International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

1 Global Traffic: Discourses and Practices of Trade in English Literature and Culture from 1550 to 1700 (review) DR. ASHOK KUMAR, ASSTT. PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF ENGLISH, G. C. SATNALI DR. SANEH LATA, ENGLISH TEACHER, G. M. S. REWASA MONIKA, RESEARCH SCHOLAR, Singhania University, Pacheri Bari (Raj.) Abstract In the century and a half after 1550, England experienced a variety of economic and cultural changes in the wake of its expanding international trade. This period saw developments as diverse as joint stock companies, advanced map-making techniques, and the creation of maritime insurance to protect investors. But, as this volume makes clear, the changes in the period were more broadly cultural than technological. Building on recent work exploring the place of England within developing systems of global exchange, Global Traffic illuminates the myriad ways that trade became increasingly central not just to the economy but to the changing self-imagination of the English nation. In its varied explorations of travel, exploration, emergent nationalism, imperialism, and incipient colonialism in the early modern period, this collection clarifies the epistemological and discursive shifts through which the abstract world of trade became increasingly central to the wider English culture. In the first section on the new epistemologies of trade, Daniel Vitkus sets the scene by exploring how the overseas maritime trade, underwritten by investors in London, spread over the globe, and how this new global role of the English nation was remained on the London stage.

2 Indian Roads, Traffic Problems and The Common Man Rekha Bai, Rersearch Scholar Singhania University, Pacheri Bari (Raj) SUNITA KUMARI, EXTENSION LECTURER, BAIJNATH COLLEGE, NANGAL CHAUDHARY Abstract is a country with the second largest road network in the world. Out of the total stretch of 5.4 million km of road network, almost 97,991 km is covered by national highways. It is already a huge challenge for the Indian government to provide world-class roads, due to the sheer magnitude. To add to it, India has to spend almost around ₹20,000 to ₹30,000 crore on the maintenance of roads every year. The reason behind this is the increase in the private vehicle ownership and the overburdening of roads in all major cities of the country. For an average Indian youth owning a two-wheeler, driving on any of the major Indian cities, is equivalent to waging a daily war. The everyday struggle and effort of dodging traffic, pollution and rash drivers is the biggest cause of chronic stress and many physiological problems. On an average, a person spends anywhere between 30 minutes to two hours of their day driving. Which means, in a year, it is almost 360 hours. Imagine the kind of stress and unnecessary burden the person is putting on their body. In a country already full of numerous lifestyle-related diseases, the driving and traffic problems is an unnecessary addition. If India has to maintain its growth, it will require around 15,000 km of new expressways in the coming 10-12 years. The National Highway Authority of India, along with the local corporations, have to work really hard to achieve this target. But this might not be possible if the citizens of the country continue to abuse

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) the roads and traffic rules across the nation. The government mechanism, as well as the citizens, needs to work in tandem, if India wants to see any improvement in traffic and eventually in the lives of the citizens.

3 Urban Transport and Traffic Management - For Sustainable Transport Development in Udaipur City of Dr. L R. Patel, Professor, Department of Geography, J R N Rajasthan Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Udaipur (Rajasthan) Abstract The study is of great importance at present due to the bad state of traffic management in Udaipur city in Rajasthan. The Udaipur city is known for tourism, education, medical facilities, marble industries etc., and the automobiles has been on the rise in the urban area of Udaipur. With the increasing urbanization, the complexity of the problems has multiplied in the city. The economic activities and increase in the income by the public generate large income posing a problem of traffic flow in Udaipur city. The motorized vehicles in the city have been increasing day-to-day . While the improper planning and maintenance of transport has lead to spreading of congestion, accidents, flow of traffic etc., The state of traffic management technologies is still at a primitive level. A clear framework for traffic operations is necessary towards traffic delays, congestion, and parking and management functions. The unplanned urban growth has brought traffic problem in the urban area of Udaipur. The technological revolution especially in transportation has brought changes in the life style on the urban area. Without the formulated goals and objectives especially in traffic management, may be counterproductive. This paper has provided the traffic management related to time delay, congestion, parking and framework of operations identifying the clear vision and mission statements for the future. The main focus of the framework is to identify traffic management viz. accessibility and mobility, safety and security, economy and environment. The planners have a greater challenging role to play in the present context where social planning and adopting new technology on traffic and transport is given utmost importance. In future, for the overall development of the country like India, it is important that transport infrastructure, of which road traffic is a very important part, should be made state-of-the- art. This makes the study very valid in the present conditions. Key words: congestion, terminus, predicting, utmost, planning, infrastructure

4 Decongesting Traffic of National Capital Region (NCR): A Case Study of Ms. Priya, M. A. II Semester, Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait, Associate Prof. Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram Abstract The National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) notified by MoUD states the objective that the goal of mobility in cities is on moving more people rather than vehicles more efficiently. Congestion caused by vehicles is a major problem in Delhi. Several newspapers, with the help of subject experts, highlighted the issue of congestion and

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) pollution in Delhi and tried to bring the issue to the forefront. Master Plan of Delhi (MPD) 2021 notes that the period between 1981 and 2001 and subsequently 2011 has seen a phenomenal increase in the growth of vehicles and traffic in Delhi. Besides the above, Delhi has developed as a seamless city with an urban continuum comprising of a number of rapidly growing towns in and UP. This has added to the flow and movement of traffic within Delhi. Despite measures by way of increasing the length of the road network and road surface space through widening, construction of a number of flyovers / grade separators and, launching of the Metro, the traffic congestion has continued to increase unabated. Metro is currently about 211Km long with another 300Km under various stages of construction (Phase III) and planning (Phase IV) and carries about 26 lakh passengers per day. Buses in Delhi carry about 52 lakh passengers per day. In spite of this, Delhi faces huge congestion issues. This has its inevitable consequences in terms of accidents, pollution, commuting time, and wasteful energy / fuel consumption (Data Source: DMRC). In addition, Delhi has lost the air quality gains of its first generation action that included large scale conversion of public transport buses and three wheelers to natural gas, relocation of polluting industries and improvement in emissions standards for vehicles among others. This is largely because of the explosive increase in vehicle numbers due to increased dependence on personal vehicles in the absence of adequate, comfortable and efficient public transport services and walking and cycling facilities. Air pollution levels have worsened in recent times. Both particulate levels (PM 10 and PM 2.5) as well as nitrogen oxides are increasing steadily in Delhi's air. The present study is an attempt to study the present scenario of the traffic congestion and the steps taken by the respective governments to decongest traffic. Keywords: Accidents, congestion, public, fuel, pollution, traffic, wastage

5 Traffic Management and Sustainable Development: Role of Auto-Rickshaw Sector Ms. Neelu Chandaur, M. A. II Semester, Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait, Associate Prof. Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram Abstract Since the introduction of auto-rickshaws in India in the late 1950s, these vehicles have become an indispensable aspect of urban mobility for millions of people. Auto rickshaws play a vital and vibrant role in India’s urban transport systems. Yet they also represent a very improvisational and increasingly inefficient sector – and they are getting lost in the changing dynamics of urban mobility in India. Today, with increasing urban populations, there is growth in demand for urban transport, growth in private motorization and a decline in public transport share. How do auto rickshaws fit in and have a role that is efficient – for both the operators and their passengers? And how can these three-wheeled wonders contribute to urban transport sustainability – through both reductions in emissions and safety for everyone on the roads? As the demand for urban transport increases in India, so too does the popularity of the auto rickshaw. Production of this type of motorized three-wheeler has doubled between 2003 and 2010. In major Indian cities, it is responsible for a significant share of motorized trips. Strategies to improve urban

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) transport must include a policy vision for this increasingly important sector. To that end, this paper examines the role the auto-rickshaw sector can play in promoting sustainable urban transport in India. It develops a policy vision for this sector and presents recommendations on reforms to address sustainability challenges. In 2011, nearly 350 million people lived in Indian cities. More than 300 million new residents will join them over the next few decades to become part of the new urban India. This population boom will stress an already-pressured urban infrastructure system, especially with regard to transportation. Indeed, Indian cities have become synonymous with congestion, noise, and air pollution. Each year, 135,000 people die in traffic crashes on Indian roads. Currently, India has 120 million vehicles, a number that is steadily growing. In 2010, outdoor air pollution contributed to more than 620,000 premature deaths. Plus, urban transport’s energy use and greenhouse gas emissions are set to increase almost seven-fold in the next 20 years. This trend is clearly not sustainable if India’s city residents want to have any sort of quality of life in the future. In order to reverse course, the country must begin scaling sustainable transport and ensuring that it is integrated with land development. This paper examines the role the auto-rickshaw sector can play in promoting sustainable urban transport in India. It develops a policy vision for this sector and presents recommendations on reforms to address sustainability challenges. Keywords: Auto-rickshaw, policy, population, safety, sustainable, transportation, vision

6 GIS Based Transport Management in Gurugram City Preeti Devi (Student), M. A. Geography II Semester Govt. College for Girls, Sector- 14, Gurugram Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait, Associate Professor (Geography) Govt. College for Girls, Sector -14, Gurugram Manish M. Sc. (Geography), B. Ed. First Year Modern College of Education, Meerpur (District-) Abstract With rapid urbanization and population growth, the need for effective management of transportation and logistics requirements are increasing day to day. While number of vehicles is steadily increasing, availability of land resources for building new means of commutation is depleting. To effectively address these challenges, transportation professionals worldwide have discovered and embraced GIS as an important tool in managing, planning, evaluating and maintaining transportation system.With GIS, information from planning process can be brought into the design process and easily carried over into other areas. Gains in both employee productivity and transportation system performance are made possible by the unique ability of GIS to integrate with a wide variety of technologies. Transport organization benefit by making use of the resultant information throughout their enterprise for better decision making.The road network in Gurugram is huge more than 1979 kilometers of road length with 86 kilometers national highways, 54 kilometers of state highways and 51 kilometers MDR and ODR 498 kilometers, operates in vastly different social, economic and climatic environments. The planning and management of such a huge network in the country has been primarily done at two levels (i) national, (ii) local level. This paper defines the major problems of Gurugram Transform System and how GIS supports for improving the

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) transport system in this city. This paper tries to attempt how GIS supports end- to- end transportation infrastructure life cycle. Gurugram highway maintenance management is a critical issue, which can be better harnessed using GIS. This paper defines major application for highway maintenance in Gurugram city. These applications included highway maintenance, traffic modeling, accident analysis, and route planning and environment assessment of road schemes. Keywords: Transportation, Urbanization, Applications, Management, GIS

7 Road Traffic Congestion: Monitoring and Measurement using Active RFID and GSM Technology Dr.Rajeev Yadav Prof. CSE, RPSCET, Balana Mohindergarh, Ms. Ekta Yadav Research Scholar, BPSMV Khanpur Abstract In this paper, we present an intelligent Traffic Congestion Monitoring & Measurement System called Traffic Monitor to monitor and measure the road traffic congestions using probe vehicle. The concept of probe vehicle has come up in recent times for collecting real time traffic data. Our system provides an easy platform to analyze the traffic movement and congestion pattern. Traffic Monitor is a rapidly deployable, cost-effective and easily maintainable traffic congestion monitoring & measurement system that combines active RFID (based on IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, 2.4 GHz ISM band) and GSM technologies. The congestion detection algorithm is based upon calculation of vehicular speed over a stretch of road and the average waiting time of vehicles at roadcrossing. Besides providing a complete description of our system and the concepts developed, the paper also provides a comprehensive description of on-road test results to support our concepts. We also provide a detailed description of all the field trials conducted, various traffic data gathered and finally the conclusions derived from such data. Government agencies, especially traffic control department, may use this system for realtime congestion monitoring by installing the system with probe vehicles. Road research organizations and NGOs may use this for studying and analyzing traffic mobility and congestion patterns. Keywords: Probe vehicle, Active RFID, GSM

8 The Role of ICT in Monitoring and Solving Traffic Issues Dr. Manisha Kumari, Assistant Professor of Geography G.C.W. () Abstract The growing cities leading to the problem of traffic congestion, which has discernable effects on all the aspects of sustainability, be it social, environmental or economical. This paper is to examine the influence of information and communication technology (ICT) in traffic. The main focus of the research is on the quality and quantity of ICT solutions that will have an influence on transportation system. It is necessary to suggest that ICT innovations that will help state that their performance can most effectively reduce traffic accidents and reduce fuel consumption. The knowledge and use of ICT in the modern world is one of the basic elements of the literacy and the culture of man. Information technologies are represented in all fields of society and science, including the traffic and

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) transport. Traffic demand is growing steadily in the whole world and today the authorities are forced with daily challenges, such as the road and the time spent in travelling. The general problem of traffic congestion that occurs on the city networks all over the world cannot be effectively solved without information’s about factors of transportation system, important for making decisions of control managers. Management operation and maintenance of expensive and more and more complex elements of transport infrastructure, as well as their complex interactions with other subsystems and technological and physical environment presents a relatively simple request that is successfully answered with the available GIS technology. Today we have access to any data from any point of the world. There is a growing need to use this data and information with a holistic view to build more intelligent transport system. Key Words: Traffic, ICT, Transport, Road, Challenges, technology, system.

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10 Modeling the Effects of Traffic Congestion on Economic Activities - Accidents, Fatalities and Casualties Sangeeta Yadav Research Scholar, Deptt. of Economics IGU, Meerpur , Rewari Dr. Satish Kumar, Asst. Prof. Deptt. of Economics IGU , Meerpur , Rewari Abstract Congestion is mainly caused by a desire for people to drive their cars coupled with a failure by constitute authorities to check and balance various indices and factors that contribute to incessant number of vehicles, road maintenance and traffic regulations. If sufficient investment is made to ensure affordable public transport options, implement vehicle regulatory and a better infrastructure the incidence of congestion would decrease in the society. Growing traffic and number of registered vehicles in urban areas are linked

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) with a growing number of accidents and fatalities, especially in the society. Accidents account for a significant share of recurring delays. As traffic increases, people feel less safe to use the roads. It is observed that traffic congestion in the urban centers could be viewed in mandatory daily trips such as workplace, home or voluntary. Mandatory as the name implies is often performed within fixed schedules while voluntary is based on the person’s decision to embark on such trip at any given point in time. In many places, persons along for the ride are forced away from public transport by the private companies. Increasing fare prices, especially on the trains, make driving a car with its associated high fuel costs cheaper than public transport. By pushing people back to their cars again they only exasperate the congestion problem. These situations necessitate the need to model the causes and effects of traffic congestions based on the number of vehicle registrations and casualties. Keywords: Fatalities, Accidents, Casualties, Congestions, Significance, Regression, Correlation, Traffic

11 A NEW LOOK AT THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROBLEM Ms. Poonam Kapoor, Assistant Professor Govt. College Jatauli, Haily Mandi, Distt. Gurugram Abstract A city is a complex system which consists of many interdependent subsystems where traffic system is one of its important subsystems. Traffic is a social issue of enormous economic and environmental importance. Traffic management is a major concern. It is the organization and control of both stationary and moving traffic i.e. pedestrians, bicyclists and other types of vehicles. Previous traffic management systems are not capable enough to tackle this growth of traffic on the road networks. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a smart traffic management system. The new technology which will take less time and less cost as compared to other methods of traffic management. The use of this new technology will lead to reduced traffic congestion. Keywords: Traffic management, congestion

12 Problems Associated with Traffic Congestion in Gurugram City: A Geographical Analysis Ms. Apoorva Mathur, B. A. Geography (Honours) & M.A. (Geography) Ms. Jyotsana Chauhan, B. A. Geography (Honours) & M.A. Final (Geography) Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait, Associate Professor (Geography) Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram Abstract Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing. Traffic, now a days has become a vital problem facing by the people living in Gurugram. The millennium city, every day the problem of traffic congestion occurs due to overcrowding in the city, this is considered as the major problem of city. The city of Gurugram serves as the hinterland to its peripheral areas. The villages and towns of district and its sub-divisions like , Pataudu-Haileymandi, and are largely dependent on Gurugram City for most of the services. The

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) moment you enter in Gurugram Municipal boundary, you are bound to face heavy traffic congestion. Traffic management during peak hours is the worst because every single person is travelling by using their own vehicles and this turns into problem of traffic congestion as use of public transport is very limited. The passenger commuting on the connecting road to adjoining areas daily face heavy traffic near Hero Honda Chowk, Golf Course, Meharauli road, Sohna road, road. The main reasons of congestion in the old Gurugram is mismanagement of traffic, heavy encroachment on the road by shopkeeper and auto-rickshaw stands, multiplicity of vehicles, no proper parking space, daily commuting of people in search of jobs, better educational facilities, better medical facilities, better lifestyle, people are shifting from rural areas to urban areas and this is severely affecting existing transport infrastructure. Traffic Congestion not only affecting environment, but also a total wastage of natural and human resources, because people have to burn their vehicle fuel unnecessarily, wastage of time and putting their health on the risk due to polluted air and anxiety. There is an urgent need of overhauling of roads and specially near the General Bus Stand, Gurugram as the city has witnessed sea change in the development in its physical restructuring over the last past 25 year. There is an attempt in the present study to research traffic congestion problems and suggest possible solutions for the future transport planning. Keywords: Congestion, health, hinterland, infrastructure, mismanagement, pollution, resources,

13 Sustainable Transport Management - A case study of Gurugram-Manesar Urban Complex Ms. Kusumlata, Student, Department of Geography Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait, Associate Professor, Department of Geography Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram, Haryana-INDIA Abstract In our ever changing world, more people are living in urban areas than in rural areas, with more than half of the world’s population residing in urban areas today. In 1950, only 30 per cent of the world’s population was urban, and by 2050, 66 per cent of the world’s population is projected to be urban. Today, the most urbanized regions include Northern America, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Europe. In contrast, Africa and Asia remain mostly rural as more than half of the population is living in rural areas. All regions are expected to urbanize further over the coming decades, but Africa and Asia are urbanizing faster than the other regions and are projected to cross fifty percent by 2050. Indian cities are also growing very rapidly, but a cyber town of Haryana is making strides in the sustainable urban development. The primary growth of Gurugram town dates back to the 1972, when its name emerged on the world map with the setting up of world fame Maruti Industry with the collaboration of Suzuki Company of Japan. Case study of Gurugram - Manesar Urban Complex (name suggested in the District Development Plan), which is known for Automobile Industries, Modern Commercial Malls, Towers of Cyber Parks, the only city of India with rapid metro network, good infrastructural development, software development and good example of sustainable urban development. As the industrial and financial centre of Haryana, this city has witnessed the third largest increase in per capita incomes in India (after and Mumbai). Almost 45-48 per

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) cent of Haryana’s revenue accrues from Gurugram by way of excise duty, sales tax, stamp duty and registration. This is the hub of the prolific and massive real estate development that is happening in the state today. The superfast growth of this town is basically due to its prime location on the National Highway Number 8, its close vicinity to the Indira Gandhi International Airport, which is just 4 kilometers from this town and is well linked with all capitals of the world through airways. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study transport network and connectivity with the National Capital Delhi and other town. Keywords: Collaboration, Network, Transport, Real Estate, Sustainable Urbanisation

14 Problems in the Urban Environment: Traffic Congestion and Its Effects Ms. Preeti Singla, M. A. IV Semester Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait, Associate Professor Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram Abstract The primary growth of Gurugram town dates back to the 1972, when its name emerged on the world map with the setting up of world fame Maruti Industry with the collaboration of Suzuki Company of Japan. Maruti was established in February 1981 with production starting in 1983 with the Maruti 800, based on the Suzuki Alto kei car. Indian cities are also growing very rapidly, but the cyber town of Haryana is making strides in the sustainable urban development. Gurugram, which is known for Automobile Industries, Modern Commercial Malls, Towers of Cyber Parks, the only city of India with rapid metro network, good infrastructural development, software development and good example of sustainable urban development. But after this entire city has very poor traffic management. Traffic management during peak hours is the worst because every single person is travelling by using their own vehicles and this turns into problem of traffic congestion as use of public transport is very limited. Mismanagement of traffic, heavy encroachment on the road by shopkeeper and auto- rickshaw stands, multiplicity of vehicles, no proper parking space, daily commuting of people in search of jobs, better educational facilities, better medical facilities, better lifestyle, people are shifting from rural areas to urban areas and this is severely affecting existing transport infrastructure. Traffic Congestion not only affecting environment, but also a total wastage of health and wealth. People got stuck in the traffic congestion and thereby wasting precious man-work-hours, mental peace, social harmony, fuel consumption and delay in delivery of goods and service. People are forced to burn their vehicle fuel and putting their and others health on the risk due to polluted air and anxiety. In this study, an attempt has been made to study present scenario of the traffic congestion and steps taken by the respective governments to decongest traffic since the opening of Maruti Udhyog Limited. Keywords: Affect, cyber, congestion, industry, malls, pollution, wastage

15 यातायात क समया और समाधान Dr. Surender Asst Prof in Commerce, Govt. P.G. College Sector-9 Gurugram Swapan Kumar Asst Prof in Economics, Govt. College Sidhrawali Abstract www.ijrisat.com , [email protected], [email protected],[email protected] +91-8901290473 whatsapp & call Page 9

International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

यातायात या ैफक हमारे जीवन का वह हसा है। जो हमारे िज़दगी को और आसान बनाता है। यातायात के वारा आज हम लबी दरु भी आसानी से कम समय म तय कर लेते है। मानव ने हर े म अभूतपूव वकास कया है। िजसम यातायात भी एक है। पहले यातायात के लए वभन साधन जैसे बैलगाड़ी, घोड़ागाड़ी व मानव वारा बनाई गए पानी म तैरने वाले छोटे जहाज का योग कया जाता था। परत ु अब मानवीय वकास के फलवप यातायात के साधन इतने वकसत हो गए है। क इनके बना हम अपनी िज़दगी क कपना भी नह कर सकते यक हम इनके आद हो चकेु है। आज 21वी सद म मानव ने यातायात के तीन मुख साधन दए है – वायु यातायात, जल यातायात व सड़क यातायात। वायु यातायात वान के चमकार का एक ऐसा उदाहरण है। िजसने पय क तरह हवा म उड़ने वाला हवाईजाहज बनाकर याा को कतना सुगम और आसान बना दया है। इसी तरह बड़े बड़े गहरे समुदरो पर भी यातायात सुगम व रोमांचक बना दया है। इनम सडक यातायात सबसे यादा स व सुवधाजनक यातायात होता है। यातायात के नयम का ान नह होने से कई तरह से दघटनाएु हो सकती है। अतः सभी को यातायात के नयम क परू जानकार व उनक पालना करनी चाहए। यातायात साधन का पूण लाभ हम तभी ले सकते है। जब उसे हम सह ढंग से उपयोग कर। आज अगर हम वछ वातावरण रखगे तभी भावी पीढ को वछ वातावरण दे पाएंगे ।

16 ROLE OF AWARENESS IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Amarjeet, Asst. Professor of Physics, J.V.M.G.R.R. COLLEGE, CH. DADRI Abstract Awareness about traffic management plays an important role in our life. Awareness gives its contribution to its efforts to foster road safety knowledge. Education and awareness measures, such as road safety campaigns, road safety information days and community outreach programme continue to influence the attitudes and behaviors of all road users. The education of children and adolescents as future road users and drivers are a particular concern for the traffic management department with its emphasis on road use as a lifelong learning process. The traffic management aims to reduce the number of children affected in road accidents through a range of measures including better road safety education for motorists and children as well. Introducing school based road safety education can instill safe attitudes of young people early which will protect them later in life. Including the parents as the major role models children imitate is important in this context. Road safety awareness is an important tool to communicate with the road users in the traffic management. It’s aims is to safe driving tips for example, on the distractive effect of using a mobile phone when driving or what to do when experiencing symptoms of fatigue. Traffic management saves our important life and valuable time daily. The driver plays a key role in road safety and traffic management. Even the most advanced safety technology will not offer protection if drivers are not aware about traffic management. Keywords: Traffic Management, Road Safety, Driving rule, Education etc.

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

17 Congestion costs incurred on Indian Roads: A case study for NCR Delhi Param Jeet Kaur, Research Scholar, Singhania University, Abstract We conduct a preliminary investigation into the levels of congestion in Delhi, motivated by concerns due to rapidly growing vehicular congestion in Indian cities. First, we provide statistical evidence for the rising congestion levels on the roads of Delhi from taxi GPS traces. Then, we estimate the economic costs of congestion in New Delhi. In particular, we estimate the marginal and the total costs of congestion. In calculating the marginal costs, we consider the following factors: (i) productivity loss, (ii) air pollution costs, and (iii) costs due to accidents. In calculating the total costs, in addition to the above factors, we also estimate the costs due to the wastage of fuel. We also project the associated costs due to productivity loss and air pollution till 2030. The projected traffic congestion costs for New Delhi comes around 14658 million US$/yr for the year 2030. The key takeaway from our current study is that costs due to productivity loss, particularly from buses, dominate the overall economic costs. Additionally, the expected increase in fuel wastage makes a strong case for intelligent traffic management systems. Index Terms—road congestion, marginal cost, total cost, projections.

18 TRAFFIC GRIDLOCK AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF OLD GT ROAD PALWAL SAJAL SINGH, RESEARCH SCHOLAR, DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ABSTRACT In developing countries, road traffic has to face with many problems one of which is traffic congestion becoming more serious issues day after day. The traffic gridlock makes life more difficult for city people. This gridlock also has negative consequences like Stress, pollution, fatigue, which affects individual health, safety, career and even your future. The problem of traffic control has become very acute in almost all the cities of the India. Palwal is a city and a municipal council and headquarters of this district. In first phase master plan and infrastructure gap the factors affecting the gridlock in a city and urgent need of more and better road infrastructure for, population, commerce, industry, and transportation. City administration, effort to untangle the traffic issue in two different waytemporary and virtuous. For smooth functioning of transport of district, additional skills are required. Keywords: Developing countries, traffic gridlock, pollution, infrastructure, virtuous.

19 Road Accident in India: Mounting Challenges Aarti, Ravinder Jindhar, Pratap Singh, HLG C Tauru Abstract Road accident has become a serious concern all over the world. India ranks among the top with one in every nine death occurring due to road accident. Moreover the 70 per cent fatal road accident involved the causalities of adults in the age of 18 to 40 years. The country has witnessed an increasing trend in road accident during 2005 to 2016. The paper tries to analyze the temporal trend and pattern of road accident in India and also an attempt has been made to examine the causative factors behind the road accident in India.

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20 THE IMPACT OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION CHANCHAL SHARMA M.COM, NET (COMMERCE) MANJU RANI ASST PROF IN ENLISH Abstract In cities, where the number of vehicle continuously increasing faster than the available traffic infrastructure to support them, congestion is a difficult issue to deal with and it becomes even worse in case of car accidents. This problem affects many aspects of the modern society, including economic development, traffic accidents, increasing in greenhouse emissions, time spent, and health damages. In this context, modern societies can rely on traffic management system to minimize traffic congestion and its negative effects. Traffic management system is composed of a set of application and management tools to improve the overall traffic efficiency and safety of the transportation system. Furthermore, to overcome such issue, traffic management system gathers information from heterogeneous sources, exploits such information to identify hazards that may potentially degrade the traffic efficiency, and then provides services to control them.

21 Study of Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions to Traffic Congestion Priti, M.Sc. Geography (Govt. College Hissar), Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra Abstract Due to increase in population and the attraction of human activities into urban region which in turn leads to the growth of vehicle ownership and use, there is demand for road space which has led to increase in the number of public transport operation. Consequently, the demand for road space is greater than the supply because the rate of provision of transport facilities is less than the rate of growth of vehicle ownership and use which result into traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is the impedance of vehicles imposed on each other due to speed-flow relationship in conditions where the use of transport system approaches capacity. The traffic condition in India poses serious problems. The high increase in number of vehicles on road and increasing urbanization leads to problem of congestion, which further leads to complication and hazard on the roads. Some effects of traffic congestion are time wastage, Delay in movement, Accidents, Inability to forecast travel time, Fuel consumption, Road rage and Environmental pollution. Traffic jams can be caused by different factors such as the increasing population, construction of high-rise buildings, ongoing widening of roads and bridges, non-observance of traffic rules and regulations of drivers, no discipline in using the right lanes while driving and others. Traffic situations vary from places to places and in wider setting, it is different from country to country. The present paper is an attempt to study the causes, effects and possible solutions to this traffic congestion problem.

22 Impacts of Traffic Congestion and Its countermeasures Dr.Vipin Pal Singh, Asst Prof (Physics), JVMGRR College Ashok Kumar, Asst Prof (Geography), JVMGRR College, Charkhi Dadri Abstract Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing.

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When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in traffic congestion. While congestion is a possibility for any mode of transportation, this paper will focus on automobile congestion on public roads. When demand approaches the capacity of a road, extreme traffic congestion will take place. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is known as a traffic jam. Traffic congestion has a number of social and economic negative effects .Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. Traffic congestion causes wastage of time of motorists and passengers. It causes delay in time, which may result in late arrival for employees in offices, meetings, education institutions, companies and factories etc .This results a lose in business, discipline or other personal losses. Being a non-productive activity for most people, congestion reduces regional economic health. Traffic congestion lead to Inability to forecast travel time accurately, leading to drivers allocating more time to travel and less time on productive activities. During traffic jams wasted fuel leads to increased air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions due to increased idling, acceleration and braking. Traffic congestion also leads to wear and tear on vehicles as a result of idling in traffic and frequent acceleration and braking, leading to more frequent repairs and replacements. In this way traffic congestion also causes economic losses. Traffic congestion can be reduced by increasing road capacity, better traffic management , using better bridge connectivity at junctions, proper training to driver . Proper City planning and urban design practices can have a huge impact on levels of traffic congestion.

23 Traffic Congestion: Problems and its remedies Priyanka Kumari, Assistant professor, Ahir college Rewari, Email Id: [email protected] Sandeep, Assistant Professor, Govt. College, Kanina Email Id: [email protected] Dr. Deepak Kumar Assistant professor, Ahir college Rewari Abstract Traffic congestion is a situation occurs when too many vehicle in the available road space. As population and million cities is growing on, the problem is also increasing. The objective of the paper is to analysis the causes behind the traffic congestion and solution to overcome the problem. The main reason behind the problem is bad road qualities, random parking and more dependence on privet vehicles. Keywords: Traffic, Congestion, Million cities.

24 Use of Modern Information & Technology in Traffic Congestion” Anita, VPO Sidhrawali Abstract The number of vehicles in India is quickly increasing as a growing middle class can now afford to buy cars. India's road conditions have not kept up with the increase in vehicle numbers. As a result, India has launched various rapid transit efforts, such as the Kolkata Metro, in Kolkata, and the Rapid Metro, in Gurugram. This means that the city’s transportation facilities are not capable of handling the amount of traffic it receives, such as the lack of alternative routes on roads, and a lack of public transportation where buses

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) and trains are overcrowded and infrequent. In Mumbai, India, trains are often filled to many times their capacity. Buses caught in traffic congestion are often filled with passengers. Therefore, many people turn to driving their own cars to have a more pleasant commute. Thus, many people turn to driving their own cars which can cause a heavier traffic flow. People often live in different parts of the city and work too. Places of work are often located away from housing areas, resulting in the need for people to commute to work. Congested roads can be seen as an example of the tragedy of the commons. Because roads in most places are free at the point of usage, there is little financial incentive for drivers not to over-use them, up to the point where traffic collapses into a jam, when demand becomes limited by opportunity cost. Keywords: Traffic Jam, Inadequate transport infrastructure and services, Traffic management, Separation of work and residential areas.

25 TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN CHHUCHHAKWAS Sunita Beniwal, Asst Prof of Geography, Govt. College Birohar (Jhajjar) Abstract The long queue of vehicles, continuous sound of a number of engines & blowing horns, slow speed marked by trapping situation with no other alternative to follow are the apparent characteristics of traffic congestion. The situation is panic one with no escape but to face. The main causes of traffic Congestion are overburden on single route, roughness of road, blocking of Jahazgarh road due to construction of fly –over, narrow road with two lanes, drainage (nala) on either side of the road, encroachment of road by shopkeepers particularly by Tractor -Trolley builders ,increase in population , affluence of people ,spreading of a number of schools between Gwalison and chhuchhakwas ,overburden of trucks due to mining in Dadri and Thermal plant in Jharli and nodal position of Chhuchhakwas are some of the reasons behind the occurring of such congestion .The consequence of such situation is rather shocking. It not only have adverse on the body but also lead to Environment and economic loss and completely disturb the normal life functioning .There is a lot of wastage of time, money and energy. Fatigue, anxiety, irritation and life-style related diseases are some of the outcomes of this type of situation. Now the question arises how to tackle it.The construction of by-pass or peripheral expressway , the even-odd system of vehicles,, ban on heavy vehicle from 8:00 to 10:00 A.M and 2:00 to 4:00 P.M ,Differential timing of school with half an hour difference , car- pooling , avoiding of vehicle for short distance ,strict action and penalty against traffic violators ,use of CNG, developing alternative routes before starting a new Project . Prompt completion of fly-over, deploying traffic police and monitoring by sensors are some of the ways to solve the problem.

26 The impact of Traffic Congestion in urban areas Rajani, M.Sc, Geography, I.G.U, Meerpur Abstract Traffic congestion is the major problem in urban areas. Urban traffic congestion create many urban problem like: Air and noise pollution. In Urban Areas, when traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. While congestion is a possibility for any mode of

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) transportation, this article will focus on automobile congestion on public roads. Mitigating traffic congestion on urban roads, with paramount importance in urban development and reduction of energy consumption and air pollution, depends on our ability to foresee road usage and traffic conditions. This paper discusses traffic congestion, its negative impact and people aware to road safety and traffic education. Key Word: Congestion, mitigation, traffic education.

27 Road Traffic Accidents and Traffic Education in Rajasthan: Issues and Challenges Shubh Lata, Research Scholar, University of Rajasthan, Abstract Road traffic accidents and traffic education have emerged as an important public health issue which needs to be tackled by a multi-disciplinary approach. The trend in road traffic accidents injuries and death is becoming alarming in countries like India. The road accident happening is increasing day by day in India as well as Rajasthan and is a real public health challenge for all the concerned agencies to prevent it. Awareness creation, strict implementation of traffic rules, and need & significance of traffic education, road safety, rules for pedestrians. This article is intended to create awareness among the health professionals about the various modalities available to prevent road accidents and also to inculcate a sense of responsibility toward spreading the message of road safety as a good citizen of our country. Key Word: Traffic Education, Implementation, Pedestrians.

28 USES OF MODERN INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY Yogesh Kumari, Ph.D. Scholar in Mathematics, Singhania University Abstract Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queering. There are four types of traffic congestion:- a) Environmental b) Mechanicals c) Human d) Infrastructure The smart city council says that a: “smart city uses information and communications technology (ICT) to enhance its livability, workability and sustainability. It collects information about itself using sensors system of other systems. Adaptive Traffic Signals, V2I Smart Corridors ,Autonomous Vehicle technology, Car sharing and Multi Model Solutions &Replacing vehicles with Drones

29 The Impact of Traffic Congestion Sushil Dutt, Assistant Professor of Political Science G.C.W. Gurawara, Rewari Abstract Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. While congestion is a possibility for any mode of transportation, this research paper will focus on automobile congestion on public roads. Traffic congestion has been a worldwide issue which results into wastage of time, energy and causes environmental pollution. Identification of congestion is the initial step for selecting appropriate method to avoid this situation. One of the main reasons why there’s more congestion is due to more cars on the road. The adult population is increasing and therefore more people want their own personal transport to get around with. As the number of cars increase the chance of congestion also increases. It’s why in smaller towns and villages congestion is almost unheard of. This paper introduces an outline and possible ways for the identification of traffic congestion problem. The review covers various aspects like definition, congestion categories, characterization and traffic congestion management. This paper reviews different sensor frameworks by encircling the advantages and disadvantages of each in terms of cost, reliability, accuracy, efficiency and maintenance overhead. This paper deals with the problems of traffic congestion and tries to provide the solution.

30 PROBLEM AND SOLUTION FOR TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Richa Kumari (Assistant Professor, Dept. of Geography, Govt. college ) Abstract Traffic congestion is when vehicles travel at slower speeds because there are more vehicles than the road can handle. This makes trip times longer and increases queueing. This is also known as a traffic jam. Road traffic jams continue to remain a major problem in most cities around the world, especially in developing regions resulting in massive delays, increased fuel wastage and monetary losses. Due to the poorly planned road networks, a common outcome in many developing regions is the presence of small critical areas which are common hot-spots for congestion; poor traffic management around these hotspots potentially results in elongated traffic jams. The number of vehicles in India is quickly increasing as a growing middle class can now afford to buy cars. India's road conditions have not kept up with the increase in vehicle numbers. Traffic congestion is a major urban transport problem. As a result, India has launched various rapid transit efforts, such as the Kolkata metro, and the Rapid Metro, in Gurgaon. One of the most common and irritating problems that one faces in the national Capital of our country is getting caught in traffic jams. The daily commuting on the roads of Delhi is becoming longer and more grueling day by day, depicting the failure of public transportation infrastructure to keep pace with the growing developing activities in the Capital. Sad, but true, one of the fastest growing and developed cities of the world, Delhi, is also renowned for all the wrong reasons. According to a report made by IBM’s global Commuter Pain study in 2013, New Delhi is among the top 10 cities in the world having the worst traffic jams. Really, the worsening traffic congestion on Delhi roads presents a depressing profile of the Capital city. Due to traffic congestion; there is possibility of accidents because of poor traffic management. To eliminate road accidents and to save precious human life it is essential to find proper solution for traffic congestion. In this paper traffic congestion problem is identified and studied by secondary research for finding out the causes and proposed solution of it. This paper helps us to understand the

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) visible and non-visible loses occur due to urban traffic congestion in developing countries which is a most common problem in most of the area of all over the world. Key words- Traffic congestion, massive delay, fuel wastage, networks, monetary loses.

31 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Dr.Shish Ram Yadav, Asst Prof, Dept. of Chemistry Dronacharya Govt College Gurugram Abstract Metro cities over the developing world have been facing increased traffic problems like congestion, pollutions and accidents, which need a sustainable traffic management with clearly predefined goals and objectives. This papers aims to give a framework for traffic management and its application in metro cities to help address the traffic problems at regional level. Some approaches to achieve sustainability in traffic management are formulated based on international exercise. This paper explains the role, function and applications of intelligent transport system in the various approaches to achieve sustainability. Key words: traffic management, intelligent transport system, traffic problems, sustainability.

32 THE IMPACT OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION Dr.Seema Yadav, Asst.Prof. Govt. College Jatauli, Haily Mandi,Pataudi,Gurugram Abstract The traffic congestion in cities is due to increase in number of vehicles on the road. But the increase in number of vehicle is sign of growth and advancement. The congestion cannot be get rid of just simply removing cars from the road but this issue to be address with due concern that neither economy affects nor the environment. The congestion has lot of negative impact on economy as Traffic congestion is wasting time of motorists and passengers ("opportunity cost"). As a non-productive activity for most people, congestion reduces regional economic health. Congestion is also a real social problem that needs to be resolved because of its serious effects. Congestion caused by unexpected events can also lead to higher statistics of vehicular accidents. When traffic incidents occur, congestion often appears in places where motorists do not expect it. The traffic congestion is unavoidable phenomena in developing cities but there is need to keep balance between the economy and environment. In present scenario the poor quality of air lead to unhealthy environment in cities of India. The air quality of cities is degrading to such level that government is issuing unusual methods like odd- even vehicle movement on road. Every individual is contributing in poor quality of air but the responsibility to improve quality of air is on government. People are moving to luxuries and are not opting for the public transport. Government should run awareness program to educate people that loss due to congestion is not only of government but also equally effects individual. People need to sensitize on these issues so that proper balance can be maintained. This paper discusses the cause and how it affects the economy and environment.

33 Problems associated with traffic congestion and ways to combat

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Priti Dhankhar, Assistant Professor D.A.V. Girls College, Kosli Abstract Traffic Congestion means slow or non movement of vehicles which is becoming serious day by day not only in India but also in other countries. It poses a serious challenge for larger and growing cities. In India traffic conditions are very pathetic. The main factor behind traffic congestion is population .The constant outburst in population result in large no vehicles demand and we know road area is limited especially in metro cities. It all result in heavy pack up at roads. Urbanisation is another factor responsible for heavy traffic jam in cities. In search of job and quality education, people move to cities which are already overcrowded. In addition to these main two factors, lack of management at crucial points, lack of infrastructures like bridges wide roads, lack of civic and driving sense and encroachments of road are also some other factor responsible for Traffic Congestion. The aim of the study is to create awareness regarding seriousness of this problem. This study is conducted to suggest some solutions to reduce the intensity of this problem. Traffic Congestion result in wastage of valuable time and wastage fuel. It results in irritation and development of negative traits in behavior. A number of times, lack of civic sense and tolerance also result in road rage. Slow traffic result in emission of pollutant gases. Constant honking in jams results increase in noise pollution. Unless and until, some serious steps like route change during peak hours and proper management by traffic police and strict punishment for rule breakers, will be taken, the pathetic condition of jam will not improve. The government should encourage people to use public transport. In India Public transport quality and sanitary condition are very poor. The government should take step to improve them. There should be restrictions regarding number of vehicles. In India keeping big, luxurious and multiple number of cars is a status symbol. Such practices should be discouraged, there should be individual and mass efforts then only this problem can be sort out.

34 The Role of Information Technology ( IT) in Traffic Management Kanwar Pal M.Tech (Computer science), NET, GATE Govt. College, Kanina Abstract The main goal of our research is to realize the system for traffic observation, by using modern mobile and internet technologies. Our cities have been continually growing at an uncontrolled rate leading to the problem of traffic congestion, which has discernible effects on all the aspects of sustainability, be it social, environmental or economical. This continual shift of increasing size of city's center and decreasing size of periphery poses huge sustainability challenge of meeting the consumption demands. On the other side of the coin, the advances of human technology have provided its greatest gift, information technology (IT). Today we have access to any data from any point of the world. There is a growing need to use this data and information with a holistic view to build more Intelligent Transport Systems. The traffic environment should be harmonized, while data privacy and security should be also safeguarded.

35 Impact of traffic congestion on health Ashok Kumar, Asst. Prof. Phy. Education Govt. College Kanina Abstract

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

Traffic congestion is a significant issue in urban areas in India and around the world. Previous analyses have estimated the economic costs of congestion, related to fuel and time wasted, but few have quantified the public health impacts or determined how these impacts compare in magnitude to the economic costs. Moreover, the relative magnitudes of economic and public health impacts of congestion would be expected to vary significantly across urban areas, as a function of road infrastructure, population density, and atmospheric conditions influencing pollutant formation, but this variability has not been explored. This Study is based on secondary data which have been collected from various source i.e. websites, publications, Govt. Reports etc. These data have been analyzed and interpreted to get the desired results. In this study, we have tried to evaluate the present position of traffic congestions per capacity of roads and parking places and its impact on public health, wastage of time and routine work of life. Our analyses indicate that the public health impacts of congestion may be significant enough in magnitude, at least in some urban areas, to be considered in future evaluations of the benefits of policies to mitigate congestion. Keyword: Congestion, Quantified, Magnitude, Infrastructure, Pollutant.

36 Traffic Management Strategies and Practices Subhash Chander Asst. Professor of Geography Govt. College Narnaul Abstract The traffic management is an important aspect of society recently. The focus on traffic management has been limited by the policy makers. The promotion of public transport, pedestrian and bicycle traffic will improve the attractiveness of modes, stop the car traffic congestion, restrain the climate change and improve the health of children and elder people. The cooperation between the common people and the traffic employees should be good manner. The priority should be in the direction of impartial penalties on the violation of traffic rules and regulation. The traffic challenges are increasing with population growth. The rules and regulation are not followed by the people and agencies. The large number of are depend on road transport. The traffic management is the main part of education among youth. The public awareness is important factor for the solution of this problem. The awareness about traffic rules and regulation can be included in the curriculum like vale education. The growing concern for urban traffic problems in the country should be controlled by the state government. The education, engineering, enhancement and evaluation have become main aspect of traffic management. Key Words: Management, cooperation, impartial, awareness, curriculum

37 Study of Traffic congestion costs in four major Indian cities Mrs. Anita Kumari Yadav, Sapna Yadav, Reena Rani Assistant Professors KLP college Rewari, HARYANA Abstract Traffic congestion during peak hours in four major cities — Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru and Kolkata — costs the economy Rs 1.47 lakh crore annually, according to a study

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) conducted by global consultancy firm.The peak hours for this survey were 7-9 am and 6- 8 pm during which commuters spent one-and-a-half times longer to travel a given distance as compared to non-peak hours, said the report by Boston Consulting Group (BCG).in this study survey report and other cost parameters are studied. The study across the four cities in January has found Kolkata is the worst among them so far as congestion is concerned followed by Bengaluru. Delhi despite having maximum number of registered vehicles (little over 10 million) seems to be better because of its good road network, which is about 12% the capital’s total area.

38 सड़कपरबढ़तायातायातऔरबढ़तीसमयाएंभवाड़ीऔयोगकेकेसंदभम Ms. Priti, Research Scholar, Matsaya University, Ext. Lecturer Geography, HLG College, Tauru, Haryana Dr. Sneh Saiwal, Asociate Professor, Babu Sobharam College, Mr. Ishwar Singh, Principal SBR College, Bhiwadi Abstract (उेय) मानवनेबैलगाड़ीसेवायुयानतककासफरतयकरलयाहैI मानवनेकतनावकासकयाहैउससेकहं यादामानवकोअपनेवकासकेपरणामवपकेपयावरणीय समयाओंकासामनाकरनापड़रहाहै िजसकेकारणउसकावायतथावातावरणमसमाजपरभीउसका भावपड़रहाहैI मानवनेपहाड़को काटकरसड़कमाग, रेलमाग, बनादएI िजसकेपरणामवपवतमानम हमदेखसकतेहककईपया वरणीयसमयाएंजैसेजलदषणू , वायुदषणू , वनदषणऔरमू दादृ षणकेू पमहमारेसामनेद खाईदेतीहैIमानवसततवकासकदौड़मतोअणीहैहोगयाहैलेकनइसवकासके साथउसेयहमहसूस नहंहोपारहाकउसेयाखोयाऔरयापायाजैसेयदहमदेखतोदलेबहदृ महानगरयेकेअंत गतआताहैजहांपरयातायातयवथापूणयविथतहैलेकनवहांपरवाहनक संयाइतनीअधकहो चकहैकवहांकसरकारभीउससमयाकोसु ुलझानहंपारहहैऔरकानूनीनयम औरैफकलहोने केबावजूदभीलोगकोयातायातसमयाओंकासामनाकरनापड़ताहैI जहांारंभमएक गांवमएकगाड़ी होतीथीवतमानमएकघरमहकईगाड़यांहोतीहैिजसकेकारणचारतरफगाड़यांह गाड़यांदखाईदेती हैऔरवहदनदरनहंजबवाहनकसंयाइतनीयादाबढ़जाएगीकसड़कपरू आदमयसेयादागाड़ यांदखाईदगीI इसमुेपरहमारेकयमंीनतनगडकरनेभीचंताजताईहैजो कपरवहनऔरराज मागमंीहैउहनेबतायाकसड़कपरवहनकदशाएंसड़ककोचौड़ाकरदेनेसेहनहं सुधरेगीइसकेलए वाहनकसंयाकमकरनेसेसुधरेगीपरंतुवाहनकसंयाकमहोनेकजगहबढ़तीजा रहहै I ातआं कड़केअनुसार 12करोड़सेयादावाहनथेिजनकवाषकवदरृ 10% थीजोक 2050 तकसड़कपर 61.1 करोड़वाहनहगेI जोकववमसवाधकवाहनसंयाहोगीI परकपना (hypothisis)- बढ़तेसड़कयातायातसेउपनसमयाओंकोदरकरनेकेलएबनाएगएसरकारू नयमकोलागूकरना तथाजानकारदेना www.ijrisat.com , [email protected], [email protected],[email protected] +91-8901290473 whatsapp & call Page 20

International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

उेय (aim):- 1. बढ़तानगरकरणऔरऔयोगकरणसड़कयातायातसेबढ़तीसमयाकोबढ़ावादेताहैको प टकरना I 2. सड़कपरयातायातबढ़नेसेदषणकारतरभीबड़ाहैकोईपटकरनावतीयआंकड़केअनू ु सार I सड़कपरयातायातकेबढ़तेयातायातकोकमकरनेकेउपायकोवलेषणकरना I

39 PROBLEMS AND QUERIES ASSOCIATED WITH TRAFFIC CONGESTION Amit Kumar B.A. 2nd year Government College Jatauli (Hally-Mandi) GURUGRAM Abstract Traffic Congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterised by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. While congestion is a possibility for any mode of transportation, this article will focus on automobile congestion on public roads. As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl up. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. Keywords:- mode of transports, Traffic jam, Road rage, Queuing, Traffic congestion.

40 SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS Ms. Seema*, Prof. Mehtab Singh***Ph.D. Research Scholar,**Professor Deptt. of Geography, M.D. University, Haryana, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Rapid and uncontrolled population growth in developing countries has become one of the major issues for utilizable resources. It is one of the major environmental problems in the developing world, both now and in the future. Mobility and transport activity scale is growing in the world due to the increment of population and improvement of life quality (Ciegis, 2009, Kazlauskaite, 2008, Kilijoniene, 2010, Startiene, 2009). Almost all cities have changed to motorized road vehicles, which has increased the use of fossil fuels and increased greenhouse-gas emissions. This explosive growth in the number of road vehicles is a big problem in many cities. India has experienced tremendous growth rate in motor vehicle in recent years. The total number of motor vehicles increased from 52.37 million in 2000 to 121.63 million in 2009 i.e. an average growth rate of 9 % per year in the country. Some analysts predicted that India’s motorization rate will continue to grow to 40 vehicles per 1000 by 2020. The increases in urban population, haphazard urban growth, industrial and motorized transport have caused unbridled problems of air pollution in Sonipat city. Sonipat city is faced with the challenge of sustainable transport

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) system. There is an increasing trend in vehicle number in Sonipat block. The number of motor vehicles on road in Sonipat block has risen from 26741 in 2011 to 32485 in 2015. One of the effective solutions to decreasing the pressure on city streets and highways is maintaining a robust public transportation system or sustainable transportation. There is no global agreement on what ought to be the meaning of mobility and sustainable transportation. A sustainable transportation system is one that would be useful today and additionally by who and what is to come (Black, 2000).This paper attempts to solve transport related problem. Spatial analysis has been used to assess transport networks with geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis technology. Keywords: urban transport, sustainable development, traffic congestions, Air pollution.

41 Traffic Congestion in India: Associated threats and remedies Sangita, Kiran Bala, Department of Geography, KLP College, Rewari-123401 Abstract Traffic congestion has becoming a universal problem for many major cities. The main reason for traffic jam:- a) the majority of people prefer to use personal vehicle instead of public transport, b) many road approaches to their saturation limits/capacity. c) people did not like to follow rules of road transport d) road accidents. & road works. Problems arise and impact of traffic congestion:- Traffic Congestion has a large no of bad effects on health of drivers, passengers, economy and environment also. a) toxic gases churns out from exhaust leads to many skin,eye and respiratory disease. b) congestion leads to time and productivity wastage and reason for more road accidents. c) more wear and tear in vehicle and burning of more fuel leads to economical loss. d) congestion leads to harmful effect on environment due to toxic gases and horn sounds. Traffic Managements and related issues:- Traffic management is the organisation, arrangement, guidance and control of both stationary and moving traffic, including pedestrians, bicyclists and all types of vehicles using various time saving methods and technological upgradations. a) traffic management and sustainable development - that is sustainable in the senses of social, environmental and climate impacts. As per the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimates that each year 2.4 million premature deaths from outdoor air pollution could be avoided. b) traffic congestion control system-The system tries to reduce possibilities of traffic jams, caused by traffic lights, to an extent and give ease to drivers to avoid congested path. c) Use of modern information and technology- LIDAR Gun, Speed Indication Display, Speed Governors, Variable Message Signs, Inductive Loops, drone monitoring, CCTV monitoring, fast tag at toll booth, d) Use of public transport instead of personal car, sharing cars/taxis etc.

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

So we can get rid off from traffic congestion by using new technologies, methods , car pooling and by changing our habits and most important is by follow road transport rules.

42 Traffic Management and Sustainable Development Dr. Poonam, Assistant Professor, S.K. Govt. College, Kanwali, Rewari Rajnesh, Research Scholar, Sunrise University, Alwar Abstract An effective transport system is vital for a successful society and economy and a good quality of life. However, transport growth is believed to have detrimental effects on our environment and, in particular, on the atmosphere. Pollutants emitted from motor vehicles can cause human health problems, poor air quality, acid rain, and global warming. Some people also believe that traffic noise is a form of pollution. It has been estimated that road congestion costs many billions of pounds to developed economies. No major city seems to have escaped the peak period congestion. It is a problem in countries with generous road systems and low densities of residents such as the United States, as well as in countries such as Turkey and Poland, with relatively low levels of car ownership, but poor road infrastructure. The increase in traffic volume and increased congestion have led to a reduction in the efficiency of delivery services that depend on transport and a consequent increase in transport costs due to the increase in travel time. To maintain the transport standard necessary for society and the economy to function efficiently without putting too much pressure on the environment, governments need to develop a policy that takes these factors into account. This can be done through a sustainable and integrated transport policy. "Sustainable" in this context means satisfying the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. In sustainable development strategy, the government has recognized that it will need to take measures to control the growth rate of traffic, improve vehicle performance and raise public awareness of the environmental impact of polluting emissions from transport. People must be encouraged to reduce their dependency on cars, but affordable alternatives must be available to enable them to do so. Sustainable transport policies will mean more than reducing traffic. New technologies are needed to increase vehicle efficiency and investments in other transport modes, such as public transport. Incentives for walking and cycling will be needed to encourage people to leave their cars behind.

43 Traffic management systems: A classification, review, Challenges and future perspective Vikash, Assistant Professor, S.K. Govt. College, Kanwali, Rewari Abstract In cities, where the number of vehicles continually increases faster than the traffic infrastructure available to support them, congestion is a difficult problem to deal with and becomes even worse in the case of car accidents. This problem affects many aspects of modern society, including economic development, road accidents, increased greenhouse gas emissions, time spent and damage to health. In this context, modern companies can

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) rely on the traffic management system to minimize traffic congestion and its negative effects. Traffic management systems are composed of a set of applications and management tools to improve overall efficiency and traffic safety in transport systems. Furthermore, to overcome this problem, the traffic management system gathers information from heterogeneous sources, exploits this information to identify the dangers that can degrade traffic efficiency and therefore provides services to control them. With this question in mind, this paper presents a classification review, challenges and future perspectives to implement a traffic management system.

44 Education influence in traffic safety: A case study in Rewari Ekta Rani, Asst Prof. Commerce, Govt. College Kharkhara Abstract It is well established that traffic safety and accidents are of high importance to the health spectrum around the world. Moreover, in developing countries such as India, the mortality rate from road traffic accidents is rather high in comparison with other countries, being highly populated nation. On one hand the majority of the people killed and seriously injured significantly affect the quality of life of the people, but traffic accidents also gravely impact a nation's development. Studies have asserted that far more people are injured or die in traffic accidents than are afflicted by any of the most serious diseases. The very high occurrence of traffic accidents in India has become one of the country's major social issues. The importance of human factors in transport policy has gained momentum. There is a realization that policy options have to be checked for their feasibility of implementation. Understanding and describing driver behavior become a challenge when one tries to identify driver errors in determining accident/conflict causal factors and countermeasures. In recent years, having understood the serious effects of traffic accidents on society at large, researchers, traffic engineers and policy makers in India have developed many projects and conducted research in the field of traffic safety. The human factor is also considered to be the central element in the whole system. The ultimate goal is to organize a traffic environment that is convenient and safe for road users. This article establishes the influences of education and enforcement in traffic safety.the study is restricted to specifically distric Rewari of Haryana.

45 Role of Sustainable transport system in Economic Development Dr. Surender Singh Yadav, Asst. Prof, Head Department of Economics Govt. College Kanina Abstract Sustainable transport system is a broad subject of transport that is sustainable in the senses of social, environmental and climate impacts. Components for evaluating sustainability include the particular vehicles used for road, water or air transport, the source of energy, and the infrastructure used to accommodate the transport i.e. roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and terminals. Transportation sustainability is largely being measured by transportation system effectiveness and efficiency as well as the environmental and climate impacts of the system. Sustainable transport systems make a positive contribution to the environmental, social and economic sustainability of the

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) communities they serve. Transport systems have significant impacts on the environment, accounting for between 20% and 25% of world energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. The social costs of transport include road crashes, air pollution, physical inactivity, time taken away from the family while continuing and vulnerability to fuel price increases. Traffic congestion imposes economic costs by wasting people's time and by slowing the delivery of goods and services which affects the trade and development activities of the economy. Transport systems are major emitters of greenhouse gases, responsible for 23% of world energy-related GHG emissions in 2004, with about three quarters coming from road vehicles. The environment impacts of transport can be reduced by reducing the weight of vehicles, sustainable styles of driving, reducing the friction of tires, encouraging electric and hybrid vehicles, improving the walking and cyclic environment in cities, and by enhancing the role of public transport, especially electric trains. Urban areas face today the challenge of making transport sustainable in environmental (CO2, air pollution, noise) and at the same time addressing social concerns. Keywords: Congestion, sustainability, fostering, vulnerability.

46 Traffic Management and Sustainable Development Ms Jyoti Ext. Lecturer Mats. G.C. Jatauli Haily Mandi Abstract Growing economies and rapidly expanding transportation system are considered crucial for the development of a country. Increasing number of motorized personal vehicles requires more roads, parking and traffic. The vehicular emission has damaging effect on the environment as the road transport accounts for one-fifth of global CO2 emission. Pollutants from vehicles cause health problems, acid rain, air pollution. According to WHO's report 93% of the world's children under the age of 15 breathe polluted air that puts thier health and development at serious risk. Requirement of more roads for fast mobility has resulted in cutting down of trees, is reducing green cover in the country and loss of biodiversity. Increasing traffic is depleting oil's reserves and hiking air pollution. Congestion on roads long traffic jams trapping people for hours,and frequent road accidents, sub sequentially increase the cost of transportation and the delivery of services. At the Global Moblity Summit held in New Delhi, recognized "Safe, Adequate, Holistic Infrastructure (SAHI) and efficient technology for safe, fast, and efficient mobilityand traffic management. Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the monitoring of roads and traffic should be adopted to prevent jams and road accidents. Adoption and timely implementation of Bharat Stage (BS)-VI engines in India would reduce vehicular pollution to minimal level. Adoption of electric vehicles further reduce dependence on fossil fuelsand the air pollution. Better land management would help in preservingIndia's green cover, conservation forests and wild species, and stopping the road kill of threatened species in forested areas. The government should implement requisite policies in time bound manner and incentive

47 KMP Expressway: Best Practice of Traffic Decongestion Ms. Pooja, M. Com.II Semester, Govt. College for Girls, Sector -14, Gurugram, E mail –[email protected], *Mrs. Reena Rani, Assistant professor, Govt. College for Girls, Gurugram

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

Abstract The Kundli –Manesar – Palwal (KMP) expressway, which is expected to reduce traffic congestion and pollution in Delhi, will become fully operational with Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurating its Kundli – Manesar stretch at a rally in Gurugram.forming a ring around the National Capital Region (NCR), the western peripheral expressway (Kundli, Manesar and Palwal) were conceived to ensure that non-destined commercial vehicles do not enter the city limit of Delhi. The KMP Expressway will bypass traffic coming from north of Delhi on NH-44 and going to south of Delhi on NH-19 and to the west along NH-48. It offer signal free coactivity to the traffic headed toward Uttar Pardesh, Uttrakhand, Haryana, Punjab, and Jammu and Kashmir. The KMP highway will provide a big boost to the economy of the adjoining region. The Haryana government has proposed to develop five cities and multiple industrial corridors along the six – lane road. With the large number of vehicles off Delhi road, it will make for a more comfortable commute for the people of the city and bring down the number of traffic offenders, accident and fatalities. The length of the Kundli to Manesar stretch was over 83 km. the stretch would have 14 major/minor Bridge, 56 underpass/agricultural vehicular underpass, seven intersections and several toll plazas. The Haryana state Industrial Development Corporation (HSIIDC) has initiated the process for hiring a world class consultancy firm through a global tender for undertaking the master plan. The National Capital Region (NCR) area in Haryana has seen fast paced development in the past nearly three decades. The objective is to provide high speed link between northern Haryana and southern district and uninterrupted high –speed link for traffic especially commercial traffic from Haryana to the neighboring states. This research paper attempts to study the KMP expressway as the best practice in terms of saving time and fuel, reduction of congestion and pollution and protection of NCR environment. KMP ensure safety of commuters, chain –link fencing has been installed through the length of the expressway, along with three metro wide metal beam crash barriers. Keywords: Agriculture, boost, congestion, diversion, economy, KMP, NCR, pollution

48 Analysis of Traffic congestion on National Highway in India- A case study Ms. Pooja Yadav, M.com, Reena Rani Aggarwal, Govt. College for Girls, Gurugram & (Asst. Professor) Abstract Traffic congestion is the serious problems in most Indian metros. Public transport system are overloaded and there is a limit on how much additional infrastructure such as road and rail lines a city can added . Traffic is growing four times faster than the population in six cities: Mumbai, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad. The occurrence of the congestion on the city roads prevents the movement of traffic and leading to the intolerable increase in the trip delay. According to transport research wing minister of surface transport, the total number of registered vehicle in India has been increased from above 5 crores in 2007 to above 15 crore in 2012. Illegal parking on the road has been creating congestion everyday life and on road parking of vehicles is the main reason behind serious traffic congestion on the different parts of the country. The slow speed of the vehicles in the traffic jams also lead to the emission of the oxides of nitrogen and some hydrocarbon which is the major culprit of a term known as photo

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) chemical smog.The National Highway Network of India is a network of the major roads. These are owned by the Ministry of road Transport and Highways. Their construction work is done by National Highway Authority of India (NHAI), National Highway and infrastructure development corporation (NHIDCL) and the Public welfare Department (P.W.D.) of the state government. India has a total of 131326 km of national Highway which constitutes 2.7% of total road network of India. The length of the NH was 29023 km in 1980 in country which was expended to 76818 km by the end of 2012. Over 50% or 23814 km of total road network was added under the Vajpayee govt. between 1997- 2002. This was the largest construction of the NH during any 5 year period since independence. The UPA govt. added 18000 km f highway in its 10 year administration between 2004 and 2014. National Highway forms the economic backbone of the country and has often facilitated development along their route. Many new towns sprung up along major highway. So, we can say that Highways play a very important role in managing and holding traffic congestion and help in easy movement of people within the country. Keywords: Budget, Manpower used, Land acquired, Connectivity

49 Intra-urban traffic congestion in some selected areas of metropolis cities in India: A geographical analysis Mrs Priyanka S. Kharb, Asst Prof. in Geography SFS, MKJK College Rohtak Ms. Pinki Yadav Assistant professor in geography, Vaish College Rohtak Abstract India’s metropolis and its transport system are intricately interdependent. The effect of transport on the city either at the intra urban level or at the level of the spatial evolution of the city is significant. It is in this vein that research work strives to geographically analysis intra urban traffic problems in Indian metropolis with particular attention to which local government areas traffic congestion occurs, what routes and at what particular point on these routes congestion occurs. This gap has however witnessed a backstop in previous literatures as little contribution has been made to the aspect of the research. Data were collected from primary and secondary. Two sets of questionnaire were used for motorists and commuters in each local government areas under study. The questionnaires were divided into two sections. Section A contained information on social economic characteristics of respondents and section B contained general information on purpose of trip generated areas of congestion, points of congestion, causes of congestions as well as ways of and how thing traffic congestion in the study areas. The data collected were analyzed using various statistical techniques such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) and simple percentage .The study shows that urban transportation is a two-edge sword that is, transport contribute to the growth of urban environment and also brings some negative effectiveness to it. Be that as it may, transport is necessary evil that cannot be avoided in our environment. What we need do is to find means of mitigating the negative impact of transport which has been highlighted in the recommendation but may not be exhaustive. Key words: Transport, traffic congestion, intra-urban, environment.

50 THE IMPACT OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION Deepika Khanna, Asst. Professor, JVMGRR Collage, Ch. Dadri

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

Co-Author, Bhanu, M.Com(Honours) Final Year, Research Scholar Abstract Traffic congestion or Traffic jam can be defined as slow movement of vehicles on roads due to too much traffic on roads or decrease in capacity of roads due to some maintenance work, accidence or any other problem. Traffic Congestion or Traffic Jam is one of the biggest problems which are being faced by various countries in the world. India is among the countries who are severally suffering from traffic jam probe, almost all of its major and medium size cities are facing Traffic congestion and related problems on daily basis. In fact Traffic congestion is one of the most common and irritating problems that one face in the Indian cities. The daily commuting on the roads in cities is becoming longer and more grueling day by day, depicting the failure of public transportation infrastructure to keep pace with the growing developing activities in the country and increased car culture in society which encourage people to owned a motor vehicle even if they does not have utility for their vehicles. As per current estimates population of vehicles on Road is getting doubles in every 8-10 Years in India. This, further complicate the problems of Traffic congestion. The Problem of Traffic Congestion has direct and indirect adverse impact on the development of the country. These adverse impacts include direct financial losses due Increase in transportation cost due increased fuel consumption, Wastage of Valuable foreign exchange in import of fuel, Increased cost of Transportation, Increased risk of accidents on congested roads, delay in supply of essential Goods, inadequate utilization of Resources etc. Indirect effect of Traffic congestion includes slow economic activities, Wastage of Time of commuters, Low Productivity, Environmental pollution, Health Problems due to air pollution, Increases mental stress/ problems in drivers and passengers due to frequent traffic jam, Increased Incidence of Road Rages and Rash Driving etc. To overcome the problem of Traffic congestion Government have to take certain initiatives such Improving the availability of Public transport, Improving the Road infrastructure, strict impose of traffic rules, Effective traffic management, discouraging car culture and ensuring better coordination among various arms of government department for timely completion of infrastructure projects etc. Keywords:-Traffic congestion, car culture, Low Productivity, Pollutions, Economic cost.

51 YOUTH AND ROAD SAFETY Dr. ABHA YADAV, Asst. Professor (History), S.K. Govt. College, Kanwali (Rewari), Mob: 8813849993 ABSTRACT This study focuses on how young road users behave on the road. What is their socio- economic level? Environment of roads, child development factors, social pressures, inexperience plays an important role in road safety and management. Study shows that young road users are at high risk. Lack of parental guidance and support plays a key role in road crashes. The study also shows the risk of motor vehicle crashes is higher among 16-19 years old than among any other age group. In fact, per mile driven, teen drivers ages 16 to 19 are nearly three times more likely than drivers aged 20 and older to be in a fatal crash. This risk increases with number of teen passengers.

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

52 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Dr. VEERPAL, Asst. Professor (Geography), S.K. Govt. College, Kanwali (Rewari), Mob: 9416746035 Abstract Transport problems in India are creating a new theme for philosophical ideology, the traffic management and sustainable development approach is going to be a serious problem with which India is confronted. Principles and strategies and approaches for sustainable development can be formulated for India based on International experiences. India is a developing country and lower per capita income and lower literacy rate, increasing population is a great threat to traffic rules and management. India is an agricultural country therefore efforts to educate people on road safety should be started at the grass root level i.e. educating people of villages about traffic rules. Institute of road safety education in India is playing a key role to educate people but school and college education and seminars at village level on road safety is very important for traffic management and sustainable development.

53 Traffic management and sustainable development Sweta, Student B.A. II Govt. College Jatauli Haily Mandi Dr. Trilok Singh Extension Lecturer (Geography) Govt. College Jatauli Haily Mandi Divya Parashar, Assistant Professor (Geography) OPJS University, Churu Rajasthan Abstract Sustainable transport refers to the broad subject of transport that is sustainable in the senses of social, environmental and climate impacts and the ability to, in the global scope, supply the source energy indefinitely. Megacities over the developing world have been facing increased traffic problems, including congestions, pollutions and accidents, which strongly call for a sustainable traffic management with clearly predefined goals and objectives. The term sustainable transport came into use as a logical follow-on from sustainable development, and is used to describe modes of transport, and systems of transport planning, which are consistent with wider concerns of sustainability. There are many definitions of the sustainable transport, and of the related terms sustainable transportation and sustainable mobility This article presents potential approaches to achieve sustainability in traffic management based on experience. Principles, strategies and approaches for sustainable traffic management are formulated with a due consideration to Intelligent Transport Systems, including its functions and applications in various approaches to achieve sustainability. Keywords: Transport Problems, Sustainability, Traffic Management, Intelligent Transport Systems

54 Traffic congestion and road safety Vandana, Assistant Professor (Geography) Govt. College Jatauli Haily Mandi Abstract Why this issue of road safety? Because of it concerns each one of us. We all are stakeholders .Road accidents are become so common in our country, they no longer

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) bother us unless we ourselves or someone close to us is involved in a road accident .Roads are one of the most vital infrastructures for any nations economic development. Our economic growth in last couple of decades has meant wider and better roads, million of new motor cycles, cars and other vehicles but unfortunately it has resulted in many road deaths on roads. The challenge before us is how we can make our roads safer .We have comprehensive motor vehicle laws having various traffic enforcement provisions but we must admit we lack road discipline. We have scant respect for traffic rules. We need to change. Needless to say, we have to get together to achieve this ambitious goal .We are determined to spread the message of road safety far and wide. Key words: road safety, concerns, accidents, infrastructures, economic growth, ambitious.

55 Analysis of App operated Ola-Uber Services in terms of Traffic Congestion in Major Cities of India: A case study of Delhi –NCR Ms. Pooja Yadav,*E-mail: [email protected], Ms. Pinki*, M.A. Geography, 2nd Semester, Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram &Dr. Kuldeep Yadav*, Associate Professor of Geography, Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram,E- mail: [email protected] Abstract The long-term development of a mobile banking taxi application services depends on the continued use of its passengers. The analysis showed that the technology continuance theory has extensive power to explain continuance intention to use the mobile booking taxi application. Subjective norms also have a significant effect on the attitude of mobile booking taxi application users which represents an important contribution to technology continuance theory extension. The theoretical and practical significances of the study have been discussed. A taxi carries out an important task of offering personalized service in the urban transport system. The disparity between the taxi supply and passenger demand is one of the challenges of running an effective taxi service these days. This makes it difficult for travelers to be picked up on time, and available taxis must waste lots of time to get customers, which worsens the existing traffic congestion and the air pollution problem. Mobile taxi booking (MTB) Apps have been developed in cities as a bridge to connect passengers and taxis, and this is to deal with the above dilemma. The passengers use the MTB App to request a ride. With an MTB App, passengers can search for available taxis sound them and make an order. They fix their locations by GPS or typing the target location, by which drivers can easily reach them. The app sends the request to the nearest available driver who then either accepts or declines the trip. The MTB Apps, such as Uber, Ola, Grabcar, are varying the method in which passengers’ book taxis. This Apps operated taxi services plays a very important role to control air pollution. Because to save their money the passengers use Uber pool, in it two or more passengers travelled combined by it the pollution should be controlled and most of the cars of this Apps use CNG instead of petrol or diesel. Based on a general survey of Uber and Ola drivers and users in Delhi, we argue that Uber and Ola do not measure up to their expected potential in the parameters of ecological sustainability, employment through renting out assets and reduction in the need to own assets. Yet, Uber and Ola are notable for the creation of viable employment opportunities for drivers, and their many benefits

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) for urban middle class users. Unique to the Uber and Ola phenomenon in India is the interception of driver opportunities by taxi-owners. The aim of this study is to investigate the determinants of the mobile taxi booking application service’s continuance intention, using the technology continuance theory by including the perceived risk and subjective norms. Keywords: Apps, driver, employment, facilities, GPS, mobile, passenger, taxi, technology

56 Problems Associated with Traffic Congestion in Gurugram City: A Geographical Analysis Ms. Priyanka, B. A. Geography (Honours) & M.A. (Geography), Email: [email protected] Ms. Monika Chauhan, B. A. Geography (Honours) & M.A. Final (Geography) Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait, Associate Professor (Geography) Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram, Haryana- India Email: [email protected] Abstract Too many cars for the roadway due to inadequate mass transit options or other reason create obstacles in the road causing a blockage and merger. These can be any of the following: Double parking Road work Lane closure due to utility work, road narrowing down. Occasionally when the computers are malfunctioning, there are too many pedestrians crossing the road and not permitting cars to turn. One can witness too many trucks on the road due to inadequate rail freight opportunities Overdevelopment in areas where the mass transit system is already overcrowded and the road system is inadequate. Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing. Traffic, now a days has become a vital problem facing by the people living in Gurugram. The millennium city, every day the problem of traffic congestion occurs due to overcrowding in the city, this is considered as the major problem of city. The city of Gurugram serves as the hinterland to its peripheral areas. The villages and towns of and its sub-divisions like Sohna, Pataudu-Haileymandi, Farrukhnagar and Manesar are largely dependent on Gurugram City for most of the services. The main reasons of congestion in the old Gurugram is mismanagement of traffic, heavy encroachment on the road by shopkeeper and auto-rickshaw stands, multiplicity of vehicles, no proper parking space, daily commuting of people in search of jobs, better educational facilities, better medical facilities, better lifestyle, people are shifting from rural areas to urban areas and this is severely affecting existing transport infrastructure. Traffic Congestion not only affecting environment, but also a total wastage national income, because people are forced to strand in traffic jams, which led to the wastage of petrol, diesel, CNG, wastage of time and putting their health on the risk due to polluted air and anxiety. There is an attempt in the present study to research traffic congestion problems and suggest possible solutions for the future transport planning. Keywords: Congestion, Consumption, fuel, health, mismanagement, pollution, resources, Income

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

57 Traffic Congestion in India: Associated Threats and Remedies Satyender Singh, Asst Prof in Mathematics, Govt. College Kharkhara (Rewari) Dr. Hari Parkash Asst Prof in Phy Ed., Govt. College Kharkhara (Rewari) Abstract Most of the cities are undergoing multi-faceted problems because of rapid urbanization. Traffic congestion is one of the intolerable problems of urban area emerging due to sudden increment in the private transport, affecting urban society & economy. Road traffic congestion poses a serious challenge for all cities including metropolitan cities. Congestion prevents the movements of traffic, leading to the intolerable increase journey time. The aim of the paper is to provide a strategic vision, conceptual framework, logical sense and guidance on some practical idea to manage congestion in such way as to reduce its overall impact on individual and society. The conventional as well as traditional approach construct new road is a temporary relief but it does not work always for variety of reason like political, environment, financial etc. Against the serious existing problems, this paper have introduced some practical and logical solutions for Delhi city like- changing the route system ,regular monitoring, suitable parking management system, demand of public transport, which are supportable both physically and economically for local govt. Therefore we are constantly involved in searching for traffic solution that will give not only smooth mobility, but also economic productivity. Keywords-- Congestion, Forced occupancy, Population growth, Practical solution, regular monitoring

58 Effects of Traffic Congestions on Environment Yogender Kumar Bhardwaj Assistant Professor of History Govt. College, Ateli (M/Garh) HR Abstract Traffic congestion arises as its use increases. It is characterized by slower speeds , longer trip times and increased vehicle queuing. Increase in traffic results in some congestion. When Vehicles are stopped for a time period it creates frustration and road rage .It increases vehicle emissions and degrades ambient air quality. Those who live near roadways face much problem. It is not surprising to discover that regions with the highest number of vehicles on the roads experience higher levels of air and noise pollution. Cars create much pollution on the earth. Cars moving slowly cause much pollution than cars moving speedily. The effects of car air pollution are significant for people residing in urban areas. High level of nitrogen oxide is dangerous to humans. Carbon dioxide contributes to climate change and sulfur dioxide causes acid rain. These pollutants also impair lung function, particularly in kids and adults suffering asthma. Thus traffic congestion affects environment badly.

59 Importance of Sustainable Development in Macro-Regional Goals Amarjeet, Assistant Professor, Govt. College Bhiwani, Email id: [email protected] Abstract The idea of sustainable development emerged both from science and the environmental movement in the 70s and 80s of last century. Since then a lot was done in the field,

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) sometimes without even naming it “sustainable development”, but a lot still remains to be done. In this paper we start from the consideration that sustainable development requires that we see our world as a system that connects space and any discussion today must first consider the enormous impacts that modern globalization trends are playing in shaping the economic geography of places, such as macro-regions. In the future, macro-regional development could be the most important platform for enhancing sustainability. The regional dimension is suitable for redefining the meaning of sustainable social, economic and environmental systems in a way which is practical and very close to the people and to the operative public decisions (Alkan Olsson et al. 2004). This paper is divided in different sections: the first is about the regional sustainable development concept and place-based approach; the second is about Local Agenda 21; the third about regional integration and developmental regionalism; the fourth is about regional sustainable development in practice and the European macro-regions; at the end some conclusive remarks concerns the macro-regional future strategies addressing sustainable development. Keywords: Sustainability, regional integration, territorial development.

60 Impact of Traffic congestion on social life Hariom Bhardwaj, Asst Prof Sociology, GC Krishan Nagar Abstract One of the most serious problems in Nigerian cities today is that of road traffic congestion. All over the cities of Nigeria, particularly in the study area, large numbers of vehicles are seen crawling along the roads within the area. During the peak periods, the level of congestion experience within the major routes of Ikeja Local Government Area is quite serious and unprecedented that the traffic flow becomes impossible. In fact, 79.1 percent of the respondents view the traffic congestion as serious. With respect to the mode of vehicle used by the respondents, the study revealed that private cars and buses are dominant. Ninety-Two questionnaires were administered by the road users in the study area, descriptive statistical method were employed in the analysis of the questionnaire. It was reveal that sitting in traffic wastes the time of motorists and their passengers, and it also may result in late arrival for employment, business meetings, education, resulting in disciplinary actions, lost business, or other personal losses.

61 TRAFFIC CONGESTION CONTROL SYSTEM Dr. Vijay Kumar, Ext. Lecturer Dept of Phy, H.L.G. Govt College Tauru (Nuh) Dr. Suman kumari, Ext. lect. Dept. Chemistry, G.C. Jatauli Hali Mandi ABSTRACT Every country in the developing world is facing transport problems in capacity, safety, environmental compatibility and economic efficiency. The problems are significant for both passenger and freight transport. Vietnam does have such problems. Traffic congestion, traffic accidents and environmental pollution are challenging the sustainable development of the country. In major city and Hanoi, motorcycles are dominating transport and traffic systems. This papers aims to give a framework of traffic congestion control system in cities to help address the traffic problems at regional level . Some approaches to achieves sustainability in traffic management are formulated based on

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) international exercise. This paper explain the role , function and applications of intelligent transport system in the various approaches to achieve sustainability. Traffic demand changes over time and location, but capacity of traffic and transport systems is usually the same. This fact has led to situations in which the demand exceeds the supply, thus congestion and environmental degradation. Therefore ,it is important to operate transport infrastructure and traffic system more dynamically in response to changes in traffic demand and others condition. Available resources in public transport and private transport should be used in a flexible way, depending on the time and situation and on the country mode priorities .Traffic –actuated signal control, dynamic speed limits, dynamic route signs, on demand public transport services, and many others. Keywords: traffic management, intelligent transport system, traffic problems, sustainability

62 Haryana: Levels of Road Transportation Devika, Extension lecture, Govt. college jatouli, Hally Mandi Dr. Sarita, Extension lecture, Govt. college jatouli, Hally Mandi Abstract The indicators of infrastructural development, the place of road is most dominant particularly, taking into account the means of transportation. Among the various modes of land transportation, road transportation is very significant for the development of a society, because it is an economic mode of transport for short and medium distances and easy access to remote and inaccessible areas. Also road transportation is a catalytic infrastructure that not only activates but also facilitates other infrastructural facilities. This study therefore, is focused on road transportation facility of the state of Haryana. This study is based on data collected from different secondary sources. According to the statistical abstract for roads in Haryana, has been included four type of roads i.e. National Highway, State Highway, Major Districts Road and other Districts Road. In 2016, the total length of National Highway is 2482 k.m, State Highway is 1801 k.m, Major Districts Road is 1395 k.m. and Other Districts Road is 20344 k.m. From the conclusion we found that the Bhiwani district has the highest length of National Highway, Major Districts Road and Other Districts Road. The highest length of State Highway is found in Kaithal district. Keywords: Indicator, Infrastructural, Dominant, Particulary, Transportation, Inaccessible, Catalytic.

63 Traffic Management and Sustainable Development Kartik, Student B.A. 2nd Year, Govt. College Jatauli Haily Mandi, Gurugram Abstract India is the country having the second largest road network in the world. A road network which stretches upto 5.4 million KM. Almost 97,911 kms of which is covered by national highways. Since India home to such large population Congestion is very common problem here. Traffic Congestion has been increasing dramatically in India. Congestion and the associated slow urban mobility can have very adverse effect on both quality of life and the economy.

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

It has already been a huge challenge for the Indian Government to provide good quality world-class roads due to the sheer magnitude. India has to spend around 20,000-30,000 crore rupees every year in the maintenance of the roads. The problem tends increase on more in the future, if not given proper attention. The reason behind this is the increase in private vehicle ownership and the overburdening of roads in the major cities of the country. Our understanding for the underlying reasons behind this problem is still evolving. A popular view is that urbanization leads to ever expansion of cities and increased rates of motorization which eventually lead to a complete gridlock and congestion. Economic growth also brings about better travel infrastructures, which facilitates uncongested mobility and increases the pace of urban mobility. Indian cities have experienced both these trends. These changes take place at much faster pace in India then the countries like UK and USA. Data on Urban Transportation in India is scars. In the better developed countries, knowledge on urban mobility and congestion stems from surveys of households travel behaviour. However, such surveys are prohibitively expensive to be carried out in India. However, We used other methods for examining urban mobility and congestion. World Bank used a popular web mapping and transportation service to generate information related to the concern. The multi-purpose nature of the urban transport also impacts the urban mobility in India. Slow urban mobility in India is primarily due to cities being slow all the time, rather than congested at peak hours. However, congestion is not a nationwide problem. It is concentrated at the centers of the largest Indian cities. Given their importance to the Indian economy, these areas with the highest levels of congestion, such as the city centers of Kolkata and Bengaluru and Delhi, should be the focus of the policy efforts to alleviate congestion. A deeper understanding of the interactions between urbanization, urban mobility and congestion will help improve investments in transport and city competitiveness. Key Words: Urbanization, Slow Urban Mobility, Grid Lock and Congestion

64 Traffic Congestion and Possible Solutions Dr Shashi Bala, Asst. Prof. Physical Education. G C Tigaon, Faridabad, Email.id [email protected] ABSTRACT The traffic condition in third world countries like India on urban road pose serious problem [2]. The high increase in number of vehicles on road and increasing urbanization leads to problem of congestion, which further leads to complication and hazard on the cities road [1 Cities already suffering in terms of infrastructure as well as operational efficiencies [1]. Considering the regulation and infrastructure gap on city road this paper first describe the factor causing the congestion on the city road and after that present some recommended measure like rationalize the design of road, implementation the regulation for road users [1]. Keywords: Congestion, Forced occupancy, Population growth, Practical solution, Regular monitoring.

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

65 Real-Time Road Traffic Information Detection through Social Media *Ms.Dayawati1Assistant Prof. in Geography, Govt. College Kharkhara, Rewari *Mamta Rani2Phd research scholar, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering Baba Mastnath University, Rohtak Abstract Conventional traffic congestion estimation approaches require the deployment of traffic sensors or large-scale probe vehicles. The high cost of deploying and maintaining these equipments largely limits their spatial-temporal coverage. This paper proposes an alternative solution with lower cost and wider spatial coverage by exploring traffic related information from Twitter. By regarding each Twitter user as a traffic monitoring sensor, various real-time traffic information can be collected freely from each corner of the city. However, there are two major challenges for this problem. Firstly, the congestion related information extracted directly from real-time tweets are very sparse due both to the low resolution of geographic location mentioned in the tweets and the inherent sparsity nature of Twitter data. Secondly, the traffic event information coming from Twitter can be multi-typed including congestion, accident, road construction, etc. It is non-trivial to model the potential impacts of diverse traffic events on traffic congestion. We propose to enrich the sparse real-time tweets from two directions: 1) mining the spatial and temporal correlations of the road segments in congestion from historical data, and 2) applying auxiliary information including social events and road features for help. We finally propose a coupled matrix and tensor factorization model to effectively integrate rich information for Citywide Traffic Congestion Estimation (CTCE).

66 Traffic Management and Education DEEPAK*, RENU DEVI*, SUNITA DEVI*, M.A. Geography Department of Geography, Govt. College Jatauli Haily Mandi Gurugram Abstract Since year 1973 , 50,000 or more per day the number of vehicle miles driven has increased 86% while the number of lane miles built has increased only 33 according to The Road Information Program (TRIP). This increased congestion and the need to upgrade and replace aging pavement has created an overwhelming demand for information on traffic management. For years, the American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA) and its contractor members have been committed to "getting in, doing the job right, getting out and staying out." At the same time, the ACPA has led and supported efforts to minimize road-user delays without trading off performance, quality, safety or any of other features commonly associated with Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements. Through a cooperative agreement with the Federal Highway Administration, the ACPA is developing an education program on how to consider road-user impact during the rehabilitation of PCC pavements. The program will provide traffic management options for resurfacing, restoration and reconstruction. The plan involves It is estimated that road- user costs on a typical urban highway rehabilitation project can exceed $a traffic management handbook, a series of workshop and a national open house, all scheduled to begin this year. Traffic management basics- The course is oriented toward DOT officials for both central

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) and district/ regional offices, as well as project designers, traffic control plan specialists, contractors, public safety officers and public affairs practitioners. Traffic management involves the balancing of three competing interests: the traffic and how it is handled through the work zone, the work itself and how it is done, and the public and local businesses and how they are involved in the project. Each element represents a value for time and cost. If only the construction were important, then the optimal method might be to place detours and remove traffic from the project area. On the other hand, if only the traffic were considered important then the optimal solution may be to defer the work and not to disrupt any traffic. Neither of these extremes are probable for most projects. As such, traffic management seeks to apply principles that allow a balance among the three competing interests.

67 Traffic Congestion in India: Associated Threats and Remedies, Traffic Congestion: Causes, problems and solutions Krishan Kumar ( Research Scholar in Amity University, Manesar) Anupama( an Ex- Assistant Professor in Commerce &Management Deptt.(Extension) in GC Sidhrawali Abstract As the topic we are talking about is not new for us but some issues related to it are unspoken. Traffic congestion has been one of the burning issues that most metropolitan cities are facing in spite of measures being taken to reduce and mitigate it. Modern social and economic structures, shaped by car - oriented urban development & rapid growth in vehicle ownership, have established congestion as an inescapable reality of urban life. The growing impact of congestion is replicated in terms of deteriorating urban air quality besides other adverse effects on quality of urban living. Traffic controlling and traffic management is the need of the hour. To eliminate road accidents and to save precious human life it is essential to find proper solution for traffic congestion. We will try to throw light upon these issues in our paper and to see what can be done for a better future.

68 TRAFFIC CONGESTION - CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS KALYAN SINGH Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, D. Govt. College Gurugram (Haryana),[email protected] ABSTRACT Traffic congestion is a major urban transport problem .Due to traffic congestion, there is possibility of accidents because of poor traffic management. To eliminate road accidents and to save precious human life it is essential to find proper solution for traffic congestion. In this paper traffic congestion problem identified and studied for finding out the causes and proposed solution of it. KEY WORDS: Expressway, Traffic Congestion, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)

69 A Smart Traffic Congestion Control System Ms. Seema Bhardwaj M.A 1st Year,[email protected] Ms. Preeti Saini M.A 1st, Email- [email protected] Ms. Vandna M.A 1st Year, Govt. College Jatauli Haily Mandi*

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Abstract As the use of vehicles is increasing day by day so the problem of traffic is arising is called as traffic congestion. The main objective of this paper is to overcome the problem of traffic congestion so that its negative effects can be avoided. The infrared sensor is used to detect the density of traffic on the road and it will indicate that traffic as heavy or normal traffic. The density of traffic identified by the IR sensor will be given as controller or web page through the GPRS module installed. We also develop the communication app for vehicle drivers to update live traffic condition in the destination path. Those all input will integrate with GPS system and communication app will provide alternate routes for user destination.

70 Convoluted Convictions: A Critique on Traffic Management in Urban Areas Dr. Dalbir Singh Yadav, HES-I, Associate Professor of English, Govt. College for Women, Rewari, Email- Id – [email protected], Mob. No.- 9416424253 Abstract The Situation of Traffic in Urban India is quite messy. There are various factors leading to this grim situation where in the life of those using the public space is always on stake primarily not because of one’s own fault but most times it so happens that accidents take place due to the fault of the other. India is a developing country where development in all the spheres is underway. The development of road transportation is a core concern of the policy planners and common people in equal measure probably for the reason that most people of the country are affected by the road transportation conditions. People from all walks of life, be they pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, four wheeler drivers etc. use roads. In the developing country like India where population is constantly on a steep rise and the condition of road infrastructure is not commensurate with each other, people using the road infrastructure confront a strange situation whereby their life always remains in precariousness. There is always a danger of road congestions and there remains a perpetual threat of vehicle collision. Due to the insufficient road infrastructure the people using this infrastructure remain always prone to accidents. However, there is no denying the fact that accidents do happen even in the developed countries where road infrastructure and population are in a reasonable harmony. But the reasons for the accidents and the circumstances that lead to the accidents are markedly different in both the situations. The Traffic congestion in Urban Areas happen also due to the convoluted convictions of those who take the public space of Road Transportation for a ride. Rectification of the faulty convictions of the drivers is the core concern of this paper. In India, the traffic congestion on the road is more responsible for accidents than any other factor that leads up to accident. The present paper seeks to explore the relationship between the falsely held convictions that we command the roads and the road infrastructure and reduction in the road accidents. The paper will also deal with the parameters of road safety conditions that go concomitantly with the infrastructural development of the road transportations by using the technological tools like CCTV Cameras and other technical measures inside the vehicles with specific reference to India. Keywords: Convictions, Infrastructure, Population, Accidents, Congestion etc.

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

71 Traffic congestion control system Deepalibansiwal M.A 1st Year, Govt College Jatauti Haily Mandi, Email ID: - [email protected] Pritamkumari M. A 1st year, Govt. College Jatauli Haily Mandi Email ID: -arjun 1103.kush [email protected]

Abstract As the use of vehicles is increasing day by day so the problem of the traffic is arising is called as traffic congestion. Vehicle traffic congestion monitoring has become one of the critical issues in road transport. With the help of intelligent transportation system (ITS), current information of traffic can be used by control room to improve the traffic efficiency. In this paper, we propose a new context-aware approach to find the current status and density of traffic and dynamic management of traffic signals along with the environmental conditions. To facilitate this, our proposed architecture of vehicle traffic congestion control &monitoring system in IOT would perform well. Basically this architecture is divided into two major modules I.e. hardware module and software modules. The system utilize new technologies for real time collection, organization and transmission of information to provide and efficiently and accurate estimation of traffic density and weather condition, which can be exploited by traffic-aware applications.

72 सामािजकआथकवकासमामीणसड़ककभूमका डॉ•सुधीर मालक असटटोफेसर,डॉ•दपशमा असटट ोफेसर,भूगोल वभाग,बाबा मतनाथ वववयालय,अथल बोहर, रोहतक शोध प का सार कसी े के सवागीण वकास म परवहन क महवपूण भूमका होती है। परवहन एक अवथापनामक तव है एवं इसका पयात तर पर वकसत होना आथक वकास हेत ु अपरहाय है। परंत ु आचय है क अभी तक भारत के आधे से अधक गांव बारहमासी पक सड़क क अधगयता से दरू ह । सड़क भारत का ह नहं अपत ु वव के ाचीनतम साधन रह ह, तथाप इनका आधनकु महव इस शताद के ारंभक वष म बढ़ा, जब मोटर गाड़य के परचालन से सड़क परवहन संभव हुआ। भार खनज एवं औयोगक पदाथ का यातायात अपेाकृ त अधक दरयू तक रेल गाड़य वारा होता है, परंतु कम माा म अधक सावधानीपूवक मनचाहे गंतय तक माल पहुंचाने म सड़क आदय स होती ह। ामीण सड़क ामीण वकास का आधार ह।5 लाख75 हजार से अधक गांव के देश भारत के लए एक अछ सड़क णाल का होना अयंत आवयक है। कृ ष एवं लघ ु व कु टर उयोग का वकास गांव को सड़क से जोड़कर ह कया जा सकता है। कृ ष उपज तथा कु टर उयोग के उपाद को वपणन सुवधाएं, ामीण सड़क पर बहुत कु छ नभर करती ह गांव को मंडय से जोड़कर गांव का चंमुखी वकास कया जा सकता है। थल परवहन के अंतगत सड़क परवहन एवं रेल तं वशेष

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महव के होते ह, कं तु ामीण धान े म सड़क तं क महवपूण भूमका होती है। ेीय अंतया को यथाथ म वकसत करने का उतरदायव सड़क माग जाल पर होता है। यह रेलमाग के लए संपूण तं का काय करता है। सड़क तं जो ारभ म सीमत े पर होता है,मशःवकसत होकर वततृ े पर फैल जाता है। इससे े क अथयवथा म माामक एवं गुणामक परवतन होता है, िजसका भाव ामीण े के सामािजक-आथक वकास पर वशेष प से पड़ता है। शद संकेत :सामािजक-आथक,सड़क तं ,परवहन,वकास, महवपूण, यातायात, औयोगक

73 IF THE ROAD SAFETY LAWS IS REALLY EFFECTIVE OR NOT (A STUDY OF PRESENT ROAD SAFTY RULES IN INDIA) INNA YADAV *DIVYA SHARMA, **ASSISTANT PROFEESOR, DRONACHARYA GOVT. COLLEGE, GURUGRAM (HARYANA). Abstract As per report of times of India in 2017 “a whopping 1.47 lakh people died in road death in India, which is equivalent to the entire pollution of Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya. Every Year, over a lakh die as result of road crashes and the proportion of those who get injured is nearly three or four times together. Diving in India not easy, in fact it has always been dangerous .That way road safety is one of the most important social concern topics which has need to be study. Road traffic safety refers to the methods and measures used to prevent road users from being killed or seriously injured. The Indian government has been attempting to tackle this crucial issue in several years. Road safety is the ways in which roads are made safe for people to use .it is designed for both traffic and cyclists and pedestrians.it involves rules such as speed limits and those about drinking and driving ,and control systems, such as traffic lights and crossing . The main objective of this paper is study to present road safety laws, their effectiveness and shortcoming. Key words: Road safety, Laws, Accidents.

74 THE I MPACT OF PLANTS AS A COMBATANT TO ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION Dr. SHWETA PANDEY,FACULTY,DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,GOVERNMENT COLLEGE FOR GIRLS, SECTOR -14, GURUGRAM, Email id: [email protected] Abstract Rapid urbanization and increase in population of our country has led to increase in the traffic too. People have a big problem of traffic. They get late for schools, offices, colleges etc. And they do have a problem of health. Traffic congestion is increasing day by day, that is the reason they are more prone to hazardous diseases as traffic congestion create many types of pollution like land, air, noise. Air pollutants comprised of both particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants may cause adverse health effects in humans, affect plant life, and impact the global environment by changing the atmosphere of the earth. Air pollution emanating from PM is particularly deleterious as it leads to various cardiopulmonary diseases through oxidative stress. This harmful gas contains of www.ijrisat.com , [email protected], [email protected],[email protected] +91-8901290473 whatsapp & call Page 40

International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) other harmful gasses such as the: carbon dioxide (this air is created by humans as they exhale this), PM 2.5 (particulate matter), PM 10(particulate matter), nitrogen, Sulphur dioxide, CFC’S (chloroflouro carbons), sterilizing agents, methane, argon, neon, helium, carbon monoxide, oxygen, dust, carbon etc. Plants are a sustainable idea for purification of air as plants absorbs noise and absorb Co2, nitrogen argon etc. and exhale good gases like oxygen for the welfare of human life that is they purify air, as they are natural air purifiers. Due to this, people have started planting green belts (rows of trees on the sides of the roads). Green belts are effective tools for mitigation of traffic generated noise. For green belt development it is necessary that plants used for green belts must be tolerant to air pollution. In this study, the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of plants commonly used for green belt establishment in India. The most suitable plant species for green belt development in urban areas were identified and recommended, for the green belt development biodiversity of plants is important; Biodiversity of urban roadside plants is now increasingly being realized as an eco-sustainable tool for monitoring and mitigation of air pollution. Impacts of air pollutants on morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters of plants of an urban forest are now being investigated as an integral part of air pollution. More investments are made on plants. Government is organizing walks like: green walk, rahagiri etc. for the awareness of the people for planting more plants. And government has started plans for planting plants on highway which are tolerant to air pollution. KEYWORDS: Urbanization, Traffic congestion, Plants, Biodiversity, Air Pollution, Government.

75 Traffic Congestion - A solvable problem Ms Jyoti M.A., NET, Abstract More creative use of existing highways and rides of way can help us build over way out of grid lock. All over the world, people are choosing to travel by automobile because this flexible mode of travel best meets their needs. The good news is that we can make the significant improvements in our roads that they will expend mobility for motor vehicles. One way is to provide separate lanes for cars and trucks because cars are much smaller, cars only lanes can be double decks, either above the roads surface or in tunnels beneath high value real estate. Paris and Los Angeles are developing new urban express ways using these concepts. In short, the combination of innovating highway design, separation of traffic types, toll financing, variable pricing and electronic toll collection will make it possible to offer drivers real alternatives to gridlocked freeways.

76 Traffic Congestion and Possible Solutions Rakesh Mundria, Extention Lect, Dept. of Political Science, Dronacharya Govt. College, Gurugram Indu Yadav, Asst Prof, Dept. of Political Science, Govt. Girl College Sec 14 Abstract Most of the cities in Country like India are undergoing multi-faceted problems because of the rapid urbanization and sudden increment in the private transport. Congestion on the

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) urban roads is afflicting vehicle stockpile in India, and effects the urban economies in different ways. Congestion may be defined as excess demand for travel over its supply. In fact, the reason why governments are forced to revisit their policies like in Delhi for urban transport just because of increasing demand of travel with in limited available services like public transports. The occurrence of congestion on the city roads prevents the movement of traffic and leading to the intolerable increase in the trip delay. Constructing new road or the widening of an existing road is a temporary relief to the congestion, but in future perspective it simply encourages the growth of the new vehicle through increased level and it may also switch away the use of public transport. Building new road does not always hold good for variety of financial, environmental and political reasons, in fact by introducing greater demand of vehicle to travel smoothly and save time it compounds congestion on that road also. Against the serious problem of growing and existing congestion problems in the Indian cities, smart traffic control and information techniques are required that can subsequently reduce the traffic congestion and increase demand of public transport Keywords: Urban transportation system, congestion, traffic, vehicles, public transport, infrastructures

77 Traffic congestion in India Hemlata student B.A. 3rd, GCJHM Abstract Traffic congestion has a number of negative effects wasting time of motorist and passenger (opportunity cost). As a non productive activity for most people congestion reduces regional economic health stressed and frustrated motorist encouraging road rage and reduced health of motorist. Traffic or modal split generate demand for space greater than the available street capacity. This point is commonly formed saturation. The ideas have since seen application including telecommunications traffic engineering computing and particularly in industrial engineering.

78 Use of ICT in Transport Systems Dr. Sushila Srivastava, Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Govt. College for Girls, Sect-14 Gurugram (Haryana) Dr. Anjana Sharma Assistant Professor, Department of Tourism and Management, Govt. P.G College, Sect-9, Gurugram (Haryana) E-mai1: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract The world is experiencing an unfettered growth in terms of development but shrinking the way these developments are leading to the societal, economic and environmental changes and chaos. Sustainability is the answer and needs to be addressed effectively. ICT (Information and Communications Technology) has revolutionized the way things can change. This paper deals with sustainable transportation. Sustainable transport system is a sub topic of a bigger issue “Sustainable Development”. So what does this imply? ICT, can indeed enable the designing of smarter cities that offer a better quality of life for their residents while being more sustainable and cost effective. It is not just the citizens of a country but also the government that can gain benefit from initiatives and meet the

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) objectives faster. The world is urbanizing rapidly and innovations are reaching new heights too. But a long way we still have to travel to reach the goal faster. This can only be achieved through well connected networks of towns and cities which are sensor- enabled and possessing a “Human Sense- Robotic Intelligence” which is absolutely necessary as on today. Enhanced and effective mass transport solutions which are technology enabled, reduced car owners, compact cities and neighborhoods (which shortens the trip distances and makes public transport more economically viable), car pooling, driverless cars which are fully adopted , high end applications which make travelling easier are some of the solutions which need to addressed. In addition, each city has its own constraints in terms of buildings, income strata of the city, population of the city, location of offices and schools which also have to be taken care of in building the transport system to extract maximum benefits. There is still limited research on identification of whether significant improvements in particular parts of the network go along with overall network performance. Highly populated countries like India demand a proactive and a radical response. .ICT in transportation sector can drastically improve the efficiency of logistics and also reduce the cargo transport emissions and can even reduce transportation needs by use of telecommunications and video conferencing. This paper digs into the traditional transport systems and the sustainable transport system which we thrive for. Green vehicles/ Electric Vehicles/ Driverless cars/ Hybrid vehicles are the need of the hour. This paper extensively explores the issues and inventions that can lead to sustainable transportation. It further explores the problems associated with them and their solutions. These solutions cover the major aspects of sustainability like meticulous planning, correct usage of ICT and a well drafted and implemented governance framework.

79 Traffic Management and Sustainable Development Birender, B.A fourth semester, Govt. College Jatauli Haily Mandi, Gurugram Abstract Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rages. Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic or modal split generates demand for space greater than the available street capacity. Transportation investments constitute the largest component of lending of many global development institutions. Data on urban transportation in India is very less. In the UK and the US, knowledge on urban mobility and congestion stems from surveys of household travel behaviour. The multi-purpose nature of urban transport also impacts urban mobility in India. Traffic congestion is caused by commuters travelling to work. One of the main reasons for traffic jam is that the majority of people prefer using their own cars instead of public transportation means that they tend to travel alone. Because, public transportation is not reliable and efficient for them and with an increasing world population, the cars on the

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) roads are also increased. Another factor is that most people live in the suburbs outside the city center and they tend to travel at the same time of day. Moreover, cars and road space are not used efficiently. As a result, this causes traffic jams during the rush hour. There are several ways to mitigate this problem. In order to reduce traffic we should our working habits. The internet can now be used to connect people. For instance, people can now work from home and meetings can be held as video conferences, workers could be given flexible timetables. Another solution would be to charge a congestion fee for every car that will go into a city centre. This will either discourage people from driving into that area, or raise money for better public transportation. In London, for example, there is a congestion charge. Finally, public transportation is the easiest way to solve this problem. If there is comfortable and cheap transportation such as buses and trains, people will choose to use it rather than driving. In fact, governments should provide much better public transportation and charge prices that are affordable for everyone. The problem of traffic congestion can be tackled by improving public transportation, changing our habits and by charging drivers who enter into the city centre. Key Words: Traffic Jam or Snarl-up, Modal Split

80 Traffic Congestion – Causes and Solutions. Anupam Yadav, Assistant Professor, KLP College Rewari, [email protected], 9416769943. Abstract Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases and is a characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing. When traffic demanded is great enough that the intersection between vehicles slows the speed of traffic stream, this results in some congestion. As demanded approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for a period of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. The most important reason of traffic congestion is increase in vehicle in each and every home. In addition to this most people prefer road trips in personal vehicles when compared to other modes of transport. Due to this reason, the movement of vehicles is completely stopped for a particular period of time causing “Traffic Jam”. Traffic jam is a condition where there is increase in transport congestions and vehicles takes more time to move and start lining up. This increases the waiting time in the queue and slow moving of vehicles, which in turn leads to time delay. Now a days traffic congestion is very terrible. Traffic congestion is a major urban transport problem. Due to traffic congestion, there is possibility of accidents because of poor traffic management. To eliminate road accidents and to save precious human life it is essential to find proper solution for traffic congestion. In this paper we discussed traffic congestion problems and solution of it. In the recent years there has been a considerable loss due to the accidents to the precious human life and to the vehicles. Traffic congestion in many cities around the world is severe. One possible solution to this problem is to impose heavy taxes on car drivers and use this money to make public transport better. At present, taxes are already high for a lot of people and so further taxes would only mean

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) less money at the end of the month for most people who may have no choice but to drive every day.

81 Automatic Toll Collection and Monitoring System using RFID Surender Kumar* and Rekha Yadav.Department of Physics, Government College Jatauli Haily-Mandi, Gurugram*E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Electronic Toll Tax systems using Radio-frequency identification (RFID) have actually helped a lot for collecting toll fees automatically in reducing the heavy congestion caused in the metropolitan cities of today. It is one of the easiest approaches used to organize the heavy flow of traffic. A vehicle will hold a RFID chip and this chip is nothing but a unique identification with the help of radio frequency. This electronic system will reduce the time spent in paying the toll fee and when the vehicles move through the toll gate on any road, it is indicated on the RFID reader that it has crossed the clearing. The need for manual/human toll based systems is entirely reduced in this approaches and the tolling system works through RFID. This system is quite convenient for reducing the time and cost of travelers since the tag can be decoded from a distance. This proposed system in the toll gate for it needs improvement in the process of toll collections.

82 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND SUSTANABLE DEVELOPMENT Mr. Alok BA.2nd, Govt. Collage Jatauli Haily Mandi, Gurugram Ms. Vaishali BA 2nd Year, Govt.Collage Jatauli Haily Mandi, Gurugram Mr. Ajay Singh B.Sc (NM) 3rd, Govt. Collage Jatauli Haily Mandi, Gurugram Abstract There is growing interest in sustainability, sustainable development, and sustainable transportation. This paper identifies issues related to the definition, evaluation and implementation of sustainable transportation. Significant issues include the range of definitions of sustainability, the range of issues considered under sustainability, the range of perspectives, criticism of sustainability analysis, evaluating sustainability, transportation impacts on sustainability, goals vs. objectives, sustainable transport decision making, approaches to sustainable transport, automobile dependency, equity, land use, community live ability , and sustainable transportation solutions. Sustainable development originally focused on a few resource consumption issues, but it is increasingly defined more broadly to include economic and social welfare, equity, human health and ecological integrity. A narrow definition of sustainable transport tends to favor individual technological solutions, while a broader definition tends to favor more integrated solutions, including improved travel choices, economic incentives, institutional reforms, land use changes as well as technological innovation. Sustainability planning may require changing the way people think about and solve transportation problems. Keywords: sustainable transportation; transport planning; transport economics; comprehensive planning; transport market reform; automobile dependency; equity; smart growth; paradigm shift.

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

83 Impact of Traffic Congestion Ms Sona, Assistant Professor in History, Govt College Sidharawali Abstract There are many problems in India .But traffic congestion is the major problem in present days. Traffic congestion is a condition on transport network that occurred as use increases, and its characterised by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuning. When traffic demand is great enough that interact ion between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this result in some Congestion. While congestion is a possibility for any mode of transportation. This paper will focus on impact of Traffic Congestion in India. As demands approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is known as traffic jam. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. Traffic Congestion has benefit of encouragement motorist to retire their trips so that expensive road space is in full use for more hours per day. The standard response to congestion is to expand road space somehow, perhaps by widening an existing road or else by adding a new road, bridge or tunnel. However, that could well result in increased traffic flow, otherwise known as induced demands, causing congestion to appear somewhere else. Moreover, Brass Paradox shows that adding road capacity might make congestion worst, even if demand does not increase .It has been argued that traffic congestion road speeds in cities ,could reduce the frequently and severity of road accidents.

84 Tools and Application for Traffic Management Dr. Naveen Gahlawat Asst. Prof. Sanskrit G.C.W. Rewari Abstract

85 Traffic Management and Sustainable Development Dr. Usha Yadav, Assistant Professor, Govt. College Jatauli, Haily Mandi Dr. Neeraj rana, Extension lecture, Govt. College Jatouli, Hally Mandi Dr. Rekha Kumari (Commerce), Extension lecture, Govt.College Jatouli, Hally Mandi Abstract Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increase, and is characterised by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rages. Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic or modal split generates demand for space greater than the available street capacity. Transportation investments constitute the largest component of lending of many global development institutions. Data on urban transportation in India is very less. In the UK and the US, knowledge on urban mobility and congestion stems from surveys of household travel behaviour. The multi-purpose nature of urban transport also impacts urban mobility in India. Traffic congestion is caused by commuters travelling to work. One of the main reasons for traffic jam is that the majority of people prefer using their own cars instead of public transportation means that they tend to travel alone. Because, public transportation is not reliable and efficient for them and with an increasing world population, the cars on the roads are also increased. Another factor is that most people live in the suberbs outside the city center and they tend to travel at the same time of day. Mpreover, cars and road space are not used efficiently. As a result, this causes traffic jams during the rush hour. There are several ways to mitigate this problem. In order to reduce traffic we should our working habits. The internet can now be used to connect people. For instance, people can now work from home and meeting can held as video conferences, workers could be given flexible timetables. Another solution would be to charge a congestion fee for every car that will go into a city centre. This will either discourage people from driving into that area, or raise money for better public transportation. In Londen, for examle, there is a congestion charge. Finally, public transportation is the easiest way to solve this problem. If there is comfortable and cheap transportation sucg as buses and trains, peoble will choose to use it rather than driving. In fact, government should provide much better public transportation and change prices that are affordable for eveyone. The problem of traffic congestion can be trackled by improving public transportation, changing our habits and by charging drivers who enter into the city centre. Key words: Traffic Jam or Snarl-up, Modal Split

86 Rapid Urbanization and Traffic Congestion - A Study in Indian Perspective Reena Devi M. A. Geography VPO Karoli, Distt. Rewari (Hr) Manisha M. Sc. Geography VPO Masani, Distt. Rewari (Hr) Preeti M. Sc. Physics VPO Masani, Distt. Rewari (Hr) Abstract Urbanization is an old process but the rapidity in urbanization is a phenomenon of industrial era. In 2016, an estimated 54.5% of the world’s population lived in urban settlements. By 2030, urban areas are projected to contain 60% of people globally. World over, the cities are growing in both size and number. It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized. In India, too, the scenario is almost the same. According to 2011 census 31.2% of total population lived in urban environs. An estimate projects that the total urban population in India by the year 2030 will be 610 million, which will account for the 40% of the total population. During 2001-2011 the country experienced an increase of 91 million in total

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) urban population. It’s amazing to note that an increase of 87 million (95.6% of total increase in urban population in India) during 2001-11 took place in class-I cities only. According to 2011 census 70.3% of the total urban population lived in class-I cities. This tendency of metropolitan oriented urbanization has resulted into the expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, mono functional and usually car-dependent communities, in a process called urban sprawl/suburbanization. Excessive physical growth of urban areas has many negative consequences for residents and the environment, such as increased traffic fatalities, traffic congestion and frequent traffic jams. Many growing economies are running into major obstacle of traffic congestion and India is no exception. The increasing standard of living in the stable economic growth environment has resulted in an explosive increase in urban households owning cars. The variety, number, dimensions and capacity of vehicles have grown many times. When we combine this with road geometrics and infrastructures that cannot keep up with the rapid growth or vehicle breakdowns and traffic accidents, we have to face chronic traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is a situation in which demand for road space exceeds available road space and road geometrics are faulty. Traffic congestion can be defined as the impedance vehicles impose on each other due to the speed flow relationship in conditions where the use of a transport system is beyond its optimum capacity. Traffic congestion can be said to be the by-product of the successful performance of economic functions/activities in urban areas. Traffic congestion affects travel speed, journey time and journey comfort. Traffic congestion prevents us from moving freely and it slows and otherwise disrupts the conduct of business within urban areas. Traffic congestion has a range of direct and indirect impacts on passengers as well as on society and environment. The present seminar paper focuses on a mix of causes responsible for traffic congestion, impact of traffic congestion and remedies to minimize the negative effects of urban traffic congestion in the Indian cities. Keywords: Urbanization, Metropolitan, Traffic Congestion, Road Geometrics.

87 Role of Recent Technology in Transportation System in India” Mintu Yadav*, Dr. Sanjay Gaur, Singhania University, Rajasthan. Abstract Science and technology predominantly yield effective but sophisticated solutions in regulating the transportation system especially in rapidly growing countries like India. The use of these solutions in developing countries introduces a risk of increased dependence on the developed world. This risk should however be viewed against the advantages of accelerated social and economic development. Proper planning is clearly of the essence. Science and technology provide a wide range of conceptual, methodological and implementation tools, including tools for eliminating prevailing gaps. Programmes are required to identify priorities, mobilize resources and proceed with action. Transport needs in the coming years will be growing. Strong emphasis will have to be placed on servicing new patterns of trade and on meeting the requirements of increased activities in agriculture. Expenditures for transport will be large. In dealing with transport, subject areas are the various modes, the two elements, infrastructure and equipment, and a range of interdependent items including development and construction,

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) operation and maintenance. Tools of the past will not be sufficient. Skills derived from the current state of science and technology are available and they will have to be used. Potential applications of science and technology are numerous. Like Use of highly extensive GPS system, Smart cars and use of efficient sensors in the vehicles . These practices not only make the transportation easier but it will be helpful to save fuel and to overcome the problems of traffic jam in metro cities. Some aspects of transport are nevertheless neglected. Science and technology could beneficially target the field of intermediate transport technologies to suit the needs of developing countries and the field of energy where reduced consumption, cheaper energy and cheaper transport techniques should be sought. Key words: predominantly, sophisticated, mobilize, consumption, infrastructure

88 Road Traffic Accidents in India: Its Impacts *Mr. Vikram Singh, Research scholar, Law Department, M.D. University, Rohtak. *Mr. Abhishek Sanwaria, Assistant Prof., Vaish College of Law, Rohtak Abstract As our country is growing economically, so are the road traffic accidents. Apart from the obvious damage, the increase in these road traffic accidents is also creating hurdles in the economic growth of the nation. This author believes that human resource is the biggest resource. Every year the nation is losing 1.5 lakh people and a similar number of them are being disabled permanently, if they survive such accidents. Road accident does not spare any section of the society whether a person is poor or rich, unskilled or highly skilled. Majority of them are in the age group of 20-40 years and are usually the bread earners of the family.

89 Urban Transport and Emerging Issues in Gurugram City AJAY KUMAR, Assistant Professor in Geography, Govt. College Jatauli- Haily Mandi (Gurugram) Abstract Transportation is lifeline of urban metabolism. Urban road transport is an important aspect of road transportation. Haryana’s cities are become more and more congested over the years. Gurugram is one of the major city of Haryana and growth of urban population has been phenomenal during the last years in Gurugram city. The growth of vehicles are also noticed in Grugram city. Gurugram is selected for the study and Data has been collected from the government and non- government publication. Key words: Urban Transport, Transportation, Urban Population Growth.

90 Traffic Congestion: Associated Factors and Remedies Manoj Kumar, Rabia Sayyad, Rubeel Khan Abstract India is a fast developing country. It has witnessed large influx of traffics since LPGs in 1991. The large scale influx of traffics not only congested the Indian cities but also made them unhygienic for living. The carbon emission through traffics has resulted in health problem. The major cities of India tops among the most polluted cities of the world. The traffic congestion and mismanagement not only health hazards but also claimed lakhs of

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) lives in road accident every year. The paper tries to examine the associated factors causing the problem and sought best possible remedies to tackle with this challenging problem.

91 Smart Transport Systems for Indian Cities Dr. Phool Kumar Assistant Professor in Geography, Govt. PG College for Women, Rohtak Ms. Manju Chhikara Assistant Professor in Zoology, Govt. PG College for Women, Rohtak Ms. Neelam Garg Asst. Professor in Geography, Maharaja Aggrasen College for Women, Jhajjar Abstract Road traffic congestion is a big problem worldwide. India is a fast-growing economy; this problem is in almost all major cities. This is primarily because growth of infrastructure is slow compared to growth in number of vehicles, due to space and cost limitations. Secondly, Indian traffic being non-lane based and disrupted is largely different from the western traffic. The difference can be understood fully only through experience, but some example scenarios can be seen. Thus, Smart Transport Systems (STS), used for efficient traffic management in developed countries, cannot be used as it is in India. STS techniques have to undergo adaptation and innovation to suit the contrasting traffic characteristics of Indian roads. In this paper, we present a broad study of all available STS systems, including both research prototypes and deployed systems. We next present a set of interesting open research problems in the context of Indian STS. Finally, we list a set of public and private organizations, that play a role in Indian traffic management and research, as meaningful collaboration between field practitioners and researchers is needed for efficient transfer of relevant technology. Though our paper focuses on the Indian traffic scenario because of our hands-on experience of working with it many of the problems and solutions outlined in this paper, are well-suited for other developing countries as well.

92 Traffic management for smart cities in Indian perspective Dr.Ajay, Asst Prof, Rao sohan lal P.G. College, Neemrana Rajasthan. Mb.9466667267 Anoop Extension lecturer Govt. College Jatauli Haily Mandi Gurugram. Sunil Saini Rao Bahadur Singh College Thanuwas Abstract India is a developing country and Indian cities face a traffic crisis characterized by levels of congestion, noise, pollution etc. so it has to be necessary to manage the traffic in Indian cities very well. Smart cities, participatory sensing as well as location data available in communication systems and social networks generate a vast amount of heterogeneous mobility data that can be used for traffic management. This chapter gives an overview of the different data sources and their characteristics and describes a framework for utilizing the various sources efficiently in the context of traffic management. Furthermore, different types of traffic models and algorithms are related to

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) both the different data sources as well as some key functionalities of active traffic Management, for example short-term prediction and control.

93 Traffic Congestion and Public Health Issue Chankit, Extension lecturer govt.college jatouli haily mandi Gurugram Dr.Hemlata, Extension lecturer govt.college jatouli haily mandi Gurugram Abstract Traffic congestion is a significant issue in virtually every urban area in India and around the world. Anyone who spends any time commuting knows that the time and fuel wasted while sitting in traffic can not only be annoying, but can lead to real economic costs. An examination of the peer-reviewed literature shows that there are many previous analyses that estimate the economic costs of congestion based on fuel and time wasted, but that these studies don’t include the costs of the potential public health impacts. Sitting in traffic leads to higher tailpipe emissions which everyone is exposed to, and the economic costs of those exposures have not been explored. Motor vehicle emissions contain pollutants that contribute to outdoor air pollution. One in particular, fine particulate matter (referred to as PM2.5) is strongly influenced by motor vehicle emissions. Studies that evaluate the sources of PM2.5 in our environment find that vehicles contribute up to one-third of observed PM2.5 in urban areas. PM2.5 has been associated with premature deaths in many studies, and health impact assessments have shown PM2.5-related damages on the order of hundreds of billions of dollars per year. Recently, an expert committee convened by the Health Effects Institute in Boston, Massachusetts, summarized the available evidence on exposure to traffic-generated air pollution and negative health effects. They find strong evidence for a causative role for traffic related air pollution and premature death, particularly from heart attacks and strokes. PM2.5 is emitted directly, and it is also produced by secondary formation, as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions contribute to the formation of sulfate and nitrate particles. Exposure to PM2.5 also causes other health effects such as asthma attacks, and other respiratory illnesses. In this study, we evaluate the premature deaths.

94 Issues & challenges facing road transport in India Dr.Pardeep Sharma, Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Baba Mastnath university asthal bohar Rohtak Hariom, ssistant professor Department of Geography, Bansilal govt. college loharu. Abstract Roads are our national property. The Government keeps selling roads to private builders and contractors who continue to collect toll charges even after their investment on building is fully recovered. They also start charging toll even before work on the highway begins. The amount charged is exorbitantly high without giving any extra facilities to road users. The All India Motor Transport Congress (AIMTC) has often highlighted the anomalies in the present toll policies that mostly favour the concessionaires at the cost of road users. The Government has entered into MCAs with private builders and offered them 20 or 30 years time-frame to collect the toll. They also talk of taking old roads for toll collection. This is sheer commercial business where income is realized just after

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) signing the agreement. The toll charged by the concessionaire is different from what is fixed by the Government. MCAs have been implemented by the Government for projects under the PPP scheme. These agreements are unfair as undue concessions are given to the concessionaires. This has proved a great burden for road users. The Government is making frequent unilateral changes in the toll policy with the main objective of making it a revenue generating scheme without providing additional benefits to road users. The excessive tolls are making transport operation economically unviable. The current toll policy is flawed and is excessively biased in favour of private road builders. Toll has indeed become a bane for the road transport industry. Further, the road transport industry is upset over the unilateral hike of TPP. An expert committee constituted by AIMTC analyzed the draft circulated by IRDA and expressed its views at its meeting with the IRDA Chairman on March 8, 2011. Another proposal to abolish third party pool was circulated, albeit at the instance of private insurers lobby. Without consultation with major stakeholders, a decision was taken, resulting in the current hike. Motor insurance rates were hiked from April 1, 2012, with IRDA notifying new rates for motor third-party premium ranging from 18 per cent to 23 per cent, apart from the cascading effect of two per cent hike in the service tax. The commercial vehicle segment will be the worst affected by the hike. The hike in TP premium is beyond the capacity of poor commercial vehicle owners. AIMTC resents the current trend of unilateral decision making at all levels without consultations with the stakeholders. The Ministry of Finance has initiated a Bill to separate motor insurance from the Motor Act, 1988. It has been proposed to amend the Act of 1988 by deleting Section(s) 140 to 173 of the Act and enacting a special new Act titled the Motor Vehicles Insurance and Compensation Act, 2011. In essence, the draft of the Bill proposes a cap of Rs. 10 lakhs on third-party compensation or on the liability arising out of death or body injury caused to a third party by any vehicle on road. Notwithstanding the same, the draft Bill proposes impounding of the vehicle involved in the accident by the police till the disposal of the claim petition. If the amendment as proposed is introduced, its repercussions on the owner of vehicles would be far-fetched in as much as the balance amount of compensation would be recoverable by the victim from the owner of the vehicle, who may not always be in a sound financial position. In case the proposed amendments are carried out by the Government, the cost of insurance for operators will go up.

95 PROBLEM OF ROAD TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN INDIA: A STUDY IN GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE Sanjeev Kumar Chaudhary, Asst. Prof. in Geography, G.C. Sidhrawali, Gurgaon Abstract India is a country with the second largest road network in the world. It is already a huge challenge for the Indian government to provide world-class roads, due to the sheer magnitude. To add to it, India has to spend almost crores of Rupees on the maintenance of roads every year. The reason behind this is the increase in the private vehicle ownership and the overburdening of roads in all major cities of the country.Fraudulent contracts and agreements are said to be made with some favored contractors. Many times,

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) the contractors are allegedly thought to be using bad quality materials, old technologies and outdated specifications for the building of roads. Even after 71 years of Indian independence, almost 90% of the passenger and industrial transport is carried outthrough roads. India has yet not been able to tap into the potential for railway and air transport; due to which there exists a huge pressure on the Indian roads.Most of the Indian cities still have poor public transport systems. Except for Mumbai and Delhi, which are relatively better, the majority of Indian citizens depend on their private vehicles for daily transport.It’s a vicious circle where bad roads cause traffic problems, and the traffic does not allow scope for the development of new roads. Large number of vehicles moving on roads leads not only to traffic congestion problems but also to associated problems like noise pollution, air pollution etc. These associated issues are also major problems in the recent times. There are many innovative and interesting solutions suggested by experts, environmentalist and architects. Some of them have also been implemented. No suggestion or solution can prove to be fruitful unless it is done with full efforts and holistic planning on huge scale. It needs to be ensured that high quality inputs are used and implemented without any irregularities or corruption. Then only we can expect to have a smooth road traffic network throughout the country. Keywords: -Noise Pollution, Air Pollution, Road Traffic Network, Traffic Problems.

96 The Impact of Traffic Congestion Manoj Kumar & Anil Kumar, G.C. Jatauli haily Mandi. Gurugram Abstract Traffic congestion has been one of the major issues that most metropolises are facing in spite of measures being taken to mitigate and reduce it. In the recent past, traffic congestion has emerged as one of the main challenge for engineers, planners and policy makers in urban areas. Modern social and economic structures, shaped by car-oriented urban development and rapid growth in vehicle ownership, have established congestion as an inescapable reality of urban life. The growing impact of congestion is seen in terms of deteriorating urban air quality besides other adverse effects on quality of urban living. The main focus of this study is aimed at understanding the recurring urban congestion, its measurement and mitigation. Literature review on this problem reveals some interesting insights. One of the important outcome was that there is no single, broadly accepted definition of traffic congestion. Traffic congestion can generally be defined as excess of demand for road travel. Many professionals and organizations have defined congestion in different ways based on variety of criteria. There have been attempts to develop congestion measurement indices for heavily motorised countries. In less motorised countries, there are not many documented studies on how to measure congestion and plan for its mitigation. Identification of traffic congestion threshold is an essential requirement for defining the congestion and suggesting appropriate mitigation measures. As mentioned earlier, due to the lack of an unified definition for the measurement of congestion, several metrics are in use. These include speed, travel time, delay, volume and level of service etc. These metrics are evaluated in terms of their usefulness in identifying congestion to further to chose an appropriate remedial measure. Subsequently, data collection requirements and technologies for this metric becomes an important part of this study. Speed has emerged as the important traffic measurement to identify

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) congestion. Further, while IV exploring various technologies, GPS was found to be better due to its benefits vis-a-vis conventional data collection methods. Ring road, one of the principal arterial in Delhi, the National Capital of India, was chosen for the case study. The choice of this arterial was based the fact that it has a well pronounced recurrent congestion on certain sections over the past several years. Extensive data collection was done at several locations on this corridor to measure all the traffic characteristics. Video data collection method was used to measure the space-mean speeds. Volume data and speed data were also collected. In order to further refine the congestion measurement, extensive review of some of the indices was carried out. The index that comes close to the requirements of the current study is speed reduction index developed by National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP, 398). This index was further refined to reflect the deterioration in stream speed in comparison to the congestion and free flow speeds. The stream speed models and free flow models were developed by incorporating the prevailing traffic conditions of the chosen arterial road. This index was applied to measure the severity of congestion at various locations, Based on the results obtained, specific sections on the arterial where high congestion index values prevail, are chosen for further analysis. Some of the congestion mitigation strategies were identified as: i) traffic management, ii) elevated road, iii) shifting of the bus stops and iv) dedicated bus lanes.

97 Traffic Congestion And Road Safety Bhoop Singh & Kavita Govt. College Jatauli Haily Mandi Abstract The Road Safety Project aims at reducing the rate of accidents, injury, and death associated with road transport, through physical improvement works, and institutional development to strengthen the management of road transport safety. The project has three components: Institutional and Capacity Building Program, Road Safety Demonstration and Awareness Program, and Road Safety Monitoring and Evaluation Program. The first component will provide technical assistance within the implementation of the project to strengthen the management, and technical capacity of the National Traffic Safety Committee (NTSC) Executive Office, and the Traffic Safety Project Management Unit (TSPMU), and will further prepare a national road safety strategy. The second component will assist the government in developing, and implementing comprehensive, integrated safety programs, which includes the enhancement of road safety auditing processes, and funding of blackspot treatments, for three high-risk road corridors. In addition, a program of road user education, traffic safety enforcement, and emergency service preparedness along the three demonstration corridors will be implemented. Finally, the third component will support the development of a national road accident database system, to be used initially by the Vietnam Road Administration (VRA) to enhance the identification and treatment of blackspots, and by the Ministry of Public Safety to improve enforcement strategies and priorities.

98 PRESENT AND FUTURE METHODOLOGY FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

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Pramod, Assistant Professor in History Abstract Real-time predictions are an indispensable requirement for traffic management in order to be able to evaluate the effects of different available strategies or policies. The combination of predicting the state of the network and the evaluation of different traffic management strategies in the short term future allows system managers to anticipate the effects of traffic control strategies ahead of time in order to mitigate the effect of congestion. This paper presents the current framework of decision support systems for traffic management based on short and medium-term predictions and includes some reflections on their likely evolution, based on current scientific research and the evolution of the availability of new types of data and their associated methodologies.

99 Multi ways of traffic Congestion control in India Ms Anita, Assistant Prof. GCJHM, Jatauli, Haily Mandi Abstract Vehicular traffic is continuously increasing around the world, especially in large urban areas. The resulting congestion has become a major concern to transportation specialists and decision makers. In this paper different ways to control traffic congestion in India have been suggested. The In-Vehicle Traffic Congestion Information System (ICI system) consists of a technique to provide real-time traffic congestion data to drivers of suitably equipped vehicles. The ICI system includes apparatus for gathering and formatting data at a central location, transmitting the data to vehicles, processing data in the vehicles and presenting it to the drivers.The ICI system design provides inputs for a wide range of data sources at a central location where, through a data fusion process, information from a range of sources may be accumulated and aggregated into a single congestion level data value for each section of road. Second way is a traffic control system includes a traffic planner that communicates with a cellular telephone system to help manage the flow of traffic, especially when emergency vehicles are rushing to a destination. The cellular communication system determines the location of the emergency vehicle, and relays the location to the traffic planner. A traffic congestion monitoring system comprises infra-red monitoring units bolted to the sides of bridges over a motorway network and emitting information as to traffic congestion at their locations, a control center which receives and transmits the information, and paging units in respective vehicles and receiving the information and visually displaying the same upon diagrams of the network or zones thereof. Third way is a personal traffic congestion avoidance system for drivers of motor vehicles traveling on roadways in motor vehicles with GPS-based navigational systems. The system includes a GPS-based navigational system that includes a GPS receiver connected to a visual display, a map database and a wireless communication device for communicating with a remote computer over a wireless communication network. Fourth method is intelligent Traffic Light Flow Control System Using Wireless Sensors Networks. We can use an adaptive traffic control system based on a new traffic infrastructure using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and using new techniques for controlling the traffic flow sequences. These techniques are dynamically adaptive to traffic conditions on both single and multiple intersections. A WSN is used as a tool to instrument and control traffic signals roadways, while an

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) intelligent traffic controller is developed to control the operation of the traffic infrastructure supported by the WSN. Key Words: Wireless sensor networks, Simulation system, Traffic light control expert system, GPS, WSN

100 Role of Traffic education and management for the sustainable development Deepika, Assistant Professor, Govt. College, Nahar (Rewari), Santosh Kumari, Extension Lecturer, Govt. College, Nahar (Rewari) Email: [email protected] Abstract In the current scenario, traffic education and management has great importance due to the increased vehicles on the road. In the past decade, inspite of the technological improvements, the state of traffic management technologies is still at a lower stage. Traffic management is must to reduce traffic delays, congestion, and parking and management functions. The unplanned urban growth is also responsible for the traffic irregularities in the urban areas of the country. The technological revolution especially in transportation has brought changes in the life style on the urban area. Without the formulated goals and objectives especially in traffic management, may be counterproductive. The main focus of the framework is to identify need of the traffic education and management for the easy accessibility, safety, security, economy and environment. Keywords: education, management, congestion, accessibility, urban, planning

101 Traffic Congestion in India Dr. Bindu ([email protected]), Associate Professor in Geography, Dr. Anju Bala ([email protected]), Associate Professor in Geography, Mrs. Jyoti, Assistant Professor in Geography, Govt. P. G. College for Women, Rohtak Abstract Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterised by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. As demand approaches the capacity of a road extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. Mathematically, congestion is usually looked at as the number of vehicles that pass through a point in a window of time, or a flow. Congestion flow lends itself to principles of fluid dynamics. Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic or modal split generates demand for space greater than the available street capacity; this point is commonly termed saturation. There are a number of specific circumstances which cause or aggravate congestion; most of them reduce the capacity of a road at a given point or over a certain length, or increase the number of vehicles required for a given volume of people or goods. Traffic research still cannot fully predict under which conditions a

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"traffic jam" may suddenly occur. While congestion is a possibility for any mode of transportation, this article will focus on traffic congestion in India. Keywords: Congestion, Networks, Frustrated, Saturation, Aggravate.

102 Traffic Congestion in India: Associated Threats and Remedies Dr. Titiksha Pareek, Extension Lecturer (English), G.C. Jatauli (Haily Mandi) Dr. Kritika Pareek Abstract With the per capita income in India rising steadily, the country’s automobile industry has been doing well. As a result, more and more vehicles are spilling out onto the streets. It sounds like a good thing but it is not as good as it sounds. The streets of our cities were congested, to begin with. Now they have become doubly or tripply so. Road-development has not kept pace with automobile sales. Distances that took half-an-hour to cover by public transport ten years ago may now take two hours by the latest brand of cars. In small towns and suburban streets, where separate pavements are often not built, pedestrians find it difficult to walk on the sandy sides of streets originally meant for them, but which are being increasingly encroached upon by vehicles of every description. Air pollution has drastically increased and with it the number of respiratory and allied diseases.

103 हरयाणा म सड़क पर दघटनाु सुरा का तुलनामक अययन यंकाऔर अंजल यदवंशीु ,शोध छााएं , भवानू वभाग, वनथल वयापीठ, नवाई (राजथान), भारत भारत जैसे वकासशील देश म दघटनाु सुरा का होना अयंत अनवाय है। वव वाय संगठन के अनुसार मोटर वाहन दघटनाओंु म हर साल लगभग 1.2 मलयन लोग मारे जाते ह। िजनक संया 2020 तक 2 मलयन होने क सभावना है। वतमान म सड़क यातायात दघटनाएंु मयृ ु और वकलांगता का तीसरा सबसे बड़ा कारण बनी हुई ह। 21 वीं सद क शुआत से वाहन क आबाद बहुत अधक दर से बढ़ है। अतीत म कए गए अययन से पट है क वाहन क संया पछले 5 वष क अवध म दोगुनी हो गई है, लेकन मौजूदा सड़क क लंबाई इस बढ़े हुए यातायात का सामना नहं कर पाई है। यह कारण है क भारत जैसे देश म मत यातायात क िथत वयमान होने के कारण भीड़भाड़ जैसी समयाएं मुख समया बनी हुई ह। तुत शोध अययन हरयाणा राय म सड़क पर होने वाल दघटनाओंु एवं इनके कारण होने वाल मौत क जानकार वतीयक आंकड़ा ोत क सहायता से दान करने म सम है। साथ ह भारत देश एवं हरयाणा राय म होने वाल सड़क दघटनाओंु का तलनामकु अययन भी तुत कया गया है। हरयाणा म 2017 म हुई 11,258 सड़क दघटनाओंु म 5,120 लोग क जान गई। पछले वष के आंकड से पट है क पछले साल राय म हर दन 14 लोग क जान गई जोउतर भारत के www.ijrisat.com , [email protected], [email protected],[email protected] +91-8901290473 whatsapp & call Page 57

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अय राय क तुलना म सबसे अधक था। तुत शोध अययन का मुख उेय लगातार बढ़ती सड़क दघटनाओंु पर काश डालना है, ताक लगातार बढ़ती इस समया का समाधान तुत कया जा सके। संकेतार:- वकासशील देश, दघटनाु सुरा, वव वाय संगठन, हरयाणा राय, वकलां

104 USE OF ICT FOR TRAFFIC CONGESTION IMPROVEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sunita, HLGC Tauru Abstract The India is suffering a free growth in terms of development but shrinking the way these developments are leading to the social, economic and environmental changes and disorder. Sustainability is the answer and needs to be addressed effectively. Information and communication technology has revolutionized the way things can change. This paper deals with sustainable transportation; sustainable traffic system is a sub topic of a bigger issue “sustainable development”. These systems besides helping transport management to produce economically efficient and safe routes. Those are responsible for providing traffic information which can be used by users to improve their transportation mode selection, routes and decision making in general. These systems allow the reduction of distance, fuel consumption and pollution. Thus the information system applied to improvement. ICT can indeed enable the designing of smarter cities that offer a better quality of life for their residents while being more sustainable and cost effective .It is not just the citizens of a country but also the government that can gain benefit from initiatives and meet the objective faster. This paper digs into the traditional transport system and the sustainable transport system which will be a success for green vehicles/electric vehicles/hybrid vehicles are the need of the century. This paper broadly investigates the issue and inventions that can lead to sustainable transport development. It further investigates the problem respectively with them and their solutions. These solutions cover the major aspect of sustainability like nice planning, correct usage of information communication technology and a very well planned and better implemented governance framework.

105 Problems and Queries Associated with Traffic Congestion Akhilesh, M.A. IV Semester, Department of Geography, Govt. College, Hisar Abstract Traffic congestion is a condition on transport network that occurs as vehicular use increases and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times and vehicular queueing. When traffic demand is great enough the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of traffic stream, this results in traffic congestion. As demand approaches the capacity of a road traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles stand for periods of time, this is known as traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic congestion in recent world is a worldwide urban phenomenon and even the so called well managed developed nations have its prevalence. Only the Underdeveloped countries have managed to have escape from this problem primarily due to lack of vehicular usage owing to low Economic development. This paper

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) attempts to explain the problems of traffic congestion and their related impacts whether in terms of economy or social aspects on administration and society respectively. First conceptualisation of Traffic congestion and traffic jam is done and later a preview of causes responsible for these along with some solution for avoidance of these is mentioned. Traffic congestion reflects improper management and carelessness to its severe impacts on environment and human psychology by the administration and the urban inhabitants respectively. Prime purpose of this paper is to create awareness among the people for its avoidance and to knock the minds of mobility planners and administrators for better and effective transporting system which is one of the basic and indispensable factors of development of any nation. Keywords: Traffic congestion, Transport network, Mobility Planner, Administrators

106 MANAGING CONGESTION WITH URBAN TRANSPORT Shobha, Department of Mathematics,Govt. College Jatauli Haily Mandi, Gurugram Sudesh, Department of Mathematics, Govt. College Jatauli Haily Mandi, Gurugram Abstract Primary cause of congestion is the imbalance in the use of road space in most cities. Due to low usage of high capacity modes of transport i.e. buses and mass rapid transit and high usage of low capacity modes of transport i.e personal vehicles. The challenges faced by cities are very complex. Due to high rate of migration from villages to cities, rate of urbanisation is increasing, which results in rapid increase of urban population. This result in huge requirement of funds for urban infrastructure development and services. Also, there is no dedicated agency for managing urban mobility in cities. The solution for mitigating urban congestion requires holistic e_orts ranging from developing public transport like bus systems in tier 2 or tier 3 cities to mass rapid trasit system in tier 1 cities. Also the quality of public transport needs to be improved for better adaptation by public. Also, there must be an integration of all kind of public transport like rails, buses and small public usage vehicles. Congestion can not be reduced by only increasing capacity of road or rail network. Congestion has to be managed by integration, coordination of various modes of transport which results in on time availability of public transport.

107 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Vijaypal, Assistant professor, Department of Chemistry Govt college Jatauli Haily MandiRenu, Department of chemistry, Govt college Jatauli Haily Mandi Abstract The overall this problem affects many aspects of the modern society, including economic development, increase in greenhouse emissions, health damage and time spent. The methodologies which are generally used inductive loop detection, video analysis and infrared sensors RFID controller and RFID tag etc. We Indians always used to compare our country with other countries, means other countries are so developing, managed, controlled etc. Some of the countries still having more population than india but are much more advance than us. So when we think in which ways we are lacking others then it comes to our time management, innovative ideas and all. Traffic is also a big reason to all these.Now we do believe in using personal vehicles and they are giving comfort to us but

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) we are not aware of the problems they are creating including air and noise pollution, wastage of time in traffic etc. So to control these problems by using different ways is all about sustainable devbelopment.Main approaches are control transport demand, control modal choice, promote new concept of mobility, and create the right institutional framework for intermodal transport. Keywords: RFID controller, RFID tag.

108 THE IMPACT OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION Deepika Khanna, Asst. Professor, JVMGRR Collage, Ch. Dadri Bhanu, M. Com (Honours) Final Year, Research Scholar Abstract Traffic congestion or Traffic jam can be defined as slow movement of vehicles on roads due to too much traffic on roads or decrease in capacity of roads due to some maintenance work, accidence or any other problem. Traffic Congestion or Traffic Jam is one of the biggest problems which are being faced by various countries in the world. India is among the countries who are severally suffering from traffic jam probe, almost all of its major and medium size cities are facing Traffic congestion and related problems on daily basis. In fact Traffic congestion is one of the most common and irritating problems that one face in the Indian cities. The daily commuting on the roads in cities is becoming longer and more grueling day by day, depicting the failure of public transportation infrastructure to keep pace with the growing developing activities in the country and increased car culture in society which encourage people to owned a motor vehicle even if they does not have utility for their vehicles. As per current estimates population of vehicles on Road is getting doubles in every 8-10 Years in India. This, further complicate the problems of Traffic congestion. The Problem of Traffic Congestion has direct and indirect adverse impact on the development of the country. These adverse impacts include direct financial losses due Increase in transportation cost due increased fuel consumption, Wastage of Valuable foreign exchange in import of fuel, Increased cost of Transportation, Increased risk of accidents on congested roads, delay in supply of essential Goods, inadequate utilization of Resources etc. Indirect effect of Traffic congestion includes slow economic activities, Wastage of Time of commuters, Low Productivity, Environmental pollution, Health Problems due to air pollution, Increases mental stress/ problems in drivers and passengers due to frequent traffic jam, Increased Incidence of Road Rages and Rash Driving etc. To overcome the problem of Traffic congestion Government have to take certain initiatives such Improving the availability of Public transport, Improving the Road infrastructure, strict impose of traffic rules, Effective traffic management, discouraging car culture and ensuring better coordination among various arms of government department for timely completion of infrastructure projects etc. Keywords: Traffic congestion,car culture, Low productivity,Pollution, Economic cost

109 The Impacts of Traffic Congestion Anita Rathee (Assistant Professor), Government College Girls, Gurugram Abstract

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Traffic causes a great impact on our lives as we waste our precious time and money standing in traffic. This gridlock can have a tremendous impact on your personal life, career, your future and even your safety. Finding a solution to traffic congestion could mean a vast improvement in the quality of life in your area. Traffic congestion causes many problems like; 1) Delays: The first thing many people think of when it comes to congested roadways is the delay. During the morning commute there is additional stress because delays caused by traffic can make people late for work. And at the end of the day, the afternoon rush hour is again a frustrating time because the workday is done and people want to get home to relax, and traffic is preventing it 2) Fuel Consumption and Pollution: The stopping and starting in traffic jams burns fuel at a higher rate than the smooth rate of travel on the open highway. This increase in fuel consumption costs commuter’s additional money for fuel and it also contributes to the amount of emissions released by the vehicles. These emissions create air pollution and are related to global warming. 3) Road Rage: Road rage is a senseless reaction to traffic that is common in congested traffic areas. Road rage often manifests itself as shouting matches on the road, intentional tailgating, retaliatory traffic maneuvers and mostly a lack of attention being paid to the traffic around the people involved. It is basically a temper tantrum by frustrated drivers in traffic. 4) Emergency Vehicles: When you dial 911 and request a police officer, an ambulance or a fire truck and the emergency vehicle is unable to respond in an appropriate amount of time because of traffic congestion it can be a danger to you and your property. 5) Air Pollution: Commuters who are exposed to air pollution, like those riding in non- airconditioned vehicles such as jeepneys and motorcycles, double their health risk.Aside from stress, they are also exposed to pollutants that can affect the lungs. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) said that air pollution is to blame for 3.2 million preventable deaths worldwide. The National Emissions Inventory in 2012 said that 71 percent of air pollution in the country comes from vehicles on the road. This number is even higher in the National Capital Region (NCR) where 85 percent of air pollution comes from vehicles.

110 Traffic Congestion and Possible Solutions in Indian Urban Transportation System Monika, Asst. Prof. Deptt. Of English, G.C. Bhau Jhajjahr Abstract In rapidly growing cities of country like India, the increasing private transport and high movement of the population toward urban cities leads to problem of congestion, which further leads to complications and hazard on the cities roads. Indian cities already suffering with huge deficiencies in term of infrastructures as well as in operational efficiencies. Considering the policy gaps on country roads this paper first describes the factor causing the congestion and after that presents some recommended measures to reduce the congestion on the city roads. Keywords: Urban transportation system, congestion, traffic, vehicles, public transport, infrastructures.

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111 Bhaskara's Contributions and Boolean Algebra Dr. N.K. Agrawal Dr. Abhay Kumar Lalan University Dept. of Mathematics Department of Mathematics L.N. M.U. Darbhanga B.S.S. Inter College, Begusarai (Bihar) Abstract The invention of calculations and progressions by the ancient mathematician Bhaskaracharya (Bhaskara II) under different heads such as Lilavati, Bijaganita and Grahaganita belong to the 12th century. While Boolean Algebra traces its origin to an 1854 book "An Investigation of the Laws of Thought" by great mathematician George Boole. Still Bhaskara’s contributions in the field of algebra and arithmetic (as discussed in Lilavati) and Boolean Algebra are not independent. The Logical results in Boolean Algebra can be derived with ordinary algebraic operations and properties of zero as discussed in Bhaskara's Lilavati. The addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of elementary algebra are treated as conjunction, disjunction and negation in Boolean Algebra. Binary operations in both elementary algebra as well as Boolean Algebra being commutative and associative. Elementary Algebra deals with numerical operations where as Boolean Algebra deals with logistical operations. The main distinguishing factor of Boolean Algebra is that it deals only with the study of binary variables. Most commonly Boolean variables are represented with the possible values of 1 (true) or 0 (false). The concepts and methods developed in Bhaskara’s Lilavati are useful in Boolean Algebra and significant in different fields of mathematics even in 21st century.

112 A study of fibred spaces and Tangent bundle T(M) in differential Geometry Dr. Sudarshan Kumar, PGT, MATHS. R.S.S+2 School Mahna Barauni, Begusarai, Bihar Abstract In this paper after deep perusal of differential geometry of fibred spaces with projectable geometrical objects there it has tremendous manifestation in Mathematics. Also to study the symmetric tensor on Tangent bundle TM we use the concept of M-tensor and M- connection on the tangent bundle TM of a smooth Manifold M will be used to study the characteristics of symmetric tensor of type (0,2) and tensor of type (1,1) on TM. The objective of present paper is to enhance the concept of the theory of fibred spaces.

113 The Diophantine Equation x4 +3y4 =z2 By Dr. Kundan Kumar Abstract If the equation x4+3y4=z2, y≠0 holds in integers with z odd, then y/2is odd congruence considerations and Fermat’s method of infinite descent are used in the proof. In particular in his own personal copy of Diophantus, he asserted, in strong contradiction to the case of Pythagorean triads, that the equation xn+yn =zn has no integer solutions z, y, z other than xyz=0 if n is an integer ≥ 3. The attempts to solve the Fermat’s last theorem, however moved out of the domain of natural numbers and led to a different area of mathematical study. This work is an addition to the proofs supporting the fact about non integral solutions.

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

114 Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques to Particulate Systems Dr. Ranjeet Kumar B.P. Inter School Begusarai Abstract Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) is a well established technique in the medical field, typically for imaging liquid water in the human body but it is increasingly being used in the field of engineering and materials science. A particular section of this is in the area of particulate systems and granular material flows. MRI is being used to provide a unique insight into particle distribution and motion with in situ measurements. In this paper we discuss how judicious choice and development of imaging technique applied to various different granular systems can provide us with valuable new data on the processes occurring in granular flows. Experimental results focus on rotating bed segregation, velocity imaging in vertical fluidized beds and phase resolved velocity distributions within vertical vibro fuidized beds.

115 Literary Criticism: Just a ‘Special Point of View’ that Emerged as a ‘Genre’ Hindol Chakraborty Ph. D. Research Scholar Jharkhand Rai University, Ranchi Abstract Criticism is a sublime thing, for it focuses on texts from a different angle to show some hidden, rather, untold facts beneath the wrap of language. It is difficult to state the reason why criticism takes a front seat while we discuss literature, but to simplify we can say, that, if literature is ‘what’, criticism is ‘why’, and ‘how’. It operates in a mechanical way, from a robotic perspective, as it takes not the literary product, but, more significantly, the literary devices that, when mingled and interpolated properly, creates the product of literature, or any art. For example, if a building is a poem, criticism does not pay its prior attention to the beauty of that architectural construction, but to its raw materials, such as the quality of bricks, cement, stones, iron bars that hold the structure, in the case of literature, the raw materials or the literary devices are style, metaphor, alliteration, rhyme scheme, even commas, hyphens, full stops. Criticism peeps into the core, into the marrow that creates or furnishes the external body, here, for us, literature. In this paper I shall try to explore how criticism was introduced to the human domains of thinking by great philosophers, and how it tried to analyze human psyche.

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International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT)

www.ijrisat.com , [email protected], [email protected],[email protected] +91-8901290473 whatsapp & call Page 64