International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) 1 Global Traffic: Discourses and Practices of Trade in English Literature and Culture from 1550 to 1700 (review) DR. ASHOK KUMAR, ASSTT. PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF ENGLISH, G. C. SATNALI DR. SANEH LATA, ENGLISH TEACHER, G. M. S. REWASA MONIKA, RESEARCH SCHOLAR, Singhania University, Pacheri Bari (Raj.) Abstract In the century and a half after 1550, England experienced a variety of economic and cultural changes in the wake of its expanding international trade. This period saw developments as diverse as joint stock companies, advanced map-making techniques, and the creation of maritime insurance to protect investors. But, as this volume makes clear, the changes in the period were more broadly cultural than technological. Building on recent work exploring the place of England within developing systems of global exchange, Global Traffic illuminates the myriad ways that trade became increasingly central not just to the economy but to the changing self-imagination of the English nation. In its varied explorations of travel, exploration, emergent nationalism, imperialism, and incipient colonialism in the early modern period, this collection clarifies the epistemological and discursive shifts through which the abstract world of trade became increasingly central to the wider English culture. In the first section on the new epistemologies of trade, Daniel Vitkus sets the scene by exploring how the overseas maritime trade, underwritten by investors in London, spread over the globe, and how this new global role of the English nation was remained on the London stage. 2 Indian Roads, Traffic Problems and The Common Man Rekha Bai, Rersearch Scholar Singhania University, Pacheri Bari (Raj) SUNITA KUMARI, EXTENSION LECTURER, BAIJNATH COLLEGE, NANGAL CHAUDHARY Abstract India is a country with the second largest road network in the world. Out of the total stretch of 5.4 million km of road network, almost 97,991 km is covered by national highways. It is already a huge challenge for the Indian government to provide world-class roads, due to the sheer magnitude. To add to it, India has to spend almost around ₹20,000 to ₹30,000 crore on the maintenance of roads every year. The reason behind this is the increase in the private vehicle ownership and the overburdening of roads in all major cities of the country. For an average Indian youth owning a two-wheeler, driving on any of the major Indian cities, is equivalent to waging a daily war. The everyday struggle and effort of dodging traffic, pollution and rash drivers is the biggest cause of chronic stress and many physiological problems. On an average, a person spends anywhere between 30 minutes to two hours of their day driving. Which means, in a year, it is almost 360 hours. Imagine the kind of stress and unnecessary burden the person is putting on their body. In a country already full of numerous lifestyle-related diseases, the driving and traffic problems is an unnecessary addition. If India has to maintain its growth, it will require around 15,000 km of new expressways in the coming 10-12 years. The National Highway Authority of India, along with the local corporations, have to work really hard to achieve this target. But this might not be possible if the citizens of the country continue to abuse www.ijrisat.com , [email protected], [email protected],[email protected] +91-8901290473 whatsapp & call Page 1 International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) the roads and traffic rules across the nation. The government mechanism, as well as the citizens, needs to work in tandem, if India wants to see any improvement in traffic and eventually in the lives of the citizens. 3 Urban Transport and Traffic Management - For Sustainable Transport Development in Udaipur City of Rajasthan Dr. L R. Patel, Professor, Department of Geography, J R N Rajasthan Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Udaipur (Rajasthan) Abstract The study is of great importance at present due to the bad state of traffic management in Udaipur city in Rajasthan. The Udaipur city is known for tourism, education, medical facilities, marble industries etc., and the automobiles has been on the rise in the urban area of Udaipur. With the increasing urbanization, the complexity of the problems has multiplied in the city. The economic activities and increase in the income by the public generate large income posing a problem of traffic flow in Udaipur city. The motorized vehicles in the city have been increasing day-to-day . While the improper planning and maintenance of transport has lead to spreading of congestion, accidents, flow of traffic etc., The state of traffic management technologies is still at a primitive level. A clear framework for traffic operations is necessary towards traffic delays, congestion, and parking and management functions. The unplanned urban growth has brought traffic problem in the urban area of Udaipur. The technological revolution especially in transportation has brought changes in the life style on the urban area. Without the formulated goals and objectives especially in traffic management, may be counterproductive. This paper has provided the traffic management related to time delay, congestion, parking and framework of operations identifying the clear vision and mission statements for the future. The main focus of the framework is to identify traffic management viz. accessibility and mobility, safety and security, economy and environment. The planners have a greater challenging role to play in the present context where social planning and adopting new technology on traffic and transport is given utmost importance. In future, for the overall development of the country like India, it is important that transport infrastructure, of which road traffic is a very important part, should be made state-of-the- art. This makes the study very valid in the present conditions. Key words: congestion, terminus, predicting, utmost, planning, infrastructure 4 Decongesting Traffic of National Capital Region (NCR): A Case Study of Delhi Ms. Priya, M. A. II Semester, Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait, Associate Prof. Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram Abstract The National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) notified by MoUD states the objective that the goal of mobility in cities is on moving more people rather than vehicles more efficiently. Congestion caused by vehicles is a major problem in Delhi. Several newspapers, with the help of subject experts, highlighted the issue of congestion and www.ijrisat.com , [email protected], [email protected],[email protected] +91-8901290473 whatsapp & call Page 2 International Journal of Research in Informative ISSN-2581-5814 Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) pollution in Delhi and tried to bring the issue to the forefront. Master Plan of Delhi (MPD) 2021 notes that the period between 1981 and 2001 and subsequently 2011 has seen a phenomenal increase in the growth of vehicles and traffic in Delhi. Besides the above, Delhi has developed as a seamless city with an urban continuum comprising of a number of rapidly growing towns in Haryana and UP. This has added to the flow and movement of traffic within Delhi. Despite measures by way of increasing the length of the road network and road surface space through widening, construction of a number of flyovers / grade separators and, launching of the Metro, the traffic congestion has continued to increase unabated. Metro is currently about 211Km long with another 300Km under various stages of construction (Phase III) and planning (Phase IV) and carries about 26 lakh passengers per day. Buses in Delhi carry about 52 lakh passengers per day. In spite of this, Delhi faces huge congestion issues. This has its inevitable consequences in terms of accidents, pollution, commuting time, and wasteful energy / fuel consumption (Data Source: DMRC). In addition, Delhi has lost the air quality gains of its first generation action that included large scale conversion of public transport buses and three wheelers to natural gas, relocation of polluting industries and improvement in emissions standards for vehicles among others. This is largely because of the explosive increase in vehicle numbers due to increased dependence on personal vehicles in the absence of adequate, comfortable and efficient public transport services and walking and cycling facilities. Air pollution levels have worsened in recent times. Both particulate levels (PM 10 and PM 2.5) as well as nitrogen oxides are increasing steadily in Delhi's air. The present study is an attempt to study the present scenario of the traffic congestion and the steps taken by the respective governments to decongest traffic. Keywords: Accidents, congestion, public, fuel, pollution, traffic, wastage 5 Traffic Management and Sustainable Development: Role of Auto-Rickshaw Sector Ms. Neelu Chandaur, M. A. II Semester, Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait, Associate Prof. Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram Abstract Since the introduction of auto-rickshaws in India in the late 1950s, these vehicles have become an indispensable aspect of urban mobility for millions of people. Auto rickshaws play a vital and vibrant role in India’s urban transport systems. Yet they also represent a very improvisational and increasingly inefficient sector – and they are getting lost in the changing dynamics of urban mobility in India. Today, with increasing urban populations, there is growth in demand for urban transport, growth in private motorization and a decline in public transport share. How do auto rickshaws fit in and have a role that is efficient – for both the operators and their passengers? And how can these three-wheeled wonders contribute to urban transport sustainability – through both reductions in emissions and safety for everyone on the roads? As the demand for urban transport increases in India, so too does the popularity of the auto rickshaw.