we might better serve your needs regions. In comparing the rankings by expanding the SLA salary survey.

Table 2. Salary Distribution by Census Region in Rank Order of 1981 Median. Average 25th Percen- 75th Average No. Lowest Percen- tile Percen- Highest Respon- Census Region 10% tile Median tile 10% Mean dents Canada* 15,600 18,900 23.500 29,000 40,900 25,000 88 South Atlantic 13,400 18,000 22,500 29,300 42,200 24,500 185 Pacific 13,400 18,000 22,000 26.400 37,000 22,900 235 East North Central 13,800 17,700 21,100 26,400 40,400 23,000 242 Middle Atlantic 13,300 17,100 21,000 26,300 38,200 22,600 327 West North Central 13,600 16,800 20,200 25,000 35.600 21,700 62 Mountain 12,400 17,900 20,000 24,700 33,400 2 1,500 59 West South Central 1 1.600 15,700 19,500 22,500 33,900 20,300 7 1 New England 11,600 16,100 19,200 24,700 39,800 21,400 102 East South Central 10,800 14,200 17,300 21,300 31,300 18,600 27 Overall 13,100 17,400 21,100 26,500 39.000 22,800 1,398

*See footnote to Table 1.

special libraries Actions of the Board of Directors Chapter, Division, and Joint Cabinets Annual Business Meeting June 12,13,16,17,19,1980

The following is a summary of actions Hike in Registration Fees - Since the cost taken by the Board of Directors and the differential between advance and on-site Chapter and Division Cabinets during SLA registration at Annual Conferences is business meetings at the 72nd Annual merely $15, many registrants choose to wait Conference in Atlanta. until the last minute to register on-site. This situation has caused numerous hardships for the Conference Coordinator and others involved in advance scheduling of meeting Financial Reports-FY 1980 was finan- rooms, food functions, and field trips. In cially successful for the Association. The order to have a more realistic assessment of Association staff projects that the budget conference registration numbers prior to will be met for FY81, with a modest excess the Annual Conference, the on-site member of income over expenses. The Finance registration fee was increased by $15 to Committee will recommend priorities for $105, and the nonmember fee was increased the allocation of any excess income at the by $20 to $125, effective for the 1982 Confer- Fall Meeting of the Board. ence. The preregistration fees for members Although the final verdict is not yet in on and nonmembers will remain at $75 and how the dues increase affected membership, $90, respectively. It is hoped that this the latest figures indicate that the total is increase in the on-site fees will encourage over the numbers projected in the FY81 more preregistration for future conferences. Budget. The Board approved a membership Professional Development-A proposal projection of 11,500 for FY82. was presented by the Education Committee Based on the recommendation of the to establish a "Middle Management Certifi- Association's auditors, interest earned on cate Program" which would provide a time deposit accounts will henceforth be course of study for librarians who are reinvested in money market funds. The middle managers. The program would be Board also approved the establishment of a analogous to an organization's management Merrill Lynch Ready Asset Trust Account training program, focusing on developing for the Computer Fund. skills, decision-making aptitudes, and practical training experience. Participants who New Director Appointed-Ruth S. Smith was named to fill the vacancy left by the complete the 75-hour program during an 18-month period would earn an SLA resignation of Robert Krupp on the Board of Directors. Krupp was originally appointed Management Certificate and 7.5 CE units. The Board approved, in principle, the devel- to replace Sandra Hall after she resigned as Director; however, a tragic accident forced opment of such a program. him to resign from office. The Board Campaign Statements Nixed-At its expressed its confidence that Bob Krupp meeting in Portland, the Board referred to will soon be able to resume his active partic- the Nominating Committee a proposal to ipation in Association affairs. require candidates for SLA office to provide october 1981 prepared statements outlining campaign Electronic Mail Project-The Executive promises and to include these statements in Director reported that the system has been the mail ballot sent to the membership. The found to be an efficient and cost-effective Nominating Committee returned to the means for communications among Board Board its recommendation that such state- members and operations staff. The monthly ments should not be required as part of the costs have been minimal, and only a small election process. percentage of the project's budgeted allot- While the Board agreed with the Commit- ment has been spent; although the project is tee's assessment that a critical review of past due to expire in December, there is enough performance is of greater value than money to continue it for 20 more months. campaign promises, it expressed the need The Board discussed the costs involved in for more information than is normally adding additional Board members to the included in the candidates' vitae. The Asso- system and unanimously agreed to expand ciation Office was instructed to disseminate the experiment to include all Board mem- such information to Chapters and Divisions bers who have compatible terminals for the through press releases and/or by publishing purpose of conducting Association busi- interviews with the candidates in the ness. Specialist. Membership Benefits-With an eye to- Bylaws Changes-In 1978, several recom- ward recruiting more Sustaining Members, mended changes in the Bylaws failed to pass Patrons, and Sponsors, the Board voted to because fewer than 40% of the membership approve new services for these membership voted, as required by the current Bylaws. classes. The recommendations concerned the elec- In addition to the benefits they already tion procedure for Honorary Members, enjoy, Sustaining Members will now receive alternates representing officers at Chapter continuing education (CE) course registra- and Division Cabinet meetings, annual tion for one staff member at the SLA reporting dates for Chapters and Divisions, member rate, and new NSP's at a 50% affiliation with other organizations, and the discount for the first copy ordered. percentage of mail ballots that must be Patrons and Sponsors formerly received returned by the membership for the vote to no benefits, which perhaps explains why be valid. Another attempt is now being the Association had only four contributors made to enact these and additional amend in these cate~ories. These membership ments concerning the approval of dues and classes will now receive all the benefits fees increases. accorded to Sustaining Members, with the Fourteen Bylaws changes were approved exception of Chapter and Division affilia- by the Board and by the majority of the tion and attendance privileges at Chapter members present and voting at the 1981 meetings and at Division programs during Annual Board Meeting. As required by the SLA Annual Conferences. current Bylaws, the proposed amendments In addition, Patrons and Sponsors will be have been submitted to the voting member- offered CE course registration for two staff ship at large via mail ballot. The votes will members at the SLA member rate. Sponsors be counted in October 1981. will also have the option of registering two staff members at Annual Conferences at the Contributed Papers-As requested by SLA member rate. Patrons will have the the President, The Special Committee on privilege of designating one staff member Contributed Papers Procedures reported to for complimentary personal membership. the Board on some of the recurring prob- They will also receive preferred conference lems associated with contributed papers exhibit booth selection and one complimen- sessions at Annual Conferences. These tary conference registration. problems include 1) scheduling conflicts, 2) competition with Division programs for an Long Range Planning-The Special audience, and 3) difficulty in locating qual- Committee on Long Range Planning ity offerings. Following the Committee's reported on its plans to survey planning recommendation, the Board voted to elimi- methods currently employed by the Asso- nate conference-wide contributed paper ciation. The Committee is engaged, also, in sessions and to invite Divisions to include the selection of a planning model. A by- contributed paper and poster sessions as product of the selection process will be a part of their programs at future confer- bibliography on planning that can be made ences. available to the Board of Directors, Chap- special libraries ters, Divisions, and Association Committees. Information Centers International (APLIC) The Special Committee expects to make its was referred to the Social Science Division final selection of a planning model in for consideration. March 1982 and its final report and recom- SLA's role on the American National mendations to the Board in June 1982. Standards Committee 239 was discussed, particularly its continued participation in CE Courses-Since many registrants re- Committee activities. The consensus was port that they cannot justify to their organi- that the Association's input in 239 is crucial, zations the extra expense of remaining at Annual Conferences to participate in field and, therefore, justifies the rather steep trips and tours, the Board agreed to a affiliation fee, which has recently been raised from $500 to $2,500. proposal for scheduling additional con- -. The Board rescinded its previous authori- tinuing education courses on Thursday zation to reestablish SLA's representation during the week of the 73rd Annual Confer- on the Board of Documentation Abstracts, ence (Jun 5-10, Detroit). Inc. This action was taken as a result of the Office Space-The Executive Director difficulties the SLA Representative to DAI reported on the need to locate new office experienced in gaining DAI's recognition space for the Association Headquarters and being seated on the DAI Board. since the current facilities can no longer accommodate the growth in staff and Chapter Guidelines-The Chapter Cabi- net's request for approval, in principle, of program areas. Two alternatives were con- the revision of guidelines for the formation sidered: to locate space for rent and to locate of Chapters and Provisional Chapters was space for purchase. Opting for the second granted. alternative, the Board authorized the Execu- tive Director to investigate the purchase of SLA Division Structure-In view of the property in the New York City area. work and time involved in conference plan- Public Relations-The President has ap- ning, projects, and publishing, as well as the pointed a Public Relations Task Force, financial inequalities among Divisions, the chaired by Ellen Steininger, to assist the Special Committee on Division Structure Association's office staff in promoting submitted a proposal for the establishment public relations activities. of a cooperative union or council(s) of Divi- sions to pool resources. The Committee also 1990 Conference Site-Cleveland, Ohio proposed that the professional needs of was approved as the site for the 1990 specialized interest groups be directed to Annual Conference. the Division Cabinet Chairman to arrange Conference Chairmen Chosen-Didi for support. Pancake was appointed Program Committee As instructed by the Board, the Division Chairman for the 1983 Annual Conference Cabinet discussed these recommendations in New Orleans. "Removing Information but did not take action. Many Division Barriers" will be the Conference theme. chairmen felt that, since they had not had Fred Roper was approved as Chairman, time to study the proposai on Division 1984 Conference Program Committee. structure nor to discuss it with their constit- uents, a decision would be premature. The Conflict of Interest-The H. W. Wilson Division Cabinet, therefore, deferred fur- Company Award Committee reported that ther discussion on the matter until the 1982 Committee members who are also candi- Winter meeting. dates for the award will resign from the Committee if they feel that their presence Interest Groups-At the Board's 1981 Winter Meeting, the Women's Caucus of the might create a conflict of interest in the Social Science Group, New York Chapter, selection of a winner. presented a proposal for the creation of Inter-Association Relations-The Execu- autonomous "Interest Grouvs" with native Director was instructed to investigate tional (sic) membership budgeting and deci- the advantages to SLA of membership in the sion-making representation to advocate As- American Federation of Information Pro- sociation-wide concerns. This proposal was cessing Societies (AFIPS) and to report his referred to the Special Committee on SLA findings to the Board at its Fall Meeting. Division Structure for study and appraisal. A request for 'establishment of cross- Reporting back to the Board in June, the representation with .the Association for Committee recommended that, rather than Population/Family Planning Libraries and form a new entity within the Association, october 1981 the Women's Caucus should establish a on sexual harassment at the workplace was Committee which would be eligible for approved for inclusion in the SLA Em- Chapter support, Association funding, and ployee Manual. The statement is based on an appointed Board Proctor. Having heard the "EEOC Final Guidelines on Sexual the Committee's report, the Board voted to Harassment in the Workplace" published in affirm its position not to form units other the Federal Register, Sep 23, 1980. than those presently authorized in the NSP Royalties-The reporting date for Bylaws. the Publications Committee's study of royal- Job Descriptions-The Board adopted ties was extended until the 1981 Fall Board revised job descriptions for the ~xecutive Meeting. The present policy for awarding Director and the Assistant Executive Di- 40% royalties on certain non-serial publica- rector; approved a new job description for tion will continue until that time. the position, ClerkITypist; and upgraded 1982183 Scholarship and Stipends-At the position of Computer Operator to Super- the joint recommendation of the Scholar- visor, Data Processing Department. ship and Positive Action Program Commit- Disability Insurance-The Board ap- tees, the Board approved the awarding of up proved the offering of term life, hospitaliza- to two $5,000 scholarships and up to three tion income, and excess major medical $2,000 minority stipends for the 1982183 group insurance plans to the membership academic year. and authorized the Association staff to Robert's Rules-The Board discussed a select an appropriate plan and an insurance problem that has been in evidence at Divi- broker. The Board also approved a TIAA sion and Cabinet meetings-a poor knowl- plan for employee group -total disability edge of parliamentary procedure. It was felt insurance. It considered, but did not take that workshops on leadership are needed. action, on a proposal for an Association- As a first step, the Board recommended that wide liability insurance policy. the basic rules of parliamentary procedure Sexual Harassment Policy-A draft state- should be published in the 1982 Conference ment delineating the ~ssociation'spolicy Program.

Errata

The following correction should be noted for Patricia Cupoli's article, "Reference Tools for Data Processing, Office Automation, and Data Communications: An Intro- ductory Guide," which appeared in the July issue of SL. The Million Dollar Directory, listed on p. 242 in the Appendix to the article, is published by Dun & Bradstreet and not by Standard & Poor's Corporation.

Our apologies are due to Dorothy Kasman, whose name was omitted from the list of SLA officers which appeared in the July issue of SL [72 (no. 3): 3011. Kasman will continue to serve as Treasurer during 1981182.

special libraries Management Education For Librarians

McGill University's Graduate School of Though managerial skills are developed in Library Science celebrated its 50th anniver- practice on the job, basic techniques can be sary on Apr 24, 1981, with a symposium on taught. The key for librarians is to think of "Management Education for Librarians." themselves as managers and for students to Seventy-five people, many of them grad- prepare themselves to be managers. uates of the School, were greeted by Vivian The afternoon session, moderated by Dr. S. Sessions, chairman of the Graduate Paul E. Filion, director of libraries, Concor- School, as they gathered for coffee, crois- dia University, Montreal, discussed man- sants, and general conversation. Principal agement education programs. Dr. Robert David L. Johnston opened the symposium, Hayes, dean, Graduate School of Library welcoming participants and recalling the and Information Science, UCLA, described early days of the School. the program at his school and the various "Management Education for Librarians" ways in which students can be trained in was addressed in two parts. In the morning, management. He believes that libraries are a panel moderated by Elmer Smith, director, essentially well-managed, though often Canadian Institute for Scientific and Tech- librarians have to learn their skills through nical Information, discussed "Why Manage- experience. He favors admission requirement Education-Identifying the Issues." ments which include courses in statistics Margot McBurney, chief librarian, and computer programming, since these Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, dis- offer students powerful management tools cussed personnel management and its as a basis for further learning. He discussed importance in times of shrinking economic the possibilities of MLS/MBA programs, as resources and expanding use of technology. well as courses tailored to the special needs She stressed the need for good performance of librarians. evaluation, fair salary administration, effec- The day's last speaker, Dr. Robert Cooper, tive training, and motivation to meet high associate dean and director, MBA Program, standards. She also emphasized the need for Faculty of Management, McGill University, management training to prepare librarians discussed basic management skills: deci- for management responsibilities. sion-making, planning, communicating, Agatha Bystram, director, Library Ser- and problem-solving. He favors learning vices, Department of Fisheries and Environ- through hands-on experience and advocates ment, discussed financial management and using the case method, projects, and skill the importance of knowing how to make the development techniques to give students best use of fiscal resources. Besides outlin- short cuts to becoming managers. He ing various budget techniques, she ex- strongly urges librarians to take MBA plained the "why" and "how" of zero base courses and management seminars. budgeting, the system she considers to be Each of the speakers elicited excellent the most objective and valid. She stressed questions and comments from the sympo- the importance of knowing how to develop sium participants. In spite of a marvellous a financial package and to discuss it in lunch at the Faculty Club, no one felt like management's own language. Library edu- sleeping through the sessions, and it was cation, she feels, should develop this capa- generally agreed that the 50th anniversary bility in students. symposium had been an interesting and The third speaker in the morning was stimulating event. Noel Ryan, chief librarian, Public Library System, Mississauga, Ontario, who discussed managerial skills. Dealing with Miriam Tees people, according to Ryan, is the most Graduate School of important aspect of management. He Library Science believes graduates should be able to McGill University advance rapidly to managerial positions. Montreal, PQ, Canada october 1981 STAFF DEVELOPMENT

Arnold, John D. / The Why, When and is important to deal with the problems. How of Changing Organizational Struc- Several suggestions for managing dissatis- tures. Management Review 70(no. 3):17-20 faction are presented, e.g., reward good (Mar 1981). performance, develop responsive manage- New executives frequently decide to reor- ment support systems, and don't rely on the ganize before considering the full implica- attitude survey. tions of reorganization. Sometimes such a step is taken to buy time for the new executive. When pressed for results, he/she can argue that people are still getting adjusted Beer, Michael / Performance Appraisal: to the new structure. No reorganization Dilemmas and Possibilities. Organizational should be undertaken until the following Dynamics 9(no. 3):24-36 (Winter 1981). three steps have been taken: development There are many difficulties experienced of a clear mission and objectives statement by managers and employees in performance with the help of subordinates; assessment of appraisal, but the greatest conflict is strengths and weaknesses of each key between individual and organizational player; and solicitation of criteria for re- goals or objectives. The individual wants to alignment from people in the organization. confirm a positive self-image and obtain In order to develop the criteria, two ques- certain rewards, such as promotion or pay, tions should be asked: what is happening while the organization wants individuals to that shouldn't be happening? and what isn't be receptive to negative information about happening that should be happening? The themselves in order to improve their work. importance of getting the best person for The author summarizes the underlying each key position is stressed. The purpose is causes of problems and suggests ways of not to "play musical chairs" or accommo- dealing with the main barrier to effective date people but to contribute to the achieve- appraisals, such as avoidance by the super- ment of primary objectives. The executive visor and defensiveness on the part of the should, however, be aware of the impact employee. One suggestion is to separate the certain changes might have on those whose evaluation and counseling aspects of the positions are changed or not changed and performance appraisal interview. If this is even on outsiders who do not understand not possible, a mixed-model interview, the changes. which is described in detail, can be used to attain the same purposes.

Baird, Lloyd / Managing Dissatisfaction. McCaffrey, William T. / Career Growth Personnel 58(no. 3): 12-21 (May/Jun 1981). Versus Upward Mobility. Personnel Adminis- Dissatisfied employees may endure their trator 26(no. 5):81-87 (May 1981). situation for a limited time, but they eventu- At a time when there is no longer unlim- ally do something to get what they want. ited advancement in return for perfor- There are four general categories of options: mance, companies must find a way to they may increase their work effort; sabo- reverse the disappointment and stagnation tage the work effort; depart from the organi- of many plateaued employees and middle zation; or sink into apathy, i.e. do the mini- managers. One way is by lateral transfer, mum amount of work to maintain the posi- i.e., moving from one job to another within tion. The challenge to management is to get the same organization, at the same hierar- dissatisfied workers to increase their work chical level. This allows for greater flexibil- effort. Whether they do or not depends on a ity and can create a climate conducive to combination of three factors: their level of innovation. It is important that managers performance, the nature of the organiza- support the lateral move process and that all tion's reward system, and other available employees understand that there is nothing work options. Possible outcomes of various negative about a career plateau. Examples of combinations of these factors are described. how the lateral move process works are Since many of the outcomes are negative, it given. special libraries McCarley, Dina / About Position Descrip- interview and his training period but tions. Management 2(no. 2):12-14 (Spring performed in a perfunctory manner on the 1981). job, the authors explain what went wrong in A position description (PD) in the federal the selection process. Five important steps government is used primarily for classifica- in the employee selection process are tion purposes but can also help determine discussed: define expected performance; qualificakon requirements in recruiting, identify key factors necessary for effective placement and promotion; detect duplica- job performance; generate candidates; col- tion of work; inform applicants about lect key factor information about each; and prospective responsibilities; determine stan- evaluate each candidate in terms of the key dards of performance; and other useful factors. This process can be used for both purposes. Sometimes they are based on the rank-and-file jobs and executive positions. personality of the person in the position Adherence to this process should improve rather than the needs of that position. More the overall quality of the organization's recently, the Factor Evaluation System (FES) human resources. has been introduced in the government. This system, a method of assigning grades based on nine evaluation factors, consists of Scanlon, Burt K. / Creating a Climate for a brief listing of the major duties of the Achievement. Business Horizons 24(no. 2):5-9 position, followed by a description of those (Mar/Apr 1981). duties in terms of the nine evaluation Achievers have certain common charac- factors. Some suggestions for writing a good teristics: They set challenging but achiev- PD are (1) be factual; (2) be objective; (3) be able goals for themselves if none are set for direct and specific (avoid "bureaucratese"); them; they develop specific actions and a (4) refrain from characterizing tasks broadly timetable which help them reach goals; they as "difficult" or "complex"; and (5) be sure need feedback; and they seek help and the PD is a true statement. support from others to the extent that it is needed to accomplish their goals. Their motivation is a result of both genetics and Newell, Gale E. / Organizing a Successful specific forces operating in their immediate Management Needs Analysis. lournal of environment. Research has shown that Systems Management 32(no. 6):30-33 (Jun people can be trained to achieve and to 1981). provide a nurturing environment for The author describes a method of imple- achievement although not all high achiev- menting or revising an accounting informa- ers make good managers. Four elements tion system. The objectives of the manage- necessary for creating a climate for achievement needs analysis, essential to the ment are presented and discussed. These successful implementation of any informa- are: the presence of explicit goals; a system tion system, are given, along with samples of feedback and positive reinforcement; of both general and "hidden" questions emphasis on individual responsibility; and which might be used to determine those rewards based on results. needs. The necessity for acceptance of a new system by employees is stressed. A flow chart illustrates the tasks and organization Smith, Don A. / Is Your Salary Program on required for an analysis of management Target? Management World 10(no. 3):21-22 information needs. The process allows the (Mar 1981). organization to look at the current needs of One of the factors that is basic to job management, which may be quite different satisfaction is a sound compensation pro- from the needs expressed when an earlier gram that is perceived as equitable. Three system was implemented. important components of a sound program are: the underlying philosophy, a detailed job description, and an effective job evalua- Petit, Thomas A. and Terry W. Mullins / tion procedure. A compensation philosophy Decisions, Decisions: How to Make Good should include such principles as the salary Ones on Employee Selection. Personnel and benefits together comprise a total 58(no. 2):71-77 (MarIApr 1981). compensation package and comparable pay Using the example of a young man who for comparable work. Job descriptions impressed everyone by his intelligence, should include a concise understanding friendliness, and eagerness both during his between the employee and the supervisor october 1981 on how the position contributes to the unit, they were the change agents. The OD describe interrelationships of the position consultant's role is to assist the client in with other positions, and provide a basis for developing data about the organization, in the evaluation of the position. The evalua- making free, informed choices about the tion is the determination of the values of data, and in becoming committed to certain jobs through a formal and systematic proce- actions. Some of the barriers to helping a dure. It is important that the job evaluation manager are explored, and guidelines are measure only the requirements of the job suggested which should help both consul- and not the person's skill, though this is tant and manager reach desired goals. The certainly associated with accomplishment importance of having a personally inte- and effort. grated theory of how change takes place is stressed, while the idea that confrontation Thompson, John T. / Helping Line Man- leads inevitably to conflict is refuted. agers to Become Change Agents. Training Confronting the reality of a situation can and Development Iournal35(no. 4):52-56 (Apr release the energy that is frequently 1981). exhausted in building the negative fantasies Sometimes organization development of what might happen if one confronts an (OD) consultants, rather than helping man- issue. agers to create and manage change, act as if Lucille Whalen

during the last six years, and the same REVIEWS vendors are still in business. Librarians who use A/V equipment will appreciate this last point. The detection equipment has been Book Theft and Library Security Systems, improved, and customers still have a choice 1981-1982, by Alice Harrison Bahr. White between bypass and full-circulating sys- Plains, N.Y., Knowledge Industry Publica- tems. The book does not emphasize an tions, Inc., 1981. 157 p. $24.50. LC 80-26643; important issue: all such systems enhance ISBN 0-914236-71-7. but do not replace other security measures. For example, someone must be situated near A famous author was once described as the system (presumably close to the exit) to being like the Venus de Milo. What there respond to a ringing alarm. was of him was excellent. The same, I think, Bahr describes a clear, step-by-step is true of Book Theft and Library Security approach to several methods of measuring Systems, 1981-1982. The topics covered are book loss and advises how the relative cost- well explained and generously illustrated. benefit value of each procedure may be Although an update of a previous work, this assessed. Census, inventory, and sample revision is a superior effort in every regard methods are outlined. In describing the from typesetting and content analysis to the sampling approach, the author incorrectly selected bibliography. calls it random sampling. True random This work provides the strategy for a sampling probably is not feasible in a sound approach to certain security problems library setting, but the suggestions offered in the library or bookstore setting. It offers instead are adequate for the task. Also, the professionals information in selecting de- suggestion that beginning statistics students vices to help prevent book loss and suggests conduct the sampling of library books as a means of making loss assessments. ~hmer- class project has little merit. The number of ous references are given for students or student hours required in such a project librarians who want to pursue the matter could hardly be worth the minimal learning further. derived from what is essentially a clerical The main focus is on electronic security task. Otherwise, the chapter describing the systems. The guide is most useful in this measurement of book loss provides much area and includes a listing of libraries using useful and well-presented information. such systems. Fortunately, the costs of these No attempt is made to cover security systems has remained about the same hardware which may be as vital to a library special libraries security plan as book detection equipment. grams. However, this book, is not a tutorial Experts forecast the market for security on programming. Rather, it will appeal to systems will triple by 1990, reaching $2.4 those learning data processing and who billion sales annually, with 11% of this have a flair for the electronic, as well as the market in retail sales. Libraries should bene- software, side of the field. fit from advances made in intercom, smoke Audrey N. Grosch detector, CATV, wireless systems, and ultra- University of Minnesota Libraries sonic devices. Today libraries can employ Minneapolis, Minn. sophisticated intrusion detection alarms which can be cost beneficial since burglar alarm ratings can affect insurance policies. Library Networks, 1981-82, by Susan K. This book is an excellent start but not a total Martin. White Plains, N. Y., Knowledge review of a library security program. Industry Publications, Inc., 1981. $29.50 cloth; $24.50 paper. 159 p. ISBN 0-914236- Arthur C. Tannenbaum 66-0. Bobst Library Those families with Library Networks, New York University 1978-79 will have little troubles putting this New York, N.Y. new edition to work. Readers may, however, experience occasional rushes of deja vu. In an enlarged format, 159 pages versus 144 An Introduction to Mini & Micro Com- pages, Martin has skillfully applied her blue puters by Fabian Monds and Robert pencil in revising the work. Superficially, McLaughlin. Stevenage, U.K. and New text appears to be the same as the earlier York, Peter Peregrinus, Ltd., 1981. 133 p. edition, with only a few word changes, but (pbk).ISBN 0906048-48-6. in fact, the text has been reexamined and rewritten from beginning to end. Necessary This volume is a lucidly written text updates have been made and a significant designed for the advanced beginnerlinter- amount of new information has been mediate-level individual interested in mini added. and micro computers, including their inter- The chapter titles remain the same with nal logic and electronic~.In nine chapters, the exception of the final one, chapter elev- the authors cover computer concepts such as en, which has been changed from "Net- binary numbers; instructions and data works and the Future" to "Networks and formats; three specific minicomputers and Libraries in the Years Ahead." It has been two microcomputers' instructions and archi- expanded to include a discussion of the tectures; electronic logic elements combined links between databases and database users, to implement real computer structures; public access, regionalization, the interface peripheral equipment; FORTRAN, COBOL between public and private sectors, the and PASCAL languages with example direction of network development, and a programs; system level software; and a first network for the future. guide to programming using the BASIC The appendix, which again is the "Direc- interpreted language. Some British data tory of Networks and Members," has been processing terminology such as "store" for increased from 39 to 43 years. Including "memory" is used, although those familiar OCLC, 26 entries appear in the 1978-79 with data processing will have no problem edition, while only 22 entries are in the comprehending these terms in context. 1981-82 edition. Significantly, OCLC has Every day examples abound in the text, been removed from this edition's appendix, such as in Chapter 2: which eliminates the profile of OCLC The computer store is considered as a series of contained in the previous edition. However, sequentially numbered cells or words, so that we can indicate an operand by the "address" of OCLC is mentioned frequently throughout the cell containing that operand. (It's a little the text. like a prison where the cells are numbered and A useful glossary has been added. Some so are the convicts inside the cells-the oper- of the terms will be readily recognized by and is the convict's number and the address of most readers. Some terms with not so the operand is his cell number.) obvious meanings such as "packet switch- The use of programming language exam- ing" and "value-added network," are ples and the accompanying descriptive text defined thereby helping to advance the are useful for those attempting to grasp an development of universally understood lan- initial understanding of some actual pro- guage in this field. october 1981 The volume has been attractively de- Directions for the Decade: Library Instruc- signed with cover graphics that reflect the tion in the 1980s. Carolyn A. Kirkendall, ed. computerized thrust of the technology. The Ann Arbor, Mich., Pieran Press, 1981. text, too, is well laid out with usable section headings, all of which contribute to a read- This work brings together the papers able book. Readers who have a need for presented at the 10th Annual Conference on library network information will continue Library Orientation for Academic Libraries to benefit from Martin's contribution. held at Eastern Michigan University on May 8-9, 1980. The Conference was an occasion Robert W. Gibson, Jr. for reflecting on progress made in the past Neville L. Grow, Jr. 10 years in this area of librarianship and also GM Research Laboratories for addressing issues of interest for the next Library decade. The volume includes a brief intro- GM Technical Center duction, seven major papers, and 10 shorter Warren, MI papers given in two panel sessions, an annotated bibliography of works published in 1979, and a list of the participants attending Picture Librarianship, by Hilary Evans. the Conference. The major papers cover (Outlines of Modern Librarianship Series.) almost all aspects of bibliographic instruc- New York, K.G. Saur, 1980. $12.00. ISBN tion (BI) from assessment of programs to its 0-89664-428-6. professionalization as a distinct segment of librarianship to the seemingly less impor- Picture Librarianship is a concise over- tant topic of library sign systems. The view of the profession, defining its role, shorter papers, though presented in panel scope, and varied purposes in the field of style, were not theme-oriented but "opin- information science. Evans' premises are ion-statement papers" in which those presented with a clear understanding of the engaged in BI could candidly share their underlying differences and philosophical views and concerns with the audience. Such choices inherent in picture librarianship topics as personal characteristics of the that distinguish non-book librarians from instructor, the role of the administrator, the their colleagues in the print media. necessity for a theoretical base for BI, and The text is divided into nine chapters: the failure to make information a real value defining picture libraries, acquisition, care in the lives of students were treated. and maintenance, access and retrieval, clas- The overall impression one gets from sification and cataloging, lending and copy- reading these papers is that BI is a far cry ing, service charges, copyright, and admin- from the old library orientation programs istration. Included is a list of six British traditionally given at undergraduate col- picture organizations and a brief bibliogra- leges; it has become much more complex phy and index. and sophisticated. Its proponents have It is evident that British picture librarian- raised serious and thought-provoking ques- ship shares with its North American coun- tions. Some of the papers, particularly the terpart many of the same problems concern- shorter ones, are largely observation and ing professional role definition and recog- opinion; others, however, discuss issues that nition, as well as shortcomings in academic might be of interest to librarians and infor- training. Readers may wish to do further mation professionals on many levels. reading in a field which is only beginning Keresztesi, for example, in his "Biblio- to come into the fore in professional litera- graphic Instruction in the 1980s and ture and journals. Much collateral literature Beyond" raises questions regarding the in the field of slide librarianship has been librarian's role in the bibliographical educa- published during the last ten years. tion of the researcher. The old concept of Though it lacks a strong, supporting bibli- bibliography being largely inventorial and ography and source lists or suggestions descriptive, he maintains, is too narrow to which could make it a more valuable text, use in dealing with modern researchers. It is Picture Librarianship should be of interest to an intellectual pursuit concerned with how library schools, picture libraries, and collec- knowledge is generated, organized, format- tions. ted, packaged, and communicated-the Stanley W. Hess total information apparatus of a discipline. Spencer Art Reference Library For the librarian, this means it is important Nelson Gallery not only to study access to its literature, but Atkins Museum, to analyze, describe, evaluate, and interpret Kansas City, Mo. the information apparatus of that discipline special libraries in light of the logistical objectives it is called services, there has been a need for a one- on to serve. Frances Hopkins, in her paper stop source of information written in an on BI as an emerging professional disci- easily digested manner for the librarian, pline, questions whether instruction librar- libr=ry services manager, or graduate stu- ians should attempt to transform academic dent in library science who has little or no libraries into supportive elements for inte- exposure to this specialty. This book fulfills grated instruction or clearly differentiate that need. A comprehensive range of topics themselves organizationally from the "stul- is discussed, leading the reader from a tifying bureaucratic and technocratic mold general overview of online information of conventional librarianship" without retrieval to more specialized chapters, each breaking the necessary practical connection written by a knowledgeable authority. with the physical library. Acknowledging The writing in this volume is uniformly that technical and administrative problems excellent. Each chapter is referenced so that are serious and persistent, she opts for the readers desiring additional detail can easily latter even in the face of likely charges of move to appropriate, highly current or clas- elitism and intellectual pretension. Perhaps sic sources. The glossary of terms will be the most encouraging and thought-provok- especially useful to those who are new to ing paper is Huston-Miyamoto's on "Com- the topic. For those who are considering puter-Assisted Instruction in Libraries: Past, starting online services in their libraries, as Present and Future," in which she explores well as for students, the inclusion of exam- the variety of ways in which computers can ple forms, e.g., search requests, search logs, be utilized in the instruction process for user search evaluation forms, statistics students, and faculty and staff as well. sheets, and so on, taken from user libraries Not all the papers express satisfaction such as those at the University of Utah and with the Bl concept. Sween, for example, is Princeton University will be appreciated. skeptical about whether there is a real need Although much of the tabular data, such for students to know how to use the library; as connect time charge rates or offline print he poses the interesting question of rates are bound to change, nonetheless whether it would even be feasible with a this information is useful for comparing fairly successful BI program to handle the costs among a variety of databases and for workload it would generate. (In his hypo- preliminary planning in the cost assessment thetical model, an institution of 5,000 area. The chapter dealing with the mechan- students with a library open 80 hours a ics of searching will be appreciated by week should have 62.5 serious questions per management and entry-level personnel hour.) who do not have any exposure to what Although much of the material in this happens in an interactive process session volume is of interest primarily to those with a computer. involved in BI, there is also much that If any criticism is due, it might be directed should be of interest to special librarians, at the lack of the editor's own critical particularly those in academic libraries or comments and prognosis of the future in the those in more specialized libraries who are last chapter, although this chapter does well trying to provide some type of user educa- at synthesizing the future predictions of the tion in their libraries. gurus of online systems. This book is one of the largest in terms of page count and Lucille Whalen content in the Professional Librarian Series. School of Library and It is worth the price, particularly as an addi- Information Science tion to the individual library manager's on State University of New York nondatabase librarian's collections. Special Albany, N.Y. librarians who may be knowledgeable in certain special areas will also find this a The Library and Information Manager's useful source of information to quickly Guide to Online Services, edited by Ryan E. assess the availability and cost of other data- Hoover. Professional Librarian Series. bases which they might have need to use. White Plains, N.Y., Knowledge Industry Library managers and special librarians Publications, Inc., 1980. $29.50 cloth; $24.50 serving graduate library school programs or paper. LC 80-21602. ISBN 0-914236-60-1. professional staff libraries should seriously consider adding this title. Although the library literature is replete with hundreds of articles, chapters, reports Audrey N. Grosch and monograph-length works dealing with Library Systems Department various aspects of online searching and University of Minnesota Libraries Furnishes the reader, through a series of readings PUBS and a comprehensive bibliography, with an overview of the steps necessary in determining the future of the card catalog. This anthology of 40 articles provides background information on the future of the card catalog, the options available as (81-023) Monographic Searching on the OCLC an alternative to a card catalog, and case examples Terminal: A Programmed Text with Teacher's of how some libraries have reacted to this situa- Guide. Jimmie Davis and Josefa Abrera. Hamden, tion. Conn., Linnet Books, 1981. 136 p. $14.50 (pbk). ISBN 0-208-01843-3. (81-029) Stack Management: A Practical Guide This manual is designed to provide new users of to Shelving and Maintaining Collections. Wil- the OCLC, Inc., model I00 or 105 cathode-ray liam J. Hubbard. Chicago, Ill., American Library tube terminal with a basic introduction to its Association, 1981. 112 p. $7.00 (pbk). LC 80- operation in programmed instruction format. 28468. Offers practical solutions to this important part of (81-024) Women View Librarianship: Nine circulation work. The book recommends proce- Perspectives. Kathryn Renfro Lundy. Chicago, dures and discusses shelving designs and alterna- Ill., American Library Association, 1980. 108 p. tive methods of storage. Also gives advice on $7.00 (pkb). LC80-23611; ISBN 0-8389-3251-7. dealing with the special problems entailed by use This book presents interviews conducted with of a large, part-time staff. nine women who have occupied high administrative positions in libraries and library schools. The (81-030) The Professional Development of the women discuss the perceptions incident upon Librarian and Information Worker. Patricia their advancement in administration and suggest Layzell Ward, ed. London, Aslib, 1980. 332 p. the implications for librarianship of emerging ISBN 0-85142-1350. developments within the field and beyond. Brings together in a single volume selections of writings on a theme of central importance to (81-025) Cataloguing. Eric J. Hunter and K.G.B. librarianship and information work. The selec- Bakewell. Hamden, Conn., Shoe String Press, Inc. tions are grouped into five sections: library and 197 p. $12.00. ISBN 0-95157-267-7. information science; research; philosophy and Provides a comprehensive overview of catalog- ethics; the planning of services; and human and ing, and some alternatives to cataloging. technical aspects of management.

(81-028) Archives and Manuscripts: Exhibits. (81-031) Introduction to Technical Services for Gail Farr Casterline. Chicago, Ill., The Society of Library Technicians. Marty Bloomberg and G. American Archivists, 1980. 70 p. $7.00. LC 80- Edward Evans. Littleton, Colo., Libraries Unlim- 80072; ISBN 0-931828-18-X. ited, Inc., 1981. $12.00 ISBN 0-87287-228-9; ISBN 0-87287-3 (pbk). This new manual is a practical "how-to" guide for persons planning exhibits of archival materials. It This text presents materials appropriate for an contains chapters on planning and development introduction to technical service for paraprofes- conservation, design and technique, program sional staff. Gives a thorough treatment to coordination and administration considerations. subjects such as: descriptive and subject catalog- The appendices include sample forms and a list of ing to bring it in line with the second edition of suppliers of exhibit equipment. the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR2); acquisition work; bibliographic verification; or- (81-027) Management Information: Where to der procedures; gift and exchange processes, Find It. Marilyn Taylor Thompson. Metuchen, computers and library automation. N.J., The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1981. 272 p. ISBN 0-8108-1424-2. (81-032) Basics of Online Searching. Charles T. Meadow and Pauline Cochrane. N.Y., John Wiley A bibliography of resources intended as a guide and Sons, 1981. $15.95. ISBN 0-471-05283-3. for librarians who are building collections of management sources. Emphasis is placed on 1) The purpose of this book is to teach the principles management in general, 2) specific aspects of of interactive bibliographic searching, or infor- management, such as organization development, mation retrieval, to those with little or no prior management information systems, and personnel experience. It attempts to teach principles rather administration, and 3) specific types of manage- than the detailed mechanics of any particular ment, such as public administration. system. The major intended audience consists of students, working information specialists and (81-028) The Card Catalog: Current Issues, Read- librarians, and end users-the people for whom ings and Selected Bibliography. Cynthia C. all this searching is done. Ryans, ed. Metuchen, N.J., The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1981. 336 p. $16.00. LC 81-720; lSBN 0- 8108-1417-X. Wanda Kemp special libraries WASHINGTON. D C INFO/ DOC can help you stay on top of those information and technicalproblems

. . .whether routine acquisitions or specific Research . . . The wealth of informa- in depth research is required INFO/DOC tion resources in Washington DC is can provide your organization documents available through INFO/DOC. and information fast and efficiently. FOI . . . Freedom of Information requests are processed confidentially. INFO/DOC can process your request and La deliver fast- Consultants . . . Professionals are a- vailable on a consulting basis. GPO . . . INFO/DOC is a dealer of m Government Printing Office items. Credit Cards . . . VISA, Mastercard m and American Express honored. NTlS . . . INFO/DOC isan authorized distributor of NTlS products. The smallest and most remote foreign organization or the largest local organization, the Standards . . . Industrial, military and US. Government, can have the incredible Ga federal specifications and standards. resources of Washington available in hours. Patents . . . Extended US. and for- Place orders with INFO/DOC by mail, tele- eign patent retrievals. phone, telex and now online (major online Foreign . . . Expanded retrieval of information retrieval systems). foreign documents is now available. INFO/DOC helps bridge a critical gap-

Information/Documentation Telex: 90-3042 (INFO DOC) Box 17109 Dulles International Airport Washington, DC 20041 Online ORDER INFODOC october 1981 The Online Information Service That Thinks Like A Chemist-So You Can, Too

Chemists think in str~~ctrit~s,and that's just how (:AS ONLINE sea~hesand displays the inhimation on o\,el-T, million chenlic.al substa~icesstored in its files.

You Search for Structures Because suhtatices 1c.hic.h share st]-~lcturalfeatures frequently share 111-operties of' interest a5 \\,ell.

"The ~tr~;ctut-eis Ei)ur Kc!." by ~vriting<;AS ON1.1SE:-ONL, p.o. Box 3012 ,~~ol~ltlll~~ls,Ollie 43210 CAS ONLINEM (;hc~nicaI AI~SII'I( 15 SCI ~cc.'I di\ i\io11 01 The Chemical Substance ~IIC.A~nr~-i( 2111 (:Iivmi< a1 So

FEE-BASED INFORMATION SERVICES: A Study of a Growing Industry A Volume in the Information Management Series By Lorig Maranjian and Richard W. Boss Specifics on how information IS gathered and managed-from the traditional use of library collections to the latest computer searching of databases-1s presented in this state-of-the-art report. A written survey, personal interviews, and on-site visits were conducted by experts In the fleld to provlde a thorobgh overvlew of the bJSlneSS and technoloav of the mformatlon In- manipulation dustry. Some 15 marketing'iools used by fee-based ... information services, various fees charged by different companies, and the capabilities of major U.S. inforrna- tlon firms are among the toptcs covered how and 199 pages 1980 ISBN 0-8352-1287-4 $24 95 who. INFORMATION INDUSTRY MARKET PLACE 1982 An International Directory of lnformation Products and Services What machine-readable databases are available? What information do they provide? What related btbliograph- IC print products are derived from them? Who publishes them? Which firms undertake bibliographic searches? In which subject areas? This new edition of the IlMP provides full and current contact, personnel and production Information worldwide for more than 1,000 database publishers, online vendors, information brokers, telecommun~cationnetworks, library networks and consortia, terminal manufacturers, consultants, government agencies, and many other related firms and services. c 250 pages ISBN 0-8352-1364-1 $35 00 tent Cornmg ~n October

october 1981 415 New from Noyes Up-To-Date References For Your Specialized Needs

Available Fall 1981

AMMONIA AND SYNTHESIS GAS-Recent and Energy-Saving Processes edited by F.J. Brykowski: ISBN 0-8155-0859-X; $48. BIOMASS GASIFICATION-Principles and Technology edited by T.B. Reed: ISBN 0-8155-0852-2; 542. CHEMICALS FOR OIL FIELD OPERATIONS-Recent Developments edited by J.I. DiStasio: ISBN 0-8155-0861-1; 548. COAL GASIFICATION PROCESSES edited by Perry Nowacki: ISBN 0-8155-0864-6; 548. COPPER DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY-Acquired and Inherited, in Plants, Animals, and Man by Charles A. Owen, Jr.: ISBN 0-8155-0868-9; $28. GENETIC ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRY edited by J.K. Paul: ISBN 0-8155-0869-7; $72. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS-Recent Developments edited by S. Torrey: ISBN 0-8155-0862-X; $45. HOLLOW FIBERS-Manufacture and Applications edited by Jeanette Scott: ISBN 0-8155-0860-3; $54. INDUSTRIAL ABRASIVE MATERIALS AND COMPOSITIONS edited by M.J. Collie: ISBN 0-8155-0851-4; 545. ~ NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION TECHNOLOGY edited by M. Satriana: ISBN 0-8155-0863-8; 545. OFFSHORE SHIP AND PLATFORM INCINERATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTES edited by G.V. Hwper: ISBN 0-8155-0854-9; 542. OZONE TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER by R.G. Rice and M.E. Browning: ISBN 0-8155-0867-0; $32. PESTICIDE DISPOSAL AND DETOXIFICATION-Pmesses and Techniques edited by A.P. Dillon: ISBN 0-8155-0857-3; $48. POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER edited by D.J. De Renzo: ISBN 0-8155-0855-7; 548. PRIMARY ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL TECHNOLOGY-Advances Since 1977 edited by Robert W. Graham: ISBN 0-8155-0853-0; 548. PRINTING ON TEXTILES BY DIRECT AND TRANSFER TECHNIQUES edited by R.W. Lee: ISBN 0-8155-0850-6; 548. PROTEIN FOOD SUPPLEMENTS-Recent Advances edited by M.A. Maltz: ISBN 0-8155-0865-4; 548. PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SLEEP edited by Ismet Karacan: ISBN 0-8155-0858-1; $32. SURFACE COAL MINING TECHNOLOGY-Engineering and Environmental Aspects edited by R. Fung: ISBN 0-8155-0866-2; $45. SURFACXANTS, DETERGENTS AND SEQUESTRANTS-Developments Since 1979 edited by J.I. DiStasio: ISBN 0-8155-0856-5; 548. NOYES NOYES DATA CORPORATION ndc NOYES PUBLICATIONS 118 Mill Road, Park Ridge, NJ 07656

special libraries We Supply: I. Routing Slips 2. Master Periodical Sheets 3. Periodical List for Each Participant 4. Alphabetical lndex of Participants 5. Alphabetical lndex of Periodicals. IN HOUSE INDEXING, INC. PO. BOX 11, ROSLYN HEIGHTS, N.Y 11577

Ideas and products to make your

your work easier.

Need quality library furniture to make your library easier and more convenient for your readers, supplies to repair books or equipment to create a complete cataloging system? See for yourself how much time and money you can save with Demco. Thousands of well organized library products and over 50 years' experience in meeting professional library needs- that's the story inside the Demco Catalog. Send for your free catalog today!

1 Mall to Demco, Box 7488, Madison. WI 53707, Dept 830 1 : 3 Yes! Please send me a free copy of your L~brary : Supplies & Equ~pmentCatalog I I I Name ------I I I L~brary ------I I : Address ------I CI~Y- -State ZIP _ - L------J bur Library Specialist october 1981 417 RAPID PATENT SERVICE A In addition to our complete patent publications on microfilm we now offer

Paper Copies of All U.S. and Foreign Patents

High quality reproduction provided quickly and efficiently Telephone and Electronic Ordering Available

For complete information on this important new service, please contact:

Patent Services Dept. Patent Services Dept. Research Publications, Inc. Research Publications, Inc. 12 Lunar Drive 2221 Jefferson Davls Highway Woodbridge. CT 06525 Arlington, VA 22202 (203) 397-2600 (703) 920-5050 1-800-336-5010 Toll Free (Outside Virginia)

Computer Literature Index

The Only Complete Bibliographic Service for the Practicing Side of the Computer Industry.

Published Quarterly With Annual Cumulation.

The Computer Literature lndex IS the blbllographlc service for computer users, consultants, students, equipment manufacturers, and software suppliers. The Computer Literature lndex covers over 100 periodicals and books and speclal reports, classifying them into over 300 quick reference subject categories. Aquick subject locator and 'relate subject' pointers speed all research actlvlties.

The Computer Literature lndex IS published quarterly In April, July, October and January with each Issue covering the preceedlng three months. All periodicals available the last day of thequarter are Included In that Issue. The ComputerLiterature lndex hlghllghts artlcles and books that are Important contr~but~onstothe~r fleld It also provldes an author Index as a second means of locat~ngartlcles Thelndexwasformerly called the Quarterly B~bliographyof Computers and Data Processing Annual Cumulat~onsare available from 1968

The Computer L~teraturelndex IS $75 per year ($85 outslde North Amer~ca).To start your subscrlptlon, or for a free revlew Issue. call (602) 995-5929 or wrlte to Computer Literature Index, Dept SL. P.0 Box 9280. Phoenlx, AZ 85068

418 special libraries NEW! Collected and on Microfiche for the First Time! The Complete Texts of Monographs Adam Smith Used as References in '"WEALTH "'NATIONS

Pergamon Press has compiled the complete texts of monographs established for Adam Smith's THE WEALTH OF NATIONS and put them on microfiche. Part of a new History of Economics Series, the major collection goes beyond Edwin Cannan's classic index of authorities. And for easy handling, this outstanding 180,000-page compilation on microfiche is arranged alphabetically by author in binders, and is supplemented by hard-copy biographies and research aids. The first segment of this project is drawn mostly from the Hutzler Collection at Johns Hopkins University Library. The Adam Smith References are organized in two segments: the first is available now, the second will be published this winter. This is the first time these references have ever been collected and presented on ' microfiche. There is no other comparable collection which offers researchers complete texts. at their fingertips, in a few binders. The First Segment of Adam Smith References This segment of the Adam Smith References is on 980 standard 98-frame fiche. It com- prises 92 references, including critical editions of THE WEALTH OF NATIONS and basic monographs on Adam Smith's life. The first segment features the following authorities: Anderson, Arbuthnot, Berkeley, Blackstone, Buchanan, Burn, Cantillon, Cave (Gentleman's Magazine), Child, Churchill, Clicquot-Blervache (le Reformateur), Cobbett (Hansard), Daniel, Davenant, Decker, Desaguliers, Dobbs, Douglass, Du Pont de Nemours, DuTot, Encyclopedic, Fleetwood, Folkes, Fuller, Gee, Gilbert, Grotius, Guicciardini, Haldane, Hale, Hanway, Harris, Hawkins, Hay, Henault, Herbert, Hobbes, Homer, Hume, Hutcheson, Hutchinson, C. King, G. King, La Riviere, Law, Locke, Lowndes, Madox, Mandeville, Martin-Leake, Melon, Mirabeau, Montesquieu, Mun, Necker, Paladius, Percy, Petty, Pinto, Plato, Pococke, Poivre, Postlethwayt, Price, Pufendorf , Quesnay, Rae, Raleigh, Raynal, Rymer, Sandi, A. Smith, J. Smith, Steuart, Strype, Swift, Tavernier, Turgot, Ulloa (Juan), Virgil. The Complete Texts of Monographs ISBN 0 08 027742 X To order or for additional information please write or call: PERGAMON PRESS, INC. I Attn: Dr. Gray. Fairview Park. Elmsford. New York 10523 9141592-7700 51811G1119 october 1981 Industry, Finance and Business Environment Education Science and Technology Social Welfare are some of the areas covered in the CATALOGUE OF BRITISH OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS NOT PUBLISHED BY HMSO This important new reference book catalogs and indexes for the first time the thousands of official publications that are not published by HMSO, and are not listed in the British National Bibliography or any other bibliography. 1980: $190 1981: 6 issues and annual cumulation $260 The publications themselves are also available in inexpensive microfiche; both individually, by publishing body or in subject sets. Send orders and requests for information to: Somerset House, 417 Maitland Avenue, Teaneck, NJ 07666 Telephone: 201 833-1795

Catalog Card Copies

UU runo( -r. 4 mdw F-., . P I T 011. 2'"" - m, ,, k. --cdb&~J,;;- 8-0 19, ~rr-- Our II*&,%IIII,,rn

420 special libraries ... starts here. Most assignments are ASAP But one key crtatlon overlooked could mean dlsaster Start your search w~thSDCR Search Servlce confident of one-stop access to the most comprehenslve files In such f~eldsas petroleum energy patents chem~stryand agriculture 1 PROCEED WITH CONFIDENCE You get more rnformatron-faster more eas~ly 1 to the SDC-Search Servlce booth and w~thoutthe nagglng worry that you at The 5th lnternat~onalOnhe m~ghthave mmed some vrtal Idea I lnformatlon Meet~ng SDC s exclus~vefeatures on the ORBIT" I December 8-10. 1981 Information Retr~evalSystem assure Cunard Hotel. London. England the fastest most flexlble search of the w~dest range of databases startlng w~th See SDC Search Serv~cefn acbon- a ranked l~stlngof approprlate fdes and p~ckup your FREE 24-page, comprehenslve ORBIT s unique CROSSFILE transfers Index catalog detailmg all of our databases frle and prlnt terms Into search entrles In multrple f~lesAnd only ORBIT lets SDC Search Service you personalrze your search style 2500 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monlca, CA 90406 storing and comblnmg search strategies (800) 421 7229 (800j 352-6689 (in Cal~forn~a) usmg your own search names w~thyour (213) 453-6194 own abbrev~at~onsand synonyms ORBIT saves tlme And worry It all starts when you start all your searches w~th"S-D-C." Your keys to conf~dence I System Development Corporat~on october 1981 Who's Who in Special Libraries is the sourcebook for anyone involved in information services. Over 10,000 entries supply the reader with a comprehensive list of special librarians currently working in the field. Each member of the Special Libraries Association is listed alphabetically. Entries include the member's address, telephone number (if available) and membership in geographic and interest-oriented business affiliations.

Who's Who in Special Libraries provides access to the people who provide information in the United States, Canada, and abroad. They serve industry, business, research, educational and technical institutions, government agencies, special departments of public and university libraries, and all kinds of organizations-both public and private.

Special Libraries Association Date Order Department 235 Park Avenue South Check for $ enclosed New York, NY 10003 (at U.S. $20.00 each)

Please send copies of Who's Who in Special Libraries.

Name

Organization

Street Address

City State Zip

New York City purchasers add 8.25% state and city sales tax. New York State purchasers add appropriate state and local sales tax.

422 special libraries We've been in the business too long to think it's easy to maintain quality and reliability every day, every year. But customers expect it and we make sure they get it. INSPEC has a policy of continuous improvementbased on a program of research INSPEC thinks big and development. Over 170,000 items will be added to the database in 1981 . We were the first with - The database stands at well over Free indexing 1% million items and is searchable on-hne Treatment Codes back to 1969. We're still way ahead. We've been publishingabstracts journals since 1898. We know the importance of the For a professional job you need indexes and getting them out quickly. The professionals.All our abstractina and 1980 indexes were sent tocustomers within 5 indexing is done by professionarstaff with at weeks of the end of the year. least afirst degree in a relevant subject.

Would-be compet~torsmake claims. Published studies however conf~rmwhat our customers know, - for coverage, accuracy, reliability and general profess~onalcompetence, INSPEC has no rwal.

For further details contact, Cathy Ferrere Rollo Turner INSPEC INSPEC IEEE--- Service - Center Station House 445 Hoes Lane ~ightingieRoad Piscataway, N.J. 08854 Hitchin. Herts. SG5 1RJ USA U K

october 1981 423 YOU CAN DEPEND ON BAKER & TAYLOR'S CONTINUATION SERVICE. YEAR AFTER YEAR.

The Baker & Taylor university press serials sup- Continuation Service is plied by Baker & Taylor as designed to meet the well as customized biblio- needs of academic, pub- graphies in which serials lic, special and school data u extracted by sub- libraries. Nearly 3,500 ject and user level. These libraries, including major lists enable libraries to research facilities, pres- establish. expand or enrich ently participate in our serials collections more Continuation Service. It easily. and more helps save time and economically. money- two important elements that librarians AFFORDABLE always find in short ASSISTANCE supply. basis. Or, 11 you desire, pre- Our Continuation Service offers vlously published series volumes the most generous discounts COMPREHENSIVE which are still mailable can be available And we include no SERVICE ordered through the program service charges of any kind Libraries requiring assutance The Continuation Semce will MANAGEMENT from our experienced profes- assist libraries with two of the sional staff to open an account most time-consuming and frus- REPORTS answer a clam or research a trating aspects of acquisitions To assist libraries in maintaming part~culartitle may call for work-establishing and monitor- complete records of Continua quick service 20 1-526-8000 ing standing orders Baker & tion titles received from Baker & Taylor has information on over Taylor a number of serials man 18,000 series. serials. and sets-~n- agement reports are available progress, and we continue to on request Included in these YES! Tell me more about Baker & expand the database as new reports a complete listing of Tcrylor's Cont~nuationService Ii titles appear. Our system allows all tltles the library has on stand- 0Send me your brochure which I us to give special attention to mg order shlpment histones ~ncludesdata on Management I irregular publications, the most status reports and indwdual title Reports and Customized Senrice I difficult to monitor. reports Bibliographies I 0Have a representatwe contact me I CUSTOMIZED SPECIAL LISTS TO I SERVICE FACILITATE ORDERING I I ! Name & Tltle ! The Baker & Taylor Continuation To help libraries open new Service is flexible. For example, accounts, we offer several starter you can change your standing lists, one of which includes 1,300 order at any time. Serials can be of the most frequently ordered provided on an alternate year serials We also provide a list of

@~aker& Taylor neB~X,~ ~mfessiosals Eastern Diviaion 50 Krby Avenue Somerwlle New Jersey 08876 Tel 20 1-722-8000 Southern Division Commerce, Georg~a30599 Tei 404 335-5000 Midwestern Division Gladlola Avenue Momence Ill~nols60954 Tel 8 15472.2444 Wastern Division 380 Edlson Way Reno Nevada 89564 Tel 702-786~6700

424 special libraries SAVE MONEY. .. Search with a friend. Your library can open a whole new time sharing ratio with the organiza- world of information to your users that tions of your choice. And even though was once only affordable by much you have all the advantages of sharing, larger libraries. The full array of data- you'll be treated like you have a pri- bases and special online services vate subscription.You'll receive your from BRS can be yours at much lower own subscription materials, enjoy a connect hour rates. The secret to it all private password, and be provided is sharing a BRS subscription with with individual billing. as many as four other organizations With BRS's shared search service for of any type, whether a libraries------vou can afford to libraIy or not. Geographic step into iomorrow today. For proximity is not necessary. more information write or call You determine your own BRS BRS Customer Service. BIBLIOGRAPHIC RETRIEVAL SERVICES Corporate Headquarters: 1200 Route 7, Latham, NewYork 121 10 (800) 833-4707 Minneapolis, Minnesota Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Alexandria, Virginia Denver, Colorado LOCATION DATE PREDICASTS IS Raleigh, N.C. Oct. 6 Cincinnati Oct. 8 COMING YOUR WAY... New York Oct. 13 ...with the PTS TRAINING SEMINAR, designed for Chicago Oct. 15 people with some previous online experience who Boston Oct. 15 now want to become proficient users of Predicasts Dallas Nov. 6 Terminal System. Content and coverage of the PTS New York Nov. 10 databases are explained in depth, as are the various San Francisco Nov. 17 thesauri available to the user from PTS vendors. The Los Angeles Nov. 19 structure of the thesauri is detailed, and their use for Washington, D.C. Dec. 2 increased accuracy in searching is examined. Altema- Greenvale, L.I. Dec. 3 tive search techniques are stressed. New York Dec. 8 For a practical demonstration of the search Buffalo Dec. 11 methods discussed, attendees are asked to develop Orlando Dec. 16 strategies to solve several pre-determined search Check enclosed ($60.00). problems. (Attendees are also encouraged to bring Please bill me ($75.00). search problems they may have encountered to the session.) Solutions are then reviewed and their com- Please indicate the vendor systems with which parative effectiveness analyzed. Seminar attendees you are familiar: will practice searching PTS online, with ample time BRS 0 DIALOGTM 0 ORBITTM and instruction provided for each person. Previous experience with or training on BRS, NAME TITLE DIALOGTM,or ORBITTMis required of all seminar attendees. (Please indicate on the coupon the vendor COMPANY PHONE systems with which ou are familiar.) Each PTS Training Seminar is a khaysession and includes in- ADDRESS structional materials. Enrollment is limited to insure that each attendee receives individually supervised CITY/STATE ZIP online practice, so register today! Circle the day(s) you wish to attend, and return the entire form to Pndims, I I~JI&dar Avenue, Predicasts. INC. Clweland. Oh1o44106.121617953000

Hungry for answers in the life sciences?

No matter how unusual your search question, the new 1981 BlOSlS Search Guide can help you find the right answers. In response to a request for references on "people eating insects as food," an information scientist searched BlOSlS Previews online: ". . . I wanted a file with a broad subject coverage and wide range of search options. The first step I took in my search strategy was to use the free-text facility for the word 'edible'. Then I used the keywords insect, insecta, and insects, which I identified from the BlOSlS Search Guide. The Guide also led me to several biosystematic codes. . ." from a prize-winning BlOSlS Search Tourna- ment essay.

For your online searches of biological and medical research, you need the right words . . . the right concepts . . . the right codes. . . You'll find them all in the: 1981 BlOSlS Search Guide The price? Just $75.00. For further information, or to place your order, contact: BlOSlS Customer Services, 2100 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. 800-523-4806 or 21 5-568-4016.

'26 special libraries WHEN YOU SPEND l0OYEARS IN LIBRARIES,YOU LEARNAIMT. We've learned to get down to the basics: .reliability, speed, personal service. Faxon combines these basics with the latest in technology to give you the best available service. That's why we're the most reliable source for over 150,000 domestic and international serials and continuations titles. With Faxon, you get comprehensive serials management services with the personal touch. Libraries like that. Faxon's 100 years prove it.

F.W. Faxon Company, Inc. 15 Southwest Park, Westwood, Mass. 02090 Tel: 800-225-6055 (toll-free) 617-329-3350 (collect in Mass. and Canada)

october 1981 427 THE SOLID FOUNDATION OF YOUR APPRAISAL KNOWLEDGE

If you need references in the appraisal as applied to the appraisal of real estate . . . here single family home: community are the classics published by the and site analyses, description of American Institute of Real Estate the structure, application of the Appraisers. They should form the three approaches to value, and cornerstone of your real estate the final value estimate. Special library. kinds of residences are included, THE APPRAISAL as well as model narrative OF REAL ESTATE and form reports. 510 pp. 7th Edition $22.50 The standard introduction to Other useful reference tools real estate appraisal principles. published by the Appraisal Institute Covered in-depth is the appraisal process, including the READINGS IN HIGHEST three approaches to value, AND BEST USE $1 0.50 analysis of site and neigh- READINGS IN THE borhood, building cost APPRAISAL OF SPECIAL estimates, capitalization rates, USE PROPERTIES $10.50 and the reconciliation of value READINGS IN REAL indications to arrive at an PROPERTY VALUATION estimation of value. 688 pp. PRINCIPLES $10.50 APPRAISING THE SINGLE READINGS IN THE INCOME FAMILY RESIDENCE $20.00 APPROACH TO REAL Authors George F. Bloom, MAI, PROPERTY VALUATION $10.50 and Henry S. Harrison, MAI, READINGS IN REAL ESTATE discuss the theory and INVESTMENT techniques of real estate ANALYSIS $1 0.50

Mail to: AMERICAN INSTITUTE Send me a free copy of the OF REAL ESTATE APPRAISERS Appraisal Institute's Publication Dept. SL Catalog 430 N. Michigan Ave. I enclose payment of $- Chicago, IL 60611 Please bill me

Name Firm Address City, State, Zip PARTICIPATION American Society for l nformation Science 45th Annual Meeting Columbus, Ohio Oct. 17-21,1982 INFORMATION INTERACTION

The theme for ASIS-82 is based upon the premise that information is derived from, and is the basis for, interaction among organizations as well as individuals. You are invited to participate on topics which include - but are not limited to - the following:

Information Systems-Business, community, home, industry, library, professional, publishing

developments 7 Organizational Interaction-Electronic messaging, teleconferencing, word processing, information management in organizations Educational Interaction-Programmed instruction, computer-based education, use of multi-media (microforms, videodisc, video tape) Communication Technologies-Transmission media (teletext, viewdata, videotex), future equipment

0 Graphic Communications-Aids to human comprehension of information, computer graphics (animation, art, photo-composition, simulation), micrographics

John Fried -Room SL FOR FURTHER ASIS-82 Technical Program Chairman INFORMATION Battelle Columbus Laboratories CONTACT: 505 King Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43201

october 1981 429 A profile of American business leadership. Vlho'sMo in Finance and Industry

Concise biographies of more than 18,000 key executives will provide researchers with valuable facts as well as insight into the men and women who shape America's business future. Each sketch is a brief resume: educational background, career history, civic and political activities, professional and social memberships, home and office addresses, vital statistics, names of family members, and more. Designed to serve journalists, management consultants, students, and everyone concerned with the progress of American business, WHO'S WHO IN FINANCE AND IN- DUSTRY profiles top executives from America's largest corporations as well as leaders of small and medium- sized firms.

More than 9,000 emerging figures were selected to appear for the first time, and countless facts were added to sketches continued from the previous edition. Bioaraphee participation in sketch preparation will ass&researchersof the highest level of accuracy and timeliness.

Published August 1981 LC 70-616550 ISBN 0-8379-0322-X $62.50 Hardbound I I Please send me copy(ies) of the 22nd Edition of Please add $3.00 for I WHO'S WHO IN FINANCE AND INDUSTRY at $62.50 each plus each copy ordered for I $3.00 each for postage and handling. (Please add state sales tax where applicable.) #030251 postage and handling. I i I Please b~llme Payment enclosed !

I Name- - __ I MARQUIS I Instltutlon - - - - Mo'sMa I 1 Address 200 East Ohlo Street 1 Room 176 I I pp ------Chcago, IL 6061 1 City Stale ZIP 1 I

special libraries Furnish a libraw in less than6 weeks? Her& how Gaylord cures a big headache.

There are several sources for library furniture. But only Gaylord's Ship-From-Stock program can promise you delivery of the furniture you need in just 4 to 6 weeks. That's because Gaylord is the only.. quality . furniture source to maintain a fm\hrd goods Inventory ready for ~nimrd~ateahlpment From shelvlng, t~blehand chars to ch~ldrrn'sfurn~ture. ~t's all in-5toc.k. all the time 50 why wall 3 to 1 months for your new furniture to be delivered" \Yhv rlsk hold~ngyour Open Howe In an unfurnlched I~hri~ry? Gaylord'i "Sh~pfrom Stock" program 15 des~gnedto eliminate anc uf your worst headaches. Take a close look at the newly expanded tiaylurd furnl- turr 111leby uslng the coupon bcluw Or, for even faster results, call toll-frcc to discuss vour 5pec1tic I'urn~turrnerds today

GAMORDThe trusted source for l~braryInnovation.

;,, ," 14 < t,,: .,,.C"., \Y '$2.. 3 . , - - ,,, ., 1% ,?.4..# .s,,,<, ,, , 4 8.- h 2, - ,tfl,---t l'N\ 1 S-fZ!.

october 1981 swets subscription service A DIVISION OF SWETS &ZElTLlNGER BY

swets PO. BOX 830,2160 sz ~isse-~o~and Phone 02521-l9ll3/ Telex41325 I Swets North America Inc-POBox 512 Berwyn. Pal9312 U.SA.;Tel.215/644-4944 (

Do you use SCIMP? If not you should get to know it.

SClMP is a European indexing service which scans over 130 key management and business periodicals and is building up rapidly as an 1979 YEARBOOK OF important data base. WORLD ENERGY STATISTICS (Formerly 1 Articles are selected and indexed by Anciennement World Enerpv Suuulies) thirteen librarians from European busi- The first five tables of this ~earKookpresent an historical view of world and regional ness schools in Denmark, Finland. production and consumption of commercial France, Netherlands, Norway, Swit- energy in coal, oil and joule equivalents, in zerland and the U.K. index number form and as a percentage of total consumption for the years 1955-1979. The next SCIMP is issued ten times a year and five tables reflect a similar ten-year series for costs f60.00. It is available from. individual countries. A major portion of the remaining tables provides data for the ten-year The Librarian period 1970-1979 for individual commodities for the world regions and countries. Manchester Business School Booth Street West Sales No. E.80.XVI1.7 $60.00 Manchester M 15 6PB United Nations Publications 5 Palais des Nations

special libraries (Just one reason BlOLOGiCAL ABSTRACTSIRRM makes good sense.) Well over half (63%) of the 130,000 citations appearing annually in BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTSIRRM (Reports, Reviews, Meetings) are from meetings held around the world - meetings where leading bioscientists discuss their latest findings. Other reasons? Reviews Books Research communications Notes Symposium reports Letters Just think of all the important research which is presented at meetings, and in reviews, and in books, . . . While you're thinking about it, write for more details. BioSciences Information Service, 2100 Arch St., Philadelphia. PA 19103 USA Phone: 215-568-4016; USA toll-free: 800-523-4806; Telex: 831.739

f Strategic Planning for LC Cataloging Automation delivered semiannually costs only Space Management Productivity People $195 per year including cumulative indexes Dec 3-4, 1981-New York City by both title and main entry to over fifteen years of catalog- Space Planning & Practical ing data. Optional weekly up Design for Librarians dates and ISBN, LC Card and Call indexes are also available. Dec 17-18, 1981-New York City For more information about why over fourteen hundred Fee: $250 libraries use MARCFICHE, please write or telephone: AARON COHEN & ASSOC. Teatown Rd, RFD 1, Box 636 M ARCAPPLIEDRESEARCH COMPANY Post0fficeBox40035,Washington,D.C.20016 Croton-on-Hudson NY 10520 A Division of The Library Corporation 9141271-8170 october 1981 PERSONALIZED SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE Every customer is assigned an experienced "Home Office" representative . You correspond direct; any title needs. changes. cancellations or problems can be handled promptly by letter or phone . This makes your job easier and keeps you abreast of your subscription needs at all times. With over 48'years experience. McGregor has built a reputation of prompt and courteous service on both domestic and international tides . We prepay subscriptions ahead of time. Our customers. large and small. like the prompt attention we give them . We think you would too! Ask about McGregor's "Automatic Renewal" plan described in our new brochure . Write today for your free copy .

ry Service Specialists Since 1933 MOUNT MORRIS. IUINOlS 61054

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Amacom Books ...... 21A Information/Documentation ...... 413 American Institute of Real Estate Information Handling Services..... 15A Appraisers ...... 428 Inforonics. Inc...... 8A American Society for Information In House Indexing, Inc...... 417 Science ...... 429 Institute for Scientific Arete Publishing Company ...... 4A Information ...... Cover I1 (The) Baker & Taylor Company ...... 124 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Bibliographic Retrieval Service. Inc. Engineers. Inc. (INSPEC) ...... 423 (BRS)...... 425 Manchester Business School ...... 432 Bio Sciences Information Marc Applied Research Company .433 Service ...... 19A. 426. 433 Marquis Who's Who ...... 430 R. R. Bowker Company ... lOA. 11A. 415 McGregor Magazine Agency ...... 434 CSG Press (Div. of Capital Systems Noyes Data Corporation ...... 416 Group. Inc.) ...... 6A Pergamon Press. Inc...... 419 Carolina Library Services ...... 420 Predicasts. Inc...... 426 Chemical Abstracts Service ...... 414 Public Affairs Information Citibank Economic Database ...... 20A Service ...... 18A Aaron Cohen & Associates ...... 433 Research Publications. Inc...... 418 Computer Literature Index ...... 418 Sigma Data Computing D&N (USA) Library Services. Inc. 22A Corporation ...... 2A Data Courier. Inc...... 16A Somerset House ...... 420 Demco ...... 417 (The) Source Library Services ...... 9A Dialog...... 12A Special Libraries Association ...... 422 Dukane Corporation ...... 5A Swets. N.A...... 432 Engineering Index. Inc...... 17A System Development Corporation 421 F. W . Faxon Company. Inc...... 427 Technology Recognition Gale Research Company ...... Cover IV Corporation ...... Cover 111 Gaylord Brothers ...... 431 United Nations Pubications ...... 432 Herner & Company ...... 14A University Press ...... 420 (The) Hollinger Corporation ...... 14A (The) H . W . Wilson Company ...... 13A Information Access Corporation ...... lA

434 special libraries SPECIAL LIBRARIES INDEX Volume 72 Jan-Dec 1981

January...... 1-94 July ...... 195-306 April ...... 95-194 October ...... 307-444

n indicates a new item

Middle Managers in Libraries, book review by AIM. See Associated Information Managers Ching-chih Chen, 304 ASIS See American Society for Information Barnett, Judith B. See Edel, Betty M. Science Bator, Eileen F., Automating the Vertical File Administration. See Management Index (485, 1980); Madeleine Bailey (letter), 8A American Society for Information Science, Con- (Apr) ference, 80 Bauer, Charles K., Managing Management (204, Anderson, Hattie T., In-house Information Man- 1980), W. Davenport Robertson (letter), 8A agement for Government Contractors, 224 (Jul); n 71; (letter) 9A (Jul); n 301 Arshiem, James A., n 71 Berger, Patricia W., Computer Software Work- Arterbery, Vivian J., n 69, n 301 shop (letter), 7A (Oct) Associated Information Managers. Is Tension Berry, Joseph K., Spatial Information Systems: Inevitable Between SLA and Associated Infor- "Instant" Maps for Analyzing Natural Re- mation Managers? Roberta J. Gardner, (373, sources Data, 261 1980) Rebecka Snell (letter) 10A (Jan); E. 8. Bibliographic Instruction in Business Libraries, Jackson (letter), 7A (Apr) Judith M. Pask, 370 Atlanta Conference (1981), 175 Bibliographies. User Evaluation of a Corporate Author Indexing, Virgil P. Diodato, 361 Library Online Search Service, Carolyn L. Automating the Vertical File Index, Eileen F. Warden, 113; Online Bibliographic Services: A Bator (485, 1980); Madeleine Bailey (letter), 8A Comparison, Susan Weiss, 379; Is There a (Apr) Future for the End User in Online Biblio- Automation. Automating the Vertical File Index, graphic Searching?, Sylvia G. Faibisoff and Eileen F. Bator (485, 1980); Madeleine Bailey Jitka Hurych, 347; Bibliographic Instruction in (letter), 8A (Apr); The Impact of Office Automa- Business Libraries, Judith M. Pask, 370 tion on Libraries, Robert M. Landau, 122; The Bichteler, Julie H., n 301 Psychological Impact of Automation on Library Bleick, Victoria M., Feedback, 8A (Apr) and Office Workers, Mary L. Schraml, 149; Book Theft and Library Secunty Systems, 1981-1982, Reference Tools for Data Processing, Office Alice Harrison Bahr, book review by Arthur Automation, and Data Communications: An Tannebaum, 408 Introductory Guide, Patricia Dymkar Cupoli, Borbely, Jack, The Critical Success Factors Meth- 233 od: Its Application in a Special Library Environ- ment, 201 Boss, Richard W. See Maranjian, Lorig Bahn, Gilbert S., Immigration Information (let- Branse, Jody. See Omer, Yakov ter), 8A (Oct) Budgets. Zero Base Budgeting in a University Bahr, Alice Harrison, Book Theft and Library Secu- Library, Elise Hayton (169, 1980); Richard rity Systems, 1981-1982, book review by Arthur Presby (letter), 7A (Jan);Author's Reply (letter), Tannebaum, 408 8A (Jan) Bailey, Madeleine, KWIC, KWOC (letter), 8A Business. Technology Transfer for Industry and (APT) Business through the University Library, Bailey, Martha J., Functions of Selected Company Anthony J. Venett, 44 LibrariesIInformation Services, 18, W. Daven- Business Libraries. Functions of Selected Com- port Robertson (letter), 8A (Jul); Supervisory and pany Libraries/Information Services, Martha J. Bailey, 18; User Evaluation of a Corporate Project from Vertical File Hardcopy to Jacketed Library Online Search Service, Carolyn L. Microfiche, Diane D. Worden, 270; Cooperation Warden, 113; Nonbibliographic Databases in a among Special Libraries at the lnternational Corporate Health, Safety and Envirnoment Level, Paul Kaegbein and Renate Sindermann, Organization, 243; Selling the Business Library, 390 Grace M. Pertell, 328; Bibliographic Instruction Coplen, Ron, and Muriel Regan, Internship in Business Libraries, Judith M. Pask, 370 Programs in Special Libraries: A Mutually Beneficial Experience for Librarian and Stu- dent, 31; Sherry Terzian (letter), 7A (Oct); Author's Reply (letter), 7A (Oct) CSF. See Critical Success Factors Method Corporate Libraries. See Business Libraries. Cataloging. Slide Classification and Cataloging: The Critical Success Factors Method: Its Applica- Further Considerations, Catherine R. Clawson tion in a Special Library Environment, Jack and Dr. Charles A. Rankowski, 39; Betse Lewis Borbely, 201 (letter), 7A (Jul) Cubillas, Mary M., Nonbibliographic Databases Chen, Ching-chih, book review by, 304 in a Corporate Health, Safety and Environment Chweh, Steven Seokho, The Use of SPEAKEASY Organization, 243 Interactive Language for Information Science Cupoli, Patricia Dymkar, Reference Tools for Data Education (247, 1980); Subrata Datta (letter), 8A Processing, Office Automation, and Data Com- (Jan);Author's Reply (letter), 10A (Jan) munications: An Introductory Guide, 233 Circulation Services. A Reevaluation of Circula- tion Policies: Overdues Process and Loan Peri- od, Ava Krinick Fried and Alice J. Hurlebaus, Databases. Special Libraries and Databases: A 284 State-of-the-Art Report, Mary Ellen Jacob, Ann Classification. Slide Classification and Catalog- T. Dodson, and Nancy Finnegan, 103; Non- ing: Further Considerations, Catherine R. bibliographic Databases in a Corporate Health, Clawson and Dr. Charles A. Rankowski, 39; Safety and Environment Organization, Mary Betse Lewis (letter) 7A (Jul) M. Cubillas, 243; see also names of databases; Clawson, Catherine R. and Dr. Charles A. Networks Rankowski, Slide Classification and Catalog- Data Processing. Reference Tools for Data ing: Further Considerations, 39; Betse Lewis Processing, Office Automation, and Data Com- (letter) 7A (Jul) munications: An Introductory Guide, Patricia Coleman, Kathleen, Legal Reference Work in Dymkar Cupoli, 233 Non-Law Libraries: A Review of the Literature, Datta, Subrata, Speakeasy vs. Cobol (letter), 8A 5 1 (Jan) Commentary on Special Librarianship: One Davis, John S., A Computer-assisted System for a Library School's Perspective, Rhoda Garoogian, Special Library, 209 29 5 Decision Making. Decision Support Systems in Communication. Information Overload: What the Libraries, Allan J. Heindl and H. Albert Napier, Congress and Information Professionals Can 319; Decision-making Processes for Informa- Do about It, Lionel VanDeerlin, 1; Reference tion Managers, Margaret K. Park, 307 Tools for Data Processing, Office Automation, Decision-making Processes for Information Man- and Data Communications: An Introduction agers, Margaret K. Park, 307 Guide, Patricia Dymkar Cupoli, 233; Electronic Decision Support Systems in Libraries, Allan J. Mail Has a Future in the Library, Robert J. Heindl and H. Albert Napier, 319 Veenstra, 338; see also Telecommunications Deregulation. Information Overload: What the Community Resources. The Government Library Congress and Information Professionals Can as a Community Resource, Bev Tyson, 356 Do about It, Lionel VanDeerlin, 1 A Computer-assisted System for a Special Library, Desoer, Jacqueline J., 301 John S. Davis, 209 Detroit Conference (1982), 297 Computers. Microcomputers in Personal Informa- Dillon, Martin, Serving the Information Needs of tion Systems, Gerald Lundeen, 127; Minicom- Scientific Research, Martin Dillon, 215 puters in Information Work: An Overview of Diodato, Virgil P., Author Indexing, 361 the DOMESTIC System, 138; Decision Support Directions for the Decade: Library lnstruction in the Systems in Libraries, Allan J. Heindl and H. 19805, Carolyn A. Kirkendall, book review by Albert Napier, 319; see also Facsimile Transmis- Lucille Whalen, 410 sion; Online Bibliographic Searching; Program- Dodd, James B., n 301 ming Dodson, Ann T. See Jacob, Mary Ellen Cooperation among Special Libraries at the Inter- DOMESTIC System. Minicomputers in Informa- national Level, Paul Kaegbein and Renate tion Work; An Overview of the DOMESTIC Sindermann, 390 System, Yakov Omer and Jody Branse, 138 A Cooperative Conversion Project from Vertical Drake, Miriam A,, The Environment for Special File Hardcopy to Jacketed Microfiche, Diane D. Libraries in the 1980s, (509, 1980); Lou B. Parris Worden, 270 (letter), 7A (Apr) Cooperative Projects. A Cooperative Conversion Dysart, Jane I., n 301 Garoogian, Rhoda, Commentary on Special Edel, Betty M., and Judith B. Barnett, Marine Librarianship: One Library School's Perspec- Resources Information: The National Sea Grant tive, 295 Depository, 59 Gell, Marilyn K., The Fortune Cookie: Socio- Education for Librarianship. The Use of SPEAK- Political Impact of Information Technology, 97 EASY Interactive Language for Information Gibson, Robert W., Jr., book review by, 409 Science Education, Steven Seokho Chweh (247, Gibson, Sarah Scott, Humanist and Secular Ico- 1980); Subrata Datta (letter), 8A (Jan); Author's nography, 16th to 18th Centuries: Biblio- Reply (letter), 10A (Jan); Internship Programs graphic Sources: A Preliminary Bibliography, in Special Libraries: A Mutually Beneficial 249 Experience for Librarian and Student, Ron Ginader, George H., n 301 Coplen and Muriel Regan, 31; Commentary on Goldstein, Eileen and Paul Wasserman, Trading Special Librarianship: One Library School's and Development of a Library and Technical Perspective, Rhoda Garoogian, 295; Sherry Information Staff, 290 Terzian (letter), 7A (Oct); Author's Reply (let- Government Contractors. In-house Information ter), 7A (Oct) Management for Government Contractors, Hat- Electronic Mail Has a Future in the Library, tie T. Anderson, 224 Robert J. Veenstra, 338 Government Documents. Foreign Country Infor- Environment. Nonbibliographic Databases in a mation from US. Government Publications, Corporate Health, Safety and Environment Barbara J. Ford, 277 Organization, Mary M. Cubillas, 243 The Government Library as a Community The Environment for Special Libraries in the Resource, Bev Tyson, 356 1980s, Miriam A. Drake (509, 1980); Lou B. Grosch, Audrey N., book reviews by, 409,411 Parris (letter), 7A (Apr) Grow, Neville L., Jr., book review by, 410 Eres, Beth Krevitt, Legal and Legislative Informatron A Guide to British Government Publications, Frank Processing, book review by GladysAnn Wells, Rodgers, book review by Miriam Trees, 85 187 Errata, 84,404 Evans, Hilary, Picture Librarianship, book review by Hall, Sandra K., Feedback (letter), 8A (Apr) Stanley W. Hess, 410 Harbo, Ole and Leif Kajberg, eds., Theory and Application of Informatron Research: Proceedings of the Secorld International Research Forum on Infor- Facsimile Transmission. Telecommunications and mation Science, 3-6 August 1977, Royal School of Facsimile, Henry Voos, 118; Electronic Mail Has Librianship, Copenhagen, book review by Lucille a Future in the Library, Robert J. Veenstra, 338 Whalen, 186 Faibisoff, Sylvia G. and Jitka Hurych, Is There a Hawkins, Donald T. See Wright, William F. Future for the End User in Online Biblio- Health. Nonbibliographic Databases in a Corpo- graphic Searching?, 347 rate Health, Safety and Environment Organiza- Federal Libraries. The Government Library as a tion, Mary M. Cubillas, 243 Community Resource, Bev Tyson, 356; see also Heindl, Allan J. and H. Albert Napier, Decision Government Contractors: Sea Grant Deposi- Support Systems in Libraries, 319 tory, National Henderson, Madeline M., Standards: Develop- Fee-based Information Services: A Study of a Growln~ ments and Impacts, 142 Industry, Lorig Maranjian and Richard W. Boss, Hess, Stanley W., Book review by, 410 book review by Susan Klement, 185 Holliday, Janice, Small Libraries: Keeping the Finnegan, Nancy. See Jacob, Mary Ellen Professional Position Professional, 63: Sherry Fletcher, Marjorie Amos, n 70 Terzian (letter), 7A (Oct); Author's Reply (let- Ford, Barbara J., Foreign Country Information ter), 7A (Oct) from U.S. Government Publications, 277 Hoover, Ryan E., ed., The Library and Information Foreign Country Information from US. Govern- Manager's Guide to Online Services, book review ment Publications, Barbara J. Ford, 277 by Audrey N. Grosch, 411 The Fortune Cookie: Socio-Political Impact of Humanist and Secular Iconography, 16th to 18th Information Technology, Marilyn K. Gell, 97 Centuries; Bibliographic Sources: A Prelimi- Fried, Ava Krinick and Alice J. Hurlebaus, A nary Bibliography, Sarah Scott Gibson, 249 Reevaluation of Circulation Policies: Overdues Hurlebaus, Alice J. See Fried, Ava Krinick Process and Loan Period, 284 Hurych, Jitka. See Faibisoff, Sylvia G. Functions of Selected Company Librarieslhfor- mation Services, Martha J. Bailey, 18 IFLA. See International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions Gardner, Roberta J., Is Tension Inevitable Iconography. Humanist and Secular Iconog- between SLA and Associated Information Man- raphy, 16th to 18th Centuries; Bibliographic agers? (373, 1980); Rebecka Snell (letter), 10A Sources: A Preliminary Bibliography, Sara Scott (Jan); E. B. Jackson (letter), 7A (Apr) Gibson, 249 The Impact of Office Automation on Libraries, and Student, Ron Coplen and Muriel Regan, 31; Robert M. Landau, 122 Sherry Terzian (letter), 7A (Oct) Indexing. Author Indexing, Virgil P. Diodatao, Introduction (Special Issure: Information Tech- 361 nology and Special Libraries), Irving M. Industry. Technology Transfer for Industry and Klempner, 95 Business through the University Library, An Introduction to Mini G. Micro Computers, Fabian Anthony J. Venett, 44 Monds and Robert McLaughlin, book review Information. Information Overload: What the by Audrey N. Grosch, 409 Congress and Information Professionals Can Is Tension Inevitable between SLA and Asso- Do about It, Lionel VanDeerlin, 1; Introduction ciated Information Managers? Roberta J. Gard- (Special Issure: Information Technology and ner, (373, 1980); Rebecka Snell (letter), 10A Special Libraries), Irving M. Klempner, 95; The (Jan);E. B. Jackson (letter), 7A (Apr) Fortune Cookie: Socio-Political Impact of Infor- Is There a Future for the End User in Online mation Technology, Marilyn K. Gell, 97; Micro- Bibliographic Searching?, Sylvia G. Faibisoff computers in Personal Information Systems, and Jitka Hurych, 347 Gerald Lundeen 127; Microcomputer in Infor- mation Work: An Overview of the DOMESTIC System, Yakov and Jody Branse, 138; Informa- Jacob, Mary Ellen, Dodson, Ann T., and Nancy tion Technology and Personal Responsibility, Finnegan, Special Libraries and Databases: A Irving M. Kelmpner, 157; Information Technol- State-of-the-Art Report, 103 ogy: A Bibliography, William F. Wright and Jackson, E. B., Communications Triangle (letter), Donald T. Hawkins, 163; The Critical Success 7.4 (APT) Factors Method: Its Application in a Special Library Environment, Jack Borbely, 201; A Computer-assisted System for a Special Library, Kaegbein, Paul and Renate Sindermann, Cooper- John S. Davis, 209; Serving the Information ation among Special Libraries at the Interna- Needs of Scientific Research, Martin Dillon, tional Level, 215: In-house Information Management for Kajberg, Leif. See Harbo, Ole Government Contractors, Hattie T. Anderson, Kemp, Wanda, Pubs, 191,306,412 224; Reference Tools for Data Processing, Office Kiersky, Loretta J., book review by, 185 Automation, and Data Communications; An Kirdendall, Carolyn A., Directions for the Decade: Introductory Guide, Patricia Dykmar Cupoli, Lrbrary Instruction in the 1980s, book review by 233; Spatial Information Systems: "Instant" Lucille Whalen, 410 Maps for Analyzing Natural Resources Data, Kish, Joseph L., Jr., Micrographics: A User's Manual, Joseph K. Berry, 261; Foreign Country Informa- book review by Loretta J. Kiersky, 185 tion U.S. Government Publications, Barbara J. Klement, Susan, book review by, 185 Ford, 277; Training and Development of a Klempner, Irving M., Introduction (Special Issue: Library and Technical Information Staff, Eileen Information Technology and Special Libraries), Goldstein and Paul Wasserman, 290: see also 95; Information Technology and Personal Data Bases; Networks Responsibility, 157 Information Centers. Functions of Selected Com- Kok, John, "Now That I'm in Charge, What Do I pany Libraries/Information Services, Martha J. Do? Six Rules About Running a Special Library Bailey, 18 for the New Library Manager (523,1980); Victo- Information Overload: What the Congress and ria M. Bleick (letter) 8A (Apr) Information Professionals Can Do about It, Lionel VanDeerIin, 1 L Information Technology: A Bibliography, Wil- Landau, Robert M., The Impact of Office Automa- liam F. Wright and Donald T. Hawkins, 163 tion on Libraries, 122 Information Technology and Personal Responsi- Larsgaard, Mary, Feedback (letter), 8A (Apr) bility, Irvin M. Klempner, 157 Lavendel, Giuliana A,, Professional Image (letter), In-house Information Management for Govern- 7.4 (Apr) ment Contractors, Hattie T. Anderson, 224 Legal and Legislative lnformation Processing, Beth International Cooperation. Cooperation among Krevitt Eres, book review by GladysAnn Wells, Special Libraries at the International Level, 187 Paul Kaegbein and Renate Sindermann, 390 Legal Reference Work in Non-Law Libraries: A International Federation of Library Associations Review of the Literature, Kathleen Coleman, and Institutions, 46th IFLA Congress and 5 1 Council Meetings, 87 Leister, Jack, n 301 International Research Forum on Information Science. Letters to the Editor, 7A (Jan), 7A (Apr), 7A Second. Proceedings, 3 -6 August 1977: Theory and (July), 7A (Oct) Application of lnformation Research. Royal School Lewis, Betse, Lack of Support (letter), 7A (Jul) of Librarianshrp. Copenhagen. Ole Harbo and Leif Librarians. Small Libraries: Keeping the Profes- Kajberg, eds., book review by Lucille Whalen, sional Position Professional, Janice Holladay, 186 63 Internship Programs in Special Libraries: A Libraries. Small Libraries: Keeping the Profes- Mutually Beneficial Experience for Librarian sional Position Professional, Janice Holladay, 63; The Impact of Office Automation of Mary Sage, book review by James M. Mataraz- Libraries, Robert M. Landau, 122; Sherry zo, 304 Terzian (letter), 7A (Oct); Author's Reply (let- Monds, Fabian and Robert McLaughlin, An Infro- ter), 7A (Oct); see also Business Libraries; duction to Mini b Micro Computers, book review Federal Libraries; Special Libraries; University by Audrey N. Grosch, 409 Libraries Moore, M. Elizabeth, n 72, n 301 The Library and Information Manager's Guide to Morehead, Joe, Theory and Practice in Library Educa- Online Services, Ryan E. Hoover, ed., book tion, book review by Dr. Pauline M. Rothstein, review by Audrey N. Grosch, 411 86 Library Employees. See Staff Development Library Management. See Management Library Networks, 1981-82, Susan K. Martin, book Napier, H. Albert. See Heindl, Allan J. review by Robert W. Gibson, Jr. and Neville L. National Sea Grant Depository. See Sea Grant Grow, Jr., 409 Depository, National Library Schools. See Education for Librarianship Networks. The Role of Special Libraries in the Library Students. See Education for Librarianship Emerging National Network: Critical Issues, Lundeen, Gerald, Microcomputers in Personal Barbara M. Robinson, 8; see also Databases Information Systems, 127 Newman, Wilda, Managing a Report Collection for Zero Growth (276, 1980); Richard Presby (letter), 7A (Jan), Author's Reply (letter), 8A McLaughlin, Robert, See Monds, Fabian (Jan); Ruth S. Smith (letter), 7A (Jul) Mail. Electronic Mail Has a Future in the Library, Noble, Valerie, n 68, n 301 Robert J. Veenstra, 338 Nonbiolographic Databases in a Corporate Management. Managing a Report Collection for Health, Safety and Environment Organization, Zero Growth, Wilda Newman (276,1980), Rich- Mary M. Cubillas, 243 ard Presby (letter), 7A (Jan), Author's Reply "Now That I'm in Charge What Do I Do? Six (letter), 8A (Jan), Ruth S. Smith (letter), 8A (Jul); Rules About Running a Special Library for the "Now That I'm in Charge What Do I Do? Six New Library Manager, John Kok (523, 1980); Rules About Running a Special Library for the Victoria M. Bleick (letter) 8A (Apr) New Library Manager, John Kok (523, 1980), Victoria M. Bleick (letter) 9A (Apr); In-house Information Management for Government Oceanographic Resources. Marine Resources In- Contractors, Hattie T. Anderson, 224; Decision formation: The National Sea Grant Depository, Support Systems in Libraries, Allan J. Heindl Betty M. Edel and Judith B. Barnett, 59 and H. Albert Napier, 319; Decision-making Office Workers. The Psychological Impact of Processes for Information Managers, Margaret Automation on Library and Office Workers, K. Park, 307; Management Education for Librar- Mary L. Schraml, 149 ians, Miriam Tees, 405 Offices. The Impact of Office Automation on Management for Librarians, John R. Rizzo, book Libraries, Robert M. Landau, 122 review by Muriel Regan, 304 Omer, Yakov and Jody Branse, Minicomputers in Mandel, George n 68 Information Work: An Overview of the Maps. Spatial Information Systems: "Instant" DOMESTIC System, 138 Maps for Analyzing Natural Resources Data, Online Bibliographic Searching. User Evaluation Joseph K. Berry, 261 of a Corporate Library Online Search Service, Maranjiam, Lorig and Richard W. Boss, Fee-based Carolyn L. Warden, 113; Online Bibliographic lnformation Services: A Study of a Growing Indus- Services: A Comparison, Susan Weiss, 379; Is try, book review by Susan Klement, 185 There a Future for the End User in Online Marine Resources Information: The National Sea Bibliographic Searching?, Sylvia G. Faibisoff Grant Depository, Betty M. Edel and Judith B. and Jitka Hurych, 347 Barnett, 59 On-line Bibliographic Services: A Comparison, Martin, Susan K., Library Networks, 1981-82, book Susan Weiss, 379 review by Robert W. Gibson, Jr. and Neville L. Grow, Jr., 409 Matarazzo, James M., book review by, 304 Park, Margaret K., Decision-making Processes for Mendell, Stefanie, Stumped (letter), 8A (Oct) Information Managers, 307 Microcomputers in Personal Information Sys- Parris, Lou B., Document Retrieval, (letter), 7A tems, Gerald Lundeen, 127 (Apr) Microfiche. A Cooperative Conversion Project Pask, Judith M., Bibliographic Instruction in Busi- from Vertical File Hardcopy to Jacketed Micro- ness Libraries, 370 fiche, Diane D. Worden, 270 Pertell, Grace M., Selling the Business Library, Micrographics: A User's Manual, Joseph L. Kish, Jr., 328 book review by Loretta J. Kiersky, 185 Picture Librianship, Hilary Evans, book review by Minicomputers in Information Work: An Over- Stanley W. Hess, 410 view of the DOMESTIC System, Yakov Omer Politics and Information. The Fortune Cookie: and Jody Branse, 138 Socio-Political Impact of Information Technol- Model Management Curriculum for Special Libraries, ogy, Marilyn K. Gell, 97 Presby, Richard, Zero Growth/Zero Service (let- SLA Bylaws Amendments, 181 ter) 7A (Jan) Zero Growth . . . Not All Bad SLA Candidates. 1981 Candidates, 67 (letter), Ruth S. Smith 7A (Jul) SLA Conferences. See Atlanta Conference (1981), Professionalism. Small Libraries: Keeping the Detroit Conference (1982) Professional Position Professional, Janice Hol- SLA Election Returns, 301 laday, 63: Sherry Terzian (letter), 7A (Oct); SLA Salary Survey, 399 Author's Reply (letter), 7A (Oct) Safety. Nonbibliographic Databases in a Corpo- Programming. A Computer-assisted System for a rate Health, Safety and Environment Organiza- Special Library, John S. Davis, 209 tion, Mary M. Cubillas, 243 The Psychological Climate of Librarianship: Sage, Mary, Model Management Curriculum for Values of Special Librarians, A. Neil Yerkey, Special Librarres, book review by James M. Mata- 195 razzo, 304 The Psychological Impact of Automation on Schraml, Mary L. The Psychological Impact of Library and Office Workers, Mary L. Schraml, Automation on Library and Office Workers, 149 149 Pubs, Wanda Kemp, 191,306,412 Scientific Research. Serving the Information Needs of Scientific Research, Martin Dillon, 215 Rankowski, Dr. Charles A. See Catherine R. Claw- Schwartz, James H., Commentary on Improving son the Image of the Special Library (539,1980); W. A Reevaluation of Circulation Policies: Overdues Davenport Robertson (letter) 8A (Jul); Charles Process and Loan Period, Ava Krinick Fried and K. Bauer (letter) 9A (Jul) Alice J. Hurlebaus, 284 Sea Grant Depository, National. Marine Re- Reference Services. Legal Reference Work in sources Information: The National Sea Grant Non-Law Libraries: A Review of the Literature, Depository, Betty M. Edel and Judith B. Barnett, Kathleen Coleman, 51; Reference Tools for Data 59 Processing, Office Automation, and Data Com- Selling the Business Library, Grace M. Pertell, munications: An Introductory Guide, Patricia 328 Dymkar Cupoli, 233 Serving the Information Needs of Scientific Reference Tools for Data Processing, Office Auto- Research, Martin Dillon, 215, mation, and Data Communications: An Intro- Sindermann, Renate. See Kaegbein, Paul ductory Guide, Patricia Dymkar Cupoli, 233 Slide Classification and Cataloging: Further Regan, Muriel, book review by, 304; see also Cop- Consideration, Catherine R. Clawson and Dr. len, Ron Charles A. Rankowski, 39; Betse Lewis (letter), Reviews, 85, 185,304,408 7A (JuU Rigney, Janet, n 67, n 301 Small Libraries: Keeping the Professional Posi- Rizzo, John R., Management for Librarians, Funda- tion Professional, Janice Holladay, 63, Sherry mentals and Issues, book review by Muriel Terzian (letter), 7A (Oct) Regan, 304 Smith, Ruth S., Zero Growth . . . Not All Bad Robertson, W. Davenport, Different Strokes (let- (letter), 7A (Jul) ter), 8A (Jul) Snell, Rebecka, Your Money's Worth (letter), 10A Robinson, Barbara M., The Role of Special (Jan) Libraries in the Emerging National Network, 8 Society and Information. The Fortune Cookie: Rodgers, Frank, A Guide to British Government Socio-Political Impact of Information Technol- Publications, book review by Miriam Tees, 85 ogy, Marilyn K. Gell, 97; Information Technol- The Role of Special Libraries in the Emerging ogy and Personal Responsibility, Irving M. National Network: Critical Issues, Barbara M. Klempner, 157 Robinson, 8 Space. Spatial Information Systems: "Instant" Roper, Fred W., n 67 Maps for Analyzing Natural Resources Data, Rothstein, Dr. Pauline M., book review by, 86 Joseph K. Berry, 261 Royal School of Librianship, Copenhagen. See Spatial Information Systems: "Instant" Maps for Harbo, Ole Analyzing Natural Resources Data, Joseph K. Berry, 261 SPEAKEASY. The Use of SPEAKEASY Interactive SLA. Is Tension Inevitable Between SLA and Language for Information Science Education, Associated Information Managers? Roberta J. Steven Seokho Chweh (247, 1980); Subrata Gardner, (373, 1980) Robecka Snell (letter) 10A Datta (Letter), 8A (Jan); Author's Reply (Letter), (Jan); E. B. Jackson (letter), 7A (Apr) 10A (Jan) SLA Annual Meetings. See Atlanta Conference Special Librarians. The Psychological Climate of (1981); Detroit Conference (1982) Librarianship. Values of Special Librarians, SLA Audit Report, 298 A. Neil Yerkey, 195 SLA Board of Directors. Candidates for, 71; Fall Special Librarianship. Commentary on Special Meeting Actions, 74; Winter Meeting Actions, Librarianship: One Library School's Perspec- 178; Election Returns, 301; Annual Meeting tive, Rhoda Garoogian, 295; Cooperation Actions, 401 among Special Libraries at the International Level, Paul Kaegbein and Renate Sindermann, Telecommunications and Facsimile, Henry Voos, 390 118 Special Libraries. The Environment for Special Terzian, Sherry, Defining Professionalism (let- Libraries in the 1980s (509, 1980), Lou B. Parris ter), 7A (Oct) (letter), 7A (Apr); "Now That I'm in Charge Theory and Application of Information Research: What Do I Do? Six Rules About Running a Proceedings of the Second International Research Special Library for the New Library ~ana~eAForum on Information Science, 3-6 August 1977, John Kok (523, 1980); Victoria M. Bleick (letter) Royal School of Librarianship, Copenhagen, Ole 8A (Apr); Commentary on Improving the Harbo and Leif Kajberg, eds., book review by Image pf the Special Library, James H. Lucille Whalen, 186 Schwartz (539, 1980), W. Davenport Robertson Theory of Practice in Library Education, Joe More- (letter), 9A (Jul); The Role of Special Libraries head, book review by Dr. Pauline M. Rothstein, in the Emerging National Network: Critical 86 Issues, Barbara M. Robinson, 8; Internship Training. See Staff Development Programs in Special Libraries: A Mutually Training and Development of a Library and Tech- Beneficial Experience for Librarian and Stu- nical Information Staff, Eileen Goldstein and dent, Ron Coplen and Muriel Regan, 31, Sherry Paul Wasserman, 290 Terzian (letter), 7A (Oct), Author's Reply (let- Tyson, Bev, The Government Library as a ter), 7A (Oct); Special Libraries and Databases: Community Resource, 356 A State-of-the-Art Report, Mary Ellen Jacob, Ann T. Dodson, and Nancy Finnegan, 103; The Critical Success Factors Method: Its Application in a Special Library Environment, Jack Borbely, U.S. Congress. Information Overload: What the 201; A Computer-assisted System for a Special Congress and Information Professionals Can Library, John S. Davis, 209; Cooperation among Do about It, Lionel VanDeerlin, 1 Special Libraries at the international Level, University Libraries. Zero Base Budgeting in a Paul Kaegbein and Renate Sindermann, 390 University Library, Elise Hayton (169, 1980); Special Libraries and Databases: A State-of-the- Richard Presby (letter), 7A (Jan); Author's Art Report, Mary Ellen Jacob, Ann T. Dodson, Reply (letter), 8A (Jan); Technology Transfer and Nancy Finnegan, 103 for Industry and Business through the Univer- Special Libraries Association. See SLA sity Library, Anthony J. Venett, 44 Staff Development. The Psychological Impact of The Use of SPEAKEASY Interactive Language for Automation on Library and Office Workers, Information Science Education, Steven Seokho Mary L. Schraml, 149; Training and Develop- Chweh (247, 1980); Subrata Datta (letter), 8A ment of a Library and Technical Information Author's Reply (letter), 10A (Jan) Staff, Eileen Goldstein and Paul Wasserman, User Evaluation of a Corporate Library Online 290 Search Service, Carolyn L. Warden, 113 Staff Development, Lucille Whalen, 78, 188, 302, Users. User Evaluation of a Corporate Library 406 Online Search Service, Carolyn L. Warden, 113; Standards: Developments and Impacts, Madeline Is There a Future for the End User in Online M. Henderson, 142 Bibliographic Searching? Sylvia G. Faibisoff Supervisory and Middle Managers in Libraries, and Jitka Hurych, 347; Bibliographic Instruc- Martha J. Bailey, book review by Ching-chih tion in Business Libraries, Judith M. Pask, 370 Chen, 304

Values. The Fortune Cookie: Socio-Political Impact of Information Technology, Marilyn K. Tannebaum, Arthur, book review by, 408 Gell, 97; Information Technology and Personal Technology. Technology Transfer for Industry Responsibility, Irving M. Klempner, 157; The and Business through the University Library, Psychological Climate of Librarianship: Values Anthony J. Venett, 44; Information Technology of Special Librarians, A. Neil Yerkey, 195 and Personal Responsibility, Irving M. VanDeerlin, Lionel, Information Overload: What Klempner, 157; Information Technology: A the Congress and Information Professionals Bibliography, William F. Wright and Donald T. Can Do about It, 1 Hawkins, 163 Vasilakis, Mary, 11 301 Technology Transfer for Industry and Business Veenstra, Robert J., Electronic Mail Has a Future through the University Library, Anthony J. in the Library, 338 Venett, 44 Venett, Anthony J., Technology Transfer for Tees, Miriam, book review by, 85; Management Industry and Business through the University Education for Librarians, 405 Library, 44 Telecommunications. Information Overload: Vertical Files. Automating the Vertical File Index, What the Congress and Information Profes- Eileen F. Bator (485, 1980); Madeleine Bailey sionals Can Do about It, Lionel VanDeerlin, 1; (letter), 8A (Apr); A Cooperative Conversion Telecommunications and Facsimile, Henry Project from Vertical File Hardcopy to Jacketed Voos 118; see also Communication Microfiche, Diane D. Worden, 270 Voos, Henry, Telecommunications and Facsimile, Project from Vertical File Hardcopy to Jacketed 118 Microfiche, 270 Wright, William F. and Donald T. Hawkins, Infor- mation Technology: A Bibliography, 163 Warden, Carolyn L., User Evaluation of a Corpo- rate Library Online Search Service, 113 Wasserman, Paul. See Goldstein, Eileen Yerkey, A. Neil, The Psychological Climate of Weiss, Susan, Online Bibliographic Services: A Librarianship: Values of Special Librarians, 195 Comparison, Susan Weiss, 379 Wells, GladysAnn, book review by, 187 Whalen, Lucille, Staff Development, 78, 188,302, Zero Growth. Managing a Report Collection for 406; book review by, 186,410 Zero Growth, Wilda Newman (276,1980); Rich- Wilomovsky, Diana V., n 72 ard Presby (letter), 7A (Jan); Author's Reply Worden, Diane D., A Cooperative Conversion (letter), 8A (Jan); Ruth S. Smith (letter), 8A (Jul) special

Volume 72

1981

January ...... 1-94 July ...... 195-306 April ...... 95-194 October ...... 307-444

ERRATA

Dec 1980, p. 541 ...... The SLA 1980 Salary Survey Update contains incorrect figures in Table 1. The percentage change in the median salary from 1979 to 1980 for the East South Central census region should read (4.0); the percentage change in the mean salary for that region should read (8.0).

Nov 1980, pp. 494-495 .. Figures 1 and 2 in Lynda W. Moulton's article "Word Processing Equipment for Information Centers" contain a number of discrepancies from the author's specifications. If readers try to reproduce the catalog entry in Figure 3 by using the input and format in Figures 1nd 2 they will fail.

Ju11981, p. 242 ...... The following correction should be noted for Patricia Cupoli's article, "Reference Tools for Data Processing, Office Automation, and Data Communications: An Introductory Guide." The Million Dollar Directory, listed on p. 242 in the Appendix to the article, is published by Dun & Bradstreet and not by Standard & Poor's Cor~oration.

Ju11981,p. 301...... Our apologies are due to Dorothy Kasman, whose name was omitted from the list of SLA officers. Kasman will continue to serve as Treasurer during 1981182. Directory of Special Libraries Association Officers, Committees, Representatives PICTURE SOURCES 4

Nominations are now being solicited for new listings in Picture Sources 4, the fourth edition of the directory of North American picture collections published by the Picture Division of the Special Libraries Association. Nominations are required only for collections not listed in Picture Sources 3; all collections listed in the previous edition will automatically receive a questionnaire seeking updated information. Picture Sources 4 will list both commercial and non-commercial picture sources of all types; however, certain limitations apply to listing of stock files of individual photographers. These stock files will be included only if they contain 10,000 or more images and have one or more subject specialties with at least 2,000 images. The nominations should include only the following information: 0 name of the collection; contact person and title; 0 and complete mailing address. Nominated collections will be sent a questionnaire seeking further information for the listing. The final decision for inclusion in Picture Sources 4 will be based on the response to the questionnaire. Information on collections not previously listed should be sent-on a 3" x 5" card, if possible-to: Ernest H. Robl, Executive Editor, Picture Sources 4, P.O. Box 4547, Duke Station, Durham, N.C. 27706 Picture Sources is a standard reference source for picture editors at book and periodical publishers, as well as for individual researchers seeking all types of illustrations from woodcuts and engravings to posters and color transparencies. Publication of Picture Sources 4 is expected in late 1982. The previous edition was published in 1975. Picture Sources 4 will use computer processing of listings to generate indexes and to facilitate updating for future editions. CHAPTERS

Alabama (est. 1953) Boston (est. 1910) President, MARCIA BYSTROM, Tennessee Val- President, RUTH K. SEIDMAN, U.S. Environ- ley Authority, Technical Library, Muscle mental Protection Agency, Reg. I, 2100-B Shoals, AL 35660 [205/386-28711; president- JFK Federal Bldg., Boston, MA 02203 [617/ elect, PHILIP D. LAWRENCE, West Point Pepper- 223-5791]; president-elect, HOPE COFFMAN, ell, Inc., Research Center Library, P.O. Box Charles Stark Draper Lab., Inc., 555 Tech- 398, Shawmut, AL 36876 [205/756-7lll ext. nology Sq., Mail Sta. 74, Rm. 4100, 21351; secretary 1 treasurer, JAMES A. THOMP- Cambridge, MA 021391617 /258-3- sec- SON, Lister Hill Library of the Health retary, SUSAN BAUGHMAN, Harvard University Sciences, University of Alabama, University School of Education, Gutman Library, 6 Sta., Birmingham, AL 35294 [205/934-33061; Appian Way, Cambridge, MA 02138 [617/ bulletin editor, DRUCILLA S. GAMBRELL, Ten- 495-4225]; treasurer, KATHLEEN A. LONG, Hon- nessee Valley Authority, Technical Library, eywell Electro-Optics Center Library, 2 Muscle Shoals, AL 35660 [205/386-28711. Forbes Rd., Lexington, MA 02173 [617/862- 6222 ext. 310); bulletin editor, JOHN CRONIN, Boston Herald American, 300 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02106 [617/426-3000 ext. 5801. Arizona (est. 1978) President, ROBERT BERK, Graduate Library School, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Central Ohio (est. 1963 as Dayton Chapter) 85719 [602/626-52191; president-elect, SHA- President, LYNN HEER, State Library of Ohio, RON SEIDE, Health Sciences Center Library, 65 S. Front St., Columbus, OH 43215 [614/ University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 462-6960]; president-elect, JUDITH HECHT, [602/626-61251; secretary, MARY GILBERT, University of Dayton Research Institute, 300 Pima Council on Aging Library, 100 E. College Park Ave., Dayton, OH 45469 [513/ Alameda, Suite 406, Tucson, AZ 85701 [602/ 229-3024]; Secretary, CAMILLE D. GREENWALD, 624-4419]; treasurer, JUDITH GORMAN, Valley Columbia Gas System Service Corp., 1600 National Bank Library, P.O. Box 71(A-315), Dublin Rd., Columbus, OH 43215 [614/422- Phoenix, AZ 85001 [602/261-24561; bulletin 17441; treasurer, SHARON SCHWERZEL, Ohio editor, ELAINE RAINES, Arizona Daily Star State University, Biological Science Library, Library, 4850 S. Park, Tucson, AZ 85714 1735 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 [614/ [602/294-4433 ext. 3451. 422-1744]; bulletin editor, BEVERLY KAUSHAG- EN, Bell Telephone Lab., 1200 E. Broad St., Columbus, OH 43213 [614/868-36961.

Baltimore (at.1930) Central Pennsylvania (est. 1979) President, JOSEPH E. JENSEN, Medical & Chiru- President, BILL WOODRUFF, Hershey Foods gical Faculty Library, 1211 Cathedral St., Corp., 1025 Reese Ave., Hershey, PA 17033 Baltimore, MD 21201 [301/539-08721; presi- [717/534-51061; presiden t-elect, SALLY WAY- dent-elect, ANNE SHAW BURGAN, Enoch Pratt MAN, Pattee Library E108, Pennsylvania Free Library, 400 Cathedral St., Baltimore, State University, University Park, PA 16802 MD 21 201 [301/396-53281; secretary, MAXINE [8l4 1865-63681; secretary, LOUISE GARRAUX, BOODIS, Mayor's Office of Manpower Re- Pattee Library E506, Pennsylvania State sources, Library, 701 St. Paul St., Baltimore, University, University Park, PA 16802 [814/ MD 21202 [301/396-37481; treasurer, DIANA 865-1755]; treasurer, DEL SWEENEY, Pennsyl- CUNNINGHAM, Enoch Pratt Free Library, 400 vania State University, PA Transportation Cathedral St., Baltimore, MD 21201 [301/ InstituteIRes. Bldg. B, University Park, PA 396-4042]; bulletin editor, CAROLYN DELAVAN, 16802 [814/865-18911; bulletin editor, BEV- Maryland Department of Legislative Refer- ERLY RENFORD, Milton S. Hershey Medical ence Library, 90 State Circle, Annapolis, MD Center Library, Pennsylvania State Univer- 21401 [301/841-38101. sity, Hershey, PA 17033 [717/534-86341. CHAPTERS

Cincinnati (est. 1927) Eastern Canada Chapter/Section de l'est President, THEODOREALLAN MORRIS, Kettering du Canada (est. 1932 as Montreal Chapter) Lab. Library, University of Cincinnati Medi- President, ANTOINETTE CICKELLO, Canadian cal Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267 [513/872- Pacific Limited, Public Relations & Adver- 57711; president-elect, SANDRA SPRINGER,Mer- tising Information Centre, P.O. Box 6042, re11 Dow Pharmaceutical, 2110 E. Galbraith Station "A," Montreal, Que., Canada H3C Rd., Cincinnati, OH 45215 [513/948-9lll 3E4 [514/395-76891; president-elect, GILDA ext. 24711; Secretary, JO ANN JOHNSON, U.S. MARTINELLO, Canadian National Railways, EPA Research Center Library, 26 W. St. Clair Dechief Library, P.O. Box 8100, Montreal, St., Cincinnati, OH 45268 [513/684-77011; Que., Canada H3C 3N4 [514/877-52341; treasurer, FREDERICK MARCOTTE, ClerIn~nt secretary, ELIZABETHWINIARZ, Concordia Uni- General & Technical College Library, Col- versity, Science & Engineering Library, 1445 lege Drive, Batavia, OH 45103 [513/732-2990 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montreal, ext. 131; bulletin editor, DEBBIE TUCKER, Que., Canada H3G 1M8 [514/879-45111; trea- Cincinnati Technical College Library, 3520 surer, LINDA PERRON, Bell Northern Research, Central Pkwy., Cincinnati, OH 45223 [513/ Technical Information Centre, Dept. 8E21, 559-1520]. P.O. Box 3511 Station "C," Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1Y 4H7 [613/226-5400 ext. 29451; bulletin editor, DEANNA LALANDE, McGill University, Medical Library, 3655 Drum- Cleveland (est. 1927) mond St., Montreal, Que., Canada H3G 1Y6 President, NANCY H. SHERWIN, Cleveland [514/392-43391. Heights-University Heights Public Library, Florida (est. 1969) 2345 Lee Rd., Cleveland Heights, OH 44118 [216/932-3600 ext. 311; president-elect, President, HELENJANE ARMSTRONG, University JEANNE L. BOHLEN, Foundation Center-Cleve- of Florida University Libraries, Map Li- land, 739 National City Bank Bldg., Cleve- brary, Gainesville, FL 3261 1 [904/392-08031; land, OH 441 14 [216/861-19331; secretary, president-elect, SUZANNE YODER, State Uni- BETTY MAYNARD, Federal Reserve Bank of versity System of Florida Extension, 1011 Cleveland, Research Library, E. 6th St. & First Ave. North, St. Petersburg, FL 33705 Superior, Cleveland, OH 44101 [216/579- [813/893-91201; secretary, PATRICIA BOODY, 20531; treasurer, MARY D. WOOD, Standard Oil Florida Institute of Phosphate Research, 250 Co., Research Center, 4440 Warrensville North Central Ave., Bartow, FL 33830 [813/ Center Rd., Warrensville Heights, OH 44128 533-0983]; treasurer, SHARYN J. LADNER, Be- [216/581-56321; bulletin editor, JOHN S. PIETY, havior Science Research Institute, 1000 John Carroll University-Grasselli Library, Ponce de Leon Blvd., Coral Gables, FL 331 34 20700 North Park, University Heights, OH [305/488-76221; bulletin editor, PHYLLIS D. 44118 [216/491-42311. FREEDMAN, Orlando Municipal Reference Librarian, City Hall, 400 South Orange, Orlando, FL 32801 [305/849-22491.

Connecticut Valley (est. 1934) Hawaiian Pacific (est. 1972) President, MELANIE C. SZE, Standard Brands President, ANN L. MARSTELLER, Alfred A. Inc., 15 River Rd., Wilton, CT 06897 [203/ Yee & Associates, Inc., 1441 Kapiolani Blvd., 762-2500]; president-elect, DOTTIE SHERMAN, Suite 810, Honolulu, HI 96814 [808/946- American Nuclear Insurers, 270 Farmington 31611; president-elect, ALICE D. HARRIS, East- Ave., Farmington, CT 06032 [203/677-73051; West Center Population Institute, 1777 East- secretary, LEE RUSSELL, AVCO/Lycoming, 550 West Rd., Honolulu, HI 96848 [808/944- South Main St., Stratford, CT 06497 [203/ 74511; secretary, MARJORY A. WAITE, Hawaii 878-821 11; treasurer, ROCHELLE P. KRAMER, Medical Library, 1221 Punchbowl St., Hono- Wire Association International, 1570 Boston lulu, HI 96813 [808/536-93021; treasurer, Post Rd., Guilford, CT 06437 [203/453-27771; CHRrsTINE F. TOMOYASU, Hamilton Library, bulletin editor, JOSEPH A. MILLER, Yale For- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, estry Library, 205 Prospect St., New Haven, 96822 [808/948-72141; bulletin editor, SEE CT 0651 1 [203/436-05771. PRESIDENT-ELECT. CHAPTERS

Heart of America (est. 1948) Indiana (est. 1941) President, MARIANN CYR, Engineering Li- President, MARY HARTZLER, Indiana State brary, University of Kansas, Satellite Union, Library, 140 North Senate Ave., Indianapo- Rm. 115, Lawrence, KS 66045 [913/864- lis, IN 46204 [317 1232-36851; president-elect, 38661; president-elect, VALERIE SMITH, Medi- MARY BONHOMME, Cabot Corporation, Stellite cal Library, Trinity Lutheran Hospital, 31st Div., Kokomo, IN 46901 [317/456-61401; & Wyandotte Sts., Kansas City, MO 64108 secretary, LYNN CONNOR, Marion County Law [816/753-4600 ext. 6371; secretary, KATHY Library, City-County Bldg., 200 E. Washing- HUGHES, Medical Library, Spencer Center, St. ton, Indianapolis, IN 46204 [317/633-36431; Luke's Hospital, 44th at Wornall Rd., Kansas treasurer, WILLIAM MAYLES, Indiana Universi- City, MO 651 11 [816/923-23331; treasurer, ty-Purdue University at Indianapolis, 1201 JOHN RUSSELL, Johnson County Community East 38th St., Indianapolis, IN 46205 [317/ College, College Blvd. at Quivira Rd., Over- 923-1325 ext. 3391; bulletin editor, MONICA land Park, KS 66210 [913/888-8500 ext. 2861; MOFFA, Indiana University School of Den- bulletin editor. NOT REPORTED. tistry, 1121 West Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202 [317/264-72041.

Hudson Valley (est. 1973) Kentucky (est. 1972) President, MARY KLANIAN, IBM Business President, RUTH ALLEN, The Gatherfacts Reference Library, Old Orchard Rd., Ar- Group, 255 Kennedy Court, Louisville, KY monk, NY 10504 [914/765-60101; president- 40206 [502/896-09431; president-elect, elect, THEODORA REARDON, Clairol Research SHrRLEY DEMOS, Urban Studies Center, Uni- Libr., 7 Blachley Rd., Stamford, CT 06902 versity of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40204 [203/357-50011; secretary/treasurer, DIANA 15021588-6626]; secretary / treasurer, NORMA KOSTER, Yonkers Public Library /Technical & BRAVER, University of Louisville, Health Business Dept., 70 South Broadway, Yon- Sciences Library, Louisville, KY 40202 [502/ kers, NY 10701 [9l4/337-1500 ext. 601; bulle- 588-5771]; bulletin editor, ROBERT S. JACK, tin editor, NANCY BACHMAN, LibraryICon- University of Kentucky NASA/UK, 109 sumers Union, 256 Washington St., Mt. Kinkead Hall, Lexington, KY 40506 [606/ Vernon, NY 10550 [914/664-6400 ext. 2691. 258-4632].

Long Island (est. 1972) lhois(est. 1925) President, LISE RASMUSSEN, Long Island Uni- President, JUDY GENESEN, Chicago Transit versity, C.W. Post Center, Business Refer- Authority, Merchandise Mart, P.O. Box ence Library, Greenvale, NY 11548 [516/ 3555, Chicago, IL 60654 [312/664-7200 ext. 299-2833]; president-elect, JOHNN PATTON, JR., 49471; president-elect, JOHN KOK, Foote, Suffolk Cooperative Library System, 627 Cone & Belding, 401 N. Michigan, Chicago, North Sunrise Service Rd., Bellport, NY IL 6061 1 [312/467-9200 ext. 19541; secretary, 11713 [516/286-16001; secretary, NANCY CHARLES J. LAGRUTTA, Urban Investment & BREECE, Long Island University, C.W. Post Development Co., 845 N. Michigan Ave., Center, Business Reference Library, Green- Rm. 800, Chicago, IL 60611 [312/440-32961; vale, NY 11548 [516/299-28721; treasurer, treasurer, CAROL ANN IRONS, Harza Engineer- BARBARA SHUPE, State University of New ing Company, 150 S. Wacker Drive, 15th Fl., York-Stony Brook, Main Library, Map Chicago, IL 60606 [312/855-71921; bulletin Collection, Stony Brook, NY 11794 [516/ editor, ALETHA KOWITZ, American Dental 246-5976]; bulletin editor, RICHARD REID, Association, Bureau of Library Services, 21 1 Long Island University, C.W. Post Center, E. Chicago Ave., Rm. 1901, Chicago, 1L Center of Economics Research, Greenvale, 6061 1 [312/440-26421. NY 11548 [516/299-28321. CHAPTERS

Louisiana (est. 1946) Mid-South (est. 1975 as Memphis Chapter) President, HARRIET CALLAHAN, Louisiana President, BETTY TURNER, The Newsfile Inc., State Library, P.O. Box 131, Baton Rouge, LA 10 Shackleford Plaza, Suite 201, Little Rock, 70821 [504/342-49141; president-elect, AK 7221 1 [501/225-59991; president-elect, W. TOMMY S. HOLTON, Dillard University Media ELLEN MCDONELL, University of Tennessee Center, 2601 Gentilly Blvd., New Orleans, Center for the Health Sciences, Library, 800 LA 70150 [504/949-21231; secretary / treasur- Madison Ave., Memphis, TN 38163 [901/ er, SALLIE HONEYCHURCH, State Times & 528-5634]; secretary / treasurer, ELIZABETH J. Morning Advocate, 525 Lafayette St., Baton MCcORD, Memphis State University, Law Rouge, LA 70802 [504/383-llll]; bulletin School Library, Memphis, TN 38152 [901/ editor, CONNIE L. BIHON, Pennzoil Co., 454-2426]; bulletin editor, CAROLYN A. WIL- Research Development Dept. Library, P.O. HITE, Library, W.R. Grace Co., Agricultural Box 6199, Shreveport, LA 71106 [318/861- Chemical Group, P.O. Box 277, Memphis, 45311. TN 38101 [901/522-23851.

Minnesota (est. 1943) Michigan (est. 1929) President, MARYLS J. JOHNSON, FluiDyne Engi- President, JUDITH J. FIELD, Flint Public neering Corporation, 5900 Olson Memorial Library, General Ref. Dept., 1026 E. Kearsley Highway, Minneapolis, MN 55422 [612/ St., Flint, MI 48502 [313/232-7111, ext. 481; 544-2721]; president-elect, RICHARD G REY- president-elect, JENNIE 8. CROSS, Oakland NEN, Deloitte Haskins & Sells, 1950 IDS School, ED Resource Cent/REMC-17, 2100 Tower, Minneapolis, MN 55402 [612/339- Pontiac Lake Rd., Pontaic, MI 48054 [313/ 97441; secretary, LOIS LENROOT-ERNT, Gale 858-1969]; secretary, STEPHEN C. LUCCHETTI, Research Co., 8800 Highway 7, Suite 300, University of Michigan, Chemistry Library, Minneapolis, MN 55426 [612/938-28711; 2000 48109 Chemistry Bldg., Ann Arbor, MI treasurer, DONNA SLAMKOWSKI, Minnesota [313/764-73371; treasurer, LOIS w. COLLET, Energy Agency Library, 150 E. Kellogg D'Arcy MacManus & Masius, P.O. Box 811, Blvd., Rm. 980, St. Paul, MN 55101 [612/ Bloomfield Hills, MI 48013 [3l3/ 646-1000 296-8902]; bulletin editor, JERRY BALDWIN, ext. 3051; bulletin editor, MARY FRANCES Minnesota Dept. of Transportation, B-26A MULLIN, General Motors Corp., Industrial Transportation Bldg., St. Paul, MN 55155 Government Relations, 11-153 GM Bldg., [612/296-23851. Detroit, MI 48202 [313/ 556-3628].

New Jersey (est. 1935) President, FLORENCE CLARK, Sun Chemical Mid-Missouri (est. 1973) Corp., 631 Central Ave., Carlstadt, NJ 07072 President, EDWARD P. MILLER, University of [201/933-45001; president-elect, ANN TAL- Missouri-Columbia, 104 Stewart Hall, Co- COTT, Bell Telephone Labs, Rm. 6A-200A, lumbia, MO 65211 [314/882-45461; presi- 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hill, NJ 07974 dent-elect, MARY ELLEN SIEVERT, University of [201/582-46121; secretary, LAUREL GOULD, Missouri-Columbia, 113D Stewart Hall, Co- Public Service Electric & Gas Co., 800 Park lumbia, MO 6521 1 [3l4/882-4044]; secre- Plaza, Newark, NJ 07101, [201/430-73331; tary / treasurer, BARBARA HENSLEY, 2046 S. treasurer, DEBORAH SPEER, Prudential Insur- Wellington, Springfield, MO 65807 [417/ ance Co., 4 Prudential Plaza, Newark, NJ 882-7217]; bulletin editor, JUDITH L. HEGG, 07101 [201/877-71941; bulletin editor, NANCY Columbia Missourian, 133A Neff Annex, LYNOTT, Perkin-Elmer Computer Systems, University of Missouri-Columbia, Colum- 106 Apple St., Tinton Falls, NJ 07724 [201/ bia, MO 65211 [314/882-48761. 870-5889]. ,+$,w"(7 4 CHAPTERS w

( New York (est. 1915) North Carolina (esl. 1966) Gkimamv, MASHA ZIPPER, Price Waterhouse, President, DIANE STRAUSS, University of 1251 Avenue of the Americas, New York, North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Wilson Library NY 10020 [212/ 489-8900 ext. 2911; president- 024A, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 [919/933- elect, PATRICIAMARSHALL, American Institute 11511; president-elect, GEORGIA RODEFFER, of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 555 West N.C. State University, School of Textiles 57th St., New York, NY 10019 [212/247- Library, P.O. Box 5006 Nelson Hall, Raleigh, 65001; secretary, MARY GLASCOCK, Salvation NC 27650 [919/737-3231 ext. 331; secretary, Army Archives, 145 West 15th St., New jo ANNE BOORKMAN, University of North York, NY 10011 [212/620-43941; treasurer, Carolina-Chapel Hill, Health Sciences MARIEGOREY, Johnson & Higgins, 95 Wall St., Library 223 H, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 [919/ New York, NY 10005 [212/482-24951; bulle- 966-21 111; treasurer, ROLLY SIMPSON, Bur- tin editor, BERT SCHACHTER, Ted Bates & Co., roughs Wellcome Co., 3030 Cornwallis Rd., 1515 Broadway, New York, NY 10036 [212/ Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 [919/541- 869-3131]. 9090 ext. 43771; bulletin editor, SARA AULL, 201 W. Rice St., Landis, NC 28088 [704/ 857-2188]. Advertising & Marketing Group. Chairman, ELIZABETH SKERRITT, International Paper CO.,220 East 42nd St., New York, NY 10017 [212/490- 59521.

Business & Finance Group. Chairman, JULIETTE LEVINTON, J. Henry Schroder Bank & Trust Co., Oklahoma (est. 1956) One State St., New York, NY 10015 [212/269- 65001. President, DARRYL LOGAN, St. Francis Hospi- tal, 6161 South Yale, Tulsa, OK 74177 [918/ 494-1210]; president-elect, CRAIG BUTHOD, Communications Group. Chairman, ANNE BIRN- Business & Technology Dept., Tulsa City BAUM, Newsweek, Inc., 444 Madison Ave., New County Library, 400 Civic Center, Tulsa, OK York, NY 10022 [212/350-27271. 74103 [918/581-51541; secretary, NEVINE M. BUTCHER, 1921 Oakcreek Drive, Norman, OK 73071 [405/848-66311; treasurer, PAT HOSKINS, Information Technology Group. Chairman, Continental Oil Co.-Research & Develop- MALVIN VITRIOL, U.S. Veteran's Administra- tion-NY VA Hospital, 408 First Ave., New ment, P.O. Drawer 1267, Ponca City, OK York, NY 10010 [212/686-75001. 74601 [405/762-34561; bulletin editor, LINDA HILL, Cities Service Co., Exploration & Production Research, P.O. Box 3908, Tulsa, Insurance Group. Chairman, JEAN CARRIGAN, OK 74102 [918/561-52671. Equitable Life Assurance Society, 1285 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019 [212/ 554-2434].

Museum, Arts, & Humanities Group. Chair- man, CLAIREPETRIE, Pratt Institute-Art & Archi- tecture Dept., 200 Willoughby Ave., Brooklyn, Omaha Area Provisional (est. 1980) NY 11205 [212/636-36851. President, DONNA RICHARDSON, Boys Town Center for the Study of Youth Develop- ment, Omaha, NE 68164 [402/498-14221; Social Sciences Group. Chairman, LESLIE president-elect, NONE REPORTED; secretary/ SIMMONS, Reader's Digest, 750 Third Ave., New York, NY 10017 [212/972-63681. treasurer, REBECCA DIXON, BOYSTown Center for the Study of Youth Development, Omaha, NE 68164 [402/498-14281; bulletin Technical Sciences Group. Chairman, GERALD editor, MORRIS HOFFMAN, InterNorth, Inc., MCKIERNAN, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx 2223 Dodge, Omaha, NE 68102 [402/633- Park, Bronx, NY 10458 [212/220-87531. 49251. CHAPTERS

Oregon (est. 1973) Pittsburgh (est. 1922) President, BETTY MCCAULEY, U.S. Environ- President, JOANNES. KLEIN, Jones & Laughlin mental Protection Agency, Corvallis Envi- Steel Corp., 900 Agnew Rd., Pittsburgh, PA ronmental Research Lab., 200 S.W. 35th St., 15227 [412/884-1000 ext. 2251; president- Conrallis, OR 97330 [503/757-47311; presi- elect, NANCY A. ALSTADT, Mobay Chemical dent-elect, MARCIA BUSER-MOLATORE, Precision Corp., Information Resource Center, Penn- Castparts Corp., 4600 S.E. Harney Drive, Lincoln Parkway W., Pittsburgh, PA 15205 Portland, OR 97206 [503/777-3881 ext. 3651; [412/777-2783]; secretary, MARGARET B. secretary / treasurer, BARBARA CHALMERS, Port- BROOKS, Aluminum Co. of America, C0rp0- land General Electric Co., TB-7, 121 S.W. rate Planning Dept. Library, 130 Alcoa Salmon, Portland, OR 97204 [503/220-30711; Bldg., Pittsburgh, PA 15219 [412/553-45611; bulletin editor, JANE E. GAY, U.S. Court of treasurer, NANCY LEUZINGER, Dravo Corp., Appeals-Library, Pioneer Courthouse, 555 Library, One Oliver Plaza, Pittsburgh, PA S.W. Yamhill, Portland, OR 97204 [503/221- 15222 [412/566-50751; bulletin editor, MARY 60421. JANE VOLK, Carnegie-Mellon University, Mellon Institute Library, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213 [412/578-31721.

Pacific Northwest (est. 1945 as Puget Sound Chapter) President, MAUREEN MCCREA, Kenworth Truck Co., P.O. Box 1000, Kirkland, WA Princeton/Trenton (est. 1967) 98033 [206/828-5255); president-elect, President, JANET WILLIAMS,Educational Test- ERLINDA COMPTON, Boeing Renton Technical Library, P.O. Box 3707 MS 74-60, Seattle, ing Serv., Rosedale Rd., Princeton, NJ 08541 WA 98124 [206/237-83141;secretary / treasur- [609/734-56721; president-elect, YVONNE SMITH, Mobil Oil Corp. Toxicology Info. er, ANN MCQUAID, TRA, 215 Columbia, Seat- tle, WA 98104 [206/682-11331; bulletin Center, P.O. Box 1026, Princeton, NJ 08540 [609 / 452-9440]; secretary, PATRICIA GASPARI- editor, BETSY DARRAH, Pacific Northwest Bibliographic Center, University of Wash- BRIDGES, Geology Library, Princeton Univer- ington, Seattle, WA 98195 [206/543-18781. sity, Princeton, NJ 08540 [609/452-32671; bulletin editor, HINDA GREENBERG,15 Carna- tion Place, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 [609/ 771-0354].

Philadelphia (est. 1919) President, NANCY S. SELZER, E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Haskell Lab., Elkton Rd., Newark, DE 19711 [302/366-52311; president, JACQUELINE N. WEITZEL, P.Q. Co., Corpo- Rhode lsland (est. 1977) rate Information Center, P.O. Box 840, President, JANE VITI SANFILIPPO, US. Navy, Valley Forge, PA 19482 [215/293-73521; Naval War College, Library, Newport, RI secretary, JANET M. WOLVERTON, US. Dept. of 02840 [401/841-45511; president elect, LINDA Labor, ETA Resource Center, Room 13112, A. CRANSTON, Roger Williams College, Tech- P.O. Box 8796, Philadelphia, PA 19101 [215/ nical Services, Old Ferry Rd., Bristol, RI 596-6349]; treasurer, DONNA M. ZOCCOLA, 02809 [401/255-23611; secretary, IRENE M. Friends Hospital, Roosevelt Blvd. & Adams LATHROP, Rhode Island Hospital, Peters Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19124 [215/831- House Medical Library, 593 Eddy St., Provi- 47631; bulletin editor, DOROTHY MCLAUGHLIN, dence, RI 02902 [401/277-46711; treasurer, Thiokol/Specialty Chemicals Div. Library, . JANICE F. SIEBURTH, University of Rhode P.O. Box 8296, Trenton, NJ 08650 [609/396- Island, Library, Kingston, RI 02881 [401/ 40011. 792-5904]; bulletin editor, NOT REPORTED. 8s CHAPTERS

Rio Grande (est. 1956) San Andreas (est. 1980)

President, GLORIA J. ZAMORA, Sandia National President, MARGE BOYD, Intel Corp., Techni- Laboratories, Technical Library-3144, Albu- cal Information Center, 2625 Walsh Ave., querque, NM 87185 [505/844-84261; presi- 4-106, Santa Clara, CA 95051 [4O8 1987-60141; dent-elect, LORRAINE LESTER, University of president-elect, GWYNETH MALLISON, Ampex New Mexico Law Library, 1117 Stanford NE Corp., Technical Information Services, 401 Albuquerque, NM 87131 [505/277-40581; Broadway, Redwood City, CA 96063 [415/ secretary, CAROL HUTCHINS, University of 367-3356]; secretary, CINDY HUTCHINSON, New Mexico General Library, University of Acurex Corp., Technical Library, 485 Clyde New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 [505/ Avenue MS 2-0212, Mountain View, CA 277-5761]; treasurer, KASEY LAPLANTE, New 94042 [415/964-3200 ext. 32211; treasurer, Mexico Dept. of Energy & Minerals Library, LINDA MCKELL, Four-Phase Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 2770, Sante Fe, NM 87501 [505/ 10700 De Anza Blvd., Cupertino, CA 95014 827-2471 ext. 681; bulletin editor, KAY KELLY, [408/255-0900 ext. 26941; bulletin editor, Sunbelt Mining Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2106, MARY GARBERINO, Ampex Corp., Technical Albuquerque, NM 87103 [505/883-66301. Library, 485 Clyde Ave., MS 2-0212, Moun- tain View, CA 94042 [415/367-33561.

San Diego (est. 1960) Rocky Mountain (est. 1951 as Colorado Chapter) President, SHARON STEWART REEVES, Union- Tribune Library, P.O. Box 191, San Diego, President, JOAN S. SEGAL, Bibliographical CA 921 12 [714/299-31311; president-elect, Center for Research, 245 Columbine St. JOAN SIERECKI, Neste, Brudin, Stone, Inc., P.0. 8242, Denver, CO 80206 [303/388-92611; Box 28100, San Diego, CA 92128 [714/485- president-elect, MARILYN STARK, Dames & 15001; Secretary, KAREN E. FEENEY, University Moore, 1626 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO 80401 of California-San Diego, Science & Engi- [303/232-62621; secretary, DIANE BROWN, neering Library, La Jolla, CA 92093 [714/ Colorado School of Mines, Arthur Lakes 452-3258]; treasurer, JOHN R. STEPHENS, Sari Library, Golden, CO 80401 [303/279-0300 Diego Public Library, 820 E St., San Diego, ext. 26991; treasurer, TRACEY MILLER, Univer- sity of Colorado, William White Business CA 92101 [714/447-84631; bulletin editor, Library, Boulder, CO 80309 [303/492-S3671; SUSAN STARR, Scripps Institute of Oceanogra- phy, University of California-San Diego, bulletin editor, NOT REPORTED. CO 75 C, La Jolla, CA 92093 [714/452-48171.

Sun Francisco Bay Region (est. 1924) St. Louis Metropolitan Area (est. 1941 as President, DIAN S. GILMAR, Metropolitan Greater St. Louis Chapter) Transporation Commission, Hotel Clare- President, MARY AVERSA, Doane Agricultural mont, Berkeley, CA 94705 [415/849-32231; Service, Inc., 8900 Manchester Rd., St. Louis, president-elect, SARA M. CREW-NOBLE, Pacific MO 63144 [314/968-10001; president-elect, Gas & Electric Co., 3400 Crow Canyon Rd., LORI CALCATERRA, Washington University San Ramon, CA 94583 [415/820-2000 ext. Olin Library, P.O. Box 1061, St. Louis, MO 2141; secretary, ELLEN D. WOOD, Contra Costa 63130 [314/889-5467]; secretary, MURIEL LIND- Times, P.O. Box 5088, Walnut Creek, CA SAY, Auto Club of Missouri, 201 Progress 94596 (415 1943-81901; treasurer, ANGELA Parkway, Maryland Heights, MO 63043 BRUNTON, California Division of Mines & [314 / 576-7350]; treasurer, STEPHANIE TOLSON, Geology, Ferry Bldg., Room 2022, San Fran- McDonnell Douglas Automation Co., P.O. cisco, CA 94111 [415/557-03081; bulletin Box 516, St. Louis, MO 63166 [314/233-51941; editor, MARC A. LEVIN, University of Califor- bulletin editor, KAREN CHAPMAN, Monsanto nia, Institute of Governmental Studies Company Information Center, 800 N. Lind- Library, 109 Moses Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 bergh, St. Louis, MO 63166 [314/694-46591. [415/642-1472 or 56991. CHAPTERS

Sierra Nevada (est. 1975 as Sacramento dent-elect, RITA M. GURNEE, Mount San Anto- Region Chapter) nio College, Educational Resource Center, 1100 N. Grand Ave., Walnut, CA 91789 [714/ President, KATHLEEN M. ANDRADE, Lodi Public Library, 201 W. Locust St., Lodi, CA 95240 594-561 11; secretary, KAY E. SALM, Northrop Corp., Research & Technology Center, One [209/334-39731; president-elect, JOHANNA C. Research Park, Mail Code 328/T20, Palos ROSS, University of California-Davis, Physi- cal Sciences Library, Davis, CA 95616 [916/ Verdes Peninsula, CA 90274 [2l3/377-481 1 ext. 4081; treasurer, JULIA E. KEIM, Rockwell 752-0347]; secretary / treasurer, ELIZABETH International Corp., Technical Information BOARDMAN, University of California-Davis, Shields Library, Davis, CA 95616 [916/752- Center, 6633 Canoga Ave., BA29, Canoga Park, CA 91304 [213/884-25751; bulletin 29041; bulletin editor, M. KAY MOWERY, Cali- fornia Dept. of Food & Agriculture, 1220 N. editor, SUZANNE SHUSTER & JOAN STERN, LA St., Rm. A-151, Sacramento, CA 95814 [916/ Times, Editorial Library, Times Mirror 322-5130]. Square, Los Angeles, CA 90053 [213/972- 47591. South Atlantic (est. 1952 as Georgia Chapter) Texas (est. 1949) President, MICHAEL MCDAVID, Equifax, hc., President, SALLY POLLAK, University of Texas Library, P.O. Box 4081, Atlanta, GA 30302 Health Science Center at San Antonio [404/885-83201; president-elect, JUDY CASSELL, Library, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Anto- Coca-Cola Co., Marketing Information Cen- nio, TX 78284 [512/691-62711; president- ter, P.O. Drawer 1734, Atlanta, GA 30301 elect, TERRY RYAN, Houston Academy of [404/ 386-0462]; secretary, MARS1 SIMPKINS, Medicine, Texas Medical Center Library, Emory University, Atlanta-Athens Area Jesse H. Jones Library Bldg., Houston, TX Union Catalog, Atlanta, GA 30322 [404/634- 77030 17131797-12301; secretary, PATRICIA 57261; treasurer, BILL NEWTON, Coca-Cola Co. PRATCHETT, United Service Automobile Asso- Business Information Services, P.O. Drawer ciation, Library, U.S.A.A. Bldg., San Anto- 1734, Atlanta, GA 30307 [404/898-29531; nio, TX 78288 [512/690-29001; treasurer, bulletin editor, CAROLYN MITCHELL, Environ- MARY KATE AKKOLA, Society of Petroleum mental Protection Agency-Library, 345 Engineers, 6200 N. Central Expressway, Courtland St., Atlanta, GA 30365 [404/881- Dallas, TX 75206 [214/361-6601 ext. 2311; 42161. bulletin editor, MARY SENG, University of Texas at Austin, General Libraries, Austin, Southern Appalachian (est. 1953 as Oak TX 78712 [512/471-59371. Ridge Chapter) President, MARGARET J. BULL, Tennessee Val- ley Authority Technical Library, E2 B8 400 Toronto (est. 1940) Commerce Ave., Knoxville, TN 37902 [6151 President, BETTY A. BASSETT, Xerox Research 632-6173]; president-elect, DAPHNE F. DINS- Centre of Canada, 2480 Dunwin Drive, MORE, Oak Ridge National Lab., Central Mississauga, Ont., Canada L5L 1J9 [416/828- Research Library, 4500N, 1103, P.O. Box X, 62001; president-elect, STEPHANIE PAVLIN, On- Oak Ridge, TN 37830 [615/574-67261; secre- tario Ministry of Transportation & Commu- tary, ETHEL Q. MCDONALD, Tennessee Valley nications, 1201 Wilson Ave., Central Bldg., Authority, 247 Union Bldg., Knoxville, TN Downsview, Ont., Canada M3M 1J8 [416/ 37902 [615/632-32831; treasurer, GAIL PRESS- 248-3591]; secretary, DEIDRE GRIMES, Royal LAR, Tennessee Eastman Co., Research Bank of Canada, Royal Bank Plaza, 4th Fl., Library, Bldg. 150B, Kingsport, TN 37662 Toronto, Ont., Canada M5J 2J5 [416/856- 16151246-2111 ext. 25411; bulletin editor, SEE 27801; treasurer, SUSAN MCDONALD, Imperial SECRETARY. Oil Ltd., 111 St. Clair W., Toronto, Ont., Canada M5W 1K3 14161968-48651; bulletin Southern California (est. 1927) editor, EDNA ALLEN, Warner-Lambert Refer- President, s. KATHLEEN REILLY, Capital Re- ence Library, 2200 Eglinton Ave. E., Scarbor- search Co., 333 S. Hope St., 51st Fl., Los ough, Ont., Canada M1K 5C9 [416/750- Angeles, CA 90071 [213/486-92611; presi- 23601. CHAPTERS

Upstate New York (est. 1945 as Western New Geography & Map Group. Chairman, JAMES A York Chapter) FLATNESS, Library of Congress, James Madison Bldg., Geography & Map Div., Washington, DC President, BARBARA RICE, N.Y. State Library, 20540 [202/287-6277]. Cultural Ed. Center, 6th Fl., Albany, NY Information Technology Group. 12230 [518/474-78691; president-elect, NOT Chairman, NANCY D WRIGHT,Herner & Co., 1700 N. Moore REPORTED;secretary, DOROTHY M. KRAUS, Smith St., Arlington, VA 22209 [703/558-82371. & Mahoney Consulting Engineers, 79 N. Pearl, Albany, NY 12207 [518/463-41071; Military Librarians Group. Chairman, ABBOTT treasurer, PHrLrr R. DANKERT,Cornell Univer- MARTIN, Hq. DA (DAEN-ASZ-S), Washington, sity, Industrial & Labor Relations Lib., Itha- DC 20314 [202/272-06641. ca, NY 14853 [607/256-54351;bulletin editor, Picture Group. Chairman, ARLENE FARBER SIRKIN, LINDA PHILLIPS, Rochester Gas & Electric US. Army-The Pentagon, Audiovisual Center- Corp., 89 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14650 5A470, Washington, DC 20310 [203/697-33501. [716 / 546-2700 ext. 22201. Social Sciences Group. Chairman, ELIZABETH D Virginia (est. 1966) COLDBERT, 207 Oxford St., Chevy Chase, MD 20015 [301/652-81851. President, JANE W. WESTENBERGER, Virginia Commonwealth University Ref. Dept., Ca- bell Library, 901 Park Ave., Richmond, VA Western Michigan (est. 1380) 23221 [804/257-11011; president-elect, FAYE President, CLIFFORD L. TIERNEY, JR., Whirlpool D. WILLIAMS,Tompkins-McCaw Library, Col- Corp., R & E, Technical Information Center, lection Mgmt., Virginia Commonwealth Monte Rd., Benton Harbor, MI 49022 [616/ University, Box 667, MCV Station, Rich- 926-5323]; president-elect, LINDA M. WAGEN- mond, VA 23298 [804/786-06221; secretary, VELD, Herman Miller, Inc., Market Resource ARDIE KELLEY, Mariners Museum Library, Center, Zeeland, MI 49464 [6l6 / 772-5156]; Newport News, VA 23606 [804/595-03681; secretary, MICHAEL J. BUCKNER,Western Mi- treasurer, VICKY BLEICK,Foreign Mission chigan University, Waldo Library, Kalama- Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, zoo, MI 49008 [616/383-49521; treasurer, #806 Monument Ave., Richmond, VA 23230 PAULINE A. SONDAG, Michigan State Universi- [804/353-01511; bulletin editors, SUSAN MILES ty, Agricultural Economics, 29 Aghall, East & CONNIE THOMPSON,Federal Reserve Bank of Lansing, MI 48824 [517/355-66501; bulletin Richmond, P.O. Box 27622, Richmond, VA editor, CAROLYN HAMMARSKJOLD,Michigan 23261 [804/643-12501. State University, Morofsky Memorial Li- Washington, D.C. (est. 1940) brary, Kellogg Biological Sta., 37 E. Gull Lake Drive, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 President, CATHERINE A. JONES,Library of [616/671-51171. Congress-CRS, Congressional Reference Div., Washington, DC [201/287-57411; president-elect, JOAN GERVINO,American Bankers Wisconsin (est. I931 as Milwaukee Chapter) Association Library, 1120 Connecticut Ave., President, MARY ANN SCHMIDT, Milwaukee N.W., Washington, DC 20036 [202/467- School of Engineering, Walter Schroeder 41801; secretary, GAIL MANISCALCO,Price Library, P.O. Box 644, Milwaukee, WI 53201 Waterhouse & Company, 1801 K St., N.W., [414/ 277-7182]; president-elect, JEANNE Washington, DC 20006 [202/296-08001; trea- ROLLIN LEGAULT, Whyte Hirschboeck S.C., surer, ELIZABETH A. STALLINGS,US. Depart- 2100 Marine Plaza, Milwaukee, WI 53202 ment of Housing & Urban Development [414/ 271-8210]; secretary, DEE BIRSCHEL, In- Library, Rm. 8141, 451 7th St., S.W., Wash- ternational Foundation of Employee Benefit ington, DC 20410 [202/755-63701; bulletin Plans, 18700 W. Bluemound Rd., Brookfield, editor, GERALD A SCHWINN,Hagler, Bailly & WI 53005 [414/786-67001; treasurer, RUTH A. Co., 2020 K. St. N.W., Suite 350, Washing- FALATYK,Miller Brewing Co., 3939 W. High- ton, DC 20006 [202/463-75681. land Blvd., Milwaukee, WI 53201 [414/931- Biological Sciences Group. Chairman, IncQuE- 36401; bulletin editor, JULIA MILLER, Interna- LYNNE SCHULMAN, Pergamon Int'l, 1340 Old tional Foundation of Employee Benefit Chain Bridge Rd., McLean, VA 22101 [202/ Plans, 18700 West Bluemound Rd., Brook- 422-0900]. field, WI 53005 [414/786-67001. DIVISIONS

Advertising 6 Marketing (est. 1942) Business and Finance (Business Group est. 1934; Financial Group est. 1925; merged Chairman, SANDRA A. SUTLIFF, Doyle Dane 1958) Bernbach, Inc., 437 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10022 [212/826-20001; chairman- Chairman, MARGARET M. LINK, Dartmouth elect, MARSHA APPEL, American Association College-Felberg Library, Murdough Center, of Advertising Agencies, 666 Third Ave., Hanover, N.H. 03755 [603/646-21911; chair- New York, NY 10017 [212/682-25001; secre- man-elect, HAROLD W. MILLER, Touche ROSS tary, sUESTEPECK, Campbell-Ewald Co., 30400 Co., 1633 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10019 Van Dyke Ave., Warren, MI 48093 [313/ [212/489-1600 ext. 24191; secretary, ELIZABETH 574-3400]; treasurer, LESLIE SLOCUM, Televi- S. KNAUFF, U.S. Dept. of the Treasury, Infor- sion Information Office, 75 Fifth Ave., New mation Services Div., 15th & Pennsylvania York, NY 10022 [212/759-68001; bulletin Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20220 [202/ editor, MARSHA COHEN, Ally & Gargano, 360 566-2069]; treasurer, JANET S. REED, Continen- West 31st St., New York, NY 10001 [212/ tal Illinois National Bank, 231 S. La Salle St., 688-5300]. Chicago, I1 60693 [312/923-69311; bulletin editor, CATHERINE R. REILLY, Chase Manhattan Bank, One Chase Manha n Plaza, New York, N.Y. 10081 [552-6.4

Aerospace (est. 1963 as Aerospace Section; Division status 1965)

Chairman, STANLEY A. ELMAN, Lockheed-Cali- Chemistry (est. 1933 as Chemistry Section; fornia Co., 2555 N. Hollywood Way, Division status 1966) Burbank, CA 91520 [213/847-56451; chair- BARBARA J. PETERSON, man-elect, SHEILA C. MAXWELL,Spar Aerospace Chairman, 3M Informa- Ltd., 1700 Ormont Dr., Toronto, Ont., tion Services, 201-2s-00 3M Center, St. Paul, Canada M9L 2W7 [416/745-9680 ext. 4081; MN 55144 [612/736-19431; chairman-elect, GARY WIGGINS, secretary, NANCY FREDRICK, General Dy- Chemistry Library, Indiana namics, Pomona Division Library 4-20, P.O. University Chemistry Bldg., Rm. 1, Bloom- Box 2507, Pomona, CA 91769 [714/629-5111, ington, IN 47401 [812/337-94521; secretary, MARGARETG. RYKEN, Swain Library of Chemis- eXt. 41511; treasurer, LYDIA 0. JOHNSTONE, Williams Research Corp., P.O. Box 200, try and Chemical Engineering, Stanford Walled Lake, MI 48088 [313/624-5200 ext. University Libraries, Stanford, CA 94305 [415/497-92371; treasurer, MILDRED B. KELLER, 12751; bulletin editor, BARBARA MAGNUSON, California State University/Northridge, Technical Information Services, Duracell 18110 Nordhoff Blvd., Northridge, CA International, Inc., Laboratory for Physical 91330 [213/885-22561 also see Sci-Tech News. Sciences, Third Ave., Burlington, MA 01803 [617/272-41001; bulletin editor, KRISTIN K. OBERTS, Technical Library /3M, 201-2s-00 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55144 [612/733-00571.

Biological Sciences (est. 1935)

Chairman, SARA I. HILL, OU-Tulsa Medical Education (est. 1974) College Library, 2808 S. Sheridan, Tulsa, OK 74129 [918/838-34641; chairman-elect, NOT Chairman, JOAN S. SEGAL, Bibliographical REPORTED; Secretary /treasurer, DORIS BOLEF, Center for Research, 245 Columbine St. Library Director, Rush-Presbyterian-St. #212, Denver, CO 80206 [303/388-92611; Luke's Medical Center, 600 S. Paulina St., chairman-elect, SUSIE SHACKLETON, E. Central Chicago, IL 60612 [312/942-59501; bulletin Network, Sangamon State University, Illi- editor, KAREN HORST, Library Director, St. nois Vocational Curriculum Center, E. 22nd Luke's Hospital Medical Library, 44th & St., Springfield, IL 62708 [217/786-63751; Wornall, Kansas City, MO 641 11 [816/932- secretary / treasurer, JOYCE ANN JAILLITE, 23331. Northeast Missouri State University, Pickler DIVISIONS

Education (continued) ratories, 311 2nd St., S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55414 [612/330-43561; secretary, AILEEN Memorial Library, Kirksville, MO 63501 MUNDSTOCK, Universal Foods Corporation, [816/665-6121 ext 27491; bulletin editor, Research Library, 6143 N. 60th St., Milwau- SUZANNE WISE, Appalachian State University, kee, WI 53218 [414/271-67551; treasurer, Belk Library, Boone, NC 28608 [704/262- SUZANNE STUEHRENBERG, Pillsbury Company, 2186 ext 2231. R & D Technical Information Center, 311 2nd St., S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55414 [612/ 330-5032]; bulletin editor, MARGARET BELL, Engineering (est. 1941 as Engineering- General Foods, Technical Center Library, Aeronautics Section) 555 South Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591 [914/683-67851. Chairman, JOHN R. MOORE, Chicago Public Library, Bus/Sci/Tech Division, 425 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611 [312/269- 30971; chairman-elect, PHILIP H. KITCHENS, Geography 6 Map (est. 1941) U.S. Army Missile Command Library, Red- stone Arsenal, Huntsville, AL 35803 [205/ Chairman, MAI TREUDE, University Libraries, 876-2040]; secretary / treasurer, BARBARA University of Minnesota-576 Wilson Li- GLICKSBERG, University of Washington, Pa- brary, Minneapolis, MN 55455, [612/373- cific N.W. Bibliographic Center, Seattle, WA 28251; chairman-elect, JAMES 0 MINTON, Uni- 98195 [ZO6/ 543-1878]; bulletin editor, RICH- versity of Michigan, Map Room-825 Hatcher ARD GRIFFIN, Director of Library Services, Library, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 [313/764- Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, 04071; secretary, DAVID K CARRINGTON, Li- NC 28301 [919/486-12321. brary of Congress, James Madison Memorial Bldg., Rm. B02 Washington, D.C. 20540 [202 / 287-8534]; treasurer, NOT REPORTED; b~l- Environmental Information (est. 1976) letin editor, MARY MURPHY, 8102 Birnam Wood Drive, McLean, VA 22102, [703/356- Chairman, NANCY w. HUANG, Office of Sea 56141 Grant, Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, 6010 Executive Blvd., Rockville MD 20854 [301/ 443-8290]; chairman-elect, W. DAVENPORT ROB- ERTSON, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Library, P.O. Box 12233, Information Technology (est. 1951 as Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 [919/541- Documentation) ,.1 34261; secretary, NANCY R. SIMPSON, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Library, Chairman, JAMES H BEMENT, Xerox Corp., J.C. \Y,,(f 2200 Churchill Rd., Springfield, IL 62706 Wilson Center for Technology 105B, Ro- L [217/782-96911; treaSUrer, KATHRYN L FLOW- chester, N.Y. 14644 [716/422-21451; chair- ERS, Envirodyne Engineers, Inc., 12161 Lack- man-elect, NOLAN F. POPE, University bf Flori- land Rd., St. Louis, MO 63141 [314/434- da-Libraries, Gainesville, FL 32611 [904/ 69601; bulletin editor, REGINA BROWN, Ohio 392-0796]; secretary, G. SUE SAVAGE, Savage State University, Orton Memorial Library of Information Service, Suite 310, 608 Silver Geology, 155 S. Oval Drive, Columbus, OH Spur Rd., Rolling Hills Estates, CA 90274 43210 [614/422-24281. [213 / 377-5032]; treasurer, RENA SCHONBRUN, U.S. Dept. Agriculture-Library Western Regional Research Lab., Berkeley, CA 94710 Food and Nutrition (est. 1972 as Food [415/486-33511; bulletin editor, BARBARA Librarians) MAGNUSON, California State University Li- brary, North Ridge, CA 91330 [213/885- Chairman, RUE E. OLSON, Illinois Agricultural 22561 also see Sci-Tech NEWS. Assoc., IAA & Affiliated Companies Library, Online Section. Chairman, DAVE GROSSMAN, 1701 Towanda Ave., Bloomington, IL 61701 SDC Search Service, 2500 Colorado Ave., Mail [309/557-25501; chairman-elect, JAMES B. Code 80-05, Santa Monica, CA 90406 [213/820- TCHOBANOFF, The Pillsbury Co., R & D Labo- 41 111. DIVISIONS

Insurance 6 Employee Benefits (est. 1922 as Wadsworth #660, Lakcwood, CO 80235 Insurance Division) [303/988-86601; bulletin editor, LINDA SPENCE, Westinghouse Electric Corp., 875 Greentree Chairman, LAURA GARRETT,State Farm Insur- Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15220 [412/918-23721. ance Co., One State Farm Plaza, Library E-5, Bloomington, IL 61701 [309/662-60251; chairman-elect, LAURA DIRKS,Alexander & Alexander, Inc., 400 S. County Rd., Suite Military Librarians (est. 1953) 500, Minneapolis, MN 55426 [612/546- 16281; secretary, PAULA GRANDE,Coopers & Chairman, MARTHA A. BLAKE, U.S. Army Lybrand, 1251 Avenue of the Americas, Construction Engineering Research Lab., New York, NY 10020 [212/536-2000 ext. P.O. Box 4005, Champaign, IL 61820 [217/ 32291; treasurer, CAROLYN O'HARA,American 352-651 11; chairman-elect, PETER IMHOF, International Group, 70 Pine St., New York, Commanding Officer Naval Research Lab., NY 10005 [212/770-82411; bulletin editor, Code 2620, Washington, DC 20375 [202/ LAURA DIRKS, Alexander & Alexander, Inc., 767-2357]; secretary / treasurer, JUNE R. GABLE, 400 S. County Rd., Suite 500, Minneapolis, Strategic Systems Project Office, Dept. of the MN 55426 [612/546-16281. Navy, Washington, DC 20376 [202/697- 28521; bulletin editor, FRANCES QUINN,HQ AFSCIMPSL, Director of Command Li- braries, Andrews AFB, Washington, DC Library Management (est. 1976) 20334 [301/981-25981.

Chairman, FRANK H. SPAULDING,Bell Tele- phone Laboratories, Room 3B-202, Holmdel, NJ 07733 [201/949-34561; chairman-elect, JOE Museums, Arts 6 Humanities (est. 1929 as ANN CLIFTON, Litton Industries, 5500 Canoga Museum Group) Ave., Woodland Hills, CA 91364 [213/887- 26781; secretary, JULIA M. VANCE, 2665 Chairman, THOMAS V. HULL, American Legion Meadow Court, Chamblee, GA 30341, [404/ National Headquarters Library, 700 N. 458-0861]; treasurer, KATHLEEN T. PABST, Me- Pennsylvania St., Indianapolis, IN 46206 chanics Institute, 57 Post Rd., San Francisco, [317/635-84111; chairman-elect, WILLIAM E. CA 94104, [415/421-17501; bulletin editor, MCCLEARY,Louisiana State University Li- GRETCHEN STEPHENS, Purdue University, Vet- brary, 8515 Youree Drive, Shreveport, LA erinary Medical Library, West Lafayette, IN 71 105 [318 / 865-7121]; secretary / treasurer, 47907 [317 1749-22491. WILLIAM B. NEFF, Smithsonian Institution Library, Washington, DC 20560 [202/357- Library Consultant Section. Chairman, JUDITH 19941; bulletin editor, SHARON SWEETING, J FIELD, Flint Public Library, General Reference Dept., 1026 Kearsley St., Flint, MI 48502 [313/ Smithsonian Institution Library, Washing- 232-71 11, ext 481. ton, DC 20560 [202/357-20671.

MetalslMaterials (est. 1949 as Metals Natural Resources (est. 1968) Section; Division status 1953) Chairman, EVE DOWIE, Canada Centre for Chairman, NANCY J. SUVAK,United States Inland Waters Library, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Steel Corp., 600 Grant St., Rm. 1818, Pitts- Burlington, Ont., Canada L7S 1x8 [416/637- burgh, PA 15230 [412/433-34591; chairman- 45301; chairman-elect, BONNIE M. HILDITCH, elect, BARBARA M. BANEK,Inland Steel Co., Ref. Dept. Zimmerman Library, University 3001 E. Columbus Drive, East Chicago, IL of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 46312 [219 1392-58241; secretary, PAQUERETTE [505 / 277-5762]; secretary, MARY LOU STURSA, LE CLERC, Alcan Aluminum Ltd., P.O. Box Governer's Energy Office, 301 Bryant Bldg., 250, Arvida, Que., Canada G7S 4K8 [4181 Tallahassee, FL 32301 [904/488-61431; trea- 548-1121 ext. 28441; treasurer, JANICE E. WEST, surer, JANE v. MCFALL,Pennsylvania State Louisiana Land & Exploration Co., 3900 S. University, Life Sciences Library, Univer- DIVISIONS

Natural Resources (continued) secretary, ANN NEILSON, Gulf Canada Ltd., R&D Library, 2489 N. Sheridan Way, Missis- sity Park, PA 16802 [814/865-70561; bulletin sauga, Ont., Canada L5K 1A8 [416/822-6770 editor, BARBARA J. ARNOLD, University of ext. 1201; treasurer, NANCY MUSGROVE, On- Wisconsin Sea Grant Advisory Service, 181 5 tario Ministry of Energy, 56 Wellesley St. University Ave., Madison, WI 53706 [608/ W., Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 2S3 [416/ 262-2814]. 965-9175]; bulletin editor, MARY D. WOOD, Standard Oil Co., 4440 Warrensville Center Rd., Cleveland, OH 44128 [216/575-63271.

Newspaper (est. 1924)

Chairman, SHIRLEY E. MOONEY, Pacific Press Ltd., 2250 Granville St., Vancouver, B.C. Pharmaceutical (est. 1947 as Pharmaceutical V6H 3G2 [604/732-25191; chairman-elect, Section; Division status 1966) HARISH TRIVEDI, Journal-Herald Library, 37 S. Ludlow St., Dayton, OH 45401 [513/225- Chairman, ILDIKO TROMBITAS, Burroughs 22011; secretary1treasurer, KATHLEEN TRIMBLE, Wellcome Co., 3030 Cornwallis Rd., Re- Toledo Blade Library, 541 Superior St., Tole- search Triangle Park, NC 27709 [919/541- do, OH 43660 [419/245-61881; bulletin 9090 ext. 43051; chairman-elect, BETTE DILLE- editor, VIRGINIA DAVIS, Chicago Sun-Times HAY, A.H. Robins Company, 1407 Cum- Library, 401 N. Wabash, Chicago, IL 60611 mings Drive, Richmond, VA 23220 [804/ [312/321-25921. 257-2858]; secretary, JEAN HUDSON, Schering- Plough Pharmaceutical Research Division, 60 Orange St., Bloomfield, NJ 07003 [201/ 743-6000 ext. 7831; treasurer, ROLLY SIMPSON, Burroughs Wellcome Co., 3030 Cornwallis Nuclear Science (est. 1963 as Nuclear Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 19191 Science Section; Division status 1966) 541-9090 ext. 43771; bulletin editor, MICHAEL HOMAN, The Upjohn Company, Corporate Chairman, MARGARET H. CONYNGHAM, U.S. Technical Library, Kalamazoo, MI 49001 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Library, [616/385-77681. Washington, DC 20555 [3Ol/492-7748]; chairman-elect, SANDRA G. LANE, Brookhaven National Lab., P.O. Box 5500, Livermore, CA 94550 [415 1422-58411; treasurer, DOTTIE SHER- MAN, American Nuclear Insurers, The Exchange Bldg., Suite 245, 270 Farmington Physics-Astronomy-Mathematics (est. 1972) Ave., Farmington, CT 06032, [203/677-73051; bulletin editor, see Sci-Tech News. Chairman, SUZANNE FEDUNOK, Columbia Uni- versity, 303 Mathematics Bldg., New York, NY 10027 [212/280-47121; chairman-elect, DOROTHY MCGARRY, UCLA, Physical Sciences and Technology Libraries, Los Angeles, CA Petroleum 6 Energy Resources (est. 1933 as 90024 [213/825-34381; Secretary, BRENDA COR- Petroleum Section; Division status 1966 as BIN, U.S. Naval Observatory Library, 34th & Petroleum Division) Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20390 [202/254-45251; treasurer, ZANE STERNS, Chairman, STANLEY E. BREWER,Gulf Refining Towers, Perrin, Forster & Crosby, P.O. Box & Marketing Co., P.O. Box 2100, Houston, 281, Toronto Dominion Center, Toronto, TX 77001 [713/754-11281; chairman-elect, Ont., Canada [416/362-23331; bulletin edi- SUSAN K. HUGHES, Mobil Producing Texas & tor, JAMES LEONARD, IBM Research Center New Mexico, Inc., 9 Greenway Plaza, Suite Library, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, 2700, Houston, TX 77046 [713/871-56211; NY 10598 [914/945-28301. DIVISIONS

Picture (est. 1952) Science-Technology (est. 1924)

Chairman, LARRY A VISKOCHIL, Chicago His- Cha~rman,CYNTHIA STEINKE, Universlty of torical Society, Clark St. at North Ave., Illinois at Chicago Circle, Science Library, P.O. Box 7565, Chicago, IL 60680 [312/996- 53951; chairman-elect, JAMES LEONARD, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Re- search Division-IBM, P.O. Box 218, York- town Heights, NY 10598 [914/945-28301; UN Head~uarters,Rm. 994, New York. NY secretary, LAURA J. RAINEY, Rockwell Interna- 10017 [212/ 754-6927]; treasurer, JONATHAN tional Corp., Technical Information Center, HELLER, Still Picture Branch, National Ar- BA 29 Rocketdyne Division, 6633 Canoga chives, 8th and Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Ave., Canoga Park, CA 91304 [213/884- Washington, DC 20408 [202/523-30541; bul- 25751; treasurer, JEAN R. MILLER, Beckman letin editor, WILLIAM LEARY, National Ar- Instruments, Inc., Research Library, 2500 chives, 8th and Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Harbor Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92634 12131691- Washington, DC 20408 [202/523-30821. 08411; bulletin editor, BARBARA MAGNUSON, California State University-Library, North Ridge, CA 01330 [213/885-22561. Public Utilities (est. 1962 as Public Utilities Section; Division status 1969)

Chairman, MARIE S. RICHARDSON, United IIIu- Social Science (est. 1923 as Civics Group) minating Co., 80 Temple St., New Haven, CT 06506 [203/787-76901; chairman-elect, Chairman, ANN BERG, Tucson Public Library, VIRGINIA H. PERKINS,Wisconsin Electric Power Governmental Reference Library, P.O. Box Co., 231 West Michigan Ave., Rm. 433, 27210, Tucson, AZ 85726 [602/791-42351; Milwaukee, WI 53201 [414/227-25801; secre- chairman-elect, MARY F. POWER, National tary, MATTHEW CULLEN, Bonneville Power Gerontology Resource Center, 1909 "K" St., Authority, P.O. Box 3621, Portland, OR N.W., Washington, DC 20049 [202/872- 97208 15031234-3361 ext. 44451; treasurer, 49841; secretary / treasurer, M. KAY MOWERY, & 1220 KAY L. AMES, Michigan Consolidated Gas Co., California Dept. of Food Agriculture, One Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48226 "N" St. Rm. A-151, Sacramento, CA 95814 [916/322-51301; SHARYN [313/965-24301; bulletin editor, KATHERINE N. bulletin editor, LADNER, PFEIFFER, Gulf States Utilities, Nuclear Behavioral Science Research Corp., Licensing Library, P.O. Box 2951, Beaumont, 1000 Ponce de Leon Blvd., Coral Gables, FL TX 77704 [713/838-3843 ext. 4111. 33134 [305/448-76221. International Affairs Section. Chairman, RITA C WARPEHA, Action Library, M-407, 806 Con- necticut Ave.. N.W., Washington, DC 20525 Publishing (est. 1947) (2021 254-3307].

Chairman, CORNELIA A. KELLEY, University of Legislative Reference Section. Chairman, Virginia, Alderman Library-Acquisitions, DONNA W. SCHEEDER, Congressional Reference Charlottesville, VA 22901 [804/924-30241; Div., Library of Congress, 1st & Independence Ave., S.E., Washington, DC 20540 [202/425- chairman-elect, WILLIAM C. PETRU, Hewlett- 57411. Packard Co., Corporate Library, 1501 Page Mill Rd., Palo Alto, CA 94304 [415/857- Social Welfare Section. Chairman, EVANGELINE 30911; secretary, NOT REPORTED; treasurer, MISTARIS, Northeastern Illinois University Li- LAURA N. GASAWAY, University of Oklahoma- brary, Bryn Mawr at St. Louis Ave., Chicago, IL Law Library, 300 Timberdell, Norman, OK 60625 [312/583-4050 ext 4791. 73019 [405/325-69091; bulletin editor, jo Urban Affairs Section. Chairman, ELIZABETH MANNING, Readers Digest-General Books, STALLINGS, Department of Housing & Urban 750 Third Ave., 3rd Floor, New York, NY Development, Library Div., 451 7th St., S.W., 10017 [212/972-84521. Washington, DC 20410 [202/755-63701. DIVISIONS

Telecommunications (est. 1977 as Transportation (est. 1943) Telecommunications/Communications) Chairman, JANE M. JANIAK, Port Authority of Chairman, GRANT BIRKS, Bell Northern Re- New York & New Jersey, Library-54 N., search, Technical Information Center, P.O. One World Trade Center, New York, NY Box 311-Stn. C, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1Y 10048 [212/ 466-4060]; chairman-elect, MARTY 4H7 [613/226-54001; chairman-elect, ROSA LOVELOCK, Canadian Transport Commis- Gu,Intel Sat, 490 LfEnfant Place S.W., Wash- sion-Library, Ottawa, Ont. KIA 0N9, ington, DC 20024 [202/488-23001; secretary / Canada [819/997-71601; secretary/ treasurer, treasurer, JOAN FAGE, Maritime Tel & Tel Co., LAWRENCE E. LEONARD, U.S. Dept. of Transpor- Ltd., Informatim Resource Center, P.O. Box tation, Technical Processing Branch, 400 880, Halifax, NS, Canada B3J 2W3 [902/ Seventh St., S.W., Washington, DC 20590 421-4570]; bulletin editor, RHONA GLAZER, [202/426-27141; bulletin editor, ANN POOLE, Bell Canada, Information Resource Center, University of Toronto/York University, 6th Fl., 393 University Ave., Toronto, Ont., Joint Program in Transportation, 42 St. Canada M5G 1W9 [4l6/599-2387]. George St., Toronto, Ont. M5S 1Al Canada [416/978-64241.

SLA STUDENT GROUP FACULTY ADVISORS

Atlanta University St. John's University University of Iowa OLLYE G. DAVIS DR. A. M. ABDUL HUQ PROF. FREDERICK WEZEMAN Columbia University Sam Houston University of Michigan PROF. ELLIS MOUNT State University RAYMOND E. DURRANCE FRANK HOFFMAN Emory University University of Missouri ESTHER M. STOKES Simmons College Columbia M. "JIMS" MURPHY THOMAS R. KOCHTANEK Emporia State University PAT OYLER PROF. FLORENCE E. DEHART SUNY /Albany University of Oklahoma DR. BERNICE C. MCKIBBEN Indiana University DR. IRVING KLEMPNER PROF. HERBERT S. WHITE SUNY /Buffalo University of Pittsburgh Louisiana State University DR. A. NEIL YERKEY EVALYN CLOUGH DR. NORMAN HOWDEN University of Arizona University of South Carolina McGill University ROBERT BERK Dissolved MIRIAM H. TEES University of California University of South Florida North Carolina Central Los Angeles JOHN M. KNEGO University KENNETH PLATE University of Texas-Austin DR. ROBERT BALLARD University of Denver PROF. EUGENE B. JACKSON North Texas State Dissolved University University of Hawaii University of Wisconsin DR. KATHERINE CUELJO Inactive Madison RICHARD D. WALKER C. W. Post Center University of Illinois Long Island University Urbana/ Champaign Villanova University DR. JOSEPH N. WHITTEN PROF. LINDA C. SMITH E. ELIZABETH WALSH

OCTOBER1981 DIVISION BULLETINS w News of Aerospace Division, Information Technology Division, Nuclear Science Division, Pharmaceutical Diviston, Sclence-Technology Division, and Transportation Division is m published in Scr-Tech Neua.

ISSUES ORDER FROM & DIVISION TITLE EDITOR COVERAGE PER YEAR PRICE CHECKS PAYABLE TO

ADVERTISING& What's Ncm !I? Aducrtrs Nadine Bauman Current materials in advertis- 10 SLA members: Adv. & Mktg. Div. SLA MARKFTING rqq and Mark~*lr~rg J. Walter Thompson Co. ing, marketing, media, con- $15.00 domestic; Ruth Fromkes Information Center sumer surveys. Emphasis on $20.00 for'n. Foote, Cone & Belding 420 Lexington Ave. free or inexpensive books, payable in 200 Park Ave. New York, NY 10017 services, and periodicals. US. dollars New York, NY 10017 Adocrtrsmg a~ldMarket Marsha Cohen Division news; member activi- 4 Free to Division Subscriptions are not accepted rng D17,rcio11Bulletr~~ Ally & Gargano ties and changes; member- members 360 W. 31 St. ship directory; annual New York, NY 10001 report; Conf. news; special features. BIOLOGICAL BIOIOXICUISctrnces Drw Karen Horst Division news and related 3 Free to Division Subscriptions are not accepted. SCIENCE srou Neudrtlcr St. Luke's Hosp. articles. members Med. Library 44 & Wornall, Kansas City, MO 64111

BUSINESSAND BUSIIIESSartd Frnawcr Catherine R. Reilly Division news; brief notes of 3 Free to Division see Editor FINANCL Dtcwro~~Nrudelter Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. members' activities; bibliog- members; The Information Center raphies; business library pro- nonmembers: 1 Chase Manhattan Plaza files; information exchange. $12.00 New York. NY 10081 CHEMISTRY Chu~ntstryVl~rrsroit Kristin K. Oberts Divtsion news; articles on pro- 3 Free to Division Nerc~slet/cr Technical Library /3M gress and problems of infor- members; 201-2s 3M Center mation transfer in chemistry. nonmembers: St. Paul. MN 55144 $4.00 EDU~ATION Educntlon Susan Baughman Professional articles; book re- 3 $5.00 for individual "SLA Education Division" Ltbrurrcc Monroe C. Gutman Librarv vtews; biblioarauhies; and subscriutions: see Editors Graduate School of ~ducaiion editorial new; 01 interest to $10.00 institu- Haward University librarians. tional subscrip- 6 Appian Way tions; $15.00 for'n Cambridge, MA 02138 Edusntlon Suzanne W~se Dtvision news; member activl- 3 Free to Division Subscriptions are not accepted. DI~IOJI Appalachtan ties and changes; member- members. BuII~ttn State Univ. shlp directory annual re- Belk Library ports; conference news. %m Boone, NC 20608 C! $ ENGIN~LRINGThe Reportcr Rtchard Griffin 3 Favettevtlle State Univ. Library Fayetteville, NC 28301 ? ENVIRONMENTALEnutr~r~mer~tal Regina Brown Natl Iint'l, coverage of legisla- 4 $5.00 "SLA, Environmental Infor- mF. INFORMATION Informnt~on Orton Memorlal Library of tion, events, info. resources, mation Prov. Division" w PRVVISI~NAL Geology and items of interest to see Editor Ohio State Un~versity environmental Itbrartans. 155 S. Oval Dr. Columbus, Ohio 43210 Fcxlo ANn Food fir Thoufht Margaret Bell Divmon news; member activi- 6 Free to Division "Treasurer, Focd & Nctrition NUTRITI~N General Foods Cor~. ties and chanees:". soecial fea- members; Division, SLA" 555 S. Broadway tures. nonmembers: see Ed~tor Tarrytown, N.Y. 10591 $5.00 el8 Food Puhiicnt~orrs Larry Walton Bibliographic guide to new Irregular Division members: Same as above Round-up P.O. Box 8743 publications in English on $25.00/yr.; 8m Jefferson Memorial Sta food or nutrition. nonmembers: !a 14 S. 4th St. $35.00/yr., F St. Louis, MO 63102 add $5.00 for for'n \O mailing. z GEOGRAPHY Geography and Map Mary Murphy Professional articles; Division 4 Free to Division Kathleen I. Hickey AND MAP Dlvlsron Bulletlrt 8102 Birnam Wood Dr. news; book reviews; bibliog- members; 9927 Edward Ave. McLean, VA 22102 raphies; project reports; nonmembers: Bethesda, MD 20014 membership lisfs; carto- $17.00 US., raphic or geographic Canada, Mexico; %.iblioeraohical news. $20.00 other

INSURANCE& Insurance (i Employer Elisabeth P. Brown Annotated listing of current 6 $lO.OO/yr. Carol Gottliebsen EMPLOYEE Brrlcfrts Literature American College literature of all types in the $15.00 for'n INA Corp. BFNFFITS 270 Bryn Mawr Ave. field of insurance. 1600 Arch St. Brvn Mawr. PA 19010 Philadelohia, PA 19101 Insurance& Etnployee Laura Dirks Division news;annual reports; 3 Free to Division Subscriptions are not accepted. Benefits D~orsloirBullc- Alexander & Alexander, Inc. Conference programs; mem- members trr1 Suite 500, Shelard Plaza S. bership list and membership Minneapolis, MN 55426 changes LIBRARY Llhrnry Mar~agem~~nt Gretchen Stephens All aspects of library 4 $25.00/yr. Mary Ann Roman MANAGE- Bulletin Rm. 108, Lynn Hall management nonmembers Law Library MENT Purdue University Barnes, Hickam, Pantzer, Boyd West Lafayette, IN 47907 1313 Merchants Bank Bldg. Indianapolis, IN 46204 METALS/ MetnlslMater~als Linda Spence D~visionnews; annual reports; 3 Free to Division Subscriptions are not accepted MATERIAL^ Dnwim Nculs Westinghouse Electric Corp. membership directory; members 114 Wallace Circle member news. Aliaui~~a.PA 15001 MILITARY M~lrtaryLlbrarrans Frances Quinn News notes, official notices. 3 Free to Division Subscriptions are not accepted LIBRARIANS Drvrsron Bulletr~l HQ AFSCIMPSL members Command Libraries Andrews AFB, DC 20334

p~ MUSEUMS, Museums, Arts O Sharon Sweeting Division news; editorials; 2 Free to Division Museums, Arts & Humanities ARTS& Humanrhes Dtorslon Smithsonian Inst. Libraries articles on libraries; project members; Division, SLA HUMANITIES Bullet~n Washington, DC 20560 reports, book reviews. nonmembers: see Editor $3.00 NATURAL Natural Resources Barbara J. Arnold Division news, conf. news; edi- 4 Free to Division see Editor RESOURCES Dlwsrim Neu~sletter U W Sea Grant torials: s~ecialfeatures: news members; Advisory Services from related organizations nonmembers: 1815 University Ave. and activities. contact editor Madison. WI 53706 NEWSPAPER NPUJSLrhrary News Suzanna Shuster Articles on news libraries; new 4 Free to Division SLA, NWS Div. Patti Brown developments; offers of members Janet Lundblad P Janet Lundblad material; member news. Two year LA Times % Joan Stern subscriptions Editorial Library LA Times accepted: $20.00 Times Mirror Sq. Times Mirror Sq. Los Angeles, CA 90053 Los Anreles, CA 90053 DIVISION BULLETINS h) ISSUES ORDER FROM & 5? DIVISION TITLE EDITOR COVERAGE PER YEAR PRICE CHECKS PAYABLE TO PETROLEUM Petrolcum Marv D. Wood Member news: 4 & ENERGY b Eilergy stanbard Oil Co. Association news. RESOURCES Resuurccs 4440 Warrensville llrz~rsrorrBullrlrrr Center Rd. Cleveland, OH 44128

PHYSICS- P/lysrcs-Aslr~~~l~~m~James W. Leonard, editor Division news; bibliographies, 4 Free to Division ASTRON~MY- Mnllrcrnal~csBullcf~~l Brenda G. Corbin, coeditor book reviews, news of in- members MATHF- IBM Research terest in the fields of physics, MATICS Center Library, 16-226 astronomy and math; P.0 Box 218 editorial comment. Yorktown Hgts., NY 10598 PICTURE P~cturescopc William H. Leary Divislon news, illustrated ar- 4 Free to Division Treasurer, Picture Divlsion P.O. Box 501 19 ticles on print, photo, and members; F St. Sta., Tariff Comm. Bldg. slide collections; their organi- nonmember Washington, DC 20004 zation, classification, and institutions preservation; columns on ac- $25, ~ndividuals, cessions, automation, biblio- $15, and students graphy, books, careers, collec- $8 tions, exhibitions, grants, journals, microforms, preservation, research, and history. PUBLICUTII.ITIES Publr~ Ulrlrfrrs Katherine N. Pfeiffer Division news; member 4 Free to Division Subscriptions are not accepted. llrnisrort Nezclslrftrr Gulf States Utilities activities; membership members Nuclear Licensing changes; Conference news; Library speclal features. P.O. Box 2951 Beaumont, TX 77704 PUBLISHING Publrs/~~n,qDrvr~~iirr Jo Manning Division news; articles on pub- 3 Free to Division Laura N. Gasaway Bullelr~r Reader's Digest lishing house libraries and members Law Center General Books Library publishing; bibliographies. University of Oklahoma 750 Third Ave. 300 Timberdell Rd. New York, NY 10017 Norman, OK 73019 SCIENCE- Scr-Tech Nrux Barbara Magnuson News and annual reports of 4 Free to members of "Sci-Tech News" TECH- California State University i the sponsoring Divisions; sponsoring Josephine Zoretich NOLOGY Northridge Library articles; editorials. Divisions; P.O. Box 4501 Northridge, CA 91330 nonmembers; Pasadena, CA 91 106 $9.00 US., $11.00 for'n. SOCIAL SLA-SSD Bulleliri Sharyn Ladner News notes, annual 3 Free to Division Subscriptions are not accepted. SCIFNCF Behavioral Sclence Research meeting minutes. members 1000 Ponce de Leon Blvd. Coral Gables, FL 33134 - - TELFCOMMUNI-Telc0111 Rhona Glaser Division, membership, and 3 Free to Division CATIONS Bell Canada telecommunication news. members Inf. Resource Center 393 University Ave. Toronto, Ont., Canadd M56 1W9 COMMITTEES

All Association Committees are appointed by the President and are responsible to the Board of Directors to which they must submit a written report at least once a year. Each Committee is responsible for: 1) Recommending and implementing Association policy; 2) Recommending an annual budget for its own work; 3) Keeping informed of activities and progress in the field of the Committee's assignments through the literature and attendance at meetings which involve these activities; 4) Speaking for the Association on matters which pertain to the Committee's general responsibility and interests on which they should be fully informed. Association Bylaws Article X: Committees SECTION3. Each Committee shall submit to the Board a written annual report of its SECTION1. Standing Committee and Special activities which shall contain any recom- Committees of the Association and Special mendations considered necessary or advisa- Committees of the Board shall be estab- ble. Additional reports may be submitted at lished by the Board. These Committees shall be responsible to the Board which will dele- the option of a Committee or as requested by the Board or the President. gate such powers and functions to them as the Board finds desirable for the conduct of its business and for carrying out the objectives of the Association. SECTION4. Funds for Committee expenses shall be authorized by the Board through an SECTION2. The President shall appoint the annual allotment or upon submission of an members and designate the chairman of all estimated budget. Committees except the Nominating Com- mittee. Appointments to Standing Commit- tees shall be made to provide continuity of SECTION5. Standing Committees and Special membership. No member may serve on any Committees may establish subcommittees to one Committee in excess of six consecutive assist in their work. Subcommittees may years. include nonmembers of the Association.

Association Ofice Operations Chairman, CEORCE H. CINADER,45 South Main The Committee consists of five members St., Cranbury, NJ 08512 [609/655-40731 from the Board of Directors with the Presi- (1980-83); JAMES B. DODD (1979-82); DOROTHY dent as chairman. Members, in addition to KASMAN (1979-82); JANET RICNEY (1981-84); the President, are the Past President, Presi- MARY VASILAKlS (1981-82). dent-Elect, Treasurer and Secretary. The Committee shall be responsible for Associa- tion Office operations review including, but Awards not limited to, personnel functions. It shall also be responsible for a review, at least Five members, consisting of the two imme- annually, with the Associatiun's auditors diate past presidents, each serving as chair- and the Executive Director concerning the man of the Committee in his second year, financial functions of the Association. the President-Elect, and the Chairmen of the Chapter and Division Cabinets. The The Committee shall initiate any proposals Committee shall elect and report to the for changes in salary for the Executive Board of Directors the recipients of the SLA Director. Recommendations on salary and Professional Award, the SLA Hall of Fame personnel policy shall be submitted to the Award and the SLA John Cotton Dana Board of Directors for action. The Commit- Award. (Association Office contact is the tee shall meet either on call of the chairman Manager, Publications Department.) Com- or at the request of the Executive Director. mittee definition revised Jan 1975. The Committee shall be the Trustee of all SLA Employee Benefit Plans. (Association Chairman, JOSEPH M. DACNESE,Purdue Uni- Office contact is the Executive Director.) versity Libraries, Stewart Center, West Committee definition revised Jan 1977. Lafayette, IN 47907 [317/749-25741 (1978- COMMITTEES

82); JULIE H. BICHTELER, (1981-82); JAMES B. Chairman, M. "JIMS" MURPHY,U.S. Army DODD (1979-83); JANE I. DYSART (1981-82); Materials & Mechanics Research Center, JANET M. RIGNEY (1981-85). [Board Proctor: Technical Library, Watertown, MA 02172 GEORGE GINADER.] [617 / 923-3460] (1981 -83); BRIAN PHILLIPS (1980-82); ROBERT M. BROOKS (1981-83). [Board Proctor: JACK LEISTER.] Committee on Committees Five members appointed for overlapping terms of two years each of whom at least two Conference Program shall be present members of the Board of Directors. The Committee shall codify those actions and instructions of the Board perti- Conference Program Chairman, MARILYN K. nent to Association Committees, both spe- JOHNSON, Shell Oil Company, Two Shell cifically and generally. The Committee shall Plaza, P.O. Box 587, Houston, TX 77001 maintain an overview of Committee defini- [713/241-10171; Deputy Conference Pro- tions as they appear in this Directory, gram Chairman, RICHARD WALLACE; BARBARA prepare or revise Committee definitions K. BECKER; GLADYSANN WELLS [Board Proctor: (which include the statement of composi- GEORGE GINADER.] tion, purpose, duties, and Association Office contact) as the need occurs, and conduct such other studies and make those recommendations required to promote effective Chairman, EDWINA "DIDI" PANCAKE,Univer- and efficient operation of Association Com- sity of Virginia, Science/Technology Infor- mittees. (Association Office contact is the mation Center, Clark Hall, Charlottesville, Executive Director.) Commiftee definition VA 22901 [804/924-72091; Deputy Confer- revised lun 1976. ence Program Chairman, ELLEN STEININGER; CAROL A. DRUM; MARY H. HENSHAW; CELINE WALKER. [Board Proctor: JANET RIGNEY.] Chairman, JEAN DEUSS,Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Research Library, Federal Reserve Post Office Sta., New York, NY 10045 [212/791-67321 (1978-82); JACQUELINE Consultation Service 1. DESOER (1981-83); JACK S. ELLENBERGER (1980-82); M. ELIZABETH MOORE (1981-83); Five members, appointed for overlapping JAMES 8. TCHOBANOFF (1980-82). [Board Proc- terms of two years each. The Committee tor: JACK LEISTER.] shall have the responsibility for developing and coordinating consultation services at the Chapter/Division level. It shall establish and maintain communications with, Bylaws continually survey the activities of, and Three members appointed for overlapping provide guidance and direction to the Chap- terms of two years. The purpose of this ter/Division Consultation Service Commit- Committee shall be to make sure that the tees. The Committee shall prepare guide- Association has a body of rules which lines, manuals and other materials designed conform to legal standards. The Committee to encourage and insure the provision of shall study the Bylaws and propose amend- consistently professional Chapter/Division ments in accordance with Article XVI of the consultation services. (Association Office Bylaws and shall consider and formulate contact is the Executive Director.) Committee recommendations on proposals made by definition revised /an 1981. Association members; the Committee shall review the bylaws of each Division, Chap- Chairman, ROBERT B. LANE,U.S. Air Force, Air ter, or other Association unit to prevent University Library, Maxwell AFB, AL 361 12 conflict with rules governing the whole [205/293-26061 (1980-82); SUSAN BALL (1981- Association. (Association Office contact is 83); MYRA NORTON (1980-82); NANCY PIEROBON the Executive Director.) Committee definition (1981-83); MERYL SWANIGAN (1981-83). [Board revised Ian 2963. Proctor: M. ELIZABETH MOORE.] Copyright Law Implementation Finance Three members appointed for overlapping Five members, the Chairman to be the Asso- terms of three years each, the Chairman of ciation Treasurer serving a three-year term; which shall be the Representative to the the remaining members, one of whom shall appropriate CNLIA copyright committee. also be a member of the Board of Directors, The Committee shall: 1) monitor develop- to be appointed for overlapping terms of - ments stemming from copyright legislation; two years each. 2) represent the Association on matters of copyright law implementation; and 3) keep The Committee shall maintain continuing Association members advised on new devel- surveillance over all income and expendi- opments in the field of copyright. (Associa- tures, funds and investments of the Associa- tion Office contact is the Executive tion; it shall advise on investment policies. Director.) Committee definition adopted Feb The Committee shall review and endorse the annual budget prepared by the Execu- 1979. tive Director for presentation to the Board of Chairman, EFREN w. GONZALEZ, Bristol-Myers Directors; it shall advise any component Products, 1350 Librety Ave., Hillside, NJ unit of the Association on the availability of 07207 [201/926-67331 (1978-83); HAROLD funds for nonbudgeted items. The Commit- MILLER (1978-82); MICHAEL UBALDINI (1980- tee may make recommendations to the Asso- 83). [Board Proctor: CHARLES BAUER.] ciation Office Operations Committee concerning audit reports and the selection of Education external auditors. (Association Office con- Seven members appointed for overlapping tact is the Executive Director.) Committee terms of three years each; one member shall definition revised \an 1977. be the Association's Representative to Con- tinuing Library Education Network and Chairman, DOROTHY KASMAN, Coopers Ly- Exchange (CLENE). brand, Library "Private," 1251 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020 [212/ The Committee shall: 1) analyze the 536-2854] (1979-82); LESTER M. BRESLAUER continuing education needs of the Associa- (1980-83); ELLEN MILLER (1981-83); N. TERRY tion's members and the educational activi- MUNGER (1978-82); JANET RIGNEY (1981-82). ties of the Association's units in order that [Board Proctor: GEORGE GINADER.] the findings from these analyses may be incorporated into the Association's continuing education program; 2) advise and assist the Association's Manager of Profes- sional Development in planning and evalu- Government Information Services ating Association-sponsored seminars and Five members with overlapping terms of institutes for the continuing education of two years each, with at least one member those already in the field; 3) review and based in the Washington, D.C. area and one endorse the Association's continuing educa- member from a Chapter in Canada. No tion program as developed by the Manager, member of the Committee shall be an Professional Development. (Association Of- employee of either the government of the fice contact is Manager, Professional Devel- United States or Canada. opment.) Committee definition revised Jun 1980. The Committee shall survey the policies, services, and products of government infor- Chairman, MIRIAM H. TEES, McGill University, mation-producing, publishing, and printing Graduate School of Library Science, 3459 agencies, as they affect special librarians, McTavish St., Montreal P.Q. Canada H3A and decide upon and take appropriate 1Y1 [514/392-59431 (1979-82); M. EVALYN action in these areas. Such action can CLOUGH (1981-84); LAURA GASAWAY (1977-82); include interviews with heads of agencies, MARION HART (1980-83); LYNN C. HEER (1980- questionnaires on the effectiveness of 83); JAMES L. OLSEN, JR. (1981-84); HOLLACB services or products, open meetings at RUTKOWSKI (1981-84). [Board Proctor: JACK Conferences, coordination of activities LEISTER.] within Chapters, or any other approaches which seem advisable (Association Office Networking contact is the Executive Director.) Committee definition revised lun 1980. Seven members appointed for overlapping terms of three years each. One member shall be the SLA representative to the Library of Chairman, SUSAN B. ROUMFORT, New Jersey State Library, 185 W. State St., Trenton, NJ Congress Networking Advisory Committee; and one member shall be the SLA represen- 08625 [609/ 292-6210] (1981-83); JANE COONEY tative to the National Periodical Systems (1981-82); CHARLES OLSEN (1979-82); BARBARA Advisory Committee. F. PERRY (1981-83); KENLEE RAY (1981-83). [Board Proctor: RUTH SMITH.] The Committee shall: 1) be informed on current activities in library and information science networks; 2) develop plans for liaison by the Association with other profes- Government Relations sional associations and organizations in- Five members appointed for overlapping volved in network planning and activities; terms of three years each, including two 3) develop guidelines for participation in coordinators: one for Canada and one for cooperative network programs by members the United States. of the Association. (Association Office contact is the Executive Director.) Committee The Association's President and Executive definition revised Jun 1980. Director are responsible for carrying out SLA's government relations program. To Chairman, JAMES K. WEBSTER, SUNY Buffalo, support their function, the Committee shall: Science & Engineering Library, 223 Capen 1) review and monitor federal governmen- Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 [716/636-29461 tal activities (except those assigned to other (1979-82); (1978-82); EVELYN W. ARMSTRONG Association committes) affecting special (1981-84); SALLY J. BARNUM (1981-84); NAOMl libraries and information .centers; 2) draft CLIFFORD (1981-84) DIAN GILLMAR (1980-83); position statements, consistent with SLA's VICTORIA ROBERTS (1981-82); SHARON VIPOND Government Relations Policy Statement, to (1978-84). [Board Proctor: JAQUELINE be presented to the legislative units of the DESOER.] federal governments, and assist in representing SLA's interests at hearings regard- Nominating ing federal legislation, as appropriate; 3) A Nominating Committee for each election prepare information to be shared with Asso- of Members to the Board shall be elected by ciation members about governmental activi- the Board at least one year before the clos- ties affecting the prof&sional concerns of ing date established for the Committee's special librarians and information managers report. This Committee shall be composed through the Association's publications, and of five Members, no one of whom shall be a at Annual Conferences; and 4) collect and member of the Board. The senior two of the review information from Chapter and Divi- six Directors shall present to the Board the sion representatives about needed legisla- names of five candidates for election to the tive action concerning the interests of the Nominating Committee, one of whom shall Association, and, with the advice of the have been the chairman of the Nominating Executive Director, recommend appropriate Committee in the immediately preceding year, and the two senior Directors shall also designate the candidate to be chairman of the Committee. Membership should have a wide geographic ian, New York State Library, Cultural spread with representation from as many Education Center, Rm. 10D36, Albany, NY Divisions as possible. The Committee shall 12230 [5 18 / 474-4660] (198 1-82); Canadian seek recommendations for nominees from Coordinator, JANE BEAUMONT (1981-82); BEV- suitable sources in the Association, espe- ERLY BENDELL (1981-82); ANN T BERG (1980- cially from Chapter officers and Division 82); WILLIAM PETRU (1981-82). [Board Proctor: officers. It shall select a balanced slate of RUTH SMITH.] nominees for Association officers and mem- COMMITTEES bers of the Board of Directors, and upon GLORIA H. BROADDUS (1980-83); CAROLYN J. their acceptance shall present the slate to HARDNETT (1980-83); JOHN D. HILL (1979-82); the Board of Directors. (Association Office BERNICE R. JONES (1979-82). [Board Proctor: contact is the Executive Director.) Committee MARY VASILAKIS.] definition adopted Ort 1976. Publications NOMINATINGCOMMITTEE FOR SPRING1982 ELECTIONS Three members appointed for overlapping terms of two years each. The committee Chairman, RICHARD L. FUNKHOUSER,Purdue shall serve in an advisory capacity to the University, MathIScience Library, West Manager, Publications Department in plan- Lafayette, IN 47907 1317 1494-87111; MARY ning the scope and subject matter of the LOU KOVACIC; ELLIS MOUNT; LOU THOMAS; Association's serial and non-serial publica- SHARON VIPOND. tions. (Association Office contact is the Manager, Publications Department). Com- NOMINATINGCOMMITTEE FOR mittee definition adopted June 1980. SPRING1983 ELECTIONS Appointments to be announced in October Chairman, DAVID E. KING, Standard Educa- 1981. [Board Proctor: JANET RIGNEY] tional Corporation, 200 West Monroe St., Chicago, IL 60606 [312/346-7440, ext. 1071 Positive Action Program for (1980-82); DEL SWEENEY (1981-83); ROBERT Minority Groups SPERLING (1981-83). [Board Proctor: CHARLES Five members appointed for overlapping BAUER.] terms of three years. The functions of the Committee require that members should Publisher Relations have a particular interest in minority groups and several should themselves be members Five members appointed for overlapping of such groups. terms of two years each, these members also to serve on the Association of American The Committee shall plan, direct, and moni- Publishers/Special Libraries Association tor a positive action plan for the Association Joint Committee. The Committee shall in accordance with its policy statement for a represent SLA in relationships with various Positive Action Program. A positive action publishers so that mutual problems can be program is defined as one that commits the discussed and solved. The Committee shall Association to a variety of activities that will detect problems as they arise and seek out encourage and assist members of minority appropriate publishers involved. Circum- groups in entering and advancing in the stances will dictate the best method of field of special librarianship and informa- approach, whether by meeting, correspon- tion science. Examples of activities include dence or other means of dealing with the public relations, scholarship programs, pub- publishers. Representatives of other library lishing, recruitment and encouraging mem- associations may be invited to attend such bership in the Association. The Committee meetings, when such action is appropriate. shall initiate and develop Association-wide The Committee's scope of interest includes programs, and coordinate and advise on format of literature, pricing of literature, programs undertaken by groups; it shall promotional techniques of publishers, undertake particular projects when re- trends in types of publications, and similar quested by the Board of Directors, and shall items. (Association Office contact is the report regularly to the Board. (Association Manager, Publications Department.) Com- Office contact is the Assistant Executive mittee definition revised Ort 1971. Director.) Committee definition revised run 1974. Chairman, JOHN PATTON, 28 Station Plaza S., Apt. 3K, Great Neck, NY 11021 [516/286- Chairman, THOMASINA JONES, Institute for 61001 (1981-83); ELIZABETH B. DAVIS (1980-82); Defense Analyses, Technical Information CORNELIA KELLEY (1978-82); ELIZABETH S. Services, 400 Army-Navy Drive, Arlington, KNAUFF (1981 -83); PATRICIA K. MARSHALL VA 22202 [703/558-14581 (1981-84); (1981-83). [Board Proctor: CHARLES BAUER.] COMMITTEES

Research Standards Five members appointed for overlapping Five members appointed for overlapping terms of three years. The Committee shall terms of three years each. The Committee encourage and promote serious studies shall: 1) identify existing standards for which will increase the understanding or services, facilities, staffs and resources of improve the techniques of special librarian- special libraries and information centers; 2) ship and information science. The Commit- disseminate to Association members infor- tee shall: 1) survey current active research, mation about standards affecting special point out areas which should be studied, libraries and information centers; and 3) and suggest suitable projects; 2) evaluate, serve as liaison between the Association and select, and recommend support of research other organizations concerned with stan- proposals submitted by units of the Associa- dards. (Association Office contact is Man- tion, or individuals, or groups; 3) cooperate ager, Professional Development.) Committee with other associations, schools, or organi- definition revised ]un 1980. zations which support appropriate research; 4) recommend the amount of financial Chairman, AUDREY N. GROSCH, University of support and its allocation to any of the Minnesota, Library Systems Dept., S-34 foregoing. (Association Office contact is the Wilson Library, Minneapolis MN 55455 Executive Director.) Committee definition [612/376-8139] (1980-82); DORIS MARSHALL adopted Sep 1967. (1978-82); ROBERT A. SEAL (1978-83). [Board Proctor: JACQUELINE DESOER.] Chairman, MARK BAER, Hewlett Packard Co., 1501 Page Mill Rd., Palo Alto, CA 94304 [415/857-39011 (1981-84); NEAL K. KASKE Statistics (1979-82); APHRODITE MAMOULIDES (198 1-84); NANCY D. ANDERSON (1981-84); VIRGINIASTERN- Three members appointed for overlapping BERG (1980-83). [Board Proctor: M. ELIZABETH terms of three years each, one of whom shall MOORE.] be the SLA representative to the ALA Statis- tics Coordinating Committee. The Commit- tee shall: 1) survey the statistical needs of special libraries and information centers, and identify definitions useful for internal management and for comparative purposes; SLA Scholarship 2) inform the Association members of activities and developments in the field of statis- Three members appointed for overlapping tics; and 3) serve as liaison with individuals terms of three years each; each member to and organizations engaged in collecting, serve one year as chairman. This Committee compiling and evaluating library and infor- shall recommend annually to the Board of mation center statistics. (Association Office Directors the number of scholarships to be contact is Manager, Professional Develop- awarded, in accordance with the approved ment.) Committee definition adopted Feb 1979. regulations governing the Scholarship Fund. The Committee shall receive and Georgia Power review applications for scholarships, pre- Company, 13th Fl., 270 Peachtree sent the name or names of the candidate or St., N.W., Atlanta, GA 30302 [404/522-6060 candidates to the Board for approval, and ext. 23031 (1980-83); RUE E. OLSON (1980-83); initiate publicity regarding SLA scholar- DAVID A. SELF (1981-84). [Board Proctor: ships. (Association Office contact is the JACQUELINE DESOER.] Assistant Executive Director.) Committee definition rezlised [un 1971. Student Relations Officer Chairman, RON COPLEN, Harcourt Brace Jova- novich, 757 Third Ave., New York, NY The Student Relations Officer, appointed 10017 [212/888-34971 (1979-82); MARIE A. for a two-year term, shall coordinate activi- GADULA (1981-84); ELLEN TODD HANKS (1980- ties between the Association and students 83). [Board Proctor: MARY VASILAKIS] by maintaining close contact with faculty COMMITTEES advisors of recognized SLA Student Groups The Award shall be given for the best paper and with the Association Office contact. He published in Special Libraries during the shall endeavor to expand the formation of previous calendar year. The Committee additional Student Groups by keeping in shall judge the entries for the award and close liaison with schools that might wish to report the winner to the Board of Directors establish such groups. It shall also be the for announcement during the Annual Con- Student Relations Officer's obligation to ference. The Committee shall also be plan a coordinated program of activities for responsible for the periodic review of the students at the Association's Annual Con- guidelines and criteria for award selection. ference, cooperating closely with the SLA (Association Office contact is Editor, Special Conference and Exhibits Coordinator, the Libraries.) Committee definition revised Jun Chapter and Division Cabinets and the 1974. faculty advisors of the SLA Student Groups. (Association Office contact is Assistant Exec- Chairman, RONALD R. SOMMER, Head, Read- utive Director.) Definition adopted Jan 1975. er's Services, University of Tennessee, Center for Health Sciences, Library, 800 LINDA C. SMITH, University of Illinois, Grad- Madison Ave., Memphis, TN 38163 [901/ uate School of Library Science, 410 David 528-5634] (1980-82); ROBERT M. BALLARD Kinley Hall, Urbana, IL 61801 [217/333-7742 (1979-82); MORTON R. BROWN (1981-83); or 04021 (1980-82). [Board Proctor: MARY CAROLINE S. MORRIS (1980-82); SUZANNE WISE VASILAKIS;] (1980-82). [Board Proctor: M. ELIZABETH MOORE.] Tellers Three members from the area of the Asso- ciation Office. Appointment shall be for one SPECIAL COMMITTEES year each with the chairman having been a member the previous year. The Committee The Board Proctor for all Special Commit- shall validate and count all mail ballots of tees is JAMES B. DODD. the Association and announce the results of such ballots. When the need arises, the Committee shall count votes taken at the Annual Business Meeting. (Association Of- Long Range Planning fice contact is the Assistant Executive Chairman, MARJORIE H.K. HLAVA, Access Inno- Director.) Committee definition revised Jun vations, Inc., P.O. Box 40130, Albuquerque, 1974. NM 87196 [505/256-07631; JOHN F. BORBELY; NANCY W. BUSH; JOSEPH E. JENSEN; JOHN F. KANE; Chairman, BETH O'MAHONEY, Goldman, MAUREEN M. ROE; ENID SLIVKA. Sachs & Company, 55 Broad St., New York, NY 10004 [212/676-73961 (1979-82); BERT SCHACHTER (1980-82); MERYL SCHATZBERG (1980-82). [Board Proctor: JANETRIGNEY.] SLA's 75th Anniversary H. W.Wilson Company Award Chairman, ROBERT W. GIBSON, General Motors Five members, appointed for overlapping Corp., Technical Center, Research Lab two-year terms, with not more than three Library, Warren MI 48090 [313/575-27361; from library school faculties; the chairman BERYL L. ANDERSON; DAVID R. BENDER; JOE ANN shall have been a member the previous CLIETON; VIVIAN HEWITT; ROBERT KRUPP; FRED year. ROPER. JOINT COMMITTEES

The Board Proctor for all Joint Committees GIBSON, JR.; MARGARET H. GRAHAM; SARA I. HILL; is JAMES B. DODD. MARY LOU KOVACIC; M. BRU~M~IAN;PHYLLIS MY; BARBARA M. RO~NSON;BETTY TAYLOR; RUTH~~E;JAMES K. WEBSTER. Association of American Publishers-SLA Joint Committee (AAP-SLA) SLA-MLA Committee JOHN PATTON, 28 Station Plaza S., Apt. 3K, JACQUELINE J. DESOER, Chevron Research CO., Great Neck, NY 11021 [516/286-61001 Technical Information Center, Richmond, (1981-83); ELIZABETH B. DAVIS (1980-82); COR- CA 94802 [415/237-4411 Ext. 44781; JOHN C. NELIA KELLEY (1978-823; ELIZABETH S. KNAUFF HARRIS,Pennsylvania College of Podiatric (1981-83); PATRICIA K. MARSHALL (1981-83). Medicine A/V Library, Race & Eighth St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19107 [215/629-03001. CAMI L. LOUCKS,Trinity Lutheran Hospital, Medi- NCLISISLA Task Force on the Role of the cal Library and Media Services, 31st and Special Library in Nationwide Networks Wyandotte Sts., Kansas City, MO 64108 and Cooperative Programs [816/753-01221. Chairman, PATRICIA W. BERGER, HELMUT ALPERS; Union List of Serials, Joint Committee MARK H. BAER; DAVID R. BENDER; ROBERTFRNS, JR.; JAMES B. DODD; GLYN VANS; ROBERT W. L

SLA REPRESENTATIVES

The SLA Representatives to various committees, councils, projects, and other organizations, shall serve for a term as deemed required by the sponsoring organization. If no term is specified, the term of appointment shall be for an Association year only, with reappointment by the incoming President required. These Representatives are responsible to the Board of Directors. Their duties are: I) To represent, protect and promote the interests of the Association; 2) To present significant news of the organization; 3) To prepare, upon completion of the appointment or annually, a report to the Board of Directors; and 4) To make recommendations to the Board of Directors as to specific participation by SLA in projects and what such participation may require. American Association of Law Libraries American National Standards Institute (AALL)-SARAHK. WIANT (1979-82; 1981-82). (ANSI), Finance Committee Z-%--DAVIDR. BENDER (1980-81; 1981-82). Sectional Com- American Library Association (ALA), Li- mittee on Photographic Reproduction of brary ~dministration& Management Asso- Documents pH-5-LORRETTAKIERSKY (1966- ciation (LAMA), Statistics Coordinating 81; 1981-82). Sectional Committee on Committee-BETH G. ANSLEY (1981-82). ALA Library and Information Science and Re- Reference & Adult Services Division, Inter- lated publishing Practices Z-39-RICHARD Library Loan Committee-ROBERT A. SEAL FUNKHOUSER (1978-81; 1981-82). Sectional (1979-81; 1981-82). ALA Resources & Tech- Committee on Library Equipment and nical Services Division, Cataloging and Supplies Z-85-DON T. HO (1966-81; 1981- Classification Section, Committee on Cata- 82). loging-MARY LARSGAARD (1981 -82). ALA Government Documents Round Table (GO- American Society for Information Science D0RT)-JOHN HENRY RICHTER (1980-81; (ASIS)-JUDITHFIELD (1981-82). 1981-82). Canadian Association of Special Libraries The Board Proctor for all Special Represen- and Information Services (CASL1S)-JANE tatives is JAMES B. DODD. COONEY (1980-81; 1981-82). SLA REPRESENTATIVES

Canadian Library Association-SUSAN KLE- Library Binding Institute (LB1)-NANCY S. MENT (1977-81; 1981-82). SELZER (198142).

Catholic Library Association (CLA)-MARY Library of Congress Cataloging in Publica- M. CATTIE (1981-82). tion Advisory C~~~~~~~~-MARJORIEGORDON (1979-80; 1981-82). Church and Synagogue Library Associa- tion-ELIZABETHM. BURTON (1980-81; 1981- 82). Library of Congress Networking Advisory Committee-IRVING KLEMPNER (1978-81; CONSER Advisory Group-IRVING KLEMPNER 1981-82). (1979-81; 1981-82). Medical Library Association (MLA)-CAMI Continuing Library Education Network LOUCKS (1980-81; 1981-82). (CLENE)-ATEFO. ZIKO (1980-81; 1981-82). Music Library Association-NONE REPORTED. Council of National Library and Informa- tion Associations (CNL1A)-GEORGEH. GI- NADER (1981-84) and DAVID R. BENDER (1979- National Federation of Access & Informa- 82); Ad Hoc Committee on Copyright Law tion Services (NFAIS)-GWYNETHHEYNES Practice and Implementation-EFREN w GON- MALLISON (1976-81; 1981-82). ZALEZ (1979- s1; 1981-82). National Micrographics Association Depository Library Council to the Public (NMA)-LORETTAJ. KIERSKY (1963-81; 1981- Printer-~~y~~~MOORE (1979-1982); JOHN 82). HENRY RICHTER (1979-1981).

Federal Library Committee (Guest Observ- President's Committee for the Employment er)-RUTH S. SMITH (1976-81; 1981-82). of the Handicapped-VIVIAN D. HEWITT (1981-82). International Federation of Library Associa- tions (1FLA)-PAT MOLHOLT (1980-81; 1981- Theatre Library Association-DOROTHY L. 82); Alternate, DAVID R. BENDER (1980-81; SWERDLOVE (1970-79; 1979-81). 1981-82). Special Libraries Division: Art Librarians Round Table-CLIVEPHILLPOT; AS- tronomical and Geophysical Round Table- United Nations Educational, Scientific, and PAT MOLHOLT; Biological & Medical Libraries Cultural Organization (UNESCO), General S~C~~O~-HERBERTBIBLO; Geography & Map Information Program (GIP), SLA Represen- Libraries S~C~~~~-MARYMURPHY;Science & tative to the US. National Committee- Technology Libraries Section-PAT MOL- RUTH E. PERKS (1981-82); Alternate-JAMES B. HOLT. DODD (1978-82).

Representatives to SLA From Other Organizations American Association of Colleges of Phar- Church & Synagogue Library Association- macy -PATRICIA PIERMATTI ELIZABETH M. BURTON

American Association of Law Libraries- Medical Library Association-RONALD R. LAURA N. GASAWAY SOMMER

American Society for Information Science- ~~~i~ ~ib~~~~~~~~~i~~i~~-~~~~REPORTED NONE REPORTED

Catholic Library Association-M~Ry JO DI. National Federation of Access & Informa- MUCCIO tion S~~V~C~S-NONEREPORTED NAME INDEX

A Brown, Elizabeth P. 19s Dixon, Rebecca 7s Brown, Morton R. 27s Dodd, James B. 2ls, 22s, 27s, Akkola. Mary Kate 10s Brown, Regina 13s, 18s 28s, 29s Allen, Edna 10s Brunton, Angela 9s Dowie, Eve 14s Allen, Ruth 5s Buckner, Michael, J. 11s Drum, Carol A. 225 Alpers, Helmut 28s Bull, Margaret 1. 10s Durrance, Raymond E. 17s Alstadt, Nancy A. 8s Burgan, Anne Shaw 3s Dysart, Jane I. 22s Ames, Kay L. 16s Burns, Robert W., Jr. 28s Anderson, Beryl L. 27s Burton, Elizabeth M. 29s E Anderson, Nancy D. 26s Buser-Molatore, Marcia 8s Ellenberger, Jack S. 22s Andrade, Kathleen A. 10s Bush, Nancy W. 27s Elman, Stanley A. 12s Ansley, Beth 26s, 28s Butcher, Nevine M. 7s Evans, Glyn T. 28s Appel, Marsha 12s Buthod, Craig 7s Armstrong, Evelyn W. 24s Bystrom, Marcia 3s F Armstrong, Helen Jane 4s Arnold, Barbara J. 15s, 19s Fage, Joan 17s Auli, Sara 7s Falatyk, Ruth A. 11s Aversa, Mary 9s Calcaterra, Lori 9s Fedunok, Suzanne 15s Callahan, Harriet 6s Feeney, Karen E. 9s B Carrigan, Jean 7s Field, Judith J. 6s, 14s, 28s Carrington, David K. 13s Flatness, James A. 11s Bachman, Nancy 5s Cassell, Judy 10s Flowers, Kathryn L. 13s Baer, Mark H. 26s, 28s Cattie, Mary M. 29s Fredrick, Nancy 12s Baldwin, Jerry 6s Chalmers, Barbara 8s Freedman, Phyllis D. 4s Ball, Susan 22s Chapman, Karen 9s Funkhouser, Richard L. 25s, Ballard, Robert M. 17s, 27s Cickello, Antoinette 4s 28s Banek, Barbara M. 14s Clark, Florence 6s Barnum, Sally J. 24s Clifford, Naomi 24s G Bassett, Betty A. 10s Clifton, Joe Ann 14s, 27s Gable, June R. 14s Bauer, Charles 23%25s Clough, M. Evalyn 17s, 23s Gadula, Marie A. 26s Baughman, Susan 18s, 35s Coffman, Hope 3s Gambrell, Drucilla S. 3s Bauman, Nadine 18s Cohen, Marsha 12%18s Garberino, Mary 9s Beaumont, Jane 24s Collet, Lois W. 6s Garraux, Louise 3s Becker, Barbara K. 22s Compton, Erlinda 8s Garrett, Laura 14s Bell, Margaret 13s, 19s Connor, Lynn 5s Gasaway, Laura N. 16s, 23s, 26s Bement, James H. 13s Conyngham, Margaret H. 15s Gaspari-Bridges, Patricia 8s Bendell, Beverly 24s Cooney, Jane 24s, 28s Gay, Jane E. 8s Bender, David R. 27s, 28s, 29s Coplen, Ron 26s Genesen, Judy 5s Berg, Ann T. 16s, 24s Corbin, Brenda 15s Gervino, Joan 11s Berger, Patricia W. 28s Cranston, Linda A. 8s Gibson, Robert W. Jr. 27s, 28s Berk, Robert 3s Crew-Noble, Sara M. 9s Gilbert, Mary 3s Biblo, Herbert 29s Cronin, John 3s Gillmar, Dian S. 9s, 24s Bichteler, Julie H. 22s Cross, Jennie B. 6s Ginader, George H. 21%225, Bihon, Connie L. 6s Cueljo, Katherine 17s 23% 29s Birks, Grant 17s Cullen, Matthew 16s Glascock, Mary 7s Birnbaum, Anne 7s Cunningham, Diana 3s Glaser, Rhona 17s, 20s Birschel, Dee 11s Cyr, Mariam 5s Glicksberg, Barbara 13s Blake, Martha A. 14s Goldbert, Elizabeth D. 11s Bleick, Vicky 11s Gonzales, Efren W. 23%29s Boardman, Elizabeth 10s Gordon, Marjorie 29s Dagnese, Joseph M. 21s Bohlen, Jeanne L. 4s Gorey, Marie 7s Dankert, Philip R. 11s Bolef, Doris 12s Gorman, Judith 3s Bonhomme, Mary 5s Darrah, Betsy 8s Davis, Elizabeth B. 25s, 28s Gould, Laurel 6s Boodis, Maxine 3s Graham, Margaret H. 28s Davis, Ollye G. 17s Boody, Patricia 4s Grande, Paula 14s Davis, Virginia 15s Boorkman, Jo Anne 7s Greenberg, Hinda 8s Dehart, Florence E. 17s Borbely, John F. 27s Greenwald, Camille D. 3s Delavan, Carolyn 3s Boyd, Marge 9s Griffin, Richard 13%18s Demos, Shirley 5s Braver, Norma 5s Grimes, Deirdre 10s Desoer, Jacqueline J. 22s, 24s, Breece, Nancy 5s Grosch, Audrey N. 26s 26s, 28s Breslauer, Lester M. 23s Grossman, Dave 13s Deuss, Jean 22s Brewer, Stanley E. 15s Gurnee, Riat M. 10s Broaddus, Gloria H. 25s Dillehay, Bette 15s Brooks, Margaret B. 8s Di Muccio, Mary Jo 29s H Brooks, Robert M. 22s Dinsmore, Daphne F. 10s Brown, Diane 9s Dirks, Laura 14s, 19s Hammarskjold, Carolyn 11s Mallison, Gwyneth Heynes 9% Hanks, Ellen Todd 26s Kitchens, Philip H. 13s 29s Hardnett, Carolyn J. 25s Klanian, Mary 5s Mamoulides, Aphrodite 26s Harris, Alice D. 4s Klein, Joanne S. 8s Maniscalco, Gail 11s Harris, John C. 28s Klement, Susan 29s Manning, Jo 16%20s Hart, Marion 23s Klempner, Irving 17%29s Marcotte, Frederick 4s Hartzler, Mary 5s Knauff, Elizabeth S. 12s, 25s, Marshall, Doris 26s Hecht, Judith 3s 28s Marshall, Patricia K 65,255, Heer, Lynn C. 3%23s Knego, John M. 17s 28s Hegg, Judith L. 6s Kochtanek, Thomas R. 17s 6&$$ Marsteller, Ann L. 4s Heller, Jonathan 16s Kok, John 5s Martin, Abbott 11s Henshaw, Mary H. 22s Koster, Diana 5s Martinello, Gilda 4s Hensley, Barbara 6s Kovacic, Mary Lou 25% 28s :,7$q5 Maxian, M. Bruce 28s Hewitt, Vivian D. 27%29s Kowitz, Aletha 5s Maxwell, Sheila C. 12s Hilditch, Bonnie M. 14s Kramer, Rochelle P. 4s Mayles, William 5s Hill, Linda L. 7s Kraus, Dorothy M. 11s Maynard, Betty 4s Hill, John D. 25s Krupp, Robert 27s Hill, Sara I. 12s, 28s Miles, Susan 11s Hlava, Marjorie H. K. 27s Miller, Edward P. 6s Miller, Ellen 23s Ho, Don T. 28s Ladner, Sharyn J. 4S, 16S, 20s Hoffman, Frank 17s Miller, Harold W. 12%23s Lagrutta, Charles J. 5s Miller, Jean R. 16s Hoffman, Morris 7s Lalande, Deanna 4s Holton, Tommy S. 6s Miller, Joseph A. 4s Lane, Laura 16s Miller, Julia 11s Homan, Michael 15s Lane, Robert B. 22s Honeychurch, Sallie 6s Miller, Tracey 9s Lane, Sandra G. 15s Minton, James 0. 13s Horst, Karen 12%18s Laplante, Kasey 9s Hoskins, Pat 75 Mirsky, Phyllis 28s Larsgaard, Mary 28s Mistaris, Evangeline 16s Howden, Dr. Norman 17s Larson, Signe E. 28s Huang, Nancy W. 13s Mitchell, Carolyn 10s Lathrop, Irene M. 8s Moffa, Monica 5s Hudson, Jean 15s Lawrence, Philip D. 3s Hughes, Kathy 5s Molholt, Pat 29s Leary, William H. 16%20s Mooney, Shirley E. 15s Hughes, Susan K. 15s Le Clerc, Paquerette 14s Moore, Edythe 29s Hull, Thomas V. 14s Legault, Jeanne Rollin 11s Huq, A. M. Abdul 17s Moore, John R. 13s Leister, Jack 22s, 23s Moore, M. Elizabeth 22% 26s, Hutchins, Carol 9s Lenroot-Ernt, Lois 65 Hutchinson, Cindy 9s 27s Leonard, James W. 15s, 16s, 20s Morris, Caroline S. 27s Leonard, Lawrence E. 17s Morris, Theodore Allan 4s Lester, Lorraine 9s Mount, Ellis 17%25s Imhof, Peter 14s Leuzinger, Nancy 8s Mowery, M. Kay 10s. 16s Irons, Carol Ann 5s Levin, Marc A. 9s Mullin, Mary Frances 6s Levinton, Juliette J. 7s Mundstock, Aileen 13s Lindsay, Muriel 9s Munger, N. Terry 23s Link, Margaret M. 12s Murphy, M. "Jims" 17%22s Jack, Robert S. 5s Liu, Rosa 17s Murphy, Mary 13%19% 29s Jackson, Eugene B. 17s Logan, Darryl 7s Musgrove, Nancy 15s Jaillite, Joyce Ann 12s Long, Kathleen A. 3s Janiak, Jane M. 17s Loucks, Cami L. 28s, 29s Jensen, Joseph E. 3% 27s Lovelock, Marty 17s Johnson, Jo Ann 4s Lucchetti, Stephen C. 6s Neff, William B. 14s Johnson, Marilyn K. 22s Lynott, Nancy 6s Neilson, Ann 15s Johnson, Maryls J. 6s Newton, Bill 10s Johnstone, Lydia 0. 12s Norton, Myra 22s Jones, Bernice R. 25s McCauley, Betty 8s Jones, Catherine A. 11s McCleary, William E. 14s Jones, Thomasina 25s McCord, Elizabeth J. 6s Oberts, Kristin K. 12s, 18s McCrea, Maureen 8s O'Hara, Carolyn 14s McDavid, Michael 10s Olsen, Charles 24s Kane, John F. 27s McDonald, Ethel Q. 10s Olsen, James L. Jr. 23s Kaske, Neal K. 26s McDonald, Susan 10s Olson, Rue E. 13s, 26s Kasman, Dorothy 21s, 23s McDonell, Ellen 6s O'Mahoney, Beth 27s Kaushagen, Beverly 3s McFall, Jane V. 14s Oyler, Pat 17s Keim, Julia E. 10s McGarry, Dorothy 15s Keller, Mildred B. 12s McKell, Linda 9s Kelley, Ardie 11s McKibben. Bernice C. 17s Kelley, Cornelia A. 16% 2% McKiernan, Gerald 7s Pabst, Kathleen T. 14s 28s McLaughlin, Dorothy 8s Pancake, Edwina "Didi" 22s Kelly, Kay 9s McQuaid, Ann 8s Patton, Johnn, Jr. 5s, 25s, 28s Kiersky, Loretta J. 28s, 29s Magnuson, Barbara 12s, 13s, Pavlin, Stephanie 10s King, David E. 25s 16s, 20s Perkins, Virginia H. 16s Perks, Ruth E. 29s Schulman, Jacquelynn 1Is Thompson, Connie 1Is Perron, Linda 4s Schwerzel, Sharon 3s Thompson, James A. 3s Perry, Barbara T. 24s Schwinn, Gerald A. 11s Tierney, Clifford L. Jr. 11s Peterson, Barbara J. 12s Seal, Robert A. 26s, 28s Tighe, Ruth L. 28s Petrie, Claire 7s Segal, Joan S. 9s, 12s Tolson, Stephanie 9s Petru, William C. 16s. 24s Seide, Sharon 3s Tomoyasu, Christine F. 4s Pfeiffer, Katherine N. 16s, 20s Seidman, Ruth K. 3s Treude, Mai 13s Phillpot, Clive 29s Self, David A. 26s Trimble, Kathleen 15s Phillips, Brian 22s Selzer, Nancy S. 8s, 29s Trivedi, Harish 15s Phillips, Linda 11s Seng, Mary 10s Trombitas, Ildiko 15s Piermatti, Patricia 29s Shackleton, Susie 12s Tucker, Debbie 4s Pierobon, Nancy 22s Sherman, Dottie 4s, 15s Turner, Betty 6s Piety, John S. 4s Sherwin, Nancy H. 4s Plate, Kenneth 17s Shupe, Barbara 5s U Pollak, Sally 10s Shuster, Suzanna 10s, 19s Poole, Ann 17s Sieburth, Janice F. 8s Ubaldini, Michael 23s Pope, Nolan F. 13s Sierecki, Joan 9s Power, Mary F. 16s Sievert, Mary Ellen 6s Pratchett, Patricia 10s Simmons, Leslie 7s Prendergast, Tom 16s Simpkins, Marsi 10s Vance, Julia M. 14s Presslar, Gail 10s Simpson, Nancy R. 13s Vasilakis, Mary 21s, 25s, 26s, Simpson, Rolly 7s, 15s 27s Q Sirkin, Arlene Farber 11s Vipond, Sharon 24s, 25s Skerritt, Elizabeth 7s Viskochil, Larry A. 16s Quinn Frances 14s, 19s Slamkowski, Donna 6s Vitriol, Malvin 7s Slivka, Enid 27s Volk, Mary Jane 8s Slocum, Leslie 12s Raines, Elaine 3s Smith, Linda C. 17s, 27s W Rainey, Laura J. 16s Smith, Ruth 24s Wagenveld, Linda M. 1 Is Rasmussen, Lise 5s Smith, Ruth S. 29s Waite, Marjory A. 4s Ray, Kenlee 24s Smith, Valerie 5s Walker, Celine 22s Reardon, Theodora 5s Smith, Yvonne 8s Walker, Richard D. 17s Reed, Janet S. 12s Sommer, Ronald R. 27s, 29s Wallace, Richard 22s Reid, Richard 5s Sondag, Pauline A. 11s Walsh, E. Elizabeth 17s Reilly, Catherine R. 12s, 18s Spaulding, Frank H. 14s Walton, Larry 19s Reilly, S. Kathleen 10s Speer, Deborah 6s Warpeha, Rita C. 16s Reeves, Sharon Stewart 9s Spence, Linda 14s, 19s Wayman, Sally 3s Renford, Beverly 3s Sperling, Robert 25s Webster, James K. 24% 28s Reynen, Richard G. 6s Springer, Sandra 4s Weitzel, Jacqueline N. 8s Rice, Barbara 11s Starr, Susan 9s Wells, Gladysann 22s, 24s Richardson, Donna 7s Stallings, Elizabeth A. Ils, 16s West, Janice E. 14s Richardson, Marie S. 16s Stark, Marilyn 9s Westenberger, Jane W. 11s Richter, John Henry 28s, 29s Steininger, Ellen 22s Wezeman, Frederick 17s Rigney, Janet 21s, 22s, 23s, 25s, Stepeck, Sue 12s White, Herbert S. 17s 27s Stephens, Gretchen 14s, 19s Whitten, Joseph N. 17s Roberts, Victoria 24s Stephens, John R. 9s Wiant, Sarah K. 28s Robertson, W. Davenport 13s Stern, Joan 10s Wiggins, Gary 12s Robinson, Barbara M. 28s Sternberg, Virginia 26s Wilhite, Carolyn A. 6s Rodeffer, Georgia 7s Steinke, Cynthia 16s Williams, Faye D. 11s Roe, Maureen M. 27s Sterns, Zane 15s Williams, Janet 8s Roper, Fred 27s Stokes, Esther M. 17s Winiarz, Elizabeth 4s Ross, Johanna C. 10s Strauss, Diane 7s Wise, Suzanne 13s, 18s, 27s Roumfort, Susan B. 24s Stuehrenberg, Suzanne 13s Wolverton, Janet M. 8s Russell, John 5s Stursa, Mary Lou 14s Wood, Ellen D. 9s Russell, Lee 4s Sutliff, Sandra A. 12s Wood, Mary D. 4s, 15s' 20s Rutkowski, Hollace 23s Suvak, Nancy J. 14s Woodruff, Bill 3s Ryan, Terry 10s Swanigan, Meryl 22s Wright, Nancy D. 11s Ryken, Margaret G. 12s Sweeney, Del 3s, 25s Sweeting, Sharon 14s, 19s Swerdlove, Dorothy L. 29s Sze, Melanie C. 4s Yerkey, A. Neil 17s Salm, Kay E. 10s Yoder. Suzanne 4s Sanfilippo, Viti Jane 8s Savage, G. Sue 13s Schachter, Bert 6s, 27s Talcott, Ann 6s Schatzberg, Meryl27s Taylor, Betty 28s Zamora, Gloria J. 9s Scheeder, Donna W. 16s Tchobanoff, James B. 13s, 22s Ziko, Atef 0. 29s Schmidt, Mary Ann 11s Tees, Miriam H. 175, 23s Zipper, Marsha 7s Schonbrun, Rena 13s Thomas, Lou 25s Zoccola, Donna M. 8s PUBLISHED APRIL 1981 Your Most Important Reference in Kee~ingPace with Toduy's Dramatic

Who's Who in Technology Today (Second ~dition) The completely cross-indexed modem reference that focuses on the nation's leaders in modern science and technology. It contains up-to-the- minute concise information on "who's doing what" and "who knows what" in thousands of today's most important technical areas. This vastly expanded Second Edition is a major compendium of vital information arranged for instant access. An advanced computer-generated "Keyword in Context" (KWIC) cross-referencing system with over 50,000 entries pinpoints specific LC - 80-644137 ISBN 0-933980-07-8 information within seconds. Compiled in 7 complete volumes, with over :lOM) fact-filled pages, this major reference contains up-to-the-minuteinformation that's invaluable to your patrons in locating: The nation's leading technologists in Industrial support for continuing intlust ry and ;~c.;~tlt.mia univt.rsity rcwb;~rc'hprograms (';indidwtc.s for high.. 1t.vt.l tc.i*hnic.alstaff 'l'twhnical ;~uthoritic.s.ronsultants, vacancies expert witnesses, and more PRICE I'OK'PHP; C'OMPl,KrPP;7-VOIALJMK k;SSENTIAL FOR SCIENCp: ANI) s~'r-$:l90.00 TECHNOLOGY LIBRARIES l'h~scdut~on has heen spec~fic;~llv Order directly from the pu1)lisher or through your puhllshcd for h~day'sSri-Tech 1.ihrarues. regular bookseller. (Return within :10 days if not To detr over :),XU1 volumes have been. totally satisfied.) shipped toCOKI'OKATE 1.IHKAHILS. GOVI.:RNMENT IJHKAKIES. IJNIVER- STY I.IHKARIE:S. PIJHIJC' I,IHRAUIES and others. WHO'S WHO IN TEC'HN0IA)GY 'I'echnology Recognition Corporation TOIIAY has been featured in numerous science and technrhgy publications. in 1382 Old Freeport Road addition to the I.IHKARY JOURNAI. and Pittsburgh, Pa 15238 THE WAI.I.STREE:T JOURNAI.. Your patrons wull he asking for this For your convenience, edition toassist them in obtaining current information on a hroad spectrum ofsuhject. please call our Toll Free Number involving modern science and terhnology. 1-800-245-2958 I (IN PA CALI, 4 12-9K5-6757) 1982 edition just published!

Encyclopedia1)

16th Edition Over 9O0Io of the entries in the 16th edition have been revised to reflect new addresses, phone numbers, executive names, or other important items of information. For over 25 years EA has been the standard reference book for locating those associations that information seekers turn to for highly qualified sources. The new, 1982 edition tells you exactly whom to write, phone, or visit for information too fresh to appear in books and periodicals. Reviewers Vol. 1 National Organizations of the U.S. Describes 15,400 organizations in 17 subject categories. En- Praise Ed tries give official name of group, popular name or acronym, Reference and Subscription address, phone number, chief executive, number of wembers, Books Reviews: "Indispensable. committees, publications, convention schedule, and more. . . As a result of the work's current With massive 47,000-line keywordlalphabetical index. and extefisive coverage and the con- 1,600~~.ISBN 0-81 03-01 44-X. $1 35.00. tinuing hlgh demand for the type of Vol. 2 Geographic and Executive Indexes data found in the Encyclopedia of As- sociations, it remains one of the mort Listings in both indexes give organization name, chief execu- useful and essential titles in any li- tive, address, phone number, and the entry number of the bra~l'sreference coll~ction." (Book- more detailed organization entry in Volume 1. 900pp. ISBN list, April 1, 1979) 0-81 03-01 45-8. $120.00. Vol. 3 New Associations and Projects American Reference Books An- nual 1981: "This is the only com- An inter-edition, cumulatively indexed supplement that re- prehensive source of detailed informa- ports on new groups concerned with the latest problems and tion concerning American national, ideas. ISBN 0-8103-0130-X. Subscription, $135.00. nonprofit membership organizations. . . . This well known reierence set is EA is available on Standing Order. (5% discount for heavily used in almost ali iibraries." Standing Orders.) All Gale books are sent on 90-day approval. Customers outside the l!S. and Canada add 10% WeResearch Company Book Tower Detroit. MI 48226